Banks are the main participants of the financial market: the general development of the Russian economy depends on their stable functioning. In the context of increasing the instability of national and global financial markets, the problem of preserving the financial sustainability of the banking system of Russia becomes extremely important.

The destructive consequences of the modern economic crisis questioned the effectiveness of many basic principles of modern financial management, including issues of issues and the effectiveness of banking bank risks management.

In the current economic situation, the main condition for maintaining financial stability is the formation and implementation of a financial risk management system, which should be effective both in a relatively stable external environment and during the crisis period. The effectiveness of financial risk management tools depends on the improvement of the scientific and methodological foundations of banking risk management.

Under the category "Banking risk" in the work means the likelihood of deviation from the planned indicators of the Bank's activities due to the conduct of active-passive operations of the credit institution, the state of corporate governance and the influence of the factors of the external environment.

Banking risk should not be considered only as a negative phenomenon. On the contrary, the presence of risk to some extent can be viewed as a factor in the dynamic development of the banking sector of the economy. Note that taking risky financial decisions makes sense only when a positive economic result is expected from a risky operation. If, even with favorable conditions, the operation does not give any income, then it is necessary to exclude a risk. It should be borne in mind that the bank, which always refuses risky operations, loses the possibility of an additional increase in profits and further development.

In the process of grouping bank risks You can select various classification components, namely: financial; temporary; place of formation; the degree of influence on the basic operations of the bank; The possibility of forecasting and management.

Examples of the classification of bank risks according to the above features are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Examples of bank risks classification

Types of bank risks

H. Van Grüning, S.

Bryonovich- Brotanovich

financial: pure (credit, liquidity risk and

solvency) and speculative (interest, currency and market); operational; business; Emergency

risks on balance and off-balance sheet operations; Risks

passive operations (deposit); Risks of active operations (credit, currency, portfolio, investment, liquidity risk)

S. Kozmenko,

F. Spies, I. Voloschko

risks associated with customer features; Risks of banking

operations: risks of active operations (credit, portfolio, liquidity risk) and risks of passive operations (emission, deposit, risks due to the type of bank)

T. Osipenko

credit; market; liquidity risk; operating risks;

legal; Management risks

Y. Potyko

credit; percentage; currency; Risk market valuable papers;

risk early refund Deposits

L. Zamoleka.

liquidity risk; credit; insolvency risk; risk

variability

We offer the following classification of banking risks:

1. Financial risks - high probability of determining the quantitative size of risk. Financial risks refer to the internal risks that arise in the process of carrying out active and passive banking operations.

2. Operational risks - the low probability of determining the quantitative size of risk. Operational risks relate to internal risks and are associated with the effectiveness of corporate governance and the organization of banking operations.

3. Functional risks belong to the external environment of the bank and are almost not quantified.

In the course of the crisis, the size of the most increase financial risksTo which include:

1. Credit risk is the likelihood of deviation from planned indicators due to non-fulfillment by the borrower of obligations to the bank. Credit risk is advisable to divide on an individual (specific counterparty of the bank) and portfolio (aggregate debt to the bank).

2. The risk of liquidity is the likelihood of deviation from planned indicators due to the loss of balance between assets and liabilities of the bank (balance risk) and the inability to attract financial resources to implement the strategic development goals (market liquidity risk).

3. Currency risk - the probability of deviation from planned indicators due to changes in the exchange rate. With a long open currency position, the devaluation of the national currency improves the level of return of the bank; revaluation - worsens. With a short currency position, the devaluation of the national currency worsens the level of profitability; revaluation - improves.

4. Interest risks - the probability of deviation from the planned indicators due to the change interest rates.

5. The stock risk is the likelihood of deviation from planned indicators due to changes in the value of securities or other financial instruments on the market.

The main methods for determining the quantitative assessment of the above financial risks of the Bank are indicated in Table 2

table 2

Methods for assessing the financial risks of the Bank

	financial risk	Benefits of the method	Disadvantages of the method
1. Statistical:	credit	high definition loss size and probability risk realization in ordinary conditions	necessity processing a large number of statistical information. Small efficiency estimates in crisis
1.1 Method "Monte
1.2 Z-model Altman
1.3 Chessera model
1.4 Durana model
1.5 var - method	credit, monetary, stock
2. Expert 2.1 Dolphi method	credit, currency, percentage,	perfect B. conditions lack or absence	subjective character

2.2 Method "Decision Tree"	stock	reliable information.
	credit	effective crisis	conditions
3. Analytical: 3.1 Duration	stock	Includes capabilities factor analysis parameters. High evaluation efficiency in crisis		labour intensive
3.2 Stress testing	currency, stock
3.3 GAP - Analysis	percentage
4. Method of analogy	credit, liquidity, currency, stock, interest	evaluation efficiency in ordinary conditions		it is difficult to create similar conditions
5. Combined		synergistic effect. High efficiency in ordinary conditions and in crisis		a lot of time, requires the processing of statistical, financial and managerial information

Most of the statistical methods are to determine the likelihood of the realization of the risk and the determination of its magnitude - use the statistics of profits and losses of banks. These methods are based on the theory of probability distribution of random variables.

Some methods of expert assessments are similar to statistical. The principal difference lies in the fact that expert methods provide for an analysis of the assessments made by various specialists (internal or external experts). An expert assessment can be obtained both after the relevant research and when using the accumulated experience of leading experts.

In turn, analytical methods are based on game theory and include the following steps: 1) the choice of a key indicator (for example, the yield rate); 2) defining the factors of the external and internal environment affecting the selected indicator;

3) Calculation of indicator values \u200b\u200bwhen changing the factors of an external or internal environment.

The method of the analogy is used in the analysis of new banking products or business areas of the credit institution. The essence of this method is to transfer a similar situation to the object of the study. The main disadvantage of this method is that it is very difficult to create conditions in which the past experience would repeat.

As can be seen from Table 2, the advantage of the combined method is that it uses the advantages of all methods discussed above (for example, a statistical method, as a result of the estimation of the past, can be supplemented with an analytical method). In addition, the combined method is effective both in ordinary conditions and in the conditions of the crisis.

Note that the formation of a financial risk management system in banks occurs in three stages:

1. The preparatory stage includes the formalization of the Bank's business processes; description of procedures for monitoring and decision making; development of methods for assessing and predicting risks; the definition of collegial bodies and departments that will be directly involved in managing financial risks; Drawing up financial risks on bank responsibility centers (Table 3).

Table 3 Determination of financial risks for the main responsibility centers

responsibility

Business directions

financial risks

Treasury Department

Optimization and regulation cash streams

bank, purchase and sale of currency for customers and own needs in the interbank market of Russia, attracting and placement of funds in the interbank market of Russia and international markets

liquidity

interest, currency

Control

corporation

Providing customers with a wide range of services for

lending, on operations with bills, attracting funds to legal entities

credit,

monetary, interest

Control

individual business

Sale of banking products individual

bank customers, optimization of the cost of services for individuals

credit,

monetary, interest

Control

investment business

Evissions of own securities, organization

purchases and sales of securities on the instructions of customers, the implementation of operations in the securities market on their own behalf, underwriting, investing in authorized funds and securities of legal entities, trust management Means and securities under contracts with legal entities and individuals

stock

2. The procedural stage of the Bank's financial risk management system includes the development of limit establishment procedures; The concept of minimizing financial risks; procedures for revising the basic parameters of the Bank's limit policy; Procedures Insurance, Heading, etc.

3. The integration stage includes an analysis of the requirements for the quantity and quality of information entering the automated financial risk management system; Development of recommendations for the implementation of the financial risk management mechanism in the Bank's corporate system; Development of a phased plan for implementing a financial risk management system.

Consider the basic financial risk management tools of the Bank:

1. Insurance (Bankshurans) is one of the elements of the Bank's financial risks. In the process of using this tool, it should be remembered that, firstly, not all financial risks are subject to insurance, and secondly, the greater the amount of risk is translated to the insurance company, the higher the costs of paying the relevant insurance policy. Therefore, one of the main problems of the implementation of banksuancence is to determine which risks it makes sense to leave in a bank, carrying out additional costs to reduce them, and which shifting to the insurer, making additional costs to pay the PHB-policy.

2. Heading - Reducing the Bank's financial risks through derivative financial market tools: futures, forwards, swaps and options (the advantages and disadvantages of derivative tools are shown in Table 4).

3. Diversification is a tool for reducing financial risks through the distribution of bank resources into various assets or activities (for example, crediting corporate clients related to various sectors of the economy).

Table 4.

Advantages and disadvantages of derivatives of financial risks hedge

Derivative

tool

Benefits

disadvantages

Individual nature

conclusion of the transaction; no commission; Does not require daily revaluation at the current course or rates

Low liquidity

tool; The complexity of the search for counterparty

High tool liquidity;

providing timeliness and completeness of payments by the Exchange

Standard conditions

agreements; Limited flexibility in terms of terms and other contract conditions

4. Limits are a tool for reducing the Bank's financial risks through limiting the values \u200b\u200bof open positions under risk (examples of limits are shown in Table 5)

Table 5 Limits on Bank Financial Risks

Financial
Credit	Limits on individual counterparties
	Limits of geographic concentration
	Limits of sectoral concentration
Liquidity	Limits for cumulative GAP-breaks
Stock	Limits to change the value of the Bank's investment portfolio
Percentage	Limit on overall sensitivity to percentage oscillations
Percentage	Limits percentage GAP-breaks
Monetary	Limits on open currency positions for each currency
Monetary	Limit on the overall open currency position of the bank

5. Securitization of assets is a portfolio transformation tool credit risk Bank in financial instruments of the stock market. In the process of sequinition, the Bank fully or partially "sells" a loan portfolio, written off its balance before the date of repayment, and transfers the right to receive the principal debt and percent on it to a new lender, and not necessarily the bank.

6. The formation of reserves is the accumulation of a part of the bank resources, which are later sent to the "repayment" of non-refundable assets. The main problem in the formation of reserves is the assessment of potential risk consequences.

Conclusions. Modern crisis phenomena raise the problem of forming a qualitatively new methodological basis for bank management. This is naturally accompanied by updating the issue of improving the efficiency of managing financial risks of a credit institution. The diversity of financial risks, methods for their assessment and management indicates the need to continuously upgrade the risk management system of the Bank.

Bibliography

1. Gruning H. Wang. Analysis of bank risks. Corporate governance and management assessment system financial risk / H. Van Gruuning, S. Bryonovich- Bratanovich. - M.: The whole world, 2004. - 150 c.

2. Zotov V. A. Banking risks in practice / V. A. Zotov. - Bishkek: 2000. - 128 p.

3. Kozmenko S. M. Strategigine Management Bank: NROW. Pos_b. / CM. Kozmenko, F. І. Spies, І. V. Voloschko. - Sumi: University Book, 2003. - 734 p.

4. Osipenko T. V. On the risk system of banking activities / T. V. Osipenko // Money and credit. - 2000. - № 4. - P. 28-30.

5. Potiyko Yu. Theorem of the practice management of Riznimi Views Rizikiva in Commier Banks / Yu. Potіyko // Visnik NBU. - 2004. - № 4. - P. 58-60.

6. Governance Bankivsky Risikov: NROW. Pos_b. / back ed. L. O. Jam Big. - K.: Kneu, 2007. - 600 p.

7. Final and Risiki Bankiv: Theorem of the practice of management in Umov Krizis: MONOGAI / V. V. Bobil; DNPROPETER. nat. University of Zizn. TransP. ІМ. Acad .. V. Lazarian. - Dnipropetrovsk, 2016. - 300 p.

In the course of its activities, commercial banks are subject to multiple risks. In general, bank risks are divided into four categories: Financial, operational, business and emergency.

Financial risks In turn, include two types of risks: clean and speculative. Pure risks Including credit risk, liquidity and solvency risks, can lead to a loss of bank in improper management. Speculative risks Funded in financial arbitration may have their result of profit if the arbitration is carried out correctly, or loss - otherwise. The main types of speculative risk: interest, currency and market (or positional).

Different types Financial risks, in addition, are closely related to each other, which can significantly increase the overall banking profile of risk. For example, a bank exercising currency operationsAs a rule, it is subject to currency risk, but it will also be under an additional liquidity risk and interest risk if there will be open positions or discrepancies in the periods of requirements and obligations in the net position on urgent operations.

Operating risks depend on: the general business strategy of the bank; his organization; functioning of internal systems, including computer and other technologies; consistency of the Bank's policy and its procedures; measures aimed at preventing errors in management and against fraud. Business risks are associated with an external banking business environment, including macroeconomic and political factors, legal conditions and regulatory conditions, as well as with the overall infrastructure of the financial sector and the payment system. Extreme risks include all types of exogenous risks, which, in the event of an event, are able to expose the activities of the bank or undermine its financial condition and capital adequacy.

We characterize financial risks related to pure risks, i.e. leading in the event of a risk case only to negative consequences.

Deposit risk - Risk associated with the possibility of non-return deposit deposits (deferences of deposit certificates). This risk is rarely found and is associated with an unsuccessful choice of a commercial bank for the implementation of deposit operations of the enterprise. Nevertheless, cases of implementation of deposit risk are found not only in our country, but also in countries with a developed market economy. Abroad, the insured of this type of risk is the bank, and the insurance is carried out in a mandatory form.

Credit risk - The risk associated with the danger of non-payment by the borrower of the principal debt and interest due to the creditor. The causes of the occurrence of credit risk may be the unscrupulousness of the borrower, the deterioration of the competitive position of a particular company, adverse economic conjuncture.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

1. Financial risks in the activities of a commercial bank

In the course of its activities, commercial banks are subject to multiple risks. In general, bank risks are divided into 4 categories: financial, operational, business and emergency. Financial risks in turn include 2 types of risks: clean and speculative.

Pure risks - incl. Credit risk, liquidity and solvency risks - may with improper management lead to a loss of bank.

Speculative risks based on financial arbitration may result in their result, if the arbitration is carried out correctly, or loss - otherwise. The main types of speculative risk are the interest, currency and market (or positional) risks.

Like any enterprise operating in the market conditions, the Bank is subject to risk of losses and bankruptcy. Naturally, seeking to maximize profits, the Bank's management at the same time seeks to minimize the possibility of damages. The two ways to a certain extent contradict each other. Maintaining the optimal ratio between profitability and risk is one of the main and most complex problems of bank management. The risk is associated with uncertainty, the latter is associated with events that are difficult or impossible to foresee. The loan portfolio of the commercial bank is subject to all major types of risk that are accompanied by financial activities: risk of liquidity, risk of interest rates, risk of non-payment on a loan. The last type of risk is especially important, since the non-risk of loans to borrowers brings large losses to banks and serves as one of the most frequent causes of bankruptcies of credit institutions. Credit risk depends on exogenous factors associated with the state of the economic environment, with the situation, and endogenous, caused by the erroneous actions of the Bank itself. The possibilities of managing external factors are limited, although timely actions, the Bank may subject to a certain way to mitigate their influence and prevent losses. However, the main leverage of credit risk management lie in the field of domestic policy of the bank.

The main task facing bank structures is minimizing credit risks. To achieve this goal, a large arsenal of methods is used, comprising formal, semi-formal and informal procedures for assessing credit risks. Minimize bank credit risks allows diversification loan portfoliowhose quality can be determined based on the risk assessment of each individual loan and the risk of the entire portfolio as a whole. One of the criteria determining the quality of the loan portfolio as a whole is the degree of diversified portfolio, under which they understand the presence of negative correlations between the loans, or at least their independence from each other. The degree of diversification is difficult to express quantitatively, so under diversification, rather, it is understood as a set of rules that the lender must adhere to. The most famous of them are as follows: not to provide a loan to several enterprises of one industry; Do not provide a loan to enterprises of different industries, but interconnected with each other technological process, etc. In essence, the desire to maximize diversification representing the process of setting the most diverse loans, there is nothing but an attempt to form a loan portfolio with the most diverse types of risks in order to change in the external economic environmentwhere enterprises - borrowers are functioning, did not have a negative impact on all loans. Changes in the economic environment should affect the situation of borrowers' enterprises in different ways. This means that under the most differentiated risks, lenders understand the most diverse response of loans to events in the economy. Ideally, it is desirable that the negative response of some loans, when the likelihood of their non-risk increases, was compensated by the positive response of others when the probability of their obstruction decreases. In this case, it can be expected that the income will not depend on the state of the market and will be maintained. It is important here to note that if the concept of a variety of risks by species is quite difficult, then the diversity of the effects rendered to the situation of borrowers with changes in economic conjuncture is quite simple, since the natural measure of the impact is the magnitude of the incomplete income on a separate loan compared to the planned . In other words, the impact on credit is the difference between the planned and actual income volumes by a separate loan for a certain period of time.

Different types of financial risks, moreover, are closely related to each other, which can significantly increase the overall bank profile risk. For example, a bank exercising currency operations is usually subject to currency risk, it will also be under an additional liquidity risk and interest risk if there will be open positions or discrepancies in the periods of requirements and obligations in the net position on urgent operations.

Operational risks depend: from the general business strategy of the bank; From its organization: from the functioning of internal systems, including computer and other technologies; from the consistency of the policy of the Bank and its procedures; From measures aimed at preventing errors in management and against fraud (although these risk types are extremely important and covered by banking risk management systems, this work does not pay much attention to them, since focused on financial risks).

Business risks are associated with an external banking business environment, incl. With macroeconomic and political factors, legal conditions and regulatory conditions, as well as with the general infrastructure of the financial sector and the payment system.

Extreme risks include all types of exogenous risks, which, in the event of an event, are able to expose the activities of the bank or undermine its financial condition and capital adequacy.

In the course of work, commercial banks face various types of risks, which differ among themselves at the place and time of occurrence, the aggregate of external and internal factors affecting their level, according to the method of analyzing risks and methods of their description. In addition, all types of risks are interconnected and influence the activities of banks. A change in one type of risk causes a change in almost all other species, which makes it difficult to choose the method of analyzing the level of specific risk.

Banking risks covers all parties to banks - both external and internal. Thus, there are internal and external risks.

In accordance with the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Central Bank of the Russian Federation) dated June 23, 2004, the following typical risks of commercial banks are allocated No. 70-T "On Typical Banking Risks":

Credit;

Country;

Market, including stock, currency and interest risks;

Liquidity risk;

Operating;

Legal;

Risk of loss of business reputation;

Strategic.

2. Main types of risks in the activities of a commercial bank

2.1 Credit Risk

Credit risk occupies a central place among domestic banking risks. It can be viewed as the largest risk inherent in banking. The low growth rates of the volume and profitability of lending are forced banks to systematically and systematically develop and improve credit risk management methodology and create organizational structures for its implementation in everyday banking practice.

Credit risk - The risk of losses from the credit institution due to non-fulfillment, untimely or incomplete execution by the debtor of financial obligations before it in accordance with the terms of the contract, in other words, the risk of non-payment of the borrower of the principal and interest on it in accordance with the terms and conditions of the loan agreement.

To specified financial obligations The debtor's obligations may include:

Obtained loans, including interbank loans (deposits, loans), other relevant funds, including requirements for obtaining (return) debt securities, shares and bills provided under a loan agreement;

Accountable credit institution bills;

Bank guarantees for which cash paid by the credit institution are not reimbursed by the principal;

Financing transactions under the assignment of money requirements (factoring);

Acquired credit institution on the transaction (assignment of the requirement) rights (requirements);

Acquired credit institution in the secondary market mortgage;

Sales transactions (purchases) of financial assets with a delay of payment (supply of financial assets);

paid credit institution with letters of credit (including uncovered letters of credit);

return money (assets) on a transaction to acquire financial assets with the obligation of their reverse alienation;

requirements of the credit organization (lessor) on financial lease operations (leasing).

The following types of risks can be distinguished in credit risk:

The risk of improper loan means the risk of failure to fulfill the conditions of the loan agreement: a complete and timely return of the principal amount of debt, as well as interest payments and commission.

The risk of delay in payments (liquidity) means the risk of delay in the return of the loan and late interest payments and leads to a decrease in the liquid funds of the bank. The risk of delay in payments can be transformed into the risk of non-miss.

The risk of credit provision is not an independent type of risk and is considered only when the risk of outstanding the loan is occurring. This type of risk is manifested in the insufficiency of income received from the implementation of the loan provisions provided by the Bank to fully satisfy the debt claims of the bank to the borrower.

The risk of improper loan is preceded by the risk of a borrower's creditworthiness, under which the borrower's inability to fulfill its obligations towards creditors at all. Each borrower is characterized by the individual risk of creditworthiness, which is present regardless of business relationships with the bank and is the result of the business risk and risk of capital structure.

Business risk covers all types of risks associated with the functioning of enterprises (procurement, production and sales activities). But unlike the names of the risks that the enterprise management can be managed, unmanaged external factors affect the business risk, in particular the development of the industry and the conjuncture. The value and nature of risk largely determine investment programs and manufactured products.

The risk of capital structure is determined by the structure of liabilities and strengthens the business risk.

Issuing a loan, the bank thus increases the general risk of the enterprise, as the use borrowed money Strengthens due to the effect of financial leverage, both positive and negative changes in the profitability of the company's own capital.

A feature of credit risk that distinguishes it from other types of banking risks is its individual character. This circumstance largely determines the originality of the credit risk management methodology. Deciding on the issuance of a loan, the bank should not focus on the assessment of certain types of risk, but to the definition of the overall risk of the borrower. The general risk is a combination of business risk and risk of capital structure.

Credit risk concentration It is manifested in providing large loans to a separate borrower or a group of related borrowers, as well as as a result of the belonging of a credit institution or to separate sectors of the economy, or to geographic regions or in the presence of a number of other obligations that make them vulnerable to the same economic factors.

Credit risk increases with lending to the credit institution of persons (related lending), i.e. Providing loans to individual physical or legal entities who have real capabilities to influence the nature of the credit institutions made by the credit institution on issuing loans and lending conditions, as well as persons to make a decision that a credit organization may influence.

When lending to related persons, credit risk may increase due to non-compliance or insufficient compliance with the rules established by the credit institution, procedures and procedures for consideration of loans, determining the creditworthiness of the borrower (s) and making decisions on loans.

When lending to foreign counterparties, a credit institution may also arise a country risk and the risk of non-review of funds.

Credit risk level Depends on the type of credit provided by the Bank. Depending on the provision period, loans are: short-, medium and long-term; from the type of collateral: secured and unsecured; from the specifics of creditors: banking, commercial, state, etc.; From the direction of use: consumer, industrial, investment, seasonal, import, export; By size: Small, medium, large.

When developing risk management policies, banks need to be borne in mind that they are susceptible to negative trends in the development of borrowers in much more thanthan positive. Even with the favorable development of the economic situation of the borrower, the Bank can expect a maximum of payments provided for in the contract, but with unfavorable - the risk of losing everything. By deciding on lending, banks should take into account the possible negative development of borrowers to a greater extent than positive.

Banks should strive to discover and assess the risk of bankruptcy as early as possible in order to reduce the amount of lending in a timely manner and adequate measures. Banks should not lend borrowers, which are largely exposed to risk of bankruptcy. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly appreciate the credit proposal provided by the potential borrower. First of all, it is necessary to find out the reputation of the borrower. This is especially important for new customers. Then it is necessary to analyze whether a loan offer is realistic from an economic point of view, for which the Bank should develop its credit proposal requirements and bring them to the attention of the borrower. After analyzing the loan proposal, the Bank must determine how its loan portfolio will change with the advent of a new loan, whether it will lead to the diversification of the loan portfolio, and therefore to reduce the level of total risk of a bank or, on the contrary, a new loan will lead to a loan portfolio concentration on one industry Or on the same date of payment, which will increase the level of risk. The next step of the credit risk assessment is the selection of financial information on the potential borrower, on the basis of which the Bank shall evaluate the creditworthiness of the borrower, the possible volumes of lending are determined, the size and method of fixing interest rates, the duration of repayment of loans, the requirements for their provision. At the same time, the bank should be guided by the fact that the higher its risk, the greater the bank's profit should be.

Reducing credit risk is possible with the help of the following events:

Verification of solvency of the potential borrower;

Current monitoring of loans issued;

Risk insurance;

Use of collateral, guarantees, guarantees;

Getting from the client award for risk;

Risk limitation through certain standards established by the Central Bank.

2.2 Country risk

Country risk (including the risk of non-reliability of funds) - the risk of losses from a credit institution as a result of non-fulfillment by foreign counterparties (legal, individuals) of obligations due to economic, political, social changes, as well as due to the fact that the currency of the monetary obligation may not be available to the counterparty For the peculiarities of national legislation (regardless of the financial situation of the contract itself).

When analyzing this risk, numerous factors are taken into account, since the country risk is a complex risk that includes economic and political risks. Economic risk depends on the state of the balance of payments of the country, the management system conducted by this state economic Policy, especially restrictions on the transfer of capital abroad. Evaluation of economic risk is usually made on the basis of data from national statistics. A distinctive feature of the country risk is the complexity of its calculation and analysis, since it is necessary to create a highly effective, flexible and reliable data bank for its assessment.

2.3 Market risk

Market risk - Risk of losses from a credit institution due to adverse changes in the market value of the financial instruments of the trading portfolio and derivative financial instruments of the credit organization, as well as foreign currency exchange rates and (or) precious metals.

Market risk includes stock risk, currency and percentage risks.

Stock risk - the risk of losses due to the unfavorable change in market prices for stock values \u200b\u200b(securities, including consolidating rights to participate in the management of the trade portfolio and derivative financial instruments under the influence of factors associated with the issuer of stock values \u200b\u200band derivative financial instruments and general fluctuations Market prices for financial instruments.

Currency risk - The risk of losses due to the unfavorable changes in foreign currency and (or) precious metals on an open credit organization in foreign currencies and (or) precious metals.

Percentage risk - Risk of financial losses (losses) due to the unfavorable change in interest rates on assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet tools of the credit institution.

The main sources of interest risk may be:

The incompression of the maturity of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet requirements and obligations to instruments with a fixed interest rate;

The incomprehension of the maturity of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet requirements and obligations on tools with a changing interest rate (risk of revision of the interest rate);

Configuration of the yield curve for long and short positions on financial instruments of one issuer, creating a risk of loss as a result of exceeding potential costs of income when closing data of positions (risk of yield curve); For financial instruments with a fixed interest rate, subject to the coincidence of their repayment, the incomprehension of the degree of changes in interest rates on the resources attracted and placed by the credit institution; For financial instruments with a floating interest rate, provided the same frequency of the revision of the floating interest rate - the incompression of the degree of change in interest rates (basic risk);

Widespread use of optional transactions with traditional

interesting tools that are sensitive to changes in interest rates (bonds, loans, mortgage loans and securities, etc.), generating the risk of losses as a result of a refusal to fulfill the obligations of one of the parties to the transaction (optional risk).

The banks that regularly practice the game in interest rates are most susceptible to profit, and those banks that are not carefully predicting changes in interest rates.

Two types of interest risk are distinguished: positional risk and structural risk. Position risk is a risk for some one position - percentage of this particular point. For example, the bank issued a loan with a floating interest rate, while it is unknown, will receive a bank profit or incur damages. Structural risk is the risk as a whole on the balance of the Bank, caused by changes in the monetary market due to the fluctuations in interest rates. Thus, interest risks affects both the balance of the general and the results of individual transactions.

The main reasons for interest risk are:

invalid choice of interest rate varieties (constant, fixed, floating, decreasing);

wages in a loan agreement possible changes in interest rates;

changes in the interest rate of the Central Bank of Russia;

establishing a single percentage for the entire use of the loan;

the absence of a developed interest policy strategy in the bank;

invalid definition of credit cents, that is, the interest rates.

Interest risk can be avoided if changes in income from assets fully balance in changes in the costs of attracting funds. This is theoretically. However, it is almost impossible to achieve such a balance constantly, therefore banks are always subject to percentage risks.

Interesting risk management includes both assets and bank commitments. The peculiarity of this control is that it has borders. Asset management is limited by credit risk and liquidity requirements, which determine the content of the bank's risky assets portfolio, as well as price competition from other banks in the established costs of the loan.

Management of obligations is also difficult first limited choice and the size of debt instruments, that is, the limited means necessary for issuing a loan, and again the price competition from other banks and credit institutions.

Reduce interest risks can also be reduced by conducting percentage "swaps". These are special financial transactions, the terms of which are provided for interest payments for certain obligations in advance due time, that is, essentially, the contracts entering into the contract are exchanged by the interest payments they should produce. The exchange of interest payments by a fixed rate transaction occurs against the transaction with a variable rate. At the same time, the Party, which undertakes to make payments at fixed rates, is counting on significant growth over the period of the transaction of variable rates; And the opposite side is on their decline. Then the side wins, which correctly predicted the dynamics of interest rates.

2 . 4 Risk of liquidity

Risk of liquidity - The risk of losses due to the inability of the credit organization to ensure the fulfillment of its obligations in full. The risk of liquidity arises as a result of the imbalance of financial assets and financial obligations of the credit institution (including due to the late execution of financial obligations by one or more counterparties of the credit institution) and (or) the emergence of the unforeseen need for immediate and lump-sum fulfillment by the credit institution of its financial obligations.

2 . 5 Operational risk

Operational risk - risk of losses due to inconsistencies in the nature and scope of the activities of the credit organization and the requirements of the current legislation of internal orders and procedures for holding banking operations and other transactions, their violations of the employees of the credit institution and other persons (due to incompetence, unintentional or intentional actions or inaction), disproportionateness ( Insufficiency) of the functionality (characteristics) of the information, technological, technological and other systems used by the credit institution (violations of operation), as well as as a result of the impact of external events.

2 . 6 Legal risk

Legal risk - Risk of damages from a credit organization due to:

non-compliance with the credit institution of the requirements of regulatory legal acts and concluded contracts;

allowed legal errors in carrying out activities (incorrect legal advice or incorrect preparation of documents, including when considering controversial issues in the judiciary);

imperfections of the legal system (the inconsistency of legislation, the lack of legal regulation standards individual questionsarising in the process of activity of the credit organization);

violations by counterparties of regulatory legal acts, as well as conditions for concluded contracts.

2 . 7

Risk of loss of business reputation The credit institution (reputational risk) is the risk of loss at the credit institution as a result of a decrease in the number of clients (counterparties) due to the formation of a negative idea of \u200b\u200bthe financial sustainability of a credit institution, the quality of the services provided by it or the nature of the activity as a whole.

2 . 8 Strategic risk

Strategic risk - the risk of losses from the credit institution as a result of errors (shortcomings) made in decision-making decisions that determine the strategy of activities and the development of a credit organization (strategic management), and express in unacceptable or insufficient accounting of possible hazards that may threaten the activities of the credit organization, incorrect or The insufficiently defined definition of promising areas of activity in which a credit institution can achieve advantages over competitors, absence or providing in the incomplete amount of necessary resources (financial, material and technical, human) and organizational measures (management decisions), which should ensure the achievement of the strategic goals of the credit activities Organizations.

3. The concept and methods of regulation of risks in the activities of a commercial bank

3.1 Risk Management Concept

What is hiding behind these words? Methods for the impact of the control entity on a managed object in order to minimize losses. In the case of the Bank, we have ways to influence the bank for possible banking risks in order to minimize losses from their implementation.

A very important part of the development of risk strategy is to develop measures to reduce or prevent revealed risk. In general, the term hedging is applied to describe actions aimed at minimizing financial risks.

It is in the development of basic approaches to risk assessment, determining the permissible level and developing the relevant strategy and is the main task of risk management or risk management.

To account for the factors of uncertainty and risk in assessing the feasibility of holding a risk event or in the process of its implementation, all available information is used and it is based on possible ways of risk management.

Risk management methods are divided into analytical and practical methods. Analytical risk management techniques are used as a risk management tool and allow to develop predictions and risk management strategies before the project is started. The main task of analytical risk management methods is to determine risky situations and the development of measures aimed at reducing the negative consequences of their occurrence. The tasks of analytical risk management methods also include the prevention of risky situations.

Practical risk management methods are designed to reduce the negative result of the risky situations arising during the implementation. As a rule, they are based on analytical risk management methods. At the same time, practical risk management methods are the basis for creating a risk management information base and the subsequent development of analytical methods.

Allocate the following risk management methods:

a) avoiding (evasion) of risk;

b) risk limitation;

c) risk reduction;

d) transfers (transmission) of risk, including insurance;

e) risk taking.

Within these methods, various strategic decisions are applied to minimize the negative effects of decisions made:

avoiding risk;

retaining (restriction) of risk;

self-insurance;

risk distribution;

diversification;

limitation;

hedge;

insurance;

wrapping;

double insurance; reinsurance

3.2 Banking Risk Management Methods

1. Avoiding risk. Development of strategic and tactical solutions that exclude risky situations, or a refusal to implement the project.

2. Holding (restriction) of risk. The delimitation of the system of rights, powers and responsibility in such a way that the consequences of risky situations did not affect the implementation of the project. For example, the inclusion in the contract for the supply of equipment conditions for the transfer of ownership of the delivered goods when it received by the customer.

3. Safety. Creating reserves compensating for the consequences of risky situations. The self-insurance advocates in monetary and natural-real forms, when the Samostrachik forms and uses a monetary insurance fund and (or) reserves of raw materials, materials, spare parts, etc. With unfavorable economic situation, delay in customers payments for the products and others. insurance Fund Under the conditions of self-insurance, it is envisaged in the charter of the economic entity. The market economy significantly expands the borders of the self-insurance, transforming it into the risk fund.

4. Risk Distribution. Organization of project management providing for collective responsibility for the results of the project implementation.

5. Diversification. Risk reduction due to the possibility of compensation for losses in one of the activities of the enterprise's activities to another.

Diversification is widely used in the financial markets and is the basis for managing portfolio investments. Financial management has been proven that portfolios consisting of risky financial assets can be formed in such a way that the cumulative level of risk of the portfolio will be less than the risk of any individual financial asset included in it.

6. Limit. Establishing limit values \u200b\u200bof indicators when taking tactical solutions. For example, restriction amounts of expenses, establishing export quotas, etc.

The most convenient and applied method of limiting risks is to establish limits on financial results. If it is decided that the maximum level of loss is limited, for example, the amount of 500 thousand dollars, then all the limits in the integrated calculation must comply with this parameter. The use of such limits widespread in international practice as Stop-Loss, Stop-Out, Take Profit and Take Out allow you to effectively monitor the level of losses.

7. Heading. Insurance, reducing risk from losses due to sellers or customers with changes in market prices for goods in comparison with those that were taken into account when concluding the contract.

Heading is completed by purchase or sale. The essence of hedging is that the seller (buyer) of the goods concludes a contract for its sale (purchase) and at the same time carries out a futures transaction of the opposite character, that is, the seller makes a purchase deal, and the buyer is for the sale of goods.

Thus, any change in the price brings sellers and buyers to lose one contract and winnings differently.

Thanks to this, as a whole, they do not suffer a loss from raising or lowering prices for goods that should be sold or buy at future prices. To confirm the validity of the assignment of operations with financial instruments of urgent transactions to hedging operations, the taxpayer submits a calculation confirming that the execution of these operations leads to a decrease in the size of possible losses (lack of profit) on transactions with hedging object.

8. Insurance.

Insurance of bank credit risks is most common. Credit Risk Insurance Objects are bank loans, commitments and guarantees, investment loans. During the non-return of the loan, the lender receives insurance compensation, partially or fully compensating loan.

9. CONSTRUCTION.

Insurance of the same insurance object with several insurers for one insurance contract.

If the right and obligations of each of the insurers are not identified in the compacting contract, they agree to the policyholder (beneficiary) for the payment of insurance compensation under the Treaty of Property Insurance or the Insurance Agreement under Personal Insurance Agreement. In certain cases, the insured may act as a insurer into part of his own deduction limited by a franchise. And sometimes insurers participating in the coordinations require that the insured is a Socrapener, that is, he held on his responsibility a certain share of risk.

With composure, a joint or separate insurance policy may be issued on the basis of the risk of risk adopted by each Sociorachlorian and recorded in the insurance sum.

10. Double insurance.

Insurance in several insurers of the same risk. 11. Reinsurance.

Activities for protecting one insurer (reinsurer) of the property interests of another insurer (reinsurance) related to the income adopted under the insurance contract (main agreement) of insurance obligations on insurance fees. Insurer, taking into account the risk, exceeding its ability to insure such a risk.

Relationships are drawn up by the contract for which one side is a reinsurance, or a cedent - transfers the risk and the corresponding part of the award to the other side - reinsurer, or cessionary. The latter undertakes when insurance case Pay for the accepted part of the risk. Risk transmission operations are called Cessia.

In turn, the reinsurer can pass part of the risk to reinsurance to the next insurance society. In this case, the reinsurer enters the role of retrocedent, new insurance Society It is called retrocession, and the risk transmission operation is referred to as retrocession.

Reinsurance relations suggest two types of contracts - to reinsurance of all risks obtained, regardless of their size, and on the reinsurance of only individual "excessive" risks.

There are compulsory reinsurance, based on the conclusion of a contract with a concession of a compulsory adoption for the reinsurance of all the risks of the company, optional, involving the possibility of refusing to reinsurance of individual risks, and the optional and compulsory in the form of a combination of the first and second.

Reinsurance is carried out on the basis of a reinsurance agreement concluded between the insurer and the reinsurer in accordance with the requirements of civil law.

Along with the reinsurance agreement, other documents applied on the basis of business turnover can be used as a confirmation of the agreement between the reinsurance and the reinsurer.

Conclusion

Any form of human activity is associated with many conditions and factors affecting a positive approach of decisions. All entrepreneurial activity without risk does not happen. The main place is the financial risk. The greatest profits bring financial operations with increased risk. However, the risk must be calculated to the maximum allowable limit.

Under financial risk, the likelihood of unplanned losses is understood, the incompatibility of the planned profit. Financial risk arises in the process of financial and economic activities of the organization. A variation of financial risk is a bank risk.

Financial risk is an objective economic category. And this economic category is an event that may occur or not happen. In the case of such an event, three economic results are possible:

Negative (loss, loss);

Null;

Positive (win, benefit).

The risk is the probability of the loss of something. For the Bank, financial risk is the risk of money loss. Through banks pass huge amounts of money and thousands of operations are performed, so the prevention of losses is one of the main tasks of the bank, the more the bank is the ability to make a profit, the greater the risk of loss of invested funds.

Banking activities are exposed to a large number of risks. Since the bank, in addition to the business function, carries the function of public importance and conductor of monetary policy, the knowledge, definition and control of bank risks is of interest to a large number of external stakeholders: the National Bank, shareholders, participants in the financial market, clients.

Consideration of the most well-known species of risk showed their diversity and complex embedded structure, that is, one type of risk is determined by the set of others. The above list is far from exhaustive. Its diversity is largely determined by the increasing range of banking services. A variety of banking operations is complemented by a variety of clients and changing market conditions. The desire to be quite natural is the desire to be not only the object of all kinds of risks, but also to bring the share of subjectivity in the sense of impact on risk in carrying out banking activities.

Bibliography

risk Credit Banking

1. Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 70-t of 23.06.2004 "On Typical Banking Risks"

2. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Banks and Banking Activities" No. 395-1 of 02.12.90 (as amended by 06.12.2011 No. 409-FZ).

3. RF Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" No. 86 of 10.07.02 (as amended from 10/19/2011 No. 285-FZ).

4. Banking: Tutorial / Ed. G.N. Beloglazova, L.P. Rabbivetsky - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2008.

5. Banking: Tutorial / Ed. IN AND. Kolesnikova, L.P. Rabbivetsky - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.

6. Balabanov I.T. Financial Management: Tutorial - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2008.

7. Money, credit, banks: textbook / ed. G.N. Bellazova - M.: Jurai Edition, 2009.

8. Money, credit, banks. Express course: Tutorial / Ed. O.I. Lavrushina - M.: Knorus, 2010.

9. Kovalev V.V. Financial Management Course: Textbook. - 3rd ed.-M.: Prospekt, 2009.

10. Lavrushushin O. and others. Banking: Tutorial. - M.: Knourus, 2009

11. Starodubtseva E.B. Basics of banking: textbook. - M.: Forum: Infra-M, 2007.

12. Suits V.P., Akhmetbekov A.N., Dubrovina T.A. Audit: general, banking, insurance: textbook. - M.: Infra-M, 2010.

Posted on Allbest.ru.

...

The dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Management of financial risks in the activities of commercial banks"

Relevance of the topic. The development of banking business and the proposal of new banking products takes place in the conditions of uncertainty of the formation of end-performance activities (i.e. profit or loss), which, on the one hand, increases the risks of banking operations, and on the other, it affects the volume of lending to the economy.

As an integral part of the financial and credit system of Russia, the banking system is experiencing the influence of general and specific financial risks. These risks are due to the need to manage funds raised from customers and at the balance sheet along with highly liquid and rapid assets (securities), assets such as loans and deposits that cannot be instantly implemented.

Commercial banks of Russia in modern conditions become full members of the International Business Community, for this, starting from October 1, 2004, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation introduced compulsory reports under IFRS, and since 2006 plans to fully go to international reporting standards.

Thus, effective financial risks are required in credit institutions, there is a need to form a unified regulatory framework for risk management and a comprehensive assessment of the financial condition of partner banks. The function of the regulator and the main risk manager took over Central bank The Russian Federation, which organizes the management of the banking system by oversight, using the so-called "risk-oriented" approach. The fundamental document is the provision of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated December 16, 2003 No. 242-P "On the organization of internal control in credit institutions", in accordance with which credit organizations are imputed to the duty to control the process of managing bank risks on an ongoing basis, using financial management methods. In practice, the functions of monitoring financial risks in credit institutions are delegated to specialized banking units, which are developing intrabank regulations and carry out continuous monitoring for risks accepted.

At the same time, the guidelines proposed by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are clearly insufficient to create an effective financial risk management system. In this regard banking organizations, relying on methodological base The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, using the richest world experience in managing financial risks, is developing its own methodical approaches to assessment and risk management, taking into account the national and sectoral features of financial management and rationality of the management methods used. Thus, for the successful development of the system, the risk of management in commercial banks and increasing their competitiveness in the financial market, issues of creating a unified regulatory and methodological framework for financial risk management are put on to the fore.

Insufficient development of the theoretical and regulatory framework, a small number of scientifically based and practically tested methods for managing financial risks in credit institutions in relation to the modern stage of the development of the banking system and financial management in Russia predetermined the choice of themes, objectives, objectives and key research areas.

The purpose and objectives of the study. The goal of the dissertation study is to improve the financial risk management system of commercial banks, taking into account the specifics of their operations through the use of modern financial management methods and the development of practical recommendations for banks to identify, evaluate, account and monitor financial risks on operations in the interbank financial market.

The realization of the goal predetermined the need to solve the following tasks:

Clarify the essence of financial risks, determine their place in the entrepreneurial risk system;

Summarize the methods of risk identification and criteria for the classification of financial risks in the activities of commercial banks;

To investigate and evaluate the effectiveness of individual methods for managing financial risks in the implementation of operations of commercial banks;

Substantiate the proposed classification of bank limits as one of the main methods for managing financial risks of credit institutions;

Justify the need for the formation and adjustment of financial reserves by banks, taking into account the diversification of the risk and quality of the banking portfolio for operations in the interbank financial market, as well as to develop practical recommendations According to the management of reserves with the use of methods of economic and mathematical analysis, the method of Monte Carlo and the Methodology and Ilyaos methodology.

The subject and object of the study. The subject of the study is the methodological foundations of managing financial risks of commercial banks. The object of research is financial risks arising from banking activities.

Theoretical and methodological basis for research.

The theoretical basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the theory and risk management practices: algin

A.P., Balabanova I.T., White L.P., Bloke I. A., Bora M. 3., Voronina D.

B., Ershova M. B., Lukasevich I.Ya., Maslachenkova Yu. S., Panova G. S., Polek G. B., Sevrook V. T., Sokolinskaya N. E., Shirinskaya E. B.

As a methodological basis for research, a systematic approach, methods of generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, grouping method, mathematical modeling, method of historical and logical analysis, as well as risk management techniques used in practice with modern foreign and Russian banks are used.

The methodological foundations of the assessment of financial risks of credit institutions are quite well developed in foreign economic literature, therefore, the works of such economists, such as Altman E.I., Merton R.C., Joseph F., Sinkey JR are widely used in dissertations.

The information base of the study was the regulatory acts and recommendations, conference materials, financial statements of commercial banks of Russia, official statistical data. In the process of research, the author studied instructive-methodical and regulations Bank of Russia on monitoring and regulating the activities of commercial banks, as well as materials of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and Regulation.

Practical developments of Western analytical companies and banks in the Risk Management Risk Management, "Chase Manhattan" and "J.P.Morgan" were of particular interest. Electronic information materials were also used.

Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study is to develop and testing the methodology for managing financial risks and the formation of reserves for commercial banks in the interbank financial market, clarifying the definition of financial risks, justify the proposed classification of risks and limits in the Russian banking system. The following results are obtained in the paper containing scientific novelty:

Modern approaches to disclosing the essence of financial risks are summarized, the definition of this category is clarified, elements of the financial risk management system are identified;

Financial risks management methods are allocated, criteria for the formation of limits in commercial banks are identified;

An assessment of the efficiency of the use of domestic and foreign financial risk management methods in the activities of credit institutions is given;

The methodology for managing financial risks was developed and tested on the operations of commercial banks in the Interbank Financial Market, containing new approaches to the determination of the amount of adoption of counterparty banking on the basis of the analysis of net balance and determining the market value of assets;

The criteria for assessing the financial condition of the post-Soviet space banks, taking into account national characteristics, based on the universal grouping of balance accounts accounting accounts governed by international standards financial statements;

The size of reserves for possible losses on operations in the interbank financial market, used to effectively manage financial risks by applying Monte Carlo method, hydraulic and kayap methodology.

Practical significance. The dissertation describes the methods of assessing financial risks used in credit institutions. The practical significance of the study is to develop the author of its own methodology for assessing the financial condition of commercial banks for the risks of counterparty banks and the formation of reserves. The technique can be in demand by banks in the process of limiting operations in the internal or external interbank financial market, both in the context of national account plans and in the context of the translation of Russian reporting on IFRS. The work also formulated proposals for the classification of risks and limits of credit institutions when performing operations with partner banks. The dissertation materials can be used in the educational process in the preparation of students in the specialty "Finance and Credit".

Approbation of the results of the study was conducted in the MEDIVESTBANK CB and the Interprombank Akb in the implementation of financial analysis and subsequent monitoring of the financial state of Russian counterparty banks, operations on operations in the interbank financial market.

The main provisions of the dissertation are set out in 5 articles with a total volume of 2.8 p., Including the author's contribution 2 p.

The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, a list of used literature and applications.

Conclusion of dissertation on the topic "Finance, money circulation and credit", noisky, Andrei Aleksandrovich

IV. Conclusions and offers

After deciding on the opening of limits, structural risk management units carry out monthly monitoring of the financial position of banks.

According to the results of monitoring, which is carried out by financial statements for each reporting month, the Bank's management is informed of the following indicators: the size of the active limit, the volume of the risk limit, the synthetic coefficient of financial position, the risk of insolvency, the dynamics of active and passive operations, the capitalization characteristic (sufficient, low, Raising, low, high), prediction of the Bank's development (positive, neutral, negative). According to the monitoring results, conclusions and proposals are made to change the amounts and timing of limits, or about their possible opening or closing.

In addition, in accordance with the provision of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2004 No. 254-P "On the procedure for the formation of loan organizations of reserves for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt" Banks produce calculation of a risk group for possible losses on loans and Determine the size of reserves based on the motivated judgment of analytical units. The basis for motivated judgment is exactly the results of monthly monitoring of the financial condition of counterparty banks.

The proposed technique allows you to draw up your own intrabank rating of counterparty banks, compare it with existing ratings and analyze the position of your own bank in comparison with similar assets and capital banks.

I would like to summarize the highlights that fundamentally distinguishes the proposed methodology for assessing the financial condition of the commercial bank from other banking techniques. The complexity of comparison is determined by the fact that banks prefer not to disclose their methodical approaches, but, as a rule, only the final results will be published.

1. The developed methodology is close to international reporting standards, and, as well as the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, starting from 2005, in parallel with russian standards obliges banks to draw up reporting in IFRS in accordance with the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation 181-T on the methodological recommendations "On the procedure for compiling and submitting credit institutions of financial statements." In this way, commercial BankUsing the proposed methodology, it may be painless to begin to analyze the financial position of counterparty banks that constitute reporting on international standards. In addition, the practice of cooperation with banks of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine, based on the above methodology to finalize it and apply to the evaluation of the financial condition and determining limits for banks of these regions. Appendix 7 presents an analysis of the financial condition of Kazkommertsbank (Kazasstan), based on reporting on the national account plan.

2. At the heart of the calculation of net assets lies the method of non-balanceing balances on some accounts accounts. Accounting Rolls (ZOZA and Zozp), Budget Accounts, Bank Accounts for interest (20319, 20320, 32501, 32502, 40311, 459, 4,7427) and income of future credit operations (32801, 47501, 4,6801, 47501, 61303) , the obligations of the Bank for payment of interest (account 31801-31804, 47,411, 47,426, 47,06-4,7609) and the expenditure of future periods on credit operations (accounts 32802 and 47502).

3. The introduced concept of net assets and net liabilities, on the basis of which banks of net lenders and net borrowers are detected, allow the risk of solvency and the size of the risk to differentiate.

4. As a basis for calculating the maximum and calculated limit, own working capital is adopted. It should be explained that mostly all methods in other banks as a base for calculating the limit use the size of own capital, calculated on the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and adjust it to the state of liquidity. The indicator of own working capital, in contrast to the requirements of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, takes into account not only the size of the losses and immobilized assets in the form of fundamental funds on the balance sheet, but also also problematic debt. In this regard, it should be noted that it is classified as a problem:

Overdue debt (account 20317, 20318; 32401, 32402 (minus 32403), 40310, from 45801 to 45817 (minus 45818), 50505 (minus 50506, 50507);

Dubious debt (accounts 47408; 51501, 51502, from 51506 P51509, 519, (minus accounts 51510 and 51910), from 512114, from 51608 to 51609,51808,51809);

Inspriscation for factoring and warranty operations (accounts 47402 minus 47401 and 60315).

5. In addition, the size of the limit depends on the net value of the bank's capital, and in case of exceeding its negative value over its own working capital, the Stop comes into effect and the limit is not established.

6. Calculation of coefficients, risk groups and risk qualifications based on the developed coefficient analysis. Such a classification of insolvency risk is introduced as minimal, low, moderate, elevated, high and given a classification of interbank commitment, as standard, non-standard, dubious, dangerous and hopeless. These classification categories are used by analysts of other units when determining the size of the created reserves on loan debt, which is reflected ultimately on the bank profitability. In addition, the coefficient analysis allows not only to weigh and evaluate individual active and passive operations, but also show sources of funding for active operations, their urgency, indicate the sources of repayment of possible losses, the degree of resource of own funds into non-current assets, to reveal the ability of the Bank using liquid assets to satisfy Requirements of creditors within a reasonable time, as well as determine which part of assets is represented by non-Christian, identify the risk of risk of operations and their profitability.

7. The originality of the methodology is to distribute assets according to the degree of decrease in liquidity and determination of the discount size also in the same manner, which leads to the formation of the indicator of the net capital of the bank or the market value of assets that are used in assessing regional banks in the event of their purchase or accession.

8. On the basis of the methodology, the forecast of the Bank's development is determined, which is communicated to other units that provide banks to partners not treasury products (for example, when emissions of plastic cards or opening NOSTRO accounts).

9. The generalized analysis data on the basis of the technique made it possible to estimate the two main indicators - the risk and profitability of operations, and to prove that the risk is not always justified, and its increase is not always adequately reflected on profitability.

10. Stop indicators are introduced, in the presence of which the Bank is not considered as a applicant, which greatly facilitates the work of analysts, especially in branches. Stop The indicator is used with a synthetic coefficient value from 0 to 40, when classifying the risk of insolvency as high.

I. As a basis for the risk of insolvency, own capital is taken, since it is he, performing a protective function, allows the bank to resist in the case crisis situations. Capital failure entails not only financial risks, but also reputational risks, because it shows that the bank's owners are not interested in increasing capital, conduct risky operations and have intentions in a limited life time of the bank. 12. The Methodology is repeatedly tested in practice, which is especially indicative in that the bank, its useful, has been able to avoid losses during the so-called "banking confidence" of the summer of 2004, while having suspended operations with such banks as a credit trap operation, Akb " Dialog Optim, Akb "Merit Bank", Akb "Style Bank". For example, the analysis of financial data and the calculation of the risk coefficients for Dialog-Optim, the Bank has shown a greater dependence of the Bank from interbank claims, maintaining liquidity due to mutual lending on the interbank market, low liquidity rates, a significant package of illiquid securities, against resources depending on resources deposits of individuals, low payment coefficient and increasing negative cost of pure capital. Thus, the bank was assigned a "negative" development forecast.

3.2 Creation of economically sound reserves for operations in the interbank financial market.

The result of the application developed by the methodology is the formation of a limit to interbank operations, as well as a quantitative assessment of the risk of a counterparty bank, expressed by the risk coefficient.

However, along with the limitation of commercial banks, other methods of risk management on operations in interbank financial markets are also applied. This paper provides the author's methodology developed by the author of the calculation of the necessary economic capital to cover the financial risks of the Bank when working in the interbank financial market.

The risk of a portfolio of assets placed on the interbank market is the likelihood of losses associated with the possible default of the borrower. To estimate the loss data, we use two indicators: expected (average) portfolio loss and unexpected (maximum) losses.

Expected losses are a function of the probability of default of counterparty banks and the cost of assets at risk, which will be irretrievably lost as a result of a specific bank default. Such losses are predictable, refer to the costs of this type of activity and are reimbursed through the pricing mechanism of the services provided. To estimate the value of expected losses, the average probability of the default of counterparty banks is used and the average share of funds return.

Unexpected losses reflect the scatter of losses around their expected importance (volatility), and the size of these losses is determined by the joint distribution of probabilities of the defaults of counterparty banks, taking into account the cost of assets exposed to risk. These losses can no longer be included in the price of the instruments and are compensated for by the reserve of the capital, the cost of the formation and maintenance of which in turn is compensated by the profitability of the services rendered to risk. To assess the unexpected losses, the correlation rate between the scatter of losses on various counterparties around their average values \u200b\u200bis used.

Thus, the probability of a counterparty bank default is determined by its rating, that is, the risk coefficient (loss probability) calculated with a qualitative analysis of the bank and can take values \u200b\u200bfrom 1 to 100%. Then the expected losses on a separate asset are defined as a product of the probability of losses for the cost of an asset at risk:

Ee \u003d AG * WG (6) where ED are expected losses,

A1 - the value of the asset at risk, determined by the adjustment of the asset value by the value of partial cost recovery in the case of a default, for example, by implementing the pledge, guarantee execution, etc.

M is the probability of loss.

Then the expected losses on the assets portfolio are equal to the amount of expected losses on a separate asset: N yai * pi

7) J \u003d i where ELP is the expected portfolio loss.

It further should be noted that under this methodology, unforeseen losses on the assets portfolio are defined as the maximum possible losses on the assets portfolio, with a level of reliability of 99%, over the expected portfolio losses. At the same time, the maximum losses on the portfolio are determined taking into account the correlation of assets included in the portfolio.

This follows from the following points:

1. The maximum probability of losses on a separate asset included in the portfolio can be determined by assessing the empirical function of the probability distribution density of the loss of this asset using the Value At Risk method, that is, the maximum probability of a loss (var) with a given probability (confidence level): where r - The maximum value of the loss probability distribution density function

1 - CC - confidential level.

The confidence level is set - 99%, according to the recommendation of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.

2. To simulate the empirical function of the probability distribution density, a separate asset is proposed to use the Monte Carlo method, that is, the random processes are simulated by the pseudo-random method with the specified

VXob (var\u003e p) \u003d \\a (8) parameters: mathematical waiting for a damage probability and standard probability deviation. In this case, these indicators are calculated based on the dynamics of changes in the rating of the counterparty bank (loss probability) by retrospective data.

3. Then the maximum level of losses on a separate asset is multiplying the appropriate value of an asset value at risk:

MAYY \u003d L * OASH

9) where MAHY is the maximum level of loss / asset with a given confidence level,

UAS - the maximum probability of losses / asset, A1 - the value of the I asset at risk.

3. The magnitude of the maximum loss for the MAHR assets portfolio, taking into account the correlation links, changes in the ratings of counterparty banks is located as a square root from the work of the vector column (ie, the transposed vector string) of maximum individual losses, correlation matrix and vector-lines of maximum individual losses:

Mah Mah1 \\ Makh4 1

K \\, p- \\ kg, p- \\

L-1.L P - \\, p 1 y. \\ Makhts. Mahc. MAHTS (10) where MAHY is the maximum level of losses of the I asset with a given confidence level,

K is the correlation coefficient between the respective assets.

The MAXLP value is the maximum amount of losses on a given portfolio of interbank financial assets with a given level of trust. Thus, the size of the required means necessary for the coating of unforeseen losses (Credit var) can be determined by:

CreditVar - MaxLP - ELP (11)

Credit var reflects the required range of own funds to cover unforeseen losses with a specified level of trust.

The implementation of this technique is as follows:

1. At the first stage, the values \u200b\u200bof counterparty bank ratings and risk coefficients are determined by which are included in the portfolio. Values \u200b\u200bare determined in the last year, that is, on the 12 last reporting dates. The choice of this period of the retrospective range is due to a feature of banking and the structure of the interbank financial market. In our opinion, it is at a given range with sufficient accuracy that the main trends in the development of the bank can be determined and reveal its problem zone. The choice of a larger analysis period is non-determined due to the influence of the final indicator of historically remote data.

We analyze the portfolio of assets of the commercial bank, at risk, cost 5,870 USD, the following structure:

Conclusion

The risk, being a historical and economic category, originally had a mathematical expression, and then was already postponed as a choice of an optimal solution for individuals from public and economic life.

Financial risks arose together with the advent of the monetary circulation and relations "Borrower - creditor". Adam Smith first allocated in the structure of the entrepreneurial income "fee for risk" in the form of a reimbursement of possible risk associated with entrepreneurial activities. Other scientists, including Russian, developed further theoretical basis risk.

After examining the various approaches to the definition of financial risks, we found out that the risk is related to the action, with the choice and there is a deviation from the set goal. Thus, the characteristic features of risk acts uncertainty, probability and action.

Having studied and summarizing the views of Western and Russian scientists, we clarified the definition of financial risks in the activities of credit organizations as follows: the financial risk is the probabilistic characteristic of an event that can lead to losses, non-receipt of income or receiving additional income, as a result of the conscious actions of the credit institution under the influence of losses External and internal factors of development in the conditions of uncertainty of the economic environment.

This definition reflects the basic concepts that characterize the risk category (the decision-making uncertainty, the likelihood of the onset of a negative or positive situation and associates the risk with the activities of the credit organization and the influence of independent factors on it). The new point in the definition is the likelihood of income.

To account and manage bank risks, it is necessary to classify them. Risk classification means systematizing a plurality of risks on the basis of any signs and criteria that allow you to combine subsets of risks in general concepts. To clarify the classification of risks, we have developed a number of our own criteria, which should satisfy the risk system: the correspondence of the purpose of a particular organization, the relationship to regulation, the terms of the transaction, the convenience of the risk system, belonging to active or passive operations.

All scientists involved in risk management issues offer their own classifications, at the same time, they proceed from the characteristics of the banking risks proposed by Peter S. Rose, which allocates six main types of risk (credit, risk of unbalanced liquidity, market, interest, risk of inconvenience , insolvency risk) and four additional risks (inflationary, currency, political, risk of abuse).

After analyzing various forms and types of classification of risks, we revealed that each bank is characterized by basic types of risks, named above, but at the same time, each credit organization has a risk-definitive risk set (for example, banks specializing in retail, innovation, interbank operations, servicing foreign trade operations).

We believe that the classification of bank risks should be built on a common risk map, and each credit organization clarifies and complements it depending on the profile of its activities.

After determining the classification of risks, you can start to manage them. The risk management system is a scientific and methodological set of measures to manage a credit institution aimed at identifying and assessing the risk using specific techniques and methods in order to create conditions for the sustainable functioning of the bank, maximizing equity, fulfilling the requirements of customers and partners of the Bank and ensuring its profitability Activities.

The risk management system is aimed at ensuring the optimal relationship between the profitability of banking operations and their risks, maintaining liquidity at a sufficient level when optimizing the amount of profits, satisfying the norms of sufficiency of equity capital.

The risk management system for bank risks performs a methodological, analytical, regulatory, control function. Performing functions is implemented through stages of financial risks: identifying the risk and causes of its occurrence, risk assessment and possible losses, making a decision on making or refusing risk, carrying out regulatory risk impacts by using management methods (monitoring, establishing standards and limits, diversification of operations , forming a sufficient level of reserves to cover losses, hedging), organization of the process of control and monitoring.

One of the main revenue operations of banks is operations in interbank financial markets. The operations conducted by banks in interbank financial markets are divided depending on the subject with which the operation is carried out, and by type of operation. Participants in the interbank financial market provide each other interbank loans or deposits, carry out conversion operations and banknote transactions, urgent operations (Forex, Spot), operations with securities, engaged in accounting and coercive bills of counterparty banks, carry out documentary operations (issuance and acceptance of bank guarantees (guarantees) confirmation of uncovered letters of credit) and REPO operations.

In the interbank financial market, banks manage the payment risk and liquidity risk for which the special methods of evaluating the financial condition of counterparty banks are developing in order to reduce the risk of non-fulfillment of their obligations on time and in full, increasing revolutions in the interbank financial market by increasing operations and expanding the reliable circle of banks, and, therefore, an increase in profitability.

In world practice, various methods of assessing the financial condition of counterparties are applied, the most well-known of which is the American Camels system. The basis of these techniques is the assessment of the financial condition of the Bank for selected criteria, which ultimately reduce the analysis of capital adequacy, liquidity, assets quality, risk assessment and quality management. However, the applicability of Western techniques in Russian practice is not always possible and is justified, which is associated with the peculiarities of the development of the Banking Sector of Russia and the specifics of the functioning of the financial markets of Russia and Western countries.

The work of the Russian methods for analyzing the financial condition of banks were investigated, their advantages and disadvantages were revealed. Since they do not assess the risk of adopting interbank commitment and are not acceptable to monitor the financial position of the counterparty bank, the work has proposed developed and approved in practice the methodology for calculating the limit on interbank operations. The objective task is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the bank's credit risk arising from operations in the interbank financial market and the securities market. Quantitative risk assessment assumes the calculation of the total (cumulative) limit of the adoption of monetary commitments of the counterparty bank on credit operations and on operations of a non-credit nature - currency, operational, market, etc. A qualitative assessment involves determining the risk group.

In the methodology, the process of analyzing the financial condition of the Bank is divided into several stages: the formation of the enlarged balance of the bank, the net structure of assets and liabilities, determining the amount of net capital of the bank, determining the size of the monetary commitment limit of the counterparty and the preparation of an analytical report on the financial statement of the counterparty.

The methodology is approximated to international reporting standards, which is confirmed by the practice of cooperation with banks of Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine.

As one of the methods for calculating the indicators, the method of netting the accounts of individual accounts accounts is proposed. The concept of net balance entered into the practice practice allows you to identify banks net creditors and a net borrower, the risk of solvency on which is different. The limit size is calculated from its own working capital and the size of the pure capital of the bank.

Based on the coefficient analysis, the risk group is determined, the qualification of the risk of insolvency is derived and the classification of the interbank commitment is given. In the future, these data is used by analysts of other bank units when determining the size of reserves on loan debt. The coefficient analysis also shows the sources of funding of active operations, their urgency determines the sources of repayment of possible losses, the degree of response of own funds into non-current assets discloses the ability of the Bank using liquid assets to meet the claims of creditors within a reasonable time limit, and is also defined which part of the assets is presented in non-Christian, determines which Risk ratio of operations of their profitability.

Based on the methodology, the forecast of the development of the bank is determined, which is communicated to other units that provide banks to partners not treasury products (for example, when emissions of plastic cards or opening NOSTRO accounts).

Introduced Stop The indicator filters banks of applicants prior to analysis, which greatly facilitates the work of analysts, especially in branches. As a basis for the risk of insolvency, own capital is taken, since it, performing a protective function, allows the bank to resist in the case of crisis situations. Capital failure entails financial and reputational risks, because it shows that the bank's owners are not interested in increasing capital, conduct risky operations and have intentions in a limited life time of the bank.

To assess possible losses of a commercial bank when working in the interbank financial market, two indicators are used: expected and unexpected. Such separation is associated with various economic values \u200b\u200bof these indicators:

Expected losses are a forecast value and belong to the expenditures of this type of banking, for their assessment, the value of the risk coefficient for a particular bank, calculated on its last rating is used.

Unexpected losses are characterized by the highest possible loss for each asset, and to determine such losses on the portfolio, correlations are taken into account between the ratings of counterparty banks. These losses are compensated at the expense of their own capital, which is formed by the profitability of banking activities.

To determine the value of the maximum loss on a separate asset, a method of modeling random Monte Carlo processes is used.

Analysis of maximum losses on the appropriate asset allows you to identify the most risky borrowers and form additional requirements for limits on a specific counterparty bank.

In the developed methodology, unforeseen losses on the assets portfolio are defined as an excess of the maximum possible losses on the assets portfolio, with a level of reliability of 99%, over the expected portfolio losses. At the same time, the correlation matrix takes into account the relationship between changes in the relevant bank ratings of banks, to take into account correlation ties between changes in bank ratings.

To characterize its own funds necessary to cover unforeseen losses in the portfolio, the Credit var is used, which reflects the cumulative risk on the portfolio. To estimate the risk of portfolio and individual values \u200b\u200bfor each financial asset, taking into account their profitability, we offer to use RAROC (Risk Adjusted Return on Capital), which determines the return on risk. By comparing the value of this indicator for each asset with the value of the portfolio, it is concluded that the profitability of one or another asset relative to the average value is made.

Raroc indicator is used when comparing the profitability and risks of various types of activities of the Bank, to determine the priority areas of development and identify the most problematic zones in the current activities of the credit institution.

References dissertation research candidate of Economic Sciences Noisky, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 2005

1. Official materials.

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Parts first and second.

3. tax code Russian Federation. Part two.

4. the federal law from 02.12.90 № 395-1 "On banks and banking activities".

5. Federal Law of April 22, 1996 No. 39-F3 "On the securities market".

6. Federal Law of February 10, 2002 No. 86-FZ "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)".

7. Federal Law of October 26, 2002 No. 127-ФЗ "On Insolvency (Bank Krootstvo)".

8. International Capital Estimation Convergence and Capital Standards. July 1988. In Sat. "Basel Committee on Banking Supervision". - M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 1997.

9. Methodology of the basic principles of efficient banking supervision. October 1999. Bulletin of the Bank of Russia, 2002, No. 23.

10. Credit risk modeling: Methods and practical application. April 1999. - In Sat. "Bank supervision issues in the documents of the Basel Committee. Release 2. - M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2002.

11. Standards for liquidity assessment and management of it. August 1992. - Sat. "Basel Committee on Banking Supervision". M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 1997.

12. I. Review of the new Basel Capital Agreement. January 2001. In the Sat. "Bank supervision issues in the documents of the Basel Committee. Release 2. - M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2002.

13. Fundamental principles of efficient banking supervision. September 1997. In Sat. "Fundamental principles for efficient banking supervision (Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision)." -M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 1998.

14. Evaluation and control of large credit risks. January 1991. - In Sat. "Basel Committee on Banking Supervision". M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 1997.

15. Instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated January 16, 2004 No. 110-and "On mandatory regulations of banks"

16. Indication of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2003 No. 1270-in "On the published reporting of credit institutions and banking / consolidated groups".

17. Instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of 31.03.97. No. 59 "On the application to credit organizations of impact measures for violation of prudential norms of activity."

18. The position of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of March 26, 2004 No. 254-P "On the procedure for the formation of credit, organizations of reserves for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt"

19. Position of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated December 16, 2003 No. 242-P "On the organization of internal control in credit institutions and banking groups".

20. Position of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of August 31, 1998 No. 54-P "On the procedure for providing (placement) by credit institutions of funds and their return (repayment)".

21. The position of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated February 10, 2003 No. 215-P "On the method of determining its own funds (capital) of credit institutions."

22. The position of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated 09.07.03. No. 232-P "On the procedure for the formation by credit organizations of reserves for possible losses."

23. The provision of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation of 21.04.01 "On the requirements for operations related to the commission of urgent transactions in the securities market."

24. Indication of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of 07.08.03 No. 1318-y "On the formation and amount of a reserve for transactions of credit institutions with residents of offshore zones."

25. Monographs, publications in the press.

26. Abalkin L.I. and others. Banking system of Russia: banker desktop book. Volume 2 m: Deca, 1995.

27. Alenichev V.V., Alenicheva TD Insurance of currency risks, banking and export commercial loans. M.: East-Service, 1994.

28. Algin A.P. Risk and his role in public life. M.: Thought, 1989.

29. Amelin I.E., Karkov V.A. A new approach to the planning of the Bank's development. // Analytical banking magazine. 2002. №5

30. Bakanov M.I., Kashaev A.N., Sheremet A.D. Economic analysis. -M., Finance, 1976.

31. Baxter N. et al. Ed. V. Platonova, M. Higgins. Banking: Strategic Guide. - M.: ConsaltBankir, 1998.

32. Balabanov I.T. Risk management. M.: Finance and Statistics, 1996.

33. Balashova N.E. Building a risk management system in a financial company // Management in Russia and abroad, 2002, №4.

34. Banking. / Ed. O.I. Lavrushina. M.: Bank and Exchange Research Center, 1992.

35. White L.P. Stability of commercial banks. How to avoid bankruptcy banks. - M.: Uniti, 1996.

36. Belyakov A.B. Bank risks: Accounting, management and regulation problems. M: Publishing group "BDTS-PRESS", 2003.

37. Bernstein P. Against Gods: Risk Taming. M.: Olymp Business CJSC, 2000.

38. Bitkov V.P., Nasibyan S.S. Forms of manifestation of credit risk. -Bank Management, 2001, No. 2.

39. Blank I.A. Conceptual basics Financial Management.-Kiev: Elga Nika Center, 2003.

40. Bubutin M. Practical questions Building risk management systems in a commercial bank. Banks and technologies, 2002, No. 1.

41. Buyanov V.P. Risk management (risk). - M.: Exam, 2002.

42. Walralen K.D. Risk management in a commercial bank. M.: Institute of Economic Development of the World Bank, 1997.

43. Galanov V.A. Derivative Tools of the Term Market: futures, options, swaps. -M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002.

44. Gracheva M.V. Analysis of project risks. - M.: Finstatinform, 1999.

45. Gruning X. Van, Bryovich S. Analysis of bank risks. Corporate governance assessment system and financial risk management / lane. from English - M.: Publisher "All World", 2004.

46. \u200b\u200bDurig Hans-Ulrich. Universal Bank - Bank of the future. Financial strategy at the turn of the century. - M.: International Relations, 2001.

47. Egorova E.E. Once again about the essence of risk and systemic approach. Risk management, 2002, No. 2.

48. Chersnikov V.N. Risk management in a commercial bank in a transitional economy. Money and credit, 2002, No. 5.

49. Zhukov E.F. Management and marketing in banks. M.: Uniti, 1997.

50. Zrazhevsky V.V. The main directions of improving the risk management system. Banking, 2002, No. 2.

51. Ivanov V.V. Features of the use of salmon methods to assess the financial state of Russian banks // Bank, 1998, No. 15.

52. Ivanov B.B. Liquidity risks and basic methods of protection against them // Calculations and operational work in a commercial bank, 2000, No. 2.

53. Cashkin A.B. Credit risk insurance. Business and banks, 2001, No. 18-19.

54. Kiduell D.S., Peterson P.J1. and others. Financial institutions, markets and money. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2000.

55. Kiselev V.V. Credit system of Russia: problems and ways to solve them. M.: Finstatinform, 1999.

56. Cowzanadze I.K. Issues of creating an effective bank risk management system. Money and credit, 2001, № 3.

57. Konyukhovsky P.V. Microeconomic modeling of banking activities. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2001.

58. Lavrushushin O.I. Money. Credit. Banks. M.: Finance and Statistics, 1998.

59. Lavrushushin O.I. Managing a commercial bank (bank management). -M.: Lawyer, 2002.

60. Larionova I.V. Methods for managing the risk of a credit organization and methods for their restriction. Business and banks, 2000, No. 40.

61. Lisinenko I. Reducing risks when lending. Financial business, 2001, No. 1.

62. Lobanov A. Risk Management Development Trends: World Experience. - Squares of securities, 1999, No. 18.

63. Lobanov A. Analysis of the application of various models of VAR calculation models on the Russian stock market // Securities Market, 2001, No. 2.

64. Lobanov A. The problem of the method at the calculation of var // Market of securities, 2000, №21.

65. Lucasevich I.Ya. Analysis financial operations. Methods, models, computing techniques. - M:. Uniti, 1998.

66. Lucasevich I.Ya., Baranniki P.E. Improving methods for assessing the reliability of banks // Accounting and banks, 2002, No. 9.

67. Marshall John F., Bansal Vipul K. Financial Engineering: Full Financial Innovations Guide. M.: Infra-M: NFPK, 1998.

68. Maslenchenkov Yu.S. Financial management in a commercial bank: Fundamental analysis. M.: Perspective, 1996.

69. Maslenchenkov Yu.S. Technology and organization of the Bank's work: Theory and Practice. M.: ICK "Deca", 1998.

70. Micheryin G.I., Nedudy M.I. and etc. International Standards Estimates. -M.: OJSC "Typography" News ", 2000.

71. Miller Roger L., Wang-Huz David D. Modern money and banking. M.: Infra-M, 2000.

72. Mikhailov DM. World Financial Market: Development Trends and Tools. -M.: Exam, 2000.

73. Morsman Edgar M. Credit Department of the Bank: Organization of Effective Work. - M.: Alpina Publisher, 2003.

74. Nikitina T.V. Insurance of commercial and financial risks. - SPb.: Peter, 2002.

75. Ozhegov I., Swedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / RAS. In-t Rus. Yaz. them. V.V. Vinogradova: 4th ed., Extras M.: Azbukovik, 1999

76. Operations taken into account by commercial banks on off-balance sheet accounts, the role of off-balance accounts in the regulatory process (on the example of European countries and the United States) (analytical note). M.: Research Institute of Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 1996.

77. Panova GS Analysis of the financial condition of the Commercial Bank M. \\ Finance and Statistics, 1996.

78. Panova GS Credit policy of a commercial bank. M.: ICC "Dis", 1997.

79. Pechelova M.Yu. Organization of risk management in a commercial bank // Management in Russia and abroad, 2001, No. 1.

80. Pomazanov M.V. Quantitative credit risk analysis // Banking technologies, 2004 №2.

81. Pomazanov M.V. Modeling a new product in a loan portfolio // Finance and credit, 2004, No. 6.

82. Pomorina MA Planning as a basis for managing the Bank M: Finance and Statistics, 2002.

83. Pototskaya E.G. Organization of risk management system in a bank. -Bughaliya and banks, 2001, No. 3.

84. Approaches to the organization of stress testing in credit institutions (based on the review of international financial practice) // Documents of the Bank of Russia, http://www.cbr.ru/nalytics/stress.htm

85. Riene T., Koyli B. Financial investment and risk. Kiev: Trade and Publishing Bureau, 1995.

86. Rogov M.A. Risk management. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001.

87. Rose Peter S. Bank management. M.: Case, 1995.

88. Rudashevsky V.D. Risk, conflict and uncertainty in the decision-making process and their modeling. M.: Menatep - Inform, 1996.

89. Guide to credit management. Ed. Edwards B. M.: Infra-M, 1996.

90. Market risks of credit institutions (review of the seminar conducted in the CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation on February 19-21, 2001). M.: CPP Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2002.

91. Savinskaya H.A. Basics of a systemic organization of banking. Risks. Supervision. Coordination / under. ed. L.S.Tarasievich. SPb.: SPBGEF, 2000.

92. Savostyanov V. A. Managing the liquidity of commercial banks. // Audit and financial analysis 2001, №2.

93. Sevrook V.T. Bank risks. M.: Case-Ltd, 1994.

94. Synkin D.F. Financial management in commercial banks: Translation from English / Ed. R.Ya.leviti, M.: 1994.

95. Smirnov A.B. Resource Management and Financial and Analytical Work in a Commercial Bank, M. \\ Publishing Group "BDTS-PRESS", 2002.

96. Smirnov A.L., Krasavina L.N. International Credit: Forms and Conditions. - M.: ConsaltBankir, 1995.

97. Smirnov S., Skvorttsov A., Dzigayev E. The adequacy of banking capital regarding market risks: how to improve regulation in Russia // Analytical Banking Journal, 2003, No. 7.

98. Sokolinskaya AD. Accounting and analysis of short-term and long-term loans. -M.: ConsaltBankir, 1997.

99. Sokolov Yu.A., Amosova H.A. Bank risk insurance system. M.: LLC "Elite Publishing", 2003.

100. Suprunovich E.B. Risk management basics. - Banking, 2001, No. 12.

101. Cost management in a commercial bank (on the example of KB "Russian Standard") // Financial Management in Bank: budgeting, business planning, risk management. Seminar materials. European trust bank. 2003.

102. Fedorov B.G. Modern currency credit markets. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1989.

103. Financial and Economic Dictionary. Under total. ed. Gryaznova A.G. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002.

104. Khokhlov N.V. Risk management. M.: Uniti, 1999.

105. Chekul M.V. Risk Management: Financial Risk Management Based on Volatility Analysis M: Alpina Publisher, 2002.

106. Chernova G.V., Kudryavtsev A.A., Risk management. M.: TK Velby, Publishing House Prospect, 2003.

107. Shapkin A.C. Economic and financial risks. Evaluation, management, investment portfolio. -M.: Utc. Dashkov and K °, 2003.

108. Shapovalov V. How to manage risks // Financial Director, 2003, №9.

109. Sharpe William F., Alexander Gordon J., Bailey Jeffrey V. Investments. M.: Infra-M, 2001.

110. Sheer A.-V. Modeling business processes. Monograph, (pen with English) // Publishing House "Mesto-metatechnology." Moscow. 2000.

111. Shenaev V.N., IRNIZov B.C. Project lending: Foreign experience and the possibility of its use in Russia. - M.: ConsaltBankir, 1996.

112. Sheremet A.D., Shcherbakova G.N. "Financial Analysis in Commercial Bank", M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000.

113. From. Shirinskaya E.B., Ponomareva H.A., Kupchinsky V.A. Financial and Analytical Service in Bank: Practical manual. M.: FBK-Press, 1998.

114. Encyclopedia of financial risk management. Ed. Lobanova A.A., Chugunova A.B. M.: Alpina Publisher, 2003.

115. Generally Accepted Risk Principles, Developed by Coopers & Lybrand. 1996.

116. Iacono F. Derivatives Handbook: Risk Management and Control. -Capital Markets Risk Advisors, 1997.

117. Fischer, Stanley and Robert C. Merton. "MacroeConomics and Finance: The Role of the Stock Market." Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol.21, 1984.

118. JORION P. FINANCIAL RISK MANAGER HANDBOOK 2001-2002, NEW YORK, 2001.

119. MERTON ROBERT C. "Capital Market Theory and The Pricing of Financial Securities". Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School Of Management, Working Paper, 1987.

120. John B. Caouette, Edward I. Altman, Paul Narayanan. "Managing Credit Risk". John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1998.

121. SAHAJWALA R., VAN DEN BERGH P. SUPERVISORY "RISK ASSESSMENT AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS" BASEL COMMITTEE ON BANKING SUPERVISION WORKING PAPERS, 2000, № 4.

122. SINKEY J.F "COMMERCIAL BANK FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT" Upper Saddler River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002.

123. Van Greuning H. Analizing and Managing Banking Risk // The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 2003.

124. MBC share in assets (million rubles)

125. Name of the Bank 01.01.2001 01/01/2002 Change with the previous year 01.01.2003 Change with the previous year 01.01.2004 Change compared to the previous year Change compared to 01.01.01

126. MBK share in assets in% MBC share in assets in% MBC share in the asset of the RS% MBC share in assets in%

127. AlfaBank 19 305.40 17,80 18 299.40 18,60 -5.21% 38 919.90 27.00 112.68% 8 229.60 4,60 -78.85% -57.37%

128. Bank of Moscow 3 044.00 7,10 3 453.90 5.50 13.47% 10 599.00 11,10 206.87% 1 392,20 1,00 -86.86% -54.26%

129. Rosbank 1 818.00 4.00 5 213.50 7.80 186.77% 5 101.30 7.70 -2.15% 5 088.30 4,50 -0.25% 179.88%

130. PSB 2 101.00 9,40 4 954,10 15,20 135.80% 6 981.00 14,80 40.91% 735.80 1,10-89.46% -64.98%

131. URALSIB 1 887.50 19.00 2 426.30 10,10 28.55% 6 923.10 15.80 185.34% 3 177.00 4,90 -54.11% 68.32%

132. City 17 378.00 55.70 19 646.50 50.00 13.05% 28 999.80 49.60 47.61% 3 844,80 6,30 -86.74% -77.88%

133. Nikil 1 136.90 21,70 1 777.00 16,20 56.30% 3 914,10 17,40 120.26% 1 357.40 4,10 -65.32% 19.39%

134. TransCredit 581.90 8.50 386.30 4,10 -33.61% 625.80 4.00 62.00% 1 615.00 5,60 158.07% 177.54%

135. RUSK. Standard 284.80 23.10 313.00 9.30 9.90% 1 393.70 24,80,345.27% 25.20 0.20 -98.19% -91.15%

136. Avangard 1 187.80 24,10 1 325.60 20.80 11.60% 1 387.90 15.40 4.70% 793.30 5,40 -42.84% -33.21%

137. KMB 1 307.50 76,20 3 016.80 80.90 130.73% 3 178.90 59,20 5.37% 742,20 9,50-76.65% -43.24%

138. MBRD N.D. N.D. 574.50 5.60 ND 1 497.60 14.20 160.68% 1 038,60 5.00 -30.65% ND.

139. Nizhizho PSB 20.60 0.70 87.50 2.50 324.76% 558.30 11,10 538.06% 119.20 1.90 -78.65% 478.64%

140. VTB 17 185.20 15.50 45 488.20 30,40 164.69% 43 148.30 24,50 -5.14% 29 088.00 11,30-32.59% 69.26%

141. MDM 10 294,10 40.80 14 644,10 44.50 42.26% 28 696,20 35.20 95.96% 6 012,70 5.70 -79.05% -41.59%

142. Menatep 2 179.30 9,70 2 643.70 9.80 21.31% 4 479.70 12.30 69.45% 556.40 1.50-87.58% -74.47%

143. Petrocommerz 951,60 8.50 2 217.90 9.70 133.07% 4 044.50 12,60 82.36% 680.50 1.50-83.17% -28.49%

144. Zenith 649.00 7,20 1 763.80 10,50 171.77% 2 515.70 11.30 42.63% 1 558.90 5,20 -38.03% 140.20%

145. NOMOS 1 699.00 23,60 3 193.40 22.60 87.96% 3 685.70 19,20 15.42% 2 313,10 7,50 -37.24% 36.14%

146. Promsvyazbank 316.20 5.50 962.80 8,20 204.49% 1 733.50 7.50 80.05% 3 286.20 8.80 89.57% 939.28%

147. Komitbank 1 187,20 43.80 5 262.00 78.00 343.23% 12 318.10 81.80 134.10% 2 854,40 10,80-76.83% 140.43%

148. Absolut 663,60 30,10 862.00 25.60 29.90% 1 103.40 26.50 28.00% 797,10 9,30 -27.76% 20.12%

149. Omsk PSB 6.70 0.30 21.60 0.80 222.39% 132.30 3.50 512.50% 30.10 28,80 -77.25% 349.25%

150. Kedr N.D. N.D. 25.00 1.20 N.D. 72,10 2,70 188.40% 10.60 0.20 -85.30% ND.

151. Yeniseisk. ND.Bank N.D. N.D. 53.50 6.90 ND 45.90 3,20 -14.21% 340.80 22.00 642.48% ND.

152. Southern trading N.D. N.D. N.D. I.D. N.D. 118.40 13.70 nd. N.D. | N.D. N.D. N.D.

153. The share of the MBC attracted in Pasivakh (million rubles) M 91.91.ZWS 1.91.2004 1.99.2 004 91.97.2004

154. MBK DM ** Pm MBK 1! I- DM * "SSAI LMASH PU W" PTR MBK DM "" 1. MBK thousand "T<. %% щиН. %% тые.»т«. шитС. %%

155. VTB 175 917446.00 431 483.00 0.25% 256 938 146.00 52 284 783.00 20.35% 286 599 909.00 61 080594.00 21,31% 299 632 771.00 68 141 791.00 21.70%

156. R »<«ы« (б 049 501,00 5 101 345.00 7.72% 113 025 322,00 7 348 338.00 6,50% 111 765 021.00 8 857 019,00 7,92% 116 760 862,00 5 893 622,00 5,05%

157. MDM 81 579480.00 28 696 150.00 35.18% 105 564 798.00 41 388 045.00 39,21% 116 448 561.00 50321287.00 43 l% 106 783 503.00 40 717 577.00 38.13%

158. MMB 79 343 036.00 6 505 902.00 8.20% 83 774 375.00 9 293 067.00 11.09% 94 001 775.00 9 647 271.00 10.26% 90 853 654.00 13 407 430.00 14.76%

159. City 58 507 923.00 28 999 797 00 49.57% 61 OSE 9BB, OO 23 751 545.00 38.94% 59 447 2 52.00 18 248 704.00 30.70% 65 566 485.00 19 538 985.00 29, B0 %

160. PPRWTM. 32 155 277.00 4 044 499.00 12.58% 44 320135.00 1 074 843.00 2.43% 46 656990.00 7 939 652.00 17.02% 4 3 657 605.00 5 638 569.00 12.%

161. DNB 31 519432.00 2 084 091.00 6.61% 25 010341.00 12 639734.00 50.54% 29 592 619.00 13 006174.00 43.95% 28 649 690.00 12 803 177.00 44.69%

162. Trikkudagt 15 581 201.00 625 751.00 4, CE% 28 949978.00 751 613.00 2.60% 5 284 669.00 2 499 236.00 47.29% 26 930 707.00 1 441 854.00 5.35%

163. K "M" RCBAZh 15 067 036.00 12 318 145 00 81.76% 26482448.00 22 968 666.00 86.73% 25 135 665.00 18 445 885.00 73.39% 23 827 444.00 20 269 085.00 85.07%

164. AZHBA * "14 957 52 \\, 00 V 2090666.03 8.08% 22.012621.00 1 854 159.00 8.42% 30 588 215.00 1 405 093.00 4.59% 32 782 600.00 1 096 700.00 3.35%

165. MBRD 10 542 230.00 1497 558.00 14.21% 20 838 454.00 1 825 949.00 8.76% 17 196 732.00 2 859802.00 16.63% 18 923 907.00 2 593 395.00 13 70%

166. RBP 6443 381.00 635 780.00 9.87% 7 994 726.00 1 919482.00 24.01% 6 730017.00 794 280.00 11.80% 1 236 061 00 816 236.00 66.04%

167. M *<ж^феа.бамг 6121 401.00 384 272.00 6.28% 10 312 066.00 1 775 230,00 17^2% 9221 311.00 143 626,00 1.56% 9 238 218.00 1 277 246.00 13.83%

168. M Ruek. NGP. 5 612 638.00 1 393 748.00 24.83% 15 404 308.00 5 175 951.00 33.60% 21 744 137.00 8 914 687.00 41.00% 22 486 393.00 9 375 937.00 41.70%

169. A (Yent 5 182 552.00 1 103 378.00 21.29% 8 530 242.00 2 480112.00 29.07% 10 036117.00 2 714 341.00 27.05% 9 768 009.00 2 423 601.00 24.81%

170. NAYPGM LSB 5 032 782.00 558 346.00 11.09% 6 147 379.00 900 467.00 14.65% 6 880256.00 882 894.00 12.83% «129 371.00 440 417.00 7.19%

171. UBRR 4 739 376.00 26 "578.00 5.58% 7 782 346.00 386 376.00 4.96% 9 se6 221.00 1 341 572.00 14.86% 140469.00 465 855.00 5.72%

172. WTTB 4 552 616.00 1 256 419.00 27.60% 6 287 8 97.00 917 885.00 14.60% 6350835.00 807 416.00 12.71% «156 735.00 682 089.00 11.08%

173. H "-Y 4 288 528.00 38 822.00 0.91% 6 262 523.00 160 904.00 2.57% 7 334 512.00 246 605.00 3.36% 7 318 071.00 173 829.00 2.38%

174. TSRPSHM E 481 508.00 206 621.00 5.93% 5 065 311.00 129 399.00 2.55% 7 268 222.00 87 113.00 1.20% 7 296462.00 87 244.00 1.20%

175. Ripvzh 3 377 820.00 2 312 353.00 68.46% 4 508 710.00 Э 129551.00 69.41%\u003e 959612.00 3 583 031.00 60.12% 5 462 633.00 4 034 826.00 73 86%

176. E 247 886.00 508 427.00 15.65% 3 556438.00 237 117.00 6.67% 4 136722.00 512 095.00 12.38% 4 277 962.00 515 727.00 12.06% 31 3 022 788.00 506 804.00 16, 77% 5 103 606.00 1 338 416.00 26.22% 5 924 409.00 1 099780.00 18.56% 6 262 289.00 1 210 388.00 19.33%

177. C K "2 661 199.00 72 14000 2.71% 4 251 182.00 4 687.00 0.11% 5 503 V 64.00 9 562.00 0.17% 5 613 717.00 3 084.00 0.05 %

178. For "" "< 2 345 970,00 6.00 0.00% 1 194 208.00 0,00 0,00% 1 951240,00 0,00 0,00% 1 735 353.00 0,00 0,00%

179. RSPMSAM 1 85 "529.00 88 165.00 4.65% 2 666214.00 153 046.00 5.74% 2 931 162.00 6 902.00 0.24% E 038 481.00 5 787.00 0.19% and Yarov" feet 1 615 578.00 0.00 0.00% 2 525 140.00 18 500.00 0.73% 2 437 695.00 25 200.00 1.03% 2 470914.00 5 190.00 0.21%

180. EM. yga<ж 1 429002,00 45 902,00 3.21% 1 545 861,00 102 431.00 6.63% 2 166 932,00 82 607.00 3,81% 2 518 141,00 77 549.00 3.08%

181. MMP * Pim 1 032 401.00 15 106.00 1.46% 1 227 331.00 11 48 9.00 0.94% 1 562 755.00 95 033.00 6.08% 1 452 148.00 99 152.00 6.83%

182. RNKB 987 787.00 Yap 9 ^ 2.00 9.92% 145! 171.00 375 651.00 25.8-9% 144 140.00 20l 401.00 »7.87% 1 09 * 293.00 150 600.00 17.42%

183. M Mo. Bayak AE "R. 48 9 787.00 166 103.00 33.91% 678 891.00 299 607.00 44.13% 806 705.00 366 906.00 45.48% 802 695.00 434 570.00 54.14%

184. HSWM 347 781.00 0.00 0.00% 518 422.00 0.00 0.00% 619 050.00 7 006.00 1.13% 606 737.00 18.00 0.00%

185. See * k.d k.d. 23 952 106.00 4 375 413.00 18.27% 26 132 061.00 6 28 9 081.00 24.07%

186. Tsaium ^ Dates. *. I. A 16 586273.00 g 336 787.00 14.09% 12 356 910.00 1 309 775.00 10.60% and 11HRB 12 748 852.00 67 172.00 0.53% 14 545 997.00 1U7 812.00 1.36% 17 141 303.00 30 141.00 0.18%

187. SmipmG K. Ya. 5 026887.00 759 843.00 15,12% 6 592 587.00 583 1 65.00 8.85% 7 192 800.00 545 978.00 7.59%

188. GC\u003e "GT, Y.Ya- k. I. 4 355 518.00 1 801 242.00 41.36% 4 326 320.00 1 755 320.00 40.57%

189. Toylette. M.Ya. N-y-. L. E 286593.00 2 091.00 0.06% 3 836 042.00 71 329.00 1.86%

190. OI "-PSB * -I 5 238 108.00 94 119.00 1.8% I-I. And1 m. D. I, I, Yap99 3 079916.00 260 568.00 8.46% Э 284 149 00 88 044.00 2.68% I.Ya. Mr. Yap

191. Basque C-p 12 556221.00 1 751 731.00 13.95% 13 135 628.00 59 * 5 00! .00 4.54% 13 311 974.00 540 137.00 4.06%

192. A "Sch-" RD N-A. 14 561 385.00 2 137 203.00 14,68% 15 917 722.00 2 487 696.00 15.63% 14 799 139.00 I 438 286.00 9.72%

193. The consolidated calculation of the value of banks by 01,01.2003. (thousand rubles.) Negative cost

194. CaIC; Assets Net Cost Capital St-T / Caanoal Ratish

195. Imneksbank 14 214 604.00 948 207.00 2 632 010.00 36.03% 80.44

196. Petrocommerz 32 155 277.00 ¡35 993.00 6 658 609.00 2.04% 80.00

197. AK BARS 14957 521.00 561 617.00 3 110 049.00 18.06% 77.63

198. Celind 4 288 528.00 138 911.00 710 314.00 19.56% 76.00

199. North Ka Sha 5 111 614.00 484 138.00 556 392.00 87.01% 74.25b Mosk. credit. Bank 6 121 401.00 1 475 259.00 1 530 229.00 96.41% 73.50

200. ABN AMRO 14 353 383.00 248 492.00 1 722 176.00 14.43% 72.81

201. Dialogue-Oped 6 807 965.00 267 413.00 1 311 192.00 20.39% 72.69

202. Nomos 19 246 695.00 436 983.00 4 407 281.00 9.92% 72.56

203. City 58 507 923.00 4 161 046.00 6 481 931.00 64.19% 72.13

204. CSNGR-INESTER 3 022 788.00 105 299.00 623 922.00 16.88% 71,56

205. Kedar 2 661 199.00 232 882.00 340 602.00 68.37% 71,31

206. Omsk-PSB 3 821 251.00 458 509.00 506 288.00 90.56% 70,81

207. URALSIB 43 706 733.00 3 191 944.00 8 630 698.00 36.98% 70.50

208. Me is about Dock PA L 1 032 401.00 132 365.00 135 932.00 97.38% 70.06

209. Sberbank 1 081 784 306.00 105 958 449.00 126 820 307.00 83.55% 70.00

210. Raiffeisen 42 477 183.00 4 710 646.00 2 882 405.00 163.43% 69.63

211. Gazprombank 153 554 763.00 21 498 911.00 20 288 783.00 105.96% 69.13

212. Regnobank! 896 529.00 164 402.00 174 890.00 94.00% 68.75

213. Russian. General, Bal to 7 448 238.00 557 617.00 914 023.00 61.01% 67.81

214. Nicky L 22 478 516.00 477 322.00 6 458 471.00 7.39% 67,56

215. WTTB 4 552 616.00 588 132.00 403 863.00 145.63% 66.13

216. Yarsozzbank 1 615 578.00 98 120.00 263 412.00 37.25% 65.81

217. Eurofinance 23 429 610.00 857 818.00 3 264 591.00 26.28% 65.75

218. Promsvmz 23 223 869,00 3 653 534.00 2 772 942.00 131.76% 64.63

219. TAURICH 3 481 508.00 160 439.00 720 994.00 22.25% 64.25

220. Metalinvest 4 892 235.00 245 284.00 1 324 290.00 18.52% 64.19

221. Southern Trade 863 160.00 65 347.00 168 092.00 38.88% 63.44

222. Gas Bank 3 770 267.00 605 478.00 374 621.00 161.62% 61.88

223. Zarechye 2 345 970.00 37 539.00 382 189.00 9.82% 61.44

224. Menatep 36 287 136.00 6721 055.00 2 763 731.00 243.19% 60.50

225. INTERN 5 389 078.00 668 410.00 460 045.00 145.29% 60.44

226. UBRR 4 739 376.00 504 954.00 757 759.00 66.64% 60.13

227. Probusinessbank 7 478 249.00 675 798.00 1 089 693.00 62.02% 59,56

228. MDM 81 579 480.00 12 553 155.00 8 434 980.00 148.82% 59.50

229. Far Eastern 2 340 647.00 216 252.00 28 6 363.00 75.52% 59.25

230. Feets LB 8 720 242.00 552 294.00 770 702.00 71.66% 59.19

231. Zenit 22 358 135.00 4 024 305.00 2 689 527.00 149.63% 58.50

232. Alpha 143 992 371.00 15 489 475.00 24 629 827.00 62.89% 57.88

233. PSB 47 057 414.00 7 072 911.00 4 114 093.00 171.92% 57.69

234. Bank of Moscow 95 425 ¡63.00 17 806 676.00 9 845 763.00 180.86% 57.19

235. KME 5 370 317.00 989 637.00 403 570.00 245.22% 57.00

236. Russian Standard 5 612 638.00 387 447.00 1 255 385.00 30.86% 56.75

237. Kr.lionz 7 267 571.00 539 341.00 1 359 633.00 39.67% 53.69

238. MMB 79 343 036.00 8 891 200.00 4 758 857.00 186.83% 51.19

239. Trackredit 15 581 201.00 1 087 709.00 2 504 439.00 43.43% 50,8848 Div 31 519432.00 6 936 832.00 5 174 138.00 134.07% 50.00

240. Rosbank 66 049 501.00 12 012 962.00 10 292 005.00 116.72% 48.061. Positive value

{!LANG-ee0a0f7eb34f325893113b46a4020f0a!}

{!LANG-3391b964b3eb8095d7e42bdeb00642b7!}

{!LANG-abf5891a4655b9b41dec7a1182fd64e7!}

{!LANG-238a5cec93e64906eeed6b91caa163b3!}

{!LANG-686fbc48219bb93032957a5a2228d280!}

{!LANG-1bac8ef0fea63da91f987985be007bf4!}

{!LANG-0edff53960fb9ab4c8210eb929308c23!}

{!LANG-1d4bb6105ec3dc8b1e975ccc79676698!}

{!LANG-35ac2c972faf7ee02844b7d2da5f8579!}

{!LANG-71411839fba68aec237283d7e63542b8!}

{!LANG-f13f2d704088d4903a553b789a1ab558!}

{!LANG-88bc301c4c2d5629b7570965cda756ca!}

{!LANG-800f4046e67cf9a28a104620eda51383!}

{!LANG-912bdbb7e7be01c4e04fb084bc7f7429!}

{!LANG-773f7aa936e41c02e673f1b0966038b7!}

{!LANG-33be4c399b3cbe1186dc7353519ed83d!}

{!LANG-b4ca3d184e092d3a51372c2d8da48d07!}

{!LANG-2b27b071ff35a56ab669b7473b0da254!}

{!LANG-93fc8675d27092224e8ecfe4763c117d!}

{!LANG-29f054b423e4837afc2ab206d7102997!}

{!LANG-ec684cae9f6d83a418235790ef6cd7da!}

{!LANG-d42fa5d345ec0dd1ac5ee873abca0a9e!}

{!LANG-9628f6e8df6cb58d79a5489581bdce32!}

{!LANG-5afbbc60133ad1881c3d868159ae1847!}

{!LANG-2850e9c35d9a79dd2ecc1a866b1ac793!}

{!LANG-dde668ef5fb096bd9a2e3a7573959475!}

{!LANG-ec1b1b405632c6c7de94211f33839a96!}

{!LANG-1879e30bc8eaca2c678972c853c958a7!}

{!LANG-2081acefe546a07a215c818c89c8e616!}

{!LANG-76bc407ece600f41a9dd38138908ef6f!}

{!LANG-a24eb5bb874dcb25e54980e47b7d93a2!}

{!LANG-fa5239ea2055b1aa3460a6d48cecd8f3!}

{!LANG-5b6d218cd182b4f6a5d7e14a935b0b41!}

{!LANG-218937b05c53eb55b30f1ddddcf02ece!}

{!LANG-d136a0dd9ccf517ec13503ede76a62c9!}

{!LANG-b16ab099d0491f3edab6d561092a560f!}

{!LANG-2d0fc521e233c9561445e4991b22a081!}

{!LANG-5d459aba454de62688cc5f4c2280d943!}

{!LANG-564232e1c2c776a461401f323e9e98da!}

{!LANG-d0e256b92fc2ac931c84f2f55ce0cbc0!}

{!LANG-cd6e6038571fad2338d1eb7e4fa630df!}

{!LANG-1fcdc12bc9d00b4b045576fa050c1217!}

{!LANG-4b5d710a79dca8c7e777f914cb8c0f71!}

{!LANG-0cbc311182d6a9d744d9bd47c966fe6d!}

{!LANG-d6d427727e2272629249bd7cb7f4129a!}

{!LANG-7dc3dd996787d6b671f6754a8a3999bb!}

{!LANG-d8676c5f68e6db90b0f2650598c1f739!}

{!LANG-60ccb555eadaeedb42a21f68f7e3810f!}

{!LANG-035cf3fd4d13249bacd40cb7f61d19e4!}

{!LANG-443da77f78bbec910d4eea4829a3a6cb!}

{!LANG-8b3d0e69708e51e7f1ee29568c826cb5!}

{!LANG-c250493a557f9bd215999dfd679738cf!}

{!LANG-415d8cbf77af92877c59ca908688fc8e!}

{!LANG-8bf3d1e2c515c9ac8ec312cb81f0cd91!}

{!LANG-697a1f9a3fa2232abfa3f56ea80c6503!}

{!LANG-0dc203e8850dfd9bb1c468573bcb5fab!}

{!LANG-2a64c9427e95e2d72c0f60689fe726cc!}

{!LANG-936ac96453f27635c7f018447933fb76!}

{!LANG-cb04a8786667dba91a292c803c9cf72b!}

{!LANG-51525f42933048ebe67d80a37046994f!}

{!LANG-34fb46b66382452c1e066a06d8b5e74e!}

{!LANG-56b12181c48862bd6ba2868f4108c7d3!}

{!LANG-20d3a150c6a04d2db145a1daea1ec4a1!}

{!LANG-40536a139d84cabeb48e3bdfab84e113!}

{!LANG-b1fb6462a37563672a85483abeb99f83!}

{!LANG-5ac48b2cc8d9567753239cf47ac11010!}

{!LANG-4c816ca990acafd330757098b6a84672!}

{!LANG-19552f0a796e779cec321e8736efdc1e!}

{!LANG-898a5072ced97eea33b0c95b7ed513db!}

{!LANG-b362d3d5393a7c8738620842f1df2ee5!}

{!LANG-7264db979a9fc0332ea24e2fef042b92!}

{!LANG-ca6d37ec78f1f1495992bb7807ba4592!}

{!LANG-1a27563112c84df1bae0f172039760f4!}

{!LANG-213bf66d3748210468d5c474a65f2e10!}

{!LANG-2442495b4f38813d6ee06e9e0654b16a!}

{!LANG-78088c72215dbc1d15b4462cb9ccef6e!}

{!LANG-95db3657f7177bb79a1d647ab8ccac4a!}

{!LANG-64618174e389dcb057a07cf2507b22d0!}

{!LANG-5d47cc4ca9c4ca3e851a20dc1269a91e!}

{!LANG-214b438bb2aec7275869c22a37fae5be!}

{!LANG-a9e922d2ba4dacef7bf429f25f079f5c!}

{!LANG-3fb6b5a7d93d23426e16f74500f15ae9!}

{!LANG-4a271710fd9332bb0c7e79e150c46b9d!}

{!LANG-74d140b953eacc6a2b3da85c55fbdd01!}

{!LANG-55308bbe76831909138e6672f2d2355f!}

{!LANG-ee8ec8ad7d29e76b245432878dbc945a!}

{!LANG-cb3db6c01f585daa003c398c3fff94b9!}

{!LANG-de19231cc1b5a019e696b2c8db50e7a2!}

{!LANG-0ede38a7b3a180afd3e3bda98070be9a!}

{!LANG-5d1790c0d1c5f8405e90cc1bc6b6e77b!}

{!LANG-022d9e77d69baf2725ce4a9c4a0c934e!}

{!LANG-0ee5a7b5f5b8d398f0278070a0c26080!}

{!LANG-f571f4c2dc11b8fe51d75a57cf95114e!}

{!LANG-49e7952d938e402461347c9e4c8e2e8c!}

{!LANG-25511b99d962f3f86d20aa6e96e3d677!}

{!LANG-0db51675e8d61c24c141b9201961a8f2!}

{!LANG-31dac65d8a0d6115ddfd66c8aef22704!}

{!LANG-21ae6391ad5db85f5be10cc7e29ee14c!}

{!LANG-3137bff10c33c7398d6eb12ad83ecf0e!}

{!LANG-e3d572b1c0e8117f30beadbfec780a39!}

{!LANG-b9b148aa8f97c252363dffc91172f0e8!}

{!LANG-ad5b01648b2ad001274daa353b69e676!}

{!LANG-b7d05a89041a392c0042a4df37faacd1!}

{!LANG-20658df16a4c1fb79d94a80d0aae478e!}

{!LANG-71d228788c17285dfe871ff95835219d!}

{!LANG-17b7a138471c3b7e84b549d32c1e0f89!}

{!LANG-88de814b19d8e4cfd54f8740b5ee8838!}

{!LANG-e6466c17f94bb7455f274bcbcb5c592e!}

{!LANG-9257011d561b0291c7a4f54c5cdc0f16!}

{!LANG-3acbeda40708412db6f833da7def0445!}

{!LANG-9783a55c5989708598fa54e186c1866a!}

{!LANG-882cbe91feb434e4333bc48747e5e4ed!}

{!LANG-8d8ad27a0f0c1e0025c11ed643ef7fca!}

{!LANG-381af4ebb0dbf9c6950bf6cab0cbdced!}

{!LANG-f1ca5116188e20bf2b34e2b249e045ab!}

{!LANG-7be2c4955554c4060dbfa5580f7412b3!}

{!LANG-e0c379880529289b39b3fe9f43cadcbc!}

{!LANG-ac763eb9903d3a1cc0b76bb254e75e42!}

{!LANG-975296a469e705b00f729f7c4a58f451!}

{!LANG-d23de36177b8f48b2ffa4804764b4b7d!}

{!LANG-0649182ae9b93a5e16c62d5d9c302c0e!}

{!LANG-84b6958cf7f3ccea7a7cdaf95be308d1!}

{!LANG-af170ce3491aa30c95a4cf8aa302c2db!}

{!LANG-479ab47af6ce1f834919726d31bb23d2!}

{!LANG-eec2f942d7e102461494979bce368195!}

{!LANG-eca5e01cb84dd29034f439e8952fa54a!}

{!LANG-db5188cae2dd5b6c5379f97d5c9fff33!}

{!LANG-29118bb5eefc548e8a46857e03c5b5c4!}

{!LANG-53d633396c4c85ba7d93780dd8a737b3!}

{!LANG-c338c2b793f1575070f511ab4df2916f!}

{!LANG-db1f0d8851975f707d5d94131479b722!}

{!LANG-1266eddf48476fa236968732807e8978!}

{!LANG-40e57464bd64dcb1bdf3c3bb8bd01a44!}

{!LANG-eb95fa28b43dbd6c47627856bea1babc!}

{!LANG-d7005b6e6c333d034ff278bc8de196c0!}

{!LANG-074a5dcb1a4f5639609cd009d4ac4bff!}

{!LANG-637080333b743c2824b367420f766145!}

{!LANG-fb0fe2f39e4176f6d8f246fa5e50bb36!}

{!LANG-269aa030a3fab0fc7cb866632905babe!}

{!LANG-590a5334aacfd0a85632ab65374cb048!}

{!LANG-2ae2edd6d2a86f23e974ccf936f1cdc4!}

{!LANG-133eed7c0d36e39fc790595295b01fdc!}<10% 10-25% 25-40% 40-50% >50% 50 75 100 25 0 03

{!LANG-a6a6564a9d54010004b5f8f12035501b!}

{!LANG-30efde14f00f61deab3a67275cf2169d!}

{!LANG-2548f606cb5613d5068c685aafee6ef0!}<5% 5-10% 10-15% 15-20% >20% 100 75 50 25 0 0,25

{!LANG-7672e8cead7972a3b7e1ac0b2b22e736!}

{!LANG-c288a522cf73482a7fd1fca8fdbc787e!}

{!LANG-8c842da7937871ca9c2d05552ad2124a!}

{!LANG-4e54e99c16cefc92885c4c523f3866db!}

{!LANG-ffb815e05519628883477d14af8aa9bd!}<3% 3-5% 5-10% 10-15% >15% 0 25 50 75 100 0,2

{!LANG-2492ff033348fcc50afa2693766b2a0e!}

{!LANG-875d27ab2978294c013af1f401024fea!}

{!LANG-2e2b242e3166b7540f32b156e1b7b043!}<0% 0-15% 15-30% 30-45% >45% 75 100 50 25 0 0,4

{!LANG-ce1facbaa0eb6a6865449e8f4ac81182!}

{!LANG-f37f70d81cabc3eb140253271269d9e1!}

{!LANG-44f75338762c005b64bca6eb33843304!}<0% 0-5% 5-10% 10-15% >15% 0 25 50 75 100 0,4

{!LANG-e1b248f13ead745a0e076fb7c3c37f57!}

{!LANG-51891251ddb1e1121f55fef67a0f267d!}

{!LANG-98cd77df5deb29e4d4bca3c7a93dfdff!}

Types of financial risks in banking. Financial risks of the bank: classification, evaluation, management. Will disappear in the loan agreement possible changes in interest rates

Examples of bank risks classification

Methods for assessing the financial risks of the Bank

Table 3 Determination of financial risks for the main responsibility centers

Advantages and disadvantages of derivatives of financial risks hedge

Table 5 Limits on Bank Financial Risks

Bibliography

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

2. Main types of risks in the activities of a commercial bank

2.1 Credit Risk

paid credit institution with letters of credit (including uncovered letters of credit);

return money (assets) on a transaction to acquire financial assets with the obligation of their reverse alienation;

requirements of the credit organization (lessor) on financial lease operations (leasing).

Verification of solvency of the potential borrower;

Current monitoring of loans issued;

Risk insurance;

Use of collateral, guarantees, guarantees;

Getting from the client award for risk;

Risk limitation through certain standards established by the Central Bank.

interesting tools that are sensitive to changes in interest rates (bonds, loans, mortgage loans and securities, etc.), generating the risk of losses as a result of a refusal to fulfill the obligations of one of the parties to the transaction (optional risk).

The banks that regularly practice the game in interest rates are most susceptible to profit, and those banks that are not carefully predicting changes in interest rates.

The main reasons for interest risk are:

invalid choice of interest rate varieties (constant, fixed, floating, decreasing);

wages in a loan agreement possible changes in interest rates;

changes in the interest rate of the Central Bank of Russia;

establishing a single percentage for the entire use of the loan;

the absence of a developed interest policy strategy in the bank;

invalid definition of credit cents, that is, the interest rates.

Bibliography

risk Credit Banking

1. Letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation No. 70-t of 23.06.2004 "On Typical Banking Risks"

Similar documents

The dissertation (part of the author's abstract) on the topic "Management of financial risks in the activities of commercial banks"

Conclusion of dissertation on the topic "Finance, money circulation and credit", noisky, Andrei Aleksandrovich

References dissertation research candidate of Economic Sciences Noisky, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 2005