Calculation of absolute economic efficiency. Calculation of KPI in Excel Examples and Formulas. What methods of calculating the indicators of economic efficiency of the enterprise use

He speaks: Elina Polihina - Ex-director of Personnel Group of Companies Block

When the HR-Director meeting spoke that the personnel motivation system was outdated and necessary to develop a new one, the company's head asked: "How effectively does the staff work now? Maybe a new motivation system and not needed? " Agreed that in two weeks the HR director will present real indicators Efficiency of employees. And at the same time justify, why companies are so many personnel selection managers.

According to the general director, the recruitment of personnel can be partially or completely shifted on linear managers, and on the salary of recruiters to save. To dissuade him in this, as well as to achieve another goal - to substantiate the need to update the system of motivation, we need rational arguments that understand the company's head. In other words, numbers. Consequently, the personnel director should have to become an economist and make the necessary calculations. Surely you more than once had to do it and you have experience. But experience has a flaw - the details are forgotten. Because of this, sometimes the task with which you have repeatedly coped earlier, it seems like a new and unfamiliar. It is necessary to refresh in memory, what methods you used before and what the mechanism of their action is. Let's remember everything together. Consider how to calculate the economic efficiency of the company's personnel, and then using the methods of economic analysis, solving another task - we will select the arguments in favor of the fact that the selection managers cannot be reduced.

He speaks: Natalia Turklets - Director of Working with Personnel "Lafarge Russia"

Correct indicators with the corporate strategy and features of the company's business model

If you ignore the specifics of the business model, then attempts to increase the performance of personnel are doomed to failure. First, it is important to understand, in which production stages the additional value of the product is created. In the FCMG sector, these are some stages, in the industry - others, in the service sector - third. Secondly, evaluate indicators from financial statements It is necessary in terms of their compliance of the corporate strategy. Only in this case can you determine correctly in which state they are and what steps should be taken to improve the state of affairs. Thirdly, you need to understand the needs of external customers, and not only internal consumers of HR divisions. Otherwise, errors will have errors in the selection and motivation systems, which is negatively reflected on business efficiency.

First we measure how much products are produced per employee and 1 ruble fot

We are talking about performance (personnel efficiency). To calculate it, take the formula as a formula for defining ROI (RETURN ON INVESTMENT). It looks like this: result: costs × 100%. Only in this case no need to multiply 100%, since in percentage we will calculate the change in performance indicator for different periods. We take the formula: Result: expenses. If necessary, adapt it to your company. Suppose you work as a staff director in a manufacturing firm. Then the formula will look like this: the volume of production (in monetary terms): labor costs. Under labor costs, we understand how many people and how long they worked on one or another task. If all employees work out the same number of man-days per quarter (you can establish any time for yourself), then in this formula, the "labor costs" indicator can be replaced by the average number of personnel.

Example

At the Khimvolokna factory for the II quarter, products were produced by 140,400,000 rubles. The average number was 310 people. Consequently, one employee accounted for products by 452,903 rubles (140,400,000: 310).

But this indicator is not enough. Measure the financial return on labor costs, in other words, calculate the production volume for 1 ruble fot. " This indicator is calculated by the formula: production volume (in monetary terms) / Fund of remuneration. In trading companies, this indicator will sound differently: "The volume of revenue for 1 ruble fot". And if you want to evaluate the staff that has the ability to directly affect the costs of production or sales, then it is better to use another indicator - "The volume of gross profits per 1 ruble fot."

Example

At the Khimvolokna factory, the size of the fot in the second quarter amounted to 31,830,000 rubles, and the volume of production for this quarter is 140,400,000 rubles. Consequently, on 1 ruble Fotage accommodation for 4.41 rubles (140.4 million rubles: 31.83 million rubles). In other words, for each ruble, invested in employees, the company receives almost four and a half rubles of income.

How to calculate the effectiveness of individual employees

Principles are the same as when analyzing the productivity of personnel as a whole. Calculate labor productivity: for example, how many cars of a certain brand sells a manager of the dealership center for a month. Also calculate how much money from the products sold is 1 ruble from the manager's salary. These and other indicators compare with the average on the company as a whole and draw conclusions. In addition, in this case, we can also use publicly colleagues. First, dealer centers selling cars of one price segment have a similar organ structure, and therefore their personnel performance indicators are more or less comparable. And secondly, on the initiative of the HR directors of this industry, a convenient database on indicators associated with paying and productivity in various companies is established and regularly updated regularly.

Calculate productivity for previous periods - quarters or half

For what periods you will make calculations, you decide. Perhaps, data on productivity and production for 1 ruble fot in previous periods you already have. Then just take and use them. If not, calculate the same formulas described above. Let's say for the two previous quarters (or half a year). These data will be required to objectively evaluate the indicators of the last current period, compare with earlier periods and identify the dynamics.

Example

In order to be able to interpret the indicators about the volume of products per person and for 1 ruble Fot for the II quarter of 2012, the Director of Humovvolokne's Human Resources calculated what these indicators were in the first quarter. The volume of production was then equal to 132.4 million rubles, the average number was 297 people, the size of the photo is 28.44 million rubles. Thus, the volume of products manufactured per person (performance) in monetary terms amounted to 445,791 rubles, and on 1 ruble Fot - 4.66 rubles.

Posing data for the current and for the previous periods, compare them and reveal the dynamics

This will allow us to evaluate the current indicators. After all, the dynamics shows what exactly happening with performance - it falls or grows. But we express the dynamics not just with the help of the words "there is a downward trend" or "productivity rises", and in numbers.

Example

The History Director of the Khimvolokna plant first compared the volume of production in monetary terms per employee for the first quarter and for the second: 446,000 and 453,000 rubles. Dynamics - 7 points, as a percentage - 1.6% ((453,000 rubles - 446,000 rubles): 446,000 rubles × 100%). There is growth. Then the HR-director looked that it became with the volume of production in monetary terms by 1 ruble Fot: in the previous quarter - 4.66, in the current - 4.41 rubles. Dynamics Negative: Reduced by 25 points, in percent - minus 5.4% ((4.66 rubles - 4,41 rubles): 4.66 rubles × 100%). What is the matter? In the fact that the costs of employee labor costs were noticeably increased - by 11.9%. All data Personnel Director reduced to the table (see Table 1).

Table 1. Data to assess the effectiveness of the staff of the Himvolokna plant

Exclude a seasonality factor and identify real trends

For example, in the field retail Sales grow by the end of each year and are reduced at the beginning of the following, which is associated with a change in consumer activity. In industrial enterprises, the volume of production is reduced during the summer months due to the fact that production stops on the planned overhaul. All this, of course, does not indicate that the staff begins to work less efficiently. To eliminate seasonality factor and identify real trends in the company, the indicators must be compared with their values \u200b\u200bfor a similar month or a quarter of one-year limit. Just make sure that the initial and current indicators are comparable, because the structure of the company itself could change much over the year.

If in your company, judging by the dynamics of indicators for different periods, there is an increase in productivity, then it is necessary to understand whether it is sufficient. One way to deal with this is to compare it with the effectiveness of the labor of personnel in competitors.

Example

The increase in labor performance at the Khimvolokna plant was 1.6% (in monetary terms - 7,000 rubles). Suspecting that this is not a very impressive result, although indicating about the growth, the HR director decided to compare how many products in monetary terms) account for one person in competitors. For this, the personnel director took the data of several competing companies, summarized them and divided them to the number of these companies. It turned out the average value - 535,000 rubles (see Table 2 below). At the factory, the volume of products per employee in the second quarter is 453,000 rubles. This is 18.1% less than in other companies ((535,000 rubles - 453,000 rubles): 453,000 rubles × 100%). So, the growth of performance at the factory is also quite low. And if we compare productivity with what it was in the III and IV quarters of 2011 and the first quarter of 2012, then there is a tendency to reduce (see chart).

We analyze indicators and dynamics

If you have revealed, for example, the volume of production for 1 ruble fot decreased, this means that the company increases the cost of personnel, but does not receive due dignity. Labor productivity Although it grows, but inadequate labor costs. It suggests the conclusion: the staff budget is consumed inefficient. However, it is not necessary to immediately make such a verdict. Analyze the structure of the fot, find out which articles rose and why. Maybe this is a forced measure. Let's say, the company hired new employees (including highly paid) to launch a new project. Therefore, the photo has already grown, but there is no return. It will be later when the project will be launched. In addition, the company could increase labor costs, for example, to keep qualified employees, as they are needed to implement the project.

Table 2.The results of the work of competing companies in the II quarter. 2012

He speaks: Tatyana Kuzmina - Director of the Department of Organizing Development and Managing Human Resources "Avtospets Center"

Follow four rules to make your calculations and conclusions look most convincing

First, use only fresh and accurate source data. To do this, get access to corporate information systemwhich reflects the latest manufacturing and financial indicators.

Secondly, imagine the results of your calculations with explanations so that the logic of reasoning was clear. Do not limit only to tables, and those that you make, do not overload the data. Then they will be easily perceived.

Thirdly, if, according to the results of the analysis, you will calculate savings / overrun, then specify which percentage it is from gross profits, a fot or other key indicator that top managers operate.

Fourth, spend parallels with similar indicators of other industry companies and your company indicators for past similar periods.

If productivity is reduced, this is an alarm. Try to identify all possible reasons. Not only related directly to humans. Suppose you know that the equipment has long been outdated. Perhaps it was now that it has become increasingly failing, and therefore the longer idle time caused by the expectation when the machines are repaired. Or suddenly the company began to supply low-quality raw materials or problems with the sale of products, with logistics, which is quickly and negatively reflected on the results. All these questions lie outside the scope of the HR-Director's responsibility. Of course, the reason may be in the poor-quality selection of personnel, an outdated system of training or, finally, in an overly bloated state (there are poorly downloaded employees). And this should be the headache of the personnel director.

Note the action plan: what to do to eliminate problems

Raise the Director General or on the Board of Directors, questions about the modernization of production and the replacement of outdated, worn-out equipment (if possible). If necessary, offer new system Motivation, which contributes to the fact that employees will work more efficiently. Take care of the implementation of the mentoring system so that experienced employees worked with young people and transferred their experience. Of course, if the staff costs are really overestimated, they will have to cut them, reducing the number of personnel. To do this, you will have to draw an assessment to reveal those who work, and those who only spend time at work.

Diagram. Slow out the growth of labor productivity for the quarter (in% to the previous quarter)

He speaks: Elvira Rudakova - Mango Telecom Personnel Director

Expenditures on the expansion of the social equipment, the corporate parties and training pay off immediately

Because all these events suggest a prolonged effect. So, the return may happen only after a while. In addition, the payback of such investments in the staff is always difficult to measure. A little simpler in this sense with training spending. It would seem, it would be quite clear how exactly the skills acquired by a person are reflected in his work, and therefore the increase in labor productivity to evaluate much easier. But the practice has long shown: it still must pass for a while before the employee or department, which has been trained, begin to apply the knowledge gained in work and improve the results. Another advice: make sure that the staff budget in its structure meets the company's strategic goals. Otherwise, it is impossible to talk about its effective expenditure, even if short-term indicators look positive.

How, using economic analysis, not to reduce the number of selection managers

Take as the basis of this situation: cEO The petrochemical plant, reducing staff, considered that it is necessary to abolish and managers for recruitment. Let, they say, linear managers themselves take away candidates and closed vacancies. At the salary of four dismissed recruiters, it will be possible to save 200,000 rubles per month. But you, of course, do not agree with such a decision, as you understand how important it is to select employees. To convince the company's head, prepare the numbers. Otherwise, he will not hear you and will not give up the idea to dismiss recruiters.

Show that the costs of recruiters are significantly lower than their income from their work. How to calculate the costs are generally clear. First, this is the salary of the department staff (taking into account insurance premiums). Secondly, the costs of posting vacancies and use the database of the summary. Thirdly, payment of the services of external assessment specialists attracted to assessment centers with candidates for top positions. But how to measure income from the work of recruitment managers?

Linear managers will spend a lot of time not to work, but to the recruitment of personnel. Experts involved in the selection of new employees only have the opportunity to consider more candidates than line managers.

Thanks to the selection managers, personnel turnover decreases, and this is saving. After all, the company spends its resources to search for employees - the time of specialists who fulfill the role of a recruiter, money on their salary. In addition, losses arising from vain learning are minimized.

Example

The HR Director of the St. Petersburg Construction Holding compared the indicator "Number of fired during the period of the test period" in his company with the same indicator of the company-competitor. It turned out that in the holding flow less than 20%, if you recalculate on the number of employees - 12 people. To show how much the company saves, thanks to this, the personnel director counted first the cost of receiving the work of one person. In total, it turns out 20 250 rubles. Thus, the quarterly savings from the decline in personnel of personnel was: 20 250 rubles × 12 \u003d \u003d 243,000 rubles.

The task of the competent leader is to know how to calculate the overall economic efficiency of the organization. After reading this article, you will not have difficulties in this issue.

You will learn:

• What is the economic efficiency of the organization.
• How to calculate economic efficiency.
• How to evaluate such efficiency.
• What are the types of evaluation.
• What makes the system of indicators economic efficiency Enterprises.
• What affects the indicators of economic efficiency.

What position the company ranks in the market, speaks of her competitiveness. These indicators affect the overall economic efficiency of the organization. Therefore, the task of each leader is to know how to calculate it.

What is the economic efficiency of the organization

The economic efficiency of the enterprise is a relative value that commemore the results of the result with resourcesand the cost necessary in order to achieve it. The company is effective when the results are growing, and their achievement costs are reduced.

For the head of any organization, an increase in the economic efficiency of the enterprise is the main management function. To correctly consider this question, you need to understand the differences in the concepts of "effect" and "efficiency".

The effect is the end result of any action. The value is not fully fully, because it does not demonstrate what price the result was achieved. For example, enterprises A and B earned 5.5 million rubles for the second quarter of 2018. The costs of the enterprise A amounted to 1.5 million rubles, and b - 2 million, that is, the effect of the same, and the effectiveness of achieving results is different.

Efficiency is characterized by the ratio of the effect on costs.

EE = Effect / Expenses

Thus, the value of the economic efficiency of the organization speaks of how much resources have been spent to achieve a specific goal. The theory of the enterprise economy is distinguished by 2 types of economic efficiency:

• Rdistribution of available resources. Displays how effectively the resources that were at the disposal of the organization were used.
• ANDuse of resources by industry. Shows how efficient resources in a specific form of activity were used.

There is no single approach to the criteria of effectiveness, because in practice there are a large number of subjective factors that often remain ignore. An analysis of the economic efficiency of the enterprise takes into account only factors within a particular organization, as there are various price redistribution, benefits from the state, reduce labor costs. In such cases, the resulting indicator will deviate from the objective indicator.

The effectiveness of the organization's economy is caused by a large number of factors interconnected. The formation occurs together.

Evaluation of the economic efficiency of the organization

The purpose of each company is to get the largest profit. For this, products are issued with the minimum possible costs, and competition promotes their distribution in accordance with market requests. Thus, the price is set to the product or service. In order to assess the economic efficiency of the enterprise, several types of evaluation use.

• Resource. The realized volume of products or services is compared with the maximum indicators of the expendable factors of production. It is expressed in the performance category. However, this approach will be least useful if there is no unified system of combination of homogeneous resources in the company.
• Pure money flow. In this case, the method of assessment takes into account a large number of factors. This is the amount of net profit of enterprises and depreciation less capital investments. On clean cash flow Also affect the changes in working capital and long-term loan obligations.
• Free flow of money. This assessment method is focused on movement. money without constant costs of its provision. In most cases, the indicator seems to be the volume of margin income of the organization.
• Modern. This is the amount of income that is generated by all business processes in the company minus the costs needed to achieve them.

Evaluation of the economic efficiency of the enterprise is studying the fundamental criteria for the activities of organizations. The more objective assessment, the more investment will be the ways, and their feasibility will be justified. It also gives the characteristic of the company's entire management, form his authority and image.

The main task is the correct assessment of the economic prospects and the definition of ways to achieve the organization of maximum indicators. Economic perspectives and potential are the amount of opportunities and resources for the development of the enterprise. With any changes in the external environment, characteristics are determined that involve an increase in the level of economic efficiency of the organization.

Indicators of economic efficiency of the organization

System Definition

Economic efficiency, like other indicators, is measurable. For this, used system of criteria and indicators. The criterion is properties and signs that are defined for calculations. Indicators - pronounced in quantitative criteria for economic efficiency. The more accurate and more correctly the criteria are installed, the more useful for the organization will be an analysis of economic activity.

Since the economic indicator is the characteristic of the enterprise or its individual actions and processes, then it may be qualitative. In this case, it displays not numerical units, but overall efficiency Process and level of its development.

Universal of all indicators of economic activity of the enterprise is profitability.

How to raise profitability by 2 times

The editorial office of the commercial director's journal has prepared recommendations, how to form a sales funnel for the sales department and conclude more favorable contracts.

However, depending on the industry and the peculiarities of the enterprise, the main indicators can be supplemented. In order for the analysis objectively reflecting efficiency, it must be in-depth and affect all parties to the economy. In this case, additional are added to the main indicators.

The selection of these indicators is determined by the purpose of the functioning of the business.

Example of agriculture. If you need to set the indicators economic Evaluation The crop farm, it will be reasonable to use the system of indicators: the yield of gross and commercial products for 1 kg of produced vegetables, labor productivity of farmers, water and fertilizer payback, payback.

Methodik

When the system of indicators is formed, it is necessary to determine how you will calculate them. For this use systems absolute and relative indicators.

Absolute indicators help track changes in various values \u200b\u200bof profits for several years: economic (from sales), clean or accounting. It is important not to overestimate them, as they do not take into account inflation.

Relative indicators do not depend on banking conditions, Therefore, they are more preferable in this regard.

The technique, as well as indicators, is elected depending on the purpose of the studied subject of activity, industry characteristics and other things. To clearly understand what tactics and how to choose to determine the economic efficiency of the enterprise, it is necessary to get acquainted in detail with the effects of the effect.

Effect indicators

Gross income

It consists of a salary fund and net income. Used to accumulate and consumption. In some branches, clean products can only be detected with mathematical calculations, since some of its part can be implemented in the process of achieving results or reackeling. therefore gross income Not in all cases reflects the real level and the movement of economic efficiency.

WED = T. x. PH(T - turnover, pH - calculated surcharge)

Payback of costs

One of the generalizing indicators. It represents how it belongs to the volume of pure products to general costs Of real and human labor.

Oz = WED / TZ. (VD - gross income, TK - labor costs)

Profit

It is part of gross income that was implemented. For each concept of enterprise costs, various profits concepts are assumed. There are differences between economic profits from the accounting.

Economic profit - The difference between the general revenue of the enterprise and the imputed resource costs. If the profit from the implemented goods and services is less than the imputed costs, then in this case the company is losses. If the result is fully overlapping the awkward costs, the enterprise uses the most available resources factive way. If the overall revenue is equal to impregnated costs, then economic profit is zero. In such a case, resources are used not in the worst way and benefit more than when using them alternatively. This is called the "normal profit of the enterprise."

Accounting profit It differs from the economic in that it takes into account implicit costs and indicators that are interpreted as missed opportunities. Accounting profit consists of the total profit of the organization before the deduction of those costs, which use their own resources. If you compare with normal profit, then accounting is an excess profit. Therefore, it is an economic profit, and not accounting is the criterion of business success, as it cannot correctly assess the effectiveness of the use of available resources.

Most often, specialists in the economy of the enterprise use economic profit to identify the level of economic efficiency. Applying accounting profits, in some cases, the timeliness and accuracy of the assessments will be much reduced.

Profitability

It is a ratio of profits to the cost of the enterprise. IN economic theory It is calculated on commercial products, however, gross can be used for certain types of business.

R = Profit / H. (X - the amount from which you need to calculate the return)

Profit rate

Calculated as the ratio of profits to the main and turnover assets. When calculating this indicator, it is necessary to take into account the specificity of the enterprise. Since, being part of the whole, it may not always correctly display the direction and dynamics of change. Difficulties in the calculation and analysis of economic efficiency indicators may arise due to the fact that the total costs are not defined. It is important to reduce heterogeneous types of costs (material, energy, administrative, work of workers) to unified system Measurements.

N.N \u003d Net profit / Revenue

Cost price

Individual price for the manufacture of any products. It is a form of expression and accounting of business costs.

How to reduce the cost

The question of competitive advantages is extremely important for many companies, and in a number of cases, the cost of the proposed goods, works and services plays a decisive role. Often it is trying to reduce it by reducing costs - for payment of personnel, on materials, spare parts. At the same time, there is another way - the optimization of taxes, described in detail in the article "Commercial Director" magazine.

Productivity of living labor

It is the result of pure and gross products per unit of labor costs, for example, at hour of working time. This indicator makes it possible to understand how much your employees work well, and analyze the dynamics of changes in the efficiency in departments or for the time segment.

How to manage the economic efficiency of the enterprise

The reasons for which an increase in the economic efficiency of the organization may be:

• scientific research, progressive technologies;
• mechanization of labor;
• automation of processes;
• organization and stimulation of labor;
• participation in sectoral work.

An increase in the economic efficiency of the enterprise is a multi-storey problem. it the most important indicator Business on which a huge amount of intra and foreign economic, socio-cultural, administrative and natural factors affects.

An increase in production intensity in combination with the use of achievements of scientific and technological progress makes it possible to reduce the adverse effects of external and other unforeseen factors. Increasing the specialization and concentration of production will lead to high indicators, if you make changes in reasonable limits and gradually.

Also on the economic efficiency of the organization affects the rationality of use production resources. If you can eliminate or minimize costs that do not affect the revenue, then avoid losses. Criterion for the benefits of a business problem is the degree of economic benefit. This also includes measures to reduce the cost of products and services with an increase in their quality.

In many sectors of the economy, one problem is quality. If you successfully decide it, then increase your competitiveness and position in the market. This is beneficial to affect the economic efficiency of your enterprise.

For successful management economic activities It is necessary to determine the goals correctly. The desire to get the greatest profit should be fixed for the purposes and plans of the enterprise at least a quarter. When dealing with foreign counterparties, it is important to take into account the currency aspects of payback and self-financing.

IN practical work Specialists in the economy of the enterprise exist 2 behavioral strategies:

• ANDfinancial The strategy implies emphasis on strong places in the company's activities. It is characterized by an offensive position in the market and is widely adaptable to changes in the market, environmental factors and consumer needs.
• T.radical The strategy for managing the economic efficiency of the enterprise involves minimizing the shortcomings and weak Parties Enterprises. In the market, the company ranks defending and in business decisions takes resources and potential enterprises.

The choice of the optimal strategy, taking into account the current conditions and specifics of the business entail economic indicators Enterprises.

Output

In business, it is important not only to know theoretical basis Calculation of economic efficiency, but also ways to increase the economic efficiency of the enterprise. In order for this process to be successful, the head of even small businesses should understand that this is and what economic efficiency differs from financial or accounting.

It is important to correctly define the system and choose the methods of calculation and analysis, because on the basis of this, quantitative and qualitative indicators are selected. If they are wrong to choose, the conclusions and the results you will receive on the basis of the study will be useless. Apply them in practice will be impossible.

Economic efficiency management is one of the main tasks of the head. You can achieve it in various ways, but you should always follow certain management rules: intensive use of resources, innovation, reducing the imputed costs and other things.

The effect is an absolute value showing the result achieved when performing any procedure.

Definition

Economical effect It is the result of human labor used, which is directed to the creation of certain material benefits.

At the same time, it is important not only in itself ensuring the result, but also what forces it was achieved.

For this reason, the basis of the calculation of economic efficiency is an annual economic effect, including the costs of achieving it. In addition, in addition to the absolute value of the effect, it is also necessary to determine the definition value of the effect calculated by dividing the total result of the results of the return of resources to obtain it.

The formula of the economic effect is considered the final economic result, which is obtained as a result of the presentation of the activities that cause the improvement of the corresponding performance indicators. The result is an absolute indicator measured in monetary units.

The resulting effect is generally based on initial exercise costs, and in the future receipt of additional profits from the introduction of activities. The economic effect itself can be represented as this additional income, which receives an enterprise through:

• additional profit
• minimization of material costs
• reduction of labor costs
• increasing production volumes
• an increase in product quality, which is expressed in price.

Formula of economic effect

There is no definite formula for economic effect. At the same time, the following formulas are most often used:

• Total amount of economic effect;

EOST \u003d (RAN - RSTAR) C

Here Rnov is a new result,

R Star - old activity,

C - the amount of costs discounted (for the entire period of the implementation of changes)

• Annual amount of economic effect

EGOD \u003d (Ran - Rstar) - C * N

N - the regulatory amount of the return on the attachments annual.

This formula of the economic effect compares the alternative opportunity to invest the expendable amount of funds into an alternative source of income. Here n may be a refinancing rate, credit percentage, Deposit rate, percentage of bond yields, etc. You borne this value will depend on certain investment opportunities.

Formula of economic efficiency

Economic efficiency is an indicator that is determined by the ratio of the economic effect on the cost of this effect. The formula of economic efficiency is as follows:

E \u003d uh / s

Here EE is the magnitude of the economic effect,

W - costs for its implementation.

What Shows the Economic Effect

It can be said that with the help of the effect, the degree of efficiency is determined, which in turn determines the degree of profitability. The effect indicator is relative, so it can be used when compared with existing standards.

In general, the benefit from the implementation of the effect is characterized by three circumstances:

1) costs for events that should be as small as possible;

2) the effect of the introduction, which must be maximum;

3) the period during which the effect occurs.

Depending on the nature of the activities carried out to increase the effect, its calculation is carried out in different ways. The general formula of the economic effect does not exist, it is defined as the source of obtaining this effect is determined.

If an annual effect of the event is obtained when calculating, it is necessary to obtain its multiplication by the number of years that this effect is brought.

Examples of solving problems

Example 1.

Economic efficiency refers to the overall performance of activities that is expressed end product in relation to consumed resources. In fact, it is the result of the functioning of a certain economic model (an example is the national economy).

The main criterion on a global scale it is necessary to consider the level of satisfaction of the needs of the final consumer, that is, society as a whole.

General indicators of economic efficiency

To them, in particular, counted:

• national income;
• GNP, based on one citizen;
• the level of productivity of socially useful labor;
• efficiency;
• cost per unit of sales;
• profitability;
• profitability of the production process;
• payback.

In addition, speaking of economic efficiency should not forget about:

• laboriousness;
• capital intensity;
• material consumption;
• fondainness.

IN technical Plan The level of development of production and the effectiveness of its operation is also taken into account.

Calculation of economic efficiency achieved during activities

An example of this kind of events is the introduction of innovative production processes. The calculation is based on separate calculations. In this case, the costs of work, which were carried out using new solutions and without them are compared.

As a rule, the main indicator of the economic efficiency of such actions is considered to increase productivity.

Another example of effectiveness of events is the secondary use of wastewater. A comparative assessment is used here. As the main criteria are:

• calculation of the minimum costs of protection of water resources;
• proper satisfaction of the needs of enterprises in water.

Events aimed at studying demand as a result lead to an increase in industry efficiency. This is achieved by reducing the cost of accessing products that are not demanded by the consumer.

When the economic efficiency of the introduction of new types of building materials is calculated, the main aspect is taken into account - reducing the time required for the construction of the entire building or completion a certain step work.

In addition, it takes note:

• reduction of labor costs;
• reduction of the cost of work;
• price of building materials;
• operating costs for equipment.

Meanwhile, the effect of such activities should be measured in the money equivalent. General rule Here this is a reduction production expenses Guarantees profits growth.

Sometimes an increase in economic efficiency contributes to measures aimed at improving product quality. An example is the oil refining industry. The production of fuel or lubricating oils of the highest grade is associated with increasing retail cost and, therefore, leads to an increase in profitability.

Thus, the most accurate characteristics of the effectiveness of measures are obtained when comparing the cost of manufactured products or works before performing certain actions and after them.

Calculation of project efficiency

According to statistics, in the United States for eight projects implying the introduction of innovative technologies, six as a result are unprofitable, and one can go to zero. Nevertheless, the company continues to invest tremendous funds in innovation. It happens for one simple reason - in case of success, the profit is able to overlap all the costs and much to exceed them.

In order to more clearly understand how it is necessary to evaluate this or that project, we use an example of a very real undertaking.

The company "X" decided to build a contemporary metallurgical plant specializing in the processing of one rare-earth resource. For the work of the enterprise, it was assumed to use just developed equipment, thanks to which the costs declined as a whole to a third.

How was such effectiveness achieved? A new technological solution made it possible to completely avoid evaporation of valuable metal during smelting. In this case, the furnaces were allowed to produce rolls of various sizes and volume, while all over the world they were made one standard. In addition, less energy intensity of furnaces contributes to an increase in economic efficiency.

An example of determining the profitability of the project under consideration will largely be universal. When implementing the initiative, the main indicator that the investor should be taken into account is the fall in the cost of money over time. The calculation must be carried out on the basis of this.

The current cost of future spending after deduction from it current expenditures is referred to as a net discounted income (CDD). Thus, if it is greater than zero, it will turn out that it is more profitable to invest your funds than to save in the bank.

The formula defining the indicator of ChDD involves the use of such a concept as a payback period. The considered example implies that it will take no longer than 2 years. Such a short period of time is quite attractive for the depositor.

When the value of the CDD is zero, the meaning of investing is preserved, provided that the capital holder will receive, except for money, another profit. With an indicator of pure discounted income, less than zero, there is no reason to invest in the project. In the case above, everything indicates its economic efficiency.

Meanwhile, conducting the calculation, you should take note of the LEF (internal rate of profitability). This indicator gives a presentation to the capital market, how effectively the costs of funds are spending. Among other things, the GNI demonstrates the size interest rate Finacheamia, corresponding to the required level of profitability of the plant's construction. Its calculation should be made, taking a chdd equal to zero.

In addition, the assessment of the profitability of the project is necessary for comparison with others in determining the preference of investment.

Before implementation, it is necessary to find out the chances of the success of the undertaking. For this, the main criteria are determined. An example with the construction of the plant assumes that one of the meaningful will be commissioned during a certain period.

The second criterion is the proof that the products will be manufactured, complies with the condition and standards. Confirmation in this case is the result of the first smelting in the furnace. With the failure of S. greater degree Confidence should talk about failure. This means that in reality this criterion is even more important than the first, which gives the basis if necessary, push the delivery time.

The third circumstance, which is worth considering, considering this example, is the time necessary for the output of production on planned power.

Stumbling block modern economy It is its productivity, which is determined by the term economic efficiency. It can be applied both in relation to the work of a separate enterprise and to the whole economic system generally.

How to determine economic efficiency

Calculate the economic efficiency of a certain type of production on the basis of its main indicators, one of which is resource efficiency. It is the ratio of the result of production to the resource spent on its implementation, as whose role can act:

• Material;
• Work.

The main indicators of resource efficiency are:

• Material studio;
• Labor productivity.

However, the level of labor efficiency also reflects the degree of economic efficiency in the scale of the whole country. Consider its value on the example of 5 states:

• Ireland - 56 thousand dollars;
• Luxembourg - 55.6 thousand dollars;
• Russia - 18 thousand dollars;
• USA - 36.8 thousand dollars.

How to withstand Competition

Efficient work economic System It can be achieved solely if fully satisfying the needs of all members of society through the use of the collapsed list of resources. The most clear of all its indicators is competitiveness, the study of which has been engaged in leading economists in the framework of the project "Competitiveness for two decades. Global Review. In 1999, they were analyzed in detail all aspects of the economy of 59 countries whose products ensured the demand of the world population by 95%. According to statistics, a number of reforms of the 90s in Russia significantly reduced the established level of state competitiveness. However, conducting experts by the World Economic Forum of Business Analysis 125 countries raised Russia to 62 place. India and China occupied 40 and 50 ranking, and economically developed countries became its leaders.

Despite the fact that competitiveness is unable to shed light on integrated indicators of the economic efficiency of the state, its advantage is the complete and qualitative feealty of one of the parties to production. The ability to surpass competitors expresses the potential of the country in such industries as:

• Production;
• Science and technology;
• Economy.

What is effective in terms of the economy

Under economic efficiency, the attitude of the efficiency of the enterprise to the amount of funds spent on achieving a certain result is understood. It can be expressed:

• In monetary equivalent;
• In relative units.

The level of productive use of the company's resources, or its profitability, can be calculated based on the ratio of profits to:

• Production costs;
• Used capital.

Independent calculation of enterprise profitability

The calculation of economic efficiency is made after determining the final result and relative costs. Let's try to do it yourself on the following example. Suppose that the final result of the enterprise is the monthly output of a certain product in the amount of 3 million rubles. Direct production costs will be considered:

• Executions of employee wages.

If the rate of 10 of them is 20 thousand rubles, and the remaining 15 receive 30 thousand rubles, the total amount necessary for the payment of content will be equal to 650 thousand rubles. Given 30% of tax 195 thousand rubles.

• The cost of packaging of the product and the required raw material is 100 thousand rubles.
• Expenses for the needs of the enterprise - 80 thousand rubles.

The total amount of all costs amounted to 1025,000 rubles

3000000 — 1025000 = 1975000.

We have a number that demonstrates the level of efficiency of the enterprise in monetary equivalent in one month. Based on this, we turn to the calculations relative indicator efficiency. To do this, it is necessary to divide the amount of all earned money to the amount of costs aimed at production.

3000000/1025000 = 2,92

We subtract unity

2.92 - 1 \u003d 1.92 or 192%

The resulting percentage and determines the efficiency of production.

Since the company is limited to the release of one product, it is necessary to take into account additional costs that can be:

1. Wage Managing composition of the company

• Director - 70 thousand rubles;
• Chief Engineer - 60 thousand. rub.;
• Chief Accountant - 50 thousand. rub.;
• Team of managers (10 people) - 35 thousand rubles;
• Taxes - 159 thousand. rub.

2. Costs associated with:

• Transportation - 50 thousand rubles;
• Storage - 60 thousand rubles;
• Unforeseen expenses - 70 thousand rubles.

Total: 869 thousand rubles, and the total amount of expenses is equal to 1 million 894 thousand rubles.

The profitability of the enterprise, taking into account all the costs amounted to 58%