Economic environment. Types of economic activity Questions for self-examination

This section of the report contains an analysis of the environmental impact on the main sections and subsections of the All-Russian classifier species economic activity(OKVED) in dynamics for 2006-2009

All activities are grouped into sections, among which it is necessary to highlight three:

Mining;

Manufacturing industries;

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Almost all industrial activities are grouped in these sections of OKVED, therefore they are of the greatest interest as the main sources of man-made impact on the environment.

Also of interest are:

Agriculture, hunting and forestry;

Transport and communications;

Provision of other communal, social and personal services.

Production indices for the above three main types of economic activity in 2009, according to Rosstat, amounted to:

1. Mining - 98.8%

   Manufacturing - 84%

   Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 95.2%

The decline in production was noted in almost all types of economic activity.

The output of the most important types of products amounted to:

Product type	2009	2009 VC 2008	Product type	2009	2009 VC 2008
Extraction of useful claim infamous			Motor gasoline, million tons	35,8	100,5
Coal, million tons	298	90,8	Diesel fuel, million tons	67,3	97,7
Oil produced, including gas condensate, million tons	494	101,2	Mineral fertilizers (in terms of 100% nutrients), million tons	14,6	90,4
Natural gas, billion m 3	584	87,9	Furnace fuel oil, million tons	64,4	100,8
Iron ore, million tons	92,0	91,9	Building bricks, bln cond. PCS.	8,5	62,7
Non-metallic building materials, million m 3	265	61,9	Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and products, million m 3	17,5	60,7
Apatite concentrate, million tons	3,7	97,2	Cement, million tons	44 ,3	82 ,7
Processing pr production			Production and distribution electricity, gas and water
Sawn timber, million m 3	19,0	87,8	Electricity, billion kW . h	992	95 , 4
Plywood, million m 3	2,1	81,3	including generation by power plants:
Particle boards, mln. m 3	4,6	79,3	atomic	164	100,3
Commercial cellulose, million tons	2,0	88,1	thermal	652	91,8
Paper, million tons	3,9	98,0	hydroelectric power plants	176	105,6
Primary oil refining, million tons	236	99 ,6	Thermal energy, million Gcal	1341	98,6

The objects of analysis were:

total emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary sources (Rosstat data),

volume of polluted wastewater discharged water bodies(data from Rosvodresursy),

the volume of production and consumption waste generation (data from Rostekhnadzor);

the volume of investments in fixed assets aimed at protecting environment and rational use natural resources(Rosstat data).

An analysis of the data given in the tables makes it possible to identify trends in changes in the environmental load of a particular type of economic activity.

Table 1.1

Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air
from stationary sources by type of economic activity, thousand tons

	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
	20568,4	20636,9	20103,3	19021,2
yours	129,3	118,2	124,8	127,5
-	103,2	100,7	110,2	114,8
-	26,1	17,5	14,5	12,6
Mining	6027,1	6244,8	5567,2	5238,6
infamous	5509,3	5737,9	5092,9	4867,8
-	904,0	1063,0	1117,3	1062,8
includingcoal mining	877,0	1028,7	1083,2	1007,0
enrichment and agglomeration of hard coal	12,4	22,6	21,2	43,8
-	4585,9	4655,8	3958,2	3788,8
including production of crude oil and petroleum (associated) gas; extractionfractions from oil (associated) gas	3673,4	3705,5	3108,8	3029,1
extraction of natural gas and gas condensate	473,4	507,6	436,8	405,6
-	19,4	19,2	17,4	16,2
Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy	517,8	507,0	474,3	370,8
- Mining of metal ores	433,6	418,1	386,1	297,0
-	84,2	88,8	88,2	73,8
Manufacturing industries	7167,9	7205,1	6829,4	6353,5
weaving, and tobacco	144,6	146,1	140,2	144,9
	14,3	11,3	9,7	8,6
	3,5	3,7	3,5	3,3
Wood processing and production of wood products	84,2	85,5	85,5	78,3
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing activities	162,2	152,9	148,9	152,5
- Manufacture of pulp, wood pulp, paper, cardboard andof them	161,4	151,6	147,5	151,1
Production of coke and petroleum products and nuclear materials	793,2	859,5	853,1	701,5
-	764,4	829,8	816,5	663,2
including coke production	36,9	35,3	34,8	32,7
production of petroleum products	727,5	794,5	781,7	630,5
Chemical production	368,9	374,3	351,3	332,2
	18,2	18,4	17,4	15,0
	497,6	520,8	462,6	403,5
Metallurgical production and	4787,9	4751,4	4496,3	4303,8
-	4756,3	4722,3	4469,1	4278,7
including production of iron, steel and ferroalloys	1668,6	1636,3	1555,2	1452,2
production of non-ferrous metals	3052,6	3048,9	2880,4	2796,1
- Manufacture of finished metal products	31,6	29,1	27,2	25,1
	102,6	106,0	96,0	76,2
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment	53,7	48,3	41,3	33,5
Production Vehicle and equipment	116,4	108,3	104,4	82,5
Other productions	20,5	18,5	19,3	17,7
- Processing of secondary raw materials	5,6	5,7	6,4	6,3
rgy, gas and water	4352,9	4206,0	4462,2	4140,7
- Production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hotwater cells	4303,4	4162,9	4419,0	4096,4
including generation, transmission and distribution of electricity	3155,2	2923,5	3129,0	2736,6
production and distribution of gaseous fuels	18,4	37,5	38,3	40,2
-	49,5	43,1	43,2	44,3
Transport and communications	2150,2	2211,1	2475,2	2605,9
-	1954,6	1986,8	2247,2	2378,9
including transportation through pipelines	1837,8	1851,5	2107,5	2240,8
of themtransportation through pipelines of oil and oil products	108,1	110,1	104,2	112,7
transportation through pipelines of gas and its productswork	1729,6	1739,5	1997,7	2128,0
servants	390,2	283,7	286,3	169,6
-	238,6	174,7	161,6	119,1
Provision of other utilities, social and personnel services	59,1	55,2	67,9	89,9
- Disposal of sewage, waste and similar activities	55,0	52,0	65,2	86,0

In terms of emissions into the atmosphere from stationary sources, the first place is occupied by“manufacturing industries” (a third of the total volume in Russia) due to metallurgical production. Another major block of sources of air pollution is formed by the production of "mining" (28%), primarily enterprises engaged inextraction of crude oil and oil (associated) gas. Significant volumes of emissions into the atmosphere are characteristic of enterprises power industryand pipeline transport (Fig. 1.1.).

The largest The main sources of atmospheric air pollution are the enterprises of the metallurgical complex and the electric power industry.

Table 1.2

Dynamics of pollutant emissions
largest sources of air pollution , thousand tons

Company	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
Polar branch OJSC“ MMC Norilsk Nickel, Norilsk	1987,2	1990,1	1956,7	1949,8
Branch "Reftinskaya GRES" JSC "OGK-5", Asbest, Sverdlovsk region	337,3	306,2	373,5	313,7
OAO Severstal, Cherepovets, Vologda Oblastblast	335,8	335,0	315,3	290,0
OAO Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works, Lipetsk, Lipetsk Regionblast	316,3	308,3	280,5	289,1

Table 1.3

Volumes of discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies
by type of economic activity, million m 3

Type of economic activity	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
Total for Russian Federation	17488,77	17176,25	17119,48	15853,56
Agriculture, hunting and forestry yours	1137,20	1039,23	1037,69	875 , 91
- Agriculture, hunting and provision of services in these areas	1135,63	1038,66	1037,20	875,66
- Forestry and the provision of services in this area	1,57	0,57	0,49	0,25
Mining	963,60	1074,87	1083,86	1016,59
- Extraction of hard coal, brown coal and peat	397,78	444,13	460,64	461,12
- Extraction of crude oil and natural gas; provision of services in these areas	54,70	42,79	42,18	28,46
- Mining of uranium and thorium ores	2,36	2,12	2,10	1,96
- Mining of metal ores	218,57	243,47	249,97	204,6
- Extraction of other minerals	290,19	342,36	328,97	320,46
Manufacturing industries	3572,97	3295,31	3269,91	2732 , 80
- Food production, includingdrinks	77,77	74,26	73,07	61,13
- Textile production	40,50	36,65	31,43	24,88
- Manufacture of leather, leather goods and footwear	3,28	2,46	2,60	2,44
- Woodworking and manufacture of wood and cork products, except furniture	123,50	117,47	120,48	262,76
- Manufacture of pulp, wood pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them	1147,81	1092,85	1044,85	743,10
- Production of coke, oil products	263,61	233,35	223,00	117,97
- Chemical production	777,19	696,08	680,46	608,87
- Manufacture of rubber and plastic products	78,23	7,73	6,11	5,37
- Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products	50,53	55,13	56,42	54,78
- Metallurgical production	659,08	625,20	706,64	595,67
- Manufacture of finished metal products	19,80	20,63	19,81	15,07
- Manufacture of machinery and equipment	169,72	172,96	153,67	132,0
- Production of electrical machines and electrical equipment	12,56	16,16	15,09	10,21
- Manufacture of cars, trailers and semi-trailers	71,85	67,07	67,19	29,85
- Manufacture of ships, aircraft and spacecraft and other countriessports equipment	62,17	60,16	57,69	59,30
Production and distribution of electricity rgy, gas and water	9256,59	9013,81	9059,89	8817,23
- Production, transmission and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and hot waterodes	825,74	892,76	937,21	940,34
- Collection, purification and distribution of water	8430,85	8121,05	8122,68	7876,89
Transport and communications	107,09	103,85	83,79	41,18
- Land transport activities	22,82	21,93	20,82	16,32
- Water transport activity	2,63	2,37	2,52	2,24
- Air transport activities	2,43	1,96	1,02	0,88
- Auxiliary and additional transport activities	78,21	76,64	58,92	21,13
Operations with real estate, rental and provision servants	346,55	324,06	322,88	276,29
- Operations with real estate	213,18	249,16	240,22	194,37
servants	1884,41	2111,98	2050,13	1887,42
- Disposal of sewage, waste and similar activitiesness	1883,74	2111,50	2049,60	1886,86

Of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharged into water bodies in Russia,56% is accounted for “production and distribution of electricity, gas and water”, 17% - for “manufacturing”, 12% - for “provision of other communal, social and personal services” (Fig. 1.2).

In two types of economic activity“collection, purification and distribution of water” and “removal of sewage, waste and similar activities” are concentrated water supply and sewerage enterprises (primarily objects that have sewer aeration stations on their balance sheet, treatment facilities etc.), which are the largest sources of polluted wastewater discharges (62%) into surface water bodies in the country.At the same time, it should be noted that the sewerage facilities of urban“ Vodokanal” a significant amount of industrial wastewater enters, which undergoes appropriate treatment.

Below is a list of the largest enterprises - sources of surface water pollution,which account for 20% of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharges in Russia (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4

Dynamics of polluted wastewater discharges
largest sources of water pollution, million m 3

Company	2006	2007	2008	2009
SUE "Vodokanal", St. Petersburg	926,5	926,4	915,0	838,9
Kuryanovskaya aeration station, Moscow	862,4	860,6	832,1	785,6
Luberetskaya aeration station, Moscow	890,0	772,6	746,9	737,0
MP Samaravodokanal, Samara, Samara region	254,2	250,7	237,5	220,6
MP "Nizhny Novgorod Vodokanal", Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Region	230,0	229,7	233,2	215,1
Municipal unitary enterprise “Vodokanal”, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region	217,9	217,9	223,0	206,6
Vladivostok CHPP-2, Branch of OAO Far East Generating Company, Vladivostok, Primorsky Territory	198,9	204,4	204,6	202,2

Table 1.5

Volumes of production and consumption waste generation
by type of economic activity, million tons

Type of economic activity	2006	2007	2008	2009 G.
Total for the Russian Federation	3519,43	3899,28	3817,68	3505,0
Agriculture, hunting and forestry yours	17,32	26,60	67,65	77,4
Fishing, fish farming	0,21	0,06	0,10	0,09
Mining	2923,49	2785,16	3351,07	3066,4
Extraction of fuel and energy useful claimsinfamous	1732,08	1636,29	2064,72	1984,8
Extraction of minerals other than fuelexternal energy	1191,41	1148,87	1286,35	1081,6
Manufacturing industries	284,01	243,86	276,64	252,01
Food production, including drinksweaving, and tobacco	18,10	20,49	18,62	25,1
Textile and clothing production	0,25	0,10	0,25	0,23
Manufacture of leather, leather products and manufacture ofwow	0,08	0,06	0,03	0,06
Wood processing and productionyour wood products	5,37	5,96	4,83	5,0
Pulp and paper production; publishing and printing businessness	6,46	5,62	6,95	5,3
Production of coke and oil products	2,50	1,90	1,97	1,9
Chemical production	44,71	46,13	27,02	20,6
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products	0,16	0,16	0,19	0,14
Production of other non-metallic mineralsproducts	9,69	10,40	32,63	12,1
Metallurgical production and production of finished metal productseliy	189,82	145,00	175,25	174,6
Manufacture of machinery and equipment	2,16	2,01	2,32	1,8
Production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipmentania	0,98	0,79	0,50	0,58
Production of vehicles and equipmentania	3,00	2,96	4,15	1,9
Other manufacturing industries	0,74	2,29	1,95	2,7
Production and distribution of electricity rgy, gas and water	73,54	70,80	67,61	65,3
Construction	17,80	62,84	14,88	24,7
wholesale and retail; repair of motor vehicles, m otocycles, household products	143,14	310,92	13,27	2,3
Transport and communications	4,03	7,49	3,17	5,3
Operations with real estate, rent and provision of services	50,86	386,31	17,19	4,4
State administration and ensuring military security, obligatory personal welfare	1,46	0,50	0,52	0,71
Provision of other communal, social and personal services servants	3,05	4,30	4,70	5,4
Other activities	0,38	0,09	0,89	0,99

Almost 90% of the total amount of waste generated per year of all hazard classes in the country is related to the production of “mining”, while 57% is the extraction of fuel and energy minerals.

Distribution of environmental investments
by type of economic activity

According to Rosstat, investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and rational use of natural resources, in 2009 decreased in relation to the level of 2008 (Fig. 1.4) and amounted to 81.9 billion rubles.

The main investment component in environmental protection activities is own funds enterprises, the share of which exceeds three quarters of the total volume of investments. There is a decrease in the contribution of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets to environmental activities (Fig. 1.5).

Direction of environmental investmentsition, presented in fig. 1.6 is characterized by a steady growth trend in the “water” component over the past three years and a significant decrease in investments used for the protection and rational use of land.

An organization should be understood as an open and complex system that receives resources from the external (economic) environment, and also supplies its product to it. In our article, we will consider the concept and characteristics of the presented category, as well as other no less important aspects question.

The concept of the economic environment

The operating environment of an enterprise should be considered as a complex of relationships with subjects of economic activity, infrastructure links, natural and social systems as well as with government agencies. Economic environment structures are classified as follows:

• Microenvironment. IN this case areas of direct impact on the organization are such subjects: suppliers of resources of the material and technical plan; competitors; consumers of the company's product or services; marketing and resellers; state bodies and laws; institutions of a financial and credit nature; other contact audiences.
• The macroenvironment is distinguished by indirect influence. The following components take place here: the state of the economy; international events; political factors; NTP; socio-cultural conditions.

How to determine the state of the environment?

• It is worth noting that through them the state of the economy is revealed, which affects the goals of the organization and ways to achieve them. It is advisable to include inflation rates, the level of employment of the population, the international balance of payments, and so on.
• political factors. It must be borne in mind that the level of investment inflow and other resources to a particular region depends on political stability in society. The attitude of administrative management structures to business is expressed, first of all, in the establishment of various duties or benefits that can develop entrepreneurship in the region or crowd it out, creating unequal conditions for different enterprises.
• Socio-cultural factors. In this case, we are talking primarily about the traditions and life values ​​that prevail in society.
• Scientific and technical progress. This factor reveals the possibility of increasing the efficiency of production processes, and, consequently, the effectiveness of methods for satisfying consumer needs.
• Factors of international importance. If earlier there was an opinion that the international environment is considered the object of attention only of those structures that carry out economic activities for export, at present, changes in the world community concern almost all enterprises.

Intensive and extensive economic growth

To date, it is customary to distinguish between two types of growth in the economy. We are talking about intensive and extensive economic growth. In the latter case, the increase in the social product is carried out by increasing the production factors in quantitative terms: the involvement in the production process of labor resources of an additional type, production means (capital), land.

It is worth noting that the technological basis of production remains unchanged. Thus, the plowing of virgin lands to obtain maximum number grain, the involvement of the maximum number of employees for the construction of power plants, as well as the production of the maximum number of combine harvesters - all these are examples of an extensive option for increasing the social product.

The intensive variety of economic growth is primarily characterized by an increase in the scale of output of marketable products. It is worth noting that the latter is based on the widespread use of more efficient and qualitatively perfect production factors. Increasing the scale of production is usually achieved through the use of the best technology, scientific achievements, advanced technologies, the most economical resources, as well as by improving the skills of employees. These factors improve quality characteristics products, as well as the growth of resource saving, labor productivity and other indicators of the economic environment.

During scientific and technological revolution, that is, since the middle of the 20th century, in Western countries of the industrial type, it is precisely intensive growth in economics.

Characteristics of the external environment

Further, it is advisable to analyze the characteristics of the economic environment. The main ones are uncertainty, complexity, mobility, as well as the relationship of factors. The last category is a kind economic ties or the force with which a change in factor A affects other environmental conditions.

Complexity in this case is interpreted as the number of factors to which the production mechanism must respond for its own survival. In addition, it is the level of variation of each of the factors.

Mobility and uncertainty

Among the characteristics of the socio-economic environment, uncertainty and mobility are singled out. The latter is also referred to as dynamism. It should be understood as the speed with which changes are made in the economic environment. commercial structure. For example, in some industries (chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and so on), these changes are being implemented at a relatively fast pace. In others (for example, the extractive industry), they are somewhat slowed down.

Uncertainty should be understood as a function that depends on the amount of information that a company has regarding a specific factor in the economic environment, as well as a function of confidence in the accuracy of the data at hand. The more uncertain the external environment is, the more difficult it is to make decisions that are considered effective.

Dynamism of relations

The company's relations with the external environment are defined as dynamic. The economic environment is characterized by a large number of links between its components, which are conditionally classified into horizontal and vertical. It is advisable to consider the presented categories in more detail.

Vertical and horizontal links

Vertical links appear immediately after state registration structures, since each economic entity performs the relevant functions in accordance with the legislation in force in the country.

Horizontal ties primarily ensure the continuity of production processes and the sale of marketable products. They reflect the relationship of producers of material resources with suppliers, buyers of the product, business partners and, of course, competitors. Schematically and enlarged connections of the subject economic activity in the external environment, we will analyze below.

Category of horizontal links

So, the main link is the manufacturer of commercial products. He interacts with the following persons and structures (in other words, with counterparties):

• Public formations and organizations.
• Elements of the market infrastructure (exchanges, employment services, etc.).
• Government body authorities of federal (republican) significance.
• Suppliers.
• Consumers.
• Competitors.
• Business partners.
• Regional (local) structures of state power.

Final part

So, we have dismantled the category of the economic environment, its features, factors and other no less important points. In addition, we considered the classification of links in the economy, which is relevant today in the territory of the Russian Federation. In conclusion, it should be noted that in the external environment of the activities of business entities, it is customary to distinguish between the macro level (in other words, the macro environment) and the micro level (nothing but the micro environment).

It should be noted that at each of the presented levels there are relevant factors that affect the subject of economic activity. So, at the macro level, it is customary to single out political, natural, socio-demographic and environmental factors.

At the micro level, the management is influenced by the following factors: market conditions, tightness and form of partnerships, the level of development of the market infrastructure, relations with consumers and suppliers, and so on.

Today's marketers face many challenges. A huge number of marketing opportunities are opening up to them due to scientific and technological progress in the use of solar energy, the emergence of household computers and robots, cable television, modern medicine, new modes of transport, new forms of recreation and entertainment, new means of communication. At the same time, forces within the socio-economic environment will impose ever greater restrictions on the practice of marketing activities. And the decisive word remains with firms that will be able to create new values ​​and conduct marketing that is filled with a moral responsibility to society.

A few years after the first oil crisis, the economic environment in Japan presented an unusual picture. Companies had to take drastic measures to ensure the movement cash to deal with the situation. For example, in the textile industry, workers were encouraged to quit voluntarily, transferred workers to subsidiaries, and stopped recruiting college graduates.

As a result of studying the course, future leaders will be able to better navigate the ever-changing economic environment, adjust their goals, assessments and criteria, choose the most appropriate methods and tools for solving problems.

Business forms a self-regulating system, which is based on business entities, objects, relationships and business interests of business entities, the economic environment.

Finally, there are reproductive differences. If technical intensification is carried out (reproduced), as a rule, discretely, in leaps, in accordance with the development cycles of scientific and technological progress, then labor intensification is a reproductive process of a permanent, continuous nature. At the same time, not only labor itself is reproduced, but also everything related to it, working conditions, the potential of labor resources (population, physical and mental health of the nation, morality of society, qualifications of workers, their motivation, etc.), conditions that form the potential labor resources (social and economic environment, healthcare, education, culture, etc.), a system for stimulating the labor activity of employees (the degree of coincidence of the goals of society and the enterprise with the goals of the employee, the nature of the relationship between the measure of labor and the measure of consumption, etc.) .

Since the enterprise, its suppliers and consumers operate within a larger macro-environment of forces, the main factors operating in the macro-environment are the factors of the economic environment.

The development of innovations is greatly influenced by external factors. The main partners of enterprises are the state with its taxation system, suppliers, contractors, creditors, banks. A kind of market is a sales market with its own balance of supply and demand. These factors in any economic environment are concomitant risk elements of any innovation. However, in the industry of the Republic of Belarus, their formation is peculiar.

Despite the lag in the development of the infrastructure of the real estate market compared to the infrastructure of other areas of the market economy, real estate is one of the most attractive investment objects. The rapid pace of development of the domestic market, with its instability, due to the corresponding phase of the existence of the economic environment, creates conditions for obtaining superprofits that cannot be obtained in a stable economy in conditions of highly developed competition. Such a situation is rather quickly transient in historical terms, therefore, despite the attractiveness of real estate transactions in such conditions, one should take into account the extremely high risk of such investments.

The third attempt was made in a radically changed economic environment. Now the manufacturer (seller) is the full owner and is responsible for the results of his economic and commercial activities, and the consumer has the opportunity to choose the products whose consumer properties suit him to the greatest extent and correspond to his capabilities.

The level of innovativeness of the economic environment depends on many factors, the main of which are the accumulated intellectual potential, the relevant regulatory and legislative framework and the availability of investment resources of a risky nature (venture financing). The need for technical re-equipment of the leading sectors of the Russian economy (engineering, metallurgy, petrochemistry, transport), a significant reduction in quantity and quality of scientific and technical industry institutes and centers led to the formation of a layer of small innovative and engineering firms in Russia, on the one hand, on the other hand, large enterprises and holdings form subdivisions associated with the development and implementation of innovations that increase business efficiency.

In addition to expanding the range of products, large companies began to work actively in various economic regions. There was a need to draw up financial statements not only in the sectoral, but also in the regional context, according to the production belonging to any pei ion or location of sales markets. In this regard, paragraph 9 of IFRS No. 14 introduces the definition of a geographical segment. A geographic segment is a distinct component of a company that is involved in the production of goods or services in a particular economic environment and that is subject to risks and rewards that are different from those of components operating in other economic environments. When determining geographic segments, the following factors should be taken into account

The main thing in solving this problem is the creation of competitive conditions. Radical changes in the economic mechanism and the introduction of new management elements in the housing and communal services (HCS), the search for financial reserves to improve the reliability of the functioning of life support systems have changed the economic environment for the formation of a pricing policy in the production of potentially competitive works (services).

Even in stable industries, it is necessary to systematically review already existing programs, as the economic environment, the tastes and needs of consumers, the conditions of competition, production technologies are constantly changing. It is very important to recognize these changes in time and adapt existing programs to the changed conditions.

The course of action chosen by the organization on the basis of the information described above will cause the involvement of its resources in production for a long period, and the position of the firm will be influenced by the economic environment, i.e. the products it produces, its markets, and its ability to respond to future changes. The choice of course determines the long-term perspective for the organization and, therefore, the decisions it can make in the future. These decisions are usually called long-term, or strategic. Such decisions have a very large impact on the future position of the organization, so it is important that accurate information is collected about the organization's capabilities and its economic environment. In this connection, strategic decisions should be the prerogative of the top administration.

World experience has proven the viability and effectiveness of the market mechanism in ensuring the balance of the economy, in the rational use of labor, material and financial resources, in the creation of flexible industries that are receptive to consumer demands and the achievements of scientific and technological progress. Such a system of organization stimulates decisive action in mastering new methods of management, restructuring activities. A commercial organization becomes the main business entity. It is an independent commodity producer, the economic space for which is practically unlimited, but entirely dependent on the ability to work without loss, adapting to the changing economic environment.

However, the fundamental unity of on-farm reporting compiled by Western and domestic enterprises does not mean their identity. There are many features, they are predetermined by the fact that Western enterprises operate in a developed market economy. The market as the economic habitat of an enterprise indirectly influences the choice of methods and tools of intra-company management. Moreover, the market constantly forces to orient intra-company management to achieve the external goals of the enterprise as a market entity. This circumstance constantly encourages the enterprise to improve internal management, control the process of implementation and use of new management techniques and methods.

A more detailed structuring of the functions performed by a financial manager is easy to do, keeping in mind the following two circumstances: firstly, any enterprise is not isolated - it is forced to interact with its economic environment; secondly, all the main objects of attention of a financial manager in a generalized representation are systematized in the accounting (financial) statements, in particular - in the balance sheet, which is the best financial model of the enterprise.

Secondary information in the economic environment is extensive and scattered in many sources. Sources of secondary information are data from international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the European Organization for Cooperation and Development, the UN and others.

The economic environment is characterized by the presence of many links between its elements, which are conventionally divided into:

1) "Vertical" connections arise from the moment of state registration of a business entity and its inclusion in economic system. In addition, each business entity carries out its activities in accordance with the norms and requirements of the current legislation.

2) "Horizontal" connections ensure the continuity of the processes of production and sale of products, reflect the relationship of manufacturers with suppliers of material resources, with buyers of products, with business partners and competitors.

The economic environment includes two groups of factors:

1) direct exposure environment:

· state;

· suppliers;

· consumers;

· competitors.

2) indirect environment:

· technical;

economic;

social.

In the external economic environment of the functioning of business entities, two levels are distinguished: the macro level ( macro environment) and micro level ( microenvironment).

The main elements of the macro environment:

- economic environment- inflation is decreasing purchasing power consumers, new taxes could change the distribution of income, the level interest rates on capital can make investments in new enterprises profitable or unprofitable;

- political situation– changes in government may affect the degree of support for private enterprise, change attitudes towards the public sector, political instability may lead to long term investment be risky;

- legal environment- Changes in legislation relating to the activities of enterprises may encourage or, conversely, oppress certain areas of entrepreneurship;

- technological environment- new technologies can lead to an increase in competitiveness or its decrease if a competitor has achieved success in developing new technologies;

- social and cultural environment- the emergence of new styles, new fashion can create new opportunities. New ad hoc ideas may lead to certain limitations;

- natural and climatic, geographical situation - a good or bad harvest is immediately reflected in the price level;

- demographic situation- the relocation of people, changes in birth and death rates have a corresponding impact on the level of demand.

The main elements of the microenvironment:

Organizational structure;

Structure functional duties;

Structure of exchange of services;

Information structure;

Resource-technological structure;

Structure labor resources;

Organizational culture, understood as a set of norms and rules that regulate interactions between members of the workforce and are an expression of their collective knowledge and experience.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. List the forms of influence of the external environment on the formation of various types of enterprise development strategies.

2. How does the external environment influence the formation of the market
pricing?

3. How is the choice of the pricing strategy of the enterprise, taking into account the combination of market and state regulation prices?

4. Open economic essence the concept of "internal environment
enterprises".

5. Expand the content of the concept of "enterprise" and its formation
internal environment from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept.

6. What subsystems of the internal environment does the enterprise include from the standpoint of a system-integrated theory?

7. List the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise.

Tests

1. The economic environment for the operation of an enterprise is:

b) a set of external and internal factors that affect the production and economic activities of the company;

c) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;

2. The environment of direct impact is:

but) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;

d) an environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises

3. The environment of indirect influence is:

a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;

b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;

c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;

d) the environment in which vertical links arise between enterprises.

4. Factors of indirect impact:

a) level of stability macroeconomic indicators;

d) geographical factors.

5. Groups of factors affecting consumers:

a) external incentives;

b) the dynamics of the development of macroeconomics;

c) the level of development of the capital market;

d) personal.

6. Subjects of the external microenvironment:

a) system government controlled;

b) suppliers;

c) competitors;

d) manufacturers.

7. Types of competition:

a) galloping;

b) price;

c) moderate;

d) non-price.

8. Relationships arising in the external microenvironment:

a) vertical;

b) straight lines;

c) horizontal;

d) indirect.

9. Relationships arising in the macro environment:

a) vertical;

b) straight lines;

c) horizontal;

d) indirect.

10. External economic factors of the macro environment:

a) the size of GDP and its fluctuations;

b) presence railways;

c) research funds;

d) a budget deficit or surplus.

11. Subjects of the macro environment:

but) individual entrepreneurs;

b) government bodies;

c) local authorities;

d) unions of trade unions.

12. Properties of the external environment:

a) competitiveness;

b) complexity;

c) dynamism;

d) uncertainty.

13. The complexity of the environment is:

a) changes in one factor cause more or less significant changes in others;

b) the number, variety and variability of external factors affecting the economy;

c) the rate of changes occurring in the environment;

d) function of quantity and quality of information.

14. Pledge commercial success enterprise from the standpoint of the influence of the external environment on the activities of the company is:

but) net profit;

b) profitability;

c) consumer orientation;

d) focus on a competitor.

15. The external environment has an impact on almost all aspects of the enterprise through:

a) influence on the tactics and strategy of the enterprise;

b) horizontal connections;

c) vertical connections;

d) impact on earnings.

16. Reducing or stopping the production of certain goods:

a) requires the development of new types of products;

b) requires re-equipment of the enterprise;

c) requires the introduction of scientific achievements;

d) affects the competitiveness of the enterprise.

17. The internal environment of the enterprise is:

a) external factors that directly affect the economy of the enterprise;

b) the environment in which horizontal links arise between enterprises;

c) external factors that do not have an immediate impact on the economy;

d) a set of performance results, conditions and a system of interconnections between business entity units.

18. An enterprise from the standpoint of a process-oriented management concept is:

a) a complex, flexible, self-developing, multi-dimensional, multi-spatial production system;

b) an independent business entity with the rights legal entity;

c) the system of subdivisions, workshops and other structural units;

d) a set of similar industries.

International Marketing Environment

The international marketing environment is especially important element international marketing mix than for domestic marketing. in the context of the formation of a global world market international companies The following key factors should be monitored:

1) natural;

2) demographic;

3) economic;

4) technological;

5) political (legislative);

6) cultural.

The study of the marketing macro-environment allows us to draw conclusions about existing and future trends in the development of world markets.

In order to understand how to adapt their activities to new business conditions, as well as to decide how much the philosophy and practice of national marketing should change when entering a foreign market, international companies conduct a thorough analysis of important blocks of the international marketing environment that create threats or new opportunities - these are economic, technological , political, legal and cultural environment of international business.

The technological environment is a source of special risks associated with tightening life cycle goods, rapid obsolescence of products. Problems can cause administrative barriers (ban, control) for the movement of specific types of goods, services, the need for standardization and certification of imported goods, etc. Therefore, a company, entering a foreign market, must represent the real situation on the market, determine its needs, especially consumer behavior.

When planning to enter foreign markets, an international marketing figure must study the economy of each country of interest to him. The attractiveness of a country as an export market is determined by two characteristics.

The first of them is the structure of the economy. The economic structure of a country determines its needs for goods and services, levels of income and employment, and so on. There are four types of economic structures.

COUNTRIES WITH ECONOMY OF THE TYPE OF SUBSTANCE FARMING. Within the economics of the type subsistence farming the overwhelming majority of the population is engaged in the simplest agricultural production. They consume most of what they produce themselves, and exchange the rest directly for simple goods and services. Under these conditions, the exporter does not have many opportunities. Bangladesh and Ethiopia are among the countries with a similar economic system.

COUNTRIES ¾ EXPORTERS OF RAW MATERIALS. Such countries are rich in one or more types of natural resources, but are deprived in other respects. Most of the funds they receive through the export of these resources. Examples are Chile (tin and copper), Zaire (rubber) and Saudi Arabia(oil). Such countries are good markets for the sale of mining equipment, tools and auxiliary materials, handling equipment, trucks. Depending on the number of permanently resident foreigners and wealthy local rulers and landowners, it may also be a market for Western-style consumer goods and luxury goods.

INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. Within the industrial emerging economy the manufacturing industry already provides from 10 to 20% of the country's gross national product. Examples of such countries are Egypt, the Philippines, India and Brazil. As the manufacturing industry develops, such a country relies more and more on imports of textile raw materials, steel, and heavy engineering products, and less than ¾ on imports of finished textiles, paper goods, and automobiles. Industrialization creates a new wealthy class and a small but growing middle class who require new types of goods, some of which can only be met by imports.

INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. Industrialized countries are the main exporters of manufactured goods. They trade industrial goods among themselves, and also export these goods to countries with other types of economic structure in exchange for raw materials and semi-finished products. The large scale and variety of industrial activities make the industrialized countries with their impressive middle class rich markets for any goods. K industrially developed countries include the United States and Western Europe.

Second economic indicator¾ the nature of the distribution of income in the country. The distribution of income is affected not only by the features of the country's economic structure, but also by the features of its political system.

According to the nature of the distribution of income, an international marketing figure divides countries into five types:

1) countries with very low level family income;

2) countries with a predominantly low level of family income;

3) countries with very low and very high levels of family income;

4) countries with low, medium and high levels of family income;

5) countries with a predominantly middle level of family income. Take, for example, the Lamborghini market for ¾ of a car worth more than $50,000. In the countries of the first and second types, it will be very small. The largest single market for this car is that of Portugal (type 3 country), the poorest country in Europe, which, however, has many wealthy, prestige-conscious families capable of buying such a car.