Collectors of taxes and fees in tax legal relations carry out activities for the direct receipt of tax payments from taxpayers with the subsequent transfer of the accumulated amounts and records of fulfilled tax obligations to the authorized state bodies.

The activities of collectors make it possible to facilitate the organization of relations between many taxpayers (payers of fees) and treasury bodies, the number of representatives of which, for objective reasons, should be strictly limited.

Despite the legislator's refusal to use the concept of "tax and levy collector" in the Tax Code, the functions of tax and levy collectors in Russia are currently actually performed by tax agents, banks, post offices, local governments etc. The rights and obligations of collectors may vary.

Collectors of taxes and fees can participate in tax legal relations both personally and through their representatives. The collectors' representatives are usually officials of the organization empowered to collect taxes and fees.

6.2. Tax agents

If necessary, accumulation financial resources for a large number of taxpayers (as, for example, when collecting personal income tax from individuals), it is advisable to integrate an additional entity (tax agent) into the chain, which has extended powers in terms of collecting tax payments (for example, not only obligations to receive, but also to calculate and retain corresponding amounts). So, for example, in Russia, tax agents perform the functions not only of transferring tax payments, but also calculating their size and withholding the corresponding amount when paying to the taxpayer.

Tax agents persons are recognized who, in accordance with the Tax Code, are entrusted with the duties of calculating, withholding from the taxpayer and transferring taxes to budget system Russian Federation.

The duties of a tax agent can be assigned only to those organizations and individuals who are the source of payment of income to the taxpayer. A person receives the status of a tax agent only for the performance of specific obligations for the calculation and payment of tax. Moreover, in different tax relations one and the same person can act both as a tax agent and as a taxpayer and payer of fees.

Tax agents are also recognized Russian organizations paying income foreign organizations from sources in the Russian Federation, on which, in accordance with Art. 310 part two of the Tax Code imposes the obligation to calculate and withhold tax on such income at each payment.

A person does not have the right to relinquish the status of a tax agent without simultaneously giving up the corresponding function of transferring and paying income to the taxpayer.

Tax agent rights. Unless otherwise provided by the Tax Code, tax agents have the same rights as taxpayers, namely:

- the right to information;

- the right to receive an official written explanation;

- the right to manage tax payments (the right to carry out tax management);

- the right to refund overpaid sums of money in the process of implementing a tax legal relationship;

- the right, personally or through a representative, to participate in tax legal relations;

- the right to give explanations about the nature of their own actions in the field of tax legal relations;

- the right to a correct attitude on the part of other participants in tax legal relations;

- the right not to comply with illegal instructions and requirements;

- the right to appeal;

- the right to compensation for unlawfully incurred losses;

- the right to protection of violated rights and legitimate interests.

Duties of tax agents differ from the duties of taxpayers not only in composition, but also in content. According to the Tax Code, tax agents are required to:

1) calculate, withhold and transfer legally established taxes(subparagraph 1, clause 3, article 24 of the Tax Code);

2) inform the tax authorities and their officials on the results of their activities (subparagraphs 2, 4, paragraph 3, article 24 of the Tax Code);

3) keep records in accordance with the established procedure (subparagraph 3, clause 3, article 24 of the Tax Code);

4) ensure the safety of documents necessary for the calculation, withholding and transfer of taxes (subparagraph 5 of paragraph 3 of article 24 of the Tax Code).

Obligation to Pay Legally Established Taxes for a tax agent, it means the need to correctly and timely calculate, withhold from funds paid to taxpayers, and transfer the corresponding taxes to the appropriate accounts of the Federal Treasury.

The Tax Code regulations governing the tax payment procedure established for taxpayers are applied to tax agents only in relation to the amounts of taxes withheld from taxpayers.

Tax agents transfer withheld taxes in the manner prescribed by the Tax Code for the payment of tax by a taxpayer.

Obligation to inform tax authorities and their officials about the results of their activities for a tax agent means that he must in fixed time(within a month) report to the tax authority at the place of registration:

- about the impossibility of withholding tax from the taxpayer;

- the amount of the taxpayer's debt.

In addition, the tax agent must submit to the tax authority at the place of his registration the documents necessary to control the correctness of the calculation, withholding and transfer of taxes.

Obligation to keep records in accordance with the established procedure for a tax agent means the need for general and personal (for each taxpayer) accounting:

- income accrued and paid to taxpayers;

- taxes calculated, withheld and transferred to the budgetary system.

Responsibility of the tax agent. In tax relations, a tax agent, unlike, for example, a representative of a taxpayer, does not represent the interests of the taxpayer, but his own interests. For non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the duties assigned to him, the tax agent is liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. A taxpayer cannot be held liable for errors and violations committed by a tax agent in the performance of the latter of his duties, including when he calculates, withholds from the taxpayer or transfers taxes to the budgetary system.

6.3. Obligations of banking organizations in the field of collection of taxes and fees

Banks are obliged to execute orders:

- taxpayers (tax agents, payers of levies) for the transfer of tax (levies, penalties and fines) to the budgetary system of the Russian Federation to the corresponding account of the Federal Treasury;

- on the return to taxpayers, tax agents and payers of fees amounts of overpaid (collected) taxes, fees, penalties and fines;

- local administrations and federal postal organizations for transfer to the budget system of the Russian Federation to the corresponding account of the Federal Treasury Money accepted from individuals - taxpayers (tax agents, payers of fees);

– tax authority for the transfer of tax (fees, penalties and fines) to the budgetary system of the Russian Federation at the expense of the funds of a taxpayer or tax agent in the order established by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation.

There is no service fee for these operations.

In the presence of funds on the account of the taxpayer (tax agent, payer of fees), banks are not entitled to delay the execution of the order of the taxpayer and the order of the tax authority.

For non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of the stipulated obligations, banks shall bear responsibility established by the Tax Code. The application of measures of responsibility does not relieve the bank from the obligation to transfer the amount of tax (due, penalties and fines) to the budgetary system of the Russian Federation. If the bank fails to fulfill this obligation within the prescribed period, measures are applied to this bank to collect the unallocated amounts at the expense of monetary funds and other property.

Repeated violation of these obligations within one calendar year is the basis for the tax authority to apply to the CBR with a petition to revoke the license to exercise banking.

Galiya Sharifullina (Salavat, Russia)

Risk is inherent in any form of human activity, which is associated with many conditions and factors that affect the positive outcome of decisions made by people. Historical experience shows that the risk of not receiving the intended results is especially manifested in the generality of commodity-money relations, competition between participants in economic turnover. Therefore, with the emergence and development capitalist relations various risk theories appear, and the classics economic theory pay great attention to the study of risk problems in economic activity.

In the course of their activities, commercial banks are exposed to many risks. In general terms, banking risks are divided into 4 categories: financial, operational, business and emergency. Financial risks, in turn, include 2 types of risks: pure and speculative. Net risks - incl. credit risk, liquidity and solvency risks - if improperly managed, they can lead to a loss for the bank. Speculative risks based on financial arbitrage can result in gains if the arbitration is done correctly, or loss otherwise. The main types of speculative risk are interest rate, currency and market (or position) risks.

It should be noted that commercial banks deal with financial assets and liabilities (loans and deposits) that cannot be as easily traded in the market as stocks, bonds and other securities. As a result, credit institutions face an increased risk compared to non-bank institutions. This is manifested in the fact that, along with the funds of its shareholders, the bank also bears increased risks for the funds raised, but which, in the event of a risk event, will be responsible own funds, which is an objective factor that needs to be taken into account. On the other hand, banks in their activities take into account subjective factors, among which decisive importance is given to expert opinion analysts whose purpose is to use available information, taking into account risk factors, determine economical effect from a particular banking operation.

The basis for the functioning of an effective financial risk management system is their classification.

Credit risk

Liquidity imbalance risk

Market risk

Interest rate risk

Risk of loss of profit

Insolvency risk

To other important types of risk, Rose P. includes four more types, which he defines as follows:

Inflation risk

Currency risk

Political risk

Risk of abuse

The advantage of this classification is that this system includes both risks arising within the bank and risks arising outside the bank and affecting its activities. However, at present, such a classification cannot be used by commercial banks for practical application in view of its enlargement, which means that a more detailed classification is needed with the allocation of groups and subgroups of risk, depending on the specifics of the operations carried out by the bank

The main documents that guide the risk managers of Western companies in their practice were developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and are called the Principles of Banking Supervision. This document contains 25 principles, the implementation of which is intended to be minimal necessary condition ensuring effective banking supervision. The comments on these principles are based on the recommendations of the Basel Committee and the best international practice in the field of banking and banking supervision. Integration of Russian banking financial statements with International Standards Financial reporting(IFRS) will undoubtedly be developed in the application of these principles in Russian practice.

International audit companies operating in Russia, based on the recommendations of the Basel Committee, develop their own risk classifications, an example is the risk map ( detailed structure financial risks commercial bank), created by PricewaterhouseCoopers, called GARP:

1. Credit risk is the risk of possible losses associated with deterioration of creditworthiness caused by the inability or unwillingness to fulfill their obligations in accordance with the terms of the agreement. For the bank, lending activity is the main one in the structure of active operations, therefore, the failure of the lender to fulfill its obligations leads to financial losses and, ultimately, leads to a decrease in capital adequacy and liquidity.

2. Market risk - a possible unfavorable deviation of the bank's financial results from the planned ones, caused by changes in market quotations (market prices).

3. Portfolio concentration risk - a class of risks associated with increased dependence of the bank on individual counterparties or groups of related counterparties, individual industries, regions, products or service providers.

4. Liquidity risk - the risk associated with a decrease in the ability to finance accepted positions on transactions when they are due to liquidate, the inability to cover counterparties' claims, as well as collateral requirements, and, finally, the risk associated with the inability to liquidate assets in various segments financial market... Maintaining a certain level of liquidity is carried out by managing assets and liabilities. The main task is to maintain an optimal balance between liquidity and profitability, as well as a balance between the terms of investments in terms of assets and liabilities. To provide current liquidity the bank must have a sufficient supply of liquid assets, which imposes restrictions on investment in low-liquid assets (loans).

5. Operational risk is the risk of losses associated with human actions (both deliberate and unintentional), technical failures or external influences.

6. Risk of a business event - a class of risks faced by the bank as economic entity... These risks are not specific to banks; they are faced by any other business entity.

The bank, by its purpose, should be one of the most reliable institutions of society, represent the basis of stability economic system... IN modern conditions In an unstable legal and economic environment, banks must not only preserve, but also multiply the funds of their clients practically independently. In these conditions professional management banking risks, operational identification and consideration of risk factors in daily activities are of paramount importance.

Literature:

1. Arseniev Yu. N., Davydova T. Yu., Davydov IN, Shlapakov IM Osnovy teorii bezopasnosti i riskologii [Fundamentals of the theory of safety and riskology]. - M .: graduate School, 2009 .-- 350 p.

2. Balabanov I.T. Risk management. Moscow: Finance and Statistics, 2008 .-- 200 p.

3. Belyakov A.V. Banking risks: problems of accounting, management and regulation. - M .: Publishing group "BDC-press", 2009. - 256s.

4. Kabushkin S.N. Bank credit risk management: textbook. allowance / S.N. Kabushkin. - 3rd ed., Erased. - M .: New knowledge, 2010 .-- 336p.

Supervisor:

Candidate of Economic Sciences, Assoc. Alekseeva N.G.

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1. Financial risks in the activities of a commercial bank

Net risks - incl. credit risk, liquidity and solvency risks - if improperly managed, they can lead to a loss for the bank.

Speculative risks based on financial arbitrage can result in gains if the arbitration is done correctly, or loss otherwise. The main types of speculative risk are interest rate, currency and market (or position) risks.

Like any company operating in the market, the bank is subject to the risk of loss and bankruptcy. Naturally, while striving to maximize profits, the bank's management simultaneously strives to minimize the possibility of losses. These two goals contradict each other to a certain extent. Maintaining an optimal balance between profitability and risk is one of the main and most difficult problems of bank management. Risk is associated with uncertainty, while the latter is associated with events that are difficult or impossible to foresee. The loan portfolio of a commercial bank is subject to all major types of risk that accompany financial activities: liquidity risk, risk of changes in interest rates, risk of non-payment on a loan. The latter type of risk is especially important, since non-repayment of loans by borrowers brings large losses to banks and is one of the most common reasons for bankruptcy of credit institutions. Credit risk depends on exogenous factors associated with the state of the economic environment, conjuncture, and endogenous, caused by erroneous actions of the bank itself. Opportunities to manage external factors are limited, although timely actions by the bank can mitigate their influence to a certain extent and prevent losses. However, the main levers of credit risk management lie in the internal policy of the bank.

The main task facing the banking sector is to minimize credit risks. To achieve this goal, a large arsenal of methods is used, including formal, semi-formal and informal procedures for assessing credit risks. The diversification of the loan portfolio allows minimizing the credit risks of banks, the quality of which can be determined on the basis of an assessment of the degree of risk of each individual loan and the risk of the entire portfolio as a whole. One of the criteria that determine the quality of the loan portfolio as a whole is the degree of portfolio diversification, which is understood as the presence of negative correlations between loans, or at least their independence from each other. Diversification is difficult to quantify, so diversification is more of a set of rules to be followed by a lender. The most famous of them are the following: not to provide loans to several enterprises of the same industry; not to provide loans to enterprises of different industries, but interconnected with each other by the technological process, etc. In fact, the desire for maximum diversification, representing the process of recruiting a wide variety of loans, is nothing more than an attempt to form a portfolio of loans with the most diverse types of risks, so that changes in the external economic environment where borrowing enterprises operate do not have negative impact on all loans. The ongoing changes in the economic environment should have a different impact on the position of borrowing enterprises. This means that under the most differentiated types of risks, lenders understand the most diverse response of loans to events in the economy. Ideally, it is desirable that the negative reaction of some loans, when the probability of their non-repayment increases, is compensated by the positive reaction of others, when the probability of their non-repayment decreases. In this case, it can be expected that the amount of income will not depend on the state of the market and will persist. It is important to note here that if the concept of the diversity of risks by type is rather difficult to define, then the variety of impacts exerted on the position of borrowers by changes in the economic environment is quite simple, since a natural measure of impact is the amount of lost income on a single loan in comparison with the planned one. ... In other words, the impact on credit is the difference between the planned and actual amounts of income on a single loan over a certain period of time.

The different types of financial risks are also closely related to each other, which can significantly increase the overall banking risk profile. For example, a bank carrying out currency operations, as a rule, is exposed to foreign exchange risk, then it will also be exposed to additional risk of liquidity and interest rate risk in the event that it has open positions or discrepancies in the terms of claims and liabilities in the net position on derivatives transactions.

Operational risks depend on: the general business strategy of the bank; from its organization: from the functioning of internal systems, including computer and other technologies; on the consistency of the bank's policies and procedures; from measures aimed at preventing management errors and against fraud (although these types of risks are extremely important and covered banking systems risk management, this work does not pay much attention to them, since it focuses on financial risks).

Business risks are associated with the external environment banking business, incl. macroeconomic and political factors, legal and regulatory conditions, and the overall financial sector infrastructure and payment system.

Extraordinary risks include all types of exogenous risks that, in the event of an event, can endanger the bank's activities or undermine it. financial condition and capital adequacy.

In the course of their work, commercial banks face different kinds risks that differ from each other in the place and time of occurrence, a set of external and internal factors affecting their level, in the way of analyzing risks and methods of describing them. In addition, all types of risks are interrelated and affect the activities of banks. A change in one type of risk causes a change in almost all other types, which makes it difficult to choose a method for analyzing the level of a particular risk.

Banking risks cover all aspects of banks' activities - both external and internal. Thus, there are internal and external risks.

In accordance with the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Central Bank of the Russian Federation) dated June 23, 2004 No. 70-T "On typical banking risks", the following typical risks of commercial banks are distinguished:

Credit;

Country;

Market, including stock, currency and interest rate risks;

Liquidity risk;

Operating;

Legal;

The risk of loss of business reputation;

Strategic.

2. The main types of risks in the activities of a commercial bank

2.1 Credit risk

Credit risk is central to internal banking risks... It can be viewed as the largest risk inherent in banking. The low growth rates of the volume and profitability of lending are forcing banks to systematically and systematically develop and improve the methodology for managing credit risks and create organizational structures for its implementation in everyday banking practice.

Credit risk- the risk that the credit institution will incur losses due to non-performance, untimely or incomplete performance by the debtor financial commitments before her in accordance with the terms of the agreement, in other words, the risk of non-payment by the borrower of the principal debt and interest on it in accordance with the terms and conditions of the loan agreement.

To the indicated financial commitments the debtor's obligations may be related to:

Loans received, including interbank loans (deposits, loans), other placed funds, including claims for receipt (return) of debt securities, shares and promissory notes provided under a loan agreement;

Bills of exchange discounted by the credit institution;

Bank guarantees for which the funds paid by the credit institution have not been reimbursed by the principal;

Financing transactions against the assignment of a monetary claim (factoring);

Rights (claims) acquired by a credit institution under a transaction (assignment of a claim);

Mortgages acquired by a credit institution in the secondary market;

Sale (purchase) of financial assets with deferred payment (delivery of financial assets);

letters of credit paid by the credit institution (including uncovered letters of credit);

return of monetary funds (assets) under a transaction for the acquisition of financial assets with the obligation of their re-alienation;

the requirements of the credit institution (lessor) for operations finance lease(leasing).

As part of credit risk the following types of risks can be distinguished:

The risk of non-repayment of the loan means the danger of non-fulfillment by the borrower of the terms of the loan agreement: full and timely repayment of the principal amount of the debt, as well as payment of interest and commissions.

The risk of delay in payments (liquidity) means the risk of delayed loan repayment and late payment of interest and leads to a decrease in the bank's liquidity. The risk of late payments can translate into a risk of default.

The risk of loan collateral is not an independent type of risk and is considered only when the risk of non-repayment of the loan occurs. This type of risk is manifested in the lack of income received from the sale of the loan collateral provided to the bank to fully meet the bank's debt claims against the borrower.

The risk of non-repayment of the loan is preceded by the risk of the borrower's creditworthiness, which is understood as the inability of the borrower to fulfill its obligations towards creditors in general. Each borrower has an individual credit risk that is present independently of the business relationship with the bank and is the result of business and capital structure risk.

Business risk covers all types of risks associated with the operation of enterprises (purchasing, production and sales activities). But unlike the named types of risks that can be managed by the company's management, business risk is influenced by unmanageable external factors, especially the development of the industry and market conditions. The magnitude and nature of the risk is largely determined by investment programs and manufactured products.

Capital structure risk is determined by the structure of liabilities and amplifies business risk.

By issuing a loan, the bank thereby increases the overall risk of the enterprise, since the use of borrowed money enhances due to the effect of financial leverage possible both positive and negative changes in profitability equity capital enterprises.

A feature of credit risk that distinguishes it from other types of banking risks is its individual nature. This circumstance largely determines the originality of the credit risk management methodology. When deciding on a loan, a bank should focus not on assessing certain types of risk, but on determining the overall risk of the borrower. Overall risk is a combination of business risk and capital structure risk.

Concentration of credit risk manifests itself in the provision of large loans to an individual borrower or a group of related borrowers, as well as as a result of the debtors of a credit institution either belonging to certain sectors of the economy, or to geographic regions, or in the presence of a number of other obligations that make them vulnerable to the same economic factors.

Credit risk increases when lending to persons associated with a credit institution (tied lending), i.e. granting loans to individual individuals or legal entities who have real opportunities to influence the nature of the decisions made by the credit institution on the issuance of loans and on the terms of lending, as well as to persons whose decision-making may be influenced credit organisation.

When lending to related parties, the credit risk may increase due to non-compliance or insufficient compliance with the rules established by the credit institution, procedures and procedures for considering applications for obtaining loans, determining the creditworthiness of the borrower (s) and making decisions on granting loans.

When lending to foreign counterparties, a credit institution may also have country risk and the risk of non-transfer of funds.

Credit risk level depends on the type of loan provided by the bank. Depending on the terms of granting loans, there are: short-term, medium-term and long-term; by type of collateral: secured and unsecured; from the specifics of creditors: banking, commercial, government, etc .; from the direction of use: consumer, industrial, investment, seasonal, import, export; by size: small, medium, large.

When developing a risk management policy, banks should take into account that they are subject to negative trends in the development of borrowers in much to a greater extent than positive. Even with favorable development economic situation the borrower, the bank can expect to receive the maximum payments provided for in the contract, but if it is unfavorable, it risks losing everything. When deciding on lending, banks should take into account the possible negative development of borrowers to a greater extent than positive.

Banks should strive to detect and assess the risk of bankruptcy as early as possible in order to reduce lending in a timely manner and take adequate measures. Banks should not lend to borrowers who are highly at risk of bankruptcy. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly evaluate the loan proposal provided by a potential borrower. First of all, you need to find out the reputation of the borrower. This is especially important for new clients. Then it is necessary to analyze whether the loan proposal is realistic from an economic point of view, for which the bank should develop its requirements for the loan proposal and bring them to the attention of the borrower. After analyzing the loan proposal, the bank must determine how its loan portfolio will change with the emergence of a new loan, whether this will lead to diversification of the loan portfolio, and, consequently, to a decrease in the level of the bank's overall risk, or, conversely, new loan will lead to the concentration of the loan portfolio on one industry or on the same maturity, which will increase the level of risk. The next step in assessing credit risk is to select financial information about the potential borrower, on the basis of which the bank assesses the borrower's creditworthiness, determines the possible volume of lending, the size and method of fixing interest rates, the maturity of loans, the requirements for their collateral. In this case, the bank should be guided by the fact that the higher its risk, the greater the bank's profit should be.

Reducing credit risk is possible through the following measures:

Checking the solvency of a potential borrower;

Current control over issued loans;

Risk insurance;

Use of collateral, guarantees, sureties;

Receiving a risk premium from the client;

Limiting risk by means of certain standards established by the Central Bank.

2.2 Country risk

Country risk(including the risk of non-transfer of funds) - the risk of a credit institution incurring losses as a result of non-fulfillment by foreign counterparties (legal, individuals) liabilities due to economic, political, social changes, as well as due to the fact that the currency of the monetary liability may not be available to the counterparty due to the peculiarities of national legislation (regardless of the financial position of the counterparty itself).

When analyzing this risk multiple factors are taken into account as country risk is a complex risk that includes economic and political risk. Economic risk depends on the state of the country's balance of payments, the economic system carried out by this state economic policy, especially restrictions on the transfer of capital abroad. The assessment of economic risk is usually based on national statistics. A distinctive feature of country risk is the complexity of its calculation and analysis, since for its assessment the bank needs to create a highly efficient, flexible and reliable data bank.

2.3 Market risk

Market risk- the risk that the credit institution will incur losses due to an unfavorable change market value financial instruments of the trading portfolio and derivative financial instruments of a credit institution, as well as foreign exchange rates and (or) precious metals.

Market risk includes equity, foreign exchange and interest rate risk.

Stock risk- the risk of losses due to unfavorable changes in market prices for stock values (securities, including those securing the rights to participate in management) of the trading portfolio and derivative financial instruments under the influence of factors related both to the issuer of stock values and derivative financial instruments and to general fluctuations market prices for financial instruments.

Currency risk- the risk of losses due to unfavorable changes in the rates of foreign currencies and (or) precious metals on positions opened by a credit institution in foreign currencies and / or precious metals.

Interest rate risk- the risk of financial losses (losses) due to unfavorable changes in interest rates on assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet instruments of the credit institution.

The main sources of interest rate risk may be:

Mismatch of maturity dates of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet claims and liabilities on instruments with a fixed interest rate;

Mismatch of maturity dates of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet claims and liabilities on instruments with a variable interest rate (interest rate revision risk);

Changes in the configuration of the yield curve for long and short positions on financial instruments of the same issuer, creating a risk of losses as a result of the excess of potential expenses over income when closing these positions (yield curve risk); for financial instruments with a fixed interest rate, subject to the coincidence of their maturity dates - mismatch in the degree of change in interest rates on the resources attracted and placed by the credit institution; for financial instruments with a floating interest rate, subject to the same frequency of revision of the floating interest rate - mismatch in the degree of change in interest rates (basic risk);

Widespread use of option transactions with traditional

interest rate instruments sensitive to changes in interest rates (bonds, loans, mortgage loans and securities etc.), giving rise to the risk of losses as a result of refusal to fulfill the obligations of one of the parties to the transaction (option risk).

The most exposed to interest rate risk are banks that regularly practice interest rate gambling in order to make a profit, and those banks that do not carefully predict changes in interest rates.

There are two types of interest rate risk: position risk and structural risk. Positional risk is the risk on any one position - in terms of interest at a given moment. For example, a bank issued a loan with a floating interest rate, while it is not known whether the bank will make a profit or incur losses. Structural risk is the risk on the bank's balance sheet as a whole, caused by changes in the money market due to fluctuations in interest rates. Thus, interest rate risk affects both the balance sheet as a whole and the results of individual transactions.

The main reasons for interest rate risk are:

the wrong choice of types of interest rates (constant, fixed, floating, decreasing);

underestimation in loan agreement possible changes interest rates;

changes in the interest rate of the Central Bank of Russia;

the establishment of a single interest for the entire term of the loan;

lack of a developed strategy of interest rate policy in the bank;

incorrect definition of the cent of the loan, that is, the value of the interest rate.

Interest rate risk can be avoided if changes in asset returns are fully balanced by changes in fund raising costs. This is theoretical. However, it is almost impossible to achieve such a balance all the time, so banks are always exposed to interest rate risk.

Interest rate risk management includes the management of both assets and liabilities of the bank. The peculiarity of this management is that it has boundaries. Asset management is limited by credit risk and liquidity requirements, which determine the content of the bank's risky asset portfolio, as well as by price competition from other banks for the established loan cents.

Commitment management is also difficult in the first place limited choice and the size of debt instruments, that is, the limited funds required to issue a loan, and again price competition from other banks and credit institutions.

It is also possible to reduce the interest rate risk by conducting interest rate “swaps”. These are special financial transactions, the terms of which provide for the payment of interest on certain obligations at a predetermined date, that is, in essence, the parties to the contract exchange the interest payments that they must make. The exchange of interest payments on a fixed rate transaction occurs against a variable rate transaction. At the same time, the party that undertakes to make payments at fixed rates expects a significant increase over the period of the transaction of variable rates; and the opposite side - to reduce them. Then the party who correctly predicted the dynamics of interest rates wins.

2 . 4 Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk- the risk of losses due to the inability of the credit institution to ensure the fulfillment of its obligations in full. Liquidity risk arises as a result of an imbalance in financial assets and financial liabilities of a credit institution (including as a result of untimely fulfillment of financial obligations by one or several counterparties of a credit institution) and (or) the emergence of an unforeseen need for immediate and one-time fulfillment by a credit institution of its financial obligations.

2 . 5 Operational risk

Operational risk- the risk of losses as a result of inconsistency with the nature and scale of the credit institution's activities and the requirements of the current legislation, internal procedures and procedures for conducting banking operations and other transactions, their violation by employees of the credit institution and other persons (due to incompetence, unintentional or deliberate actions or inaction), disproportion (insufficiency) functionality(characteristics) of information, technological and other systems used by the credit institution and their failures (malfunctions), as well as as a result of external events.

2 . 6 Legal risk

Legal risk- the risk of the credit institution incurring losses due to:

non-compliance by the credit institution with the requirements of regulatory legal acts and concluded agreements;

legal errors in the implementation of activities (incorrect lawyer consulting or incorrect preparation of documents, including when considering controversial issues in the judicial authorities);

imperfections legal system(contradictory legislation, lack of legal norms to regulate selected issues arising in the course of the activity of the credit institution);

violation by counterparties of regulatory legal acts, as well as the terms of concluded contracts.

2 . 7

The risk of loss of business reputation credit institution (reputational risk) - the risk of a credit institution incurring losses as a result of a decrease in the number of customers (counterparties) due to the formation in the company of a negative perception of financial sustainability a credit institution, the quality of its services or the nature of its activities in general.

2 . 8 Strategic risk

Strategic risk- the risk of the credit institution incurring losses as a result of errors (shortcomings) made when making decisions that determine the strategy for the activity and development of the credit institution (strategic management), and expressed in neglect or insufficient consideration of possible dangers that may threaten the activities of the credit institution, incorrect or insufficiently substantiated determination of promising areas of activity in which a credit institution can achieve an advantage over competitors, lack or incomplete collateral necessary resources(financial, logistical, human) and organizational measures (management decisions), which should ensure the achievement of the strategic goals of the credit institution.

3. The concept and methods of risk regulation in the activities of a commercial bank

3.1 Concept of risk management

What is hidden behind these words? Methods of influence of the managing subject on the managed object in order to minimize losses. In the case of a bank, we have ways to influence the bank on possible banking risks in order to minimize losses from their implementation.

Very important part of developing a risk strategy is the development of measures to reduce or prevent the identified risk. In general, the term hedging is used to describe actions aimed at minimizing financial risk.

It is in the development of basic approaches to risk assessment, determination of its acceptable level and the development of an appropriate strategy that the main task of risk management or risk management consists.

To take into account the factors of uncertainty and risk when assessing the feasibility of carrying out any risk measure or in the process of its implementation, all available information is used and, on its basis, possible ways of risk management are considered.

Risk management methods are divided into analytical and practical methods. Analytical risk management methods are used as a tool for proactive risk management and allow for the development of forecasts and risk management strategies before the start of the project. The main task of analytical risk management methods is to identify risk situations and develop measures aimed at reducing negative consequences their occurrence. The tasks of analytical methods of risk management also include the prevention of risk situations.

Practical methods of risk management are designed to reduce the negative result of risk situations that have arisen in the course of implementation. As a rule, they are based on analytical methods of risk management. At the same time, practical methods of risk management are the basis for creating an information base for risk management and the subsequent development of analytical methods.

There are the following risk management methods:

a) avoidance (avoidance) of risk;

b) limiting the risk;

c) risk reduction;

d) transfer (transfer) of risk, including insurance;

e) risk acceptance.

Within the framework of these methods, various strategic decisions are applied aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the decisions made:

avoidance of risk;

retention (limitation) of risk;

self-insurance;

distribution of risks;

diversification;

limiting;

hedging;

insurance;

coinsurance;

double insurance; reinsurance

3.2 Methods for regulating banking risks

1. Risk avoidance. Development of strategic and tactical solutions that exclude the occurrence of risky situations, or refusal to implement the project.

2. Retention (limitation) of risk. Delineation of the system of rights, powers and responsibilities in such a way that the consequences of risky situations do not affect the implementation of the project. For example, the inclusion in the contract for the supply of equipment conditions for the transfer of ownership of the supplied cargo when it is received by the customer.

3. Self-insurance. Creation of reserves to compensate for the consequences of risky situations. Self-insurance acts in monetary and physical-material forms, when the self-insurer forms and uses the monetary insurance fund and (or) reserves of raw materials, materials, spare parts, etc. in case of unfavorable economic conditions, delays by customers of payments for delivered products, etc. Procedure for the use of funds insurance fund in terms of self-insurance is provided for in the charter of an economic entity. The market economy significantly expands the boundaries of self-insurance, transforming it into a risk fund.

4. Distribution of risks. Organization of project management, providing for collective responsibility for the results of project implementation.

5. Diversification. Reducing risks due to the possibility of compensating losses in one of the areas of the enterprise's activity with profits in another.

Diversification is widely used in financial markets and is the basis for portfolio investment management. In financial management, it has been proven that portfolios consisting of risky financial assets can be formed in such a way that the total risk level of the portfolio will be less than the risk of any individual financial asset entering it.

6. Limiting. Establishing the limit values of indicators when making tactical decisions. For example, limiting the amount of expenses, setting export quotas, etc.

The most convenient and applied method of limiting risks is setting limits on financial results... If it is decided that the maximum level of losses is limited, for example, to the amount of 500 thousand dollars, then all limits in the integrated calculation must comply with this parameter. The use of such widespread in international practice limits as stop-loss, stop-out, take profit and take out allow you to effectively control the level of losses.

7. Hedging. Insurance, reducing the risk of losses caused by changes in market prices for goods unfavorable for sellers or buyers in comparison with those that were taken into account when concluding the contract.

Hedging ends with a buy or sell. The essence of hedging is that the seller (buyer) of the goods enters into an agreement for its sale (purchase) and at the same time carries out futures deal of the opposite nature, that is, the seller concludes a deal to buy, and the buyer to sell the goods.

Thus, any change in price brings buyers and sellers a loss on one contract and a gain on the other.

As a result, they generally do not suffer a loss from the rise or fall in the prices of commodities to be sold or bought at future prices. To confirm the validity of classifying transactions with financial instruments of forward transactions as hedging transactions, the taxpayer submits a calculation confirming that the performance of these transactions leads to a decrease in the amount of possible losses (loss of profit) on transactions with the hedged item.

8. Insurance.

The most common insurance for bank credit risks. The objects of credit risk insurance are bank loans, liabilities and guarantees, investment loans... In the event of non-repayment of the loan, the lender receives an insurance indemnity that partially or fully compensates for the amount of the loan.

9. Co-insurance.

Insurance of the same insurance object by several insurers under one insurance contract.

If the co-insurance contract does not define the rights and obligations of each of the insurers, they are jointly and severally liable to the insured (beneficiary) for the payment insurance compensation under contract property insurance or the sum insured under the contract personal insurance... In certain cases, the policyholder may act as the insurer for its own deductible, limited by the deductible. And sometimes insurers participating in coinsurance require that the insured be a co-insurer, that is, they bear a certain share of the risk on their responsibility.

With coinsurance, a joint or separate insurance policy may be issued based on the shares of risk accepted by each co-insurer and recorded in the sum insured.

10. Double insurance.

Insurance from several insurers for the same type of risk. 11. Reinsurance.

Activities on protection by one insurer (reinsurer) of the property interests of another insurer (reinsurer) related to the obligations assumed by the latter under the insurance contract (main contract) for insurance payment. The insurer, taking on insurance risk in excess of his ability to insure such risk.

The relationship is formalized by an agreement, according to which one party - the reinsurer, or the assignor - transfers the risk and the corresponding part of the premium to the other party - the reinsurer, or the assignee. The latter undertakes upon the occurrence insured event pay for the assumed part of the risk. Risk transfer operations are called assignments.

In turn, the reinsurer can transfer part of the risk for reinsurance to the next insurance company. In this case, the reinsurer takes on the role of a retrocedent, a new insurance company is called retrocession, and the risk transfer operation is called retrocession.

Reinsurance relations imply two types of contracts - for reinsurance of all received risks, regardless of their size, and for reinsurance of only certain “excess” risks.

Distinguish between compulsory reinsurance, based on the conclusion of an agreement with the assignee on the compulsory acceptance of all risks of the company for reinsurance, optional, which implies the ability to refuse reinsurance of individual risks, and optional-compulsory in the form of a combination of the first and second.

Reinsurance is carried out on the basis of a reinsurance agreement concluded between the insurer and the reinsurer in accordance with the requirements of civil law.

Along with the reinsurance agreement, other documents may be used as confirmation of the agreement between the reinsurer and the reinsurer, which are applied based on the customs of business turnover.

Conclusion

Any form of human activity is associated with many conditions and factors that influence a positive approach to decisions. Any entrepreneurial activity is not without risk. The main place is occupied by financial risk... The greatest profit is brought by financial operations with an increased risk. However, the risk must be calculated to the maximum acceptable limit.

Financial risk is understood as the probability of unplanned losses, shortfall in the planned profit. Financial risk arises in the process of financial and economic activities of the organization. A type of financial risk is banking risk.

Financial risk is an objective economic category... And this economic category represents an event that may or may not happen. In the event of such an event, three economic results are possible:

Negative (loss, loss);

Null;

Positive (gain, benefit).

Risk is the likelihood of losing something. For a bank, financial risk is the risk of losing money. Huge amounts of money pass through banks and thousands of transactions are made, therefore, preventing losses is one of the main tasks of the bank, the more opportunities for the bank to make a profit, the greater the risk of losing the invested funds.

Banking activities are subject to a large number of risks. Since the bank, in addition to the function of business, carries the function of public importance and conductor monetary policy, then knowledge, identification and control of banking risks is of interest to a large number of external stakeholders: the National Bank, shareholders, financial market participants, clients.

Consideration of the most well-known types of risk showed their diversity and complex nested structure, that is, one type of risk is determined by a set of others. This list is far from exhaustive. Its diversity is largely determined by the ever-increasing spectrum banking services... The diversity of banking operations is complemented by the diversity of customers and the changing market conditions... It seems quite natural to want to be not only the object of all kinds of risks, but also to introduce a share of subjectivity in the sense of influencing the risk in the implementation of banking activities.

Bibliography

risk credit bank expense

1. Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 70-T of 23.06.2004 "On typical banking risks"

2. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Banks and Banking Activities" No. 395-1 dated 02.12.90 (as amended on 06.12.2011 No. 409-FZ).

3. The law of the Russian Federation "On The central bank Of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) "No. 86 dated July 10, 2002 (as amended on October 19, 2011 No. 285-FZ).

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What are financial risks in commercial banks. The speech for the defense of the diploma "Improving methods of assessing credit risk": example, sample, free, download. Risk management concept