Resources of a commercial bank All resources of a commercial bank are subdivided into own and borrowed. 3 groups of funds attracted by a commercial bank: a) funds of the bank's clients; b) loans from the Central Bank; c) funds of credit institutions. Bank deposit (deposit) -

Financial risk is a probabilistic characteristic of an event that in the long term may lead to the occurrence of losses, non-receipt of income, loss or receipt of additional income, as a result of deliberate actions of a credit institution under the influence of external and internal factors of development in an uncertain economic environment. For determining banking risks it seems advisable to build such a logical chain that will show where the financial risks are, what they are and how general economic risks in particular can be transformed into financial risks of banks. For this and to clarify the classification of risks, we have developed a number of our own criteria, which the risk system must satisfy:

Compliance with the purpose of a specific organization. Like any commercial structure, banks set themselves the goal of making a profit, at the same time, towards the goals of banking companies.

To organizations, the goal of ensuring the safety of funds and valuables placed on the current accounts of clients received for management or storage is added.

Attitude towards regulation, i.e. division into external and internal. External risks can only be taken into account in activities, while internal risks can be influenced by their study and minimization, and in some cases, their elimination is possible.

Compliance with the conditions of the banking operation (term, collateral, currency of payment, the ratio of lending to large and small borrowers, shareholders and insiders).

The acceptability of the risk system for subsequent management and control.

By belonging to active and passive operations and to a certain structural unit... So, in banks, risks arise in three large divisions: Credit, Treasury and Operations. The credit division mainly faces credit risks. When conducting active operations, the Treasury assumes currency risk, interest rate risk, portfolio risk, liquidity risk, credit risk and others. Operational management is mainly related to operational and transfer risks.

The system of financial risks in banks is incessantly linked to the development and improvement of the banking system and banking legislation. In the West, the system for studying banking risks has received a fairly broad development, which is inextricably linked with the processes taking place in the world banking system, in which risk is an inevitable part of banking.

For western financial system The end of the 70s - the beginning of the 80s of the last century was characterized by a stable increase in the profitability of banks, which was facilitated by a number of extremely favorable circumstances: the possibility of raising funds at low interest rates, low competition, vertical integration and a wide range of services provided. This was also facilitated by the upper limit on the interest rate paid on deposits set by the banking regulator. Raising funds at low interest rates also served to create bank cartels. Banks that are part of the cartel, as a rule, had an agreement among themselves on the interest rate paid to depositors. In addition, a significant volume of checks passing through banking structures in the process of collection, provided banks with practically free liabilities.

It should be noted that due to excessively rigid licensing practices in countries Western Europe and the United States, artificially restraining the emergence of new banks, and, in some cases, the creation of bank cartels, external competition was significantly limited, that is, competition emanating from a different banking jurisdiction for each of domestic markets... The number of institutions authorized to carry out certain banking functions also played a role in mitigating interbank competition. For example, Finland, which had a population of 4.8 million by 1984, had 7 commercial banks, 272 savings banks, 371 cooperative banks, and a Post Bank with 3,500 branches. All this complicated banking system remained stable only thanks to a number of agreements between banks concerning the interest rate on deposits (to control the costs of raising funds), as well as compliance with the market segments divided by the Central Bank among different types Banks that restrict their competition (for example, cooperative banks served agricultural industries, savings banks- consumers, and large commercial banks - industry). The "gentlemen's agreement" on mutual non-penetration of each other's internal financial markets existed between Swiss and West German banks for decades, up to 1985. There are many similar examples in banking practice. In addition, various barriers prevented banks "external" to the market from attracting funds at low costs, sometimes these barriers took the form of a ban on issuing loans in national currency (for foreign banks) or opening a branch.

The expansion of the range of services provided by banks has led to the fact that banks have become universal, meeting the financial needs of most of the society; traditional banks have grown into "supermarkets" for financial services. "Ancillary" services such as stock brokerage, insurance brokerage, and the like also contribute to expanding banking services and increasing the profitability of banking. International banking operations have emerged, which include:

lending for export operations,

lending to international transactions of residents and securing them money transfers and investment services,

opening access to international capital and money markets to search for new sources of attracting funds.

The modern banking system of Russia began to take shape in 1989, with the creation of 5 specialized banks, then commercial banks began to actively form. In total, more than 2500 were created, and as of 01.02.2005, 145511 remained, the rest could not withstand the competition and were abolished. Commercial banks and the credit and banking system as a whole in Russia are decisive and one of the main factors for the preservation and development of the economy, the implementation and promotion of investment programs, including state ones, the ever-increasing merger of industrial-production and banking capital in the form of financial-industrial groups ...

As a dependent element of the economy, Russian banks are also subject to the influence of global financial crises. Financial crises 1997-98 the emerging markets of Southeast Asia, South America and Russia have clearly demonstrated the complexity of the problem of financial risk management in banks. Successful overcoming of such crises provides financial and credit institutions with a strengthening of market positions, therefore, the maximum mitigation of the consequences of crisis phenomena on international financial markets is a task of exceptional importance for such structures; however, bank customers also need to know about the risk management practices of their service provider in order to improve the effectiveness of financial management.

In a situation “when the conditions for the functioning of commercial banks have changed, the achievement of their goals becomes possible only by changing the quality of management. However, many theoretical issues of banking risk management remain insufficiently developed. cash flow, capital price, capital market efficiency, portfolio management of assets, a compromise between profitability and risk, etc. In the economic literature, there is no unity in the interpretation of certain terms and concepts (reliability, stability, stability, etc.), are far from sufficient for the application of methodological developments.

Thus, the basis for the functioning of an effective financial risk management system is their classification.

In our opinion, the most meaningful is the classification of banking risks proposed by Peter S. Rose12, which identifies the following six main types of risk of a commercial bank and four additional types. P. Rose refers to the main types of risk as follows:

Credit risk

Liquidity imbalance risk

Market risk

Interest rate risk

Risk of loss of profit

Insolvency risk

To other important types of risk, Rose P. includes four more types, which he defines as follows:

Inflation risk

Currency risk

Political risk

Risk of abuse

The advantage of this classification is that this system includes both risks arising within the bank and risks arising from within the bank and affecting its activities. However, at present, such a classification cannot be used by commercial banks for practical application in view of its enlargement, which means that a more detailed classification is necessary with the allocation of groups and subgroups of risk, depending on the specifics of the operations carried out by the bank.

More indicative and practical in application is the classification of Sheremet A.D., Shcherbakov G.N. 13, the advantage of which is the creation of a certain system of risks, including certain types of risk, and the division of risks into external and internal is taken as a basis. This makes it possible to separate the risks arising outside the bank and affecting the operational activities of the bank and the risks arising inside the bank in the course of the bank's "production" activities. This fundamental difference between the two classes of risks determines the attitude of banks towards them, methods of control and management capabilities.

In the proposed scheme, the risks by the type of relationship to the internal and external environment of the bank are classified as follows:

risks associated with the instability of economic legislation and the current economic situation, investment conditions and profit use.

external economic risks (the possibility of introducing restrictions on trade and supplies, closing borders, etc.).

the possibility of a deterioration in the political situation, the risk of unfavorable socio-political changes in the country or region.

the possibility of changing natural and climatic conditions, natural disasters.

fluctuations in market conditions, exchange rates etc.

Internal:

associated with active operations (credit, foreign exchange, market, settlement, leasing, factoring, cash, risk on a correspondent account, on financing and investment, etc.)

associated with the bank's liabilities (risks on deposit and deposit operations, on attracted interbank loans)

related to the quality of the bank's management of its assets and liabilities (interest rate risk, risk of unbalanced liquidity, insolvency, risks of capital structure, leverage, insufficient bank capital)

associated with the risk of the implementation of financial services (operational, technological, innovation, strategic, accounting, administrative, abuse, security risks).

In contrast to the western practice of risk management, in Russia only recently issued instructions from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the form of a letter dated 23.06.2004 No. 70-T "On typical banking risks", in which 10 groups of risks are distinguished: credit, country, market, stock, currency , interest, liquidity, legal, reputation risk and strategic.

Besides, Central bank suggested that commercial banks exercise control over risks at three main levels: individual (employee level), micro and macro levels.

Individual-level risks include risks caused by the consequences of unlawful or incompetent decisions of individual employees.

The risks of micro-level include the risks of liquidity and capital reduction, formed by decisions of the management apparatus.

Macro-level risks include risks predetermined by macroeconomic and regulatory environment external to the bank.

The main documents that guide the risk managers of Western companies in their practice were developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision14 and are called the Principles of Banking Supervision. This document contains 25 principles, the implementation of which is designed to be minimally necessary condition ensuring effective banking supervision, as well as comments to them based on the recommendations of the Basel Committee and the best international practice in the field of banking and banking supervision. Among the Basle principles are principles 6-15 related to banking risks. Integration of Russian banking financial reporting with International Standards Financial reporting(IFRS) will undoubtedly be developed in the application of these principles in Russian practice.

International audit companies operating in Russia, based on the recommendations of the Basel Committee, develop their own risk classifications, an example is the risk map 15> 15 ( detailed structure financial risks of a commercial bank), created by PricewaterhouseCoopers, called GARP.

UDC 336.77

TO THE QUESTION OF MODERN APPROACHES TO THE MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RISKS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS

Natalya Ivanovna Denisova, Cand. econom. sciences, head. Department of "Finance and Credit", e-mail: [email protected], Lyudmila Mikhailovna Chizhenko, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Finance

e-mail: [email protected], Ryazan branch of Moscow University named after S. Yu. Witte,

http://www.muiv.ru/ryazan

The article presents the risk-forming factors of banking. The modern approaches to the management of financial risks of commercial banks are determined. The directions of reducing banking financial risks in modern conditions are revealed.

Key words: financial risks; commercial banks; control; credit risks; factors; risk; methods.

DOI: 10.21777 / 2307-6135-2017-1-80-83

One of the most important points in the economic sphere Russian Federation in the formative period market relations is the development effective mechanism business risk management. All kinds of risks are an integral attribute of entrepreneurship in all sectors of the economic and social sphere... But especially vulnerable in this aspect banking sector represented by a network of credit institutions, most of which are commercial banks. The main source of profit for a commercial bank is the lending of its credit resources. In the context of the instability of the financial situation, the activities of commercial banks are associated with the presence of various kinds of risks, primarily associated with the possibility of non-return of the resources provided on a borrowed basis.

Borrowing activity is always accompanied by the presence of risks, granting loans is initially a risky type of business. Occurred for last years Changes in financial markets, increased interaction between countries, and the internationalization of cash flows have contributed to the emergence of new development opportunities for banks, but at the same time, new risks are emerging. It is obvious that it is not possible to completely avoid risk in the conditions of market principles of management, and even more so in a crisis. Therefore, one of the priority tasks of banking activity is considered to ensure the minimization of financial risks, which would ensure maximum profit, reducing the possibility of losses in the process of conducting credit operations. Therefore, the most important component credit policy a commercial bank is the risk management activity of banking. The success of the bank's activities and the possibility of its further development largely depend on the effectiveness of the financial risk management of a commercial bank in the process of implementing its credit policy.

There is no single and clear definition of risk as an economic category. In the existing literature, the concept of risk, its properties and elements is interpreted ambiguously

but, there is no single approach to understanding its content, the ratio of objective and subjective sides. The variety of opinions about the essence of risk is explained, in particular, by the multidimensionality of this phenomenon, the almost complete absence of its interpretation in the existing legislation, as well as its insufficient consideration in real economic practice and management activities.

The possibility of deviating from the intended goal for the sake of which the chosen alternative was carried out;

The likelihood of achieving the desired result;

Lack of confidence in achieving the set goal;

The possibility of material, moral and other losses associated with the implementation of the alternative chosen in conditions of uncertainty.

These elements, in their interconnection and interaction, reflect the content of the risk. Let us pay attention to such an important element of risk as the presence of the probability of deviation from the chosen goal - such deviations can have both negative and positive consequences... It should be noted that there is a directly proportional relationship between the riskiness and profitability of transactions in market conditions in all areas of activity.

Credit institutions playing important role in the economic sphere modern world are commercial structures, whose activities are aimed at making profit as the main goal.

Classification of risks depending on the degree of ensuring its sustainable development is essential to ensure an increase in the efficiency of the bank's activities.

To ensure effective management of banking risks, it is important to highlight the factors on which the risks depend. From these positions, groups of external and internal risks are traditionally distinguished. External risks include political, economic, sectoral, demographic, social, geographic and other risks.

Risk management involves developing strategy and tactics. The strategy involves the development of directions and ways to achieve the goal, based on long-term forecasting and strategic planning... When developing a risk management strategy, it is necessary to proceed from the observance of the principle of break-even activity and a focus on ensuring the optimal balance of profitability and the level of risks assumed by the bank.

The strategy is predetermined by management tactics, including specific methods and techniques to achieve the set goal in specific conditions. The task of tactics is to choose from all the decisions that do not contradict the strategy, the most optimal option and the most acceptable management methods and techniques in a particular situation that help reduce the degree of risk.

The risk management system can be divided into three main stages, consisting in risk analysis (identification and assessment); risk control (monitoring) and risk minimization (leveling).

As the first stage, the analysis of risk is considered, which consists in the definition and assessment of risk. In the course of it, factors are identified that lead to an increase or decrease in a specific type of risk in the implementation of certain banking operations.

In the process of the next stage - risk control - measures are taken to identify the risk in a timely manner in order to reduce or eliminate it. There are three ways to control risk: by internal audit, external audit and internal control.

Risk aversion (represents the avoidance of activities related to

risk, that is, refusal from those operations that contain an unacceptable risk for the bank, which also means refusal to receive part of the profit);

Reducing risk (implemented mainly through self-insurance - reservation, diversification, limiting, minimization);

Transfer of risk to a third party (realized through insurance, hedging, distribution).

An important point in credit risk management is the analysis by the bank of the ability of existing and potential borrowers to repay the principal amount of the debt and make interest payments, as well as by obtaining collateral and guarantees. It is necessary to organize constant monitoring and subsequent control over overdue balances of loan debt.

Risk management occurs at three levels. For each level, different risk assessment and risk management methods are used.

1. Individual level: implies the analysis, assessment and reasonable reduction of risks for a specific transaction. Individual credit risk management is carried out, as a rule, for transactions that do not fall under the aggregate level.

2. Aggregated level: implies the development of programs and the development of criteria to be met by the transaction, which allows you to limit the amount of risks taken by the bank. Credit risk management at the aggregate level is carried out, as a rule, for standard transactions with a credit risk volume not exceeding a specified value.

3. Portfolio level: implies an assessment of the total credit risk, its concentration, dynamics, etc., as well as the development of proposals for setting limits and management decisions in order to reduce the risk.

The main factors that increase credit risk include:

Concentration of credit risk, manifested in the provision of large loans to individual borrowers or a group of related borrowers, as well as if the debtors of a credit institution belong to separate sectors of the economy, to the same geographic region, or in the case of other liabilities that make them vulnerable to the effects of the same economic factors ;

A large share of loans and others banking contracts that fall on those experiencing certain financial difficulties clients;

Frequent or significant changes in the bank's lending policy;

A large proportion of new and recently attracted customers about which the bank does not have enough information;

Liberal credit policy of the bank (granting loans in the absence of the necessary information);

Concentration of the bank's activities in little-studied, new areas;

Availability of unsecured loans or pledging of low-liquid collateral.

An important role in ensuring protection against credit risks is played by the organization of banking control, in which the analysis of the quality of the loan portfolio takes the central place.

The loan portfolio acts as the main source of the bank's income and at the same time - as the main risk factor in the placement of assets. Its structure and quality are predetermined by the stability of the bank's activities, its reputation, size financial results... The composition and structure of the portfolio is carefully analyzed by loan officers and senior officials in order to identify excessive concentration of loans in certain areas or among individual borrowers, as well as the presence of problem loans.

An extremely important role in this is played by the organization of bank monitoring

ring as the main method of banking control. Its purpose is to control the quality of the loan portfolio, conduct an independent examination, and timely identify deviations from the accepted standards and guidelines of the bank's credit policy.

The following can be named as its main directions:

1. Improvement in the field of organizational issues.

2. Improvement in the field of methodological issues.

The third area of ​​improving risk management is improving methods of credit risk management, one of the most important ways of which is to improve the quality of insurance protection against credit risks. Credit risk insurance is not common in Russia and is considered a new and underdeveloped area. But as the market is saturated with classic insurance products and under the pressure of increasing competition, insurers will need to turn to this type to meet the needs of policyholders and maintain their market positions. Through insurance, a person realizes one of his most important needs - the need for security.

Within the framework of cooperation between insurers and banks, the interest of banks in insurance protection against credit risks is gradually becoming evident in connection with the increase in lending volumes. At the same time, many Russian insurers are not yet ready to accept such risks for insurance.

Insurance is an area of ​​activity that is rather strictly regulated by the state.

Credit risk insurance for a commercial bank will vary depending on the types of active banking operations that are associated with credit risk, as well as the categories of borrowers.

Literature

1. About banks and banking: the federal law RF dated 03.02.96 No. 17-FZ.

2. On auditing: Federal Law dated 30.12.2008 No. 307-F3.

3. On the organization of internal control in credit institutions and banking groups: Regulation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated December 16, 2003 No. 242-P.

4. Vdovina ON Insurance of credit risks of banks. http://www.ins-education.ru.

5. Glushchenko V. V. Risk management. Insurance. - M .: Infra-M, 2009.336 p.

6. Denisova N. I., Chizhenko L. M. Liability insurance of car owners - new regional approaches // Potential of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in new economic conditions: Materials of the II International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2016.S. 177-186.

7. Denisova NI, Chizhenko LM, Chizhenko IP The insurance market of Russia: problems and development prospects // Bulletin of the Moscow University. S. Yu. Witte. Ser. 1: Economics and Management. 2016. No. 1 (16). S. 51-57.

8. Lavrushin O. I., Afanasyeva O. N., Kornienko S. L. Banking: modern system lending. - M .: KnoRus, 2012.264 p.

9. Lavrushin OI Banking risks. - M .: KnoRus, 2012.233 p.

10. Nikitina TV Banking management. - SPb .: Peter, 2012.160 p.

11. Tikhomirova A. V. Risks in anti-crisis management // Materials of the international scientific and practical conference. Issue 2. - M .: GUU, 2008.S. 132-141.

To the issue of modern approaches to financial risk management of commercial banks

Natalya Ivanovna Denisova, Candidate of Economics, head. the department of finance and credit, Ryazan branch of Moscow Witte University

Lyudmila Mihaylovna Chizhenko placed seconds, associate Professor of Economics and Finance, Ryazan branch of Moscow Witte University

The article presents the risk factors of banking. Identified modern approaches to financial risk management of commercial banks. Revealed reduce banking risks in modern conditions.

Keywords: financial risks, commercial banks management, credit risk, factors, risk, methods.