In the passive of the banking balance, all sources of the formation of banking resources are reflected, which are accumulated by the Bank for profitable use in the process of carrying out operations.
Bank liabilities ("bank resources") can be divided into two large groups:
- Banking capital and its equivalent articles (own funds (capital) of the Bank).
- Attracted funds (deposit and nonpositive).
The main source of resources of the commercial bank are attracted funds that make up 86-88% and more than all banking resources. The share of own funds of Russian commercial banks accounts for 12-14%, which generally meets the established structure in world banking practice.
Own funds (capital) of the bank
Law on Banks and Banking Minimum amount of own funds (capital) for existing Russian banks In 2009, 180 million rubles was established. But this rate is introduced in the Russian banking system gradually. So, on January 1, 2010, the size of own funds (capital), which meets the requirements of the legislation, should be at least 90 million rubles. Banks that do not meet the established standards must either increase their capital or transform into a non-bank credit organization for which the requirements for minimal capital size below. In case, if the Bank's capital remains below the level admissible on January 1, 2010, the Bank of Russia is obliged to withdraw a license from this bank. And on January 1, 2012, according to the law on banks and banking activities, the minimum amount of own funds (capital) of all Russian banking organizations should be no lower than 180 million rubles. The bank, which applies to expanding its operations and obtaining a general license, should have capital in the amount of at least 900 million rubles.
The bank's own funds (capital) is a calculated indicator, which is defined as the amount consisting of:
- authorized capital of the bank;
- bank funds;
- retained earnings.
As part of its own funds, approximately half falls on the funds, and the second half is the profit of the current year.
The structure of own funds of the bank is heterogeneous in quality and varies during the year, depending on a number of factors.
Charter Foundation (Capital) Creates the economic basis of the existence of the Bank and is a prerequisite for the formation of a bank as a legal entity, and therefore special requirements are presented to it. The authorized capital of the credit institution is drawn up from the magnitude of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors. Its value is governed by legislative acts of central banks. Currently, in the Russian Federation, the minimum amount of the authorized capital of the newly registered bank on the day of submission of a petition for state registration and issuance of a license for banking operations is established in the amount of 180 million rubles. The minimum size of the authorized capital of the newly registered non-bank credit institution was established in the amount of 90 million rubles. For the formation of authorized capital, intangible values \u200b\u200bcannot be used (for example, know-how). The Bank of Russia establishes the limit amount of property (non-monetary) contributions to the authorized capital of the credit institution, as well as the list of types of property in a non-monetary form, which can be made to the payment of share capital. Cannot be used to form the authorized capital of a credit institution raised funds, i.e. The founders should not contribute to the authorized capital of funds made on credit.
In order to evaluate funds made in the payment of the authorized capital of the Bank. The Bank of Russia can establish criteria for assessing the financial position of its founders. The criteria for the participation of individual participants in the formation of the Bank are also defined. Thus, the acquisition as a result of one or several transactions by one legal or individual or a group of persons related to the agreements, Over 1% shares (shares) of the credit organization requires Notifications of the Bank of Russia, more than 20% - prior consent. These provisions are valid from January 11, 2007 in relation to both residents and non-residents.
Reserve Fund It will be created in order to absorb possible losses arising in the Bank's activities and ensures the stability of its functioning. The formation of the reserve fund is mandatory for a commercial bank, and its value is established under the legislative procedure as a percentage of actually created by the authorized capital. Now the minimum amount of the reserve fund cannot be less than 15% of the value of the authorized capital. The reserve fund is formed by the contributions from the profit of this year, after approval of the annual accounting report, the General Meeting of Shareholders of the Bank. Installed strictly defined goals to which funds from the Reserve Fund can be used. This is, firstly, covering the losses of the credit institution at the end of the reporting year and, secondly, an increase in the authorized capital by capitalization. At the same time, capitalization is subject to only funds for the reserve fund, which exceed the minimally set size.
Other funds, such as the funds of economic stimulation, development funds, etc., can also be created in the bank. There are also a group of funds associated with the action of certain economic factors, such as inflation and exchange rate differences between national and foreign currency. These are funds on the revaluation of fixed assets and funds for the revaluation of currency funds. The size of these funds is very devoted, and their volume under certain circumstances can reach very essential numbers.
In the process of the bank's activities, the amount of own funds varies. It is adjusted (i.e., depending on the established conditions, increase or decrease the amount of capital of the Bank) on the magnitude of the reassessment of funds in foreign currency, reassessing securities applying on the stock exchange, reassessing precious metals. And there are indicators of the Bank's activities that only reduce the amount of their own funds of the credit institution, this is the size: allowed losses, redeemed their own shares, a reasonable reserve for possible losses on loans, an inflated reserve for possible losses on balance assets and off-balance sheet accounts, an undislated obligatory impairment reserve investments in securities, excess of the cost of acquiring material assets (including the acquisition of fixed assets) over its own sources, funds for correspondent accounts in credit institutions with a revoked license, etc.
Attracted funds of credit institutions
In no amount of banking resources, the funds raised occupy the prevailing place. Their share in various banks varies from 75% and higher.
In world banking practice, all attracted resources for the method of their accumulation are grouped as:
- deposit;
- nonpositive.
The main part of the resources of commercial banks - about 90% is deposits, i.e. Cash enrolled in the bank by its clients - individuals and legal entities.
Nonpositive means - These are attracted funds that are purchased on the market on a competitive basis, and their involvement initiative belongs to the bank itself. The nonpositive sources of resources of banks include:
- obtaining loans in the interbank market from other credit institutions (Interbank Credit - MBK);
- receiving loans from the Central Bank (various types of CB loans: settlement, overnight, pawnshop, RSP operations);
- release of own bonds and bills of commercial bank.
Depository Cash funds made to the Bank by its clients for certain accounts and used in accordance with the account regimen and the current legislation are called.
The basis for opening a bank account, the deposit account (deposit) is the conclusion of a bank account agreement and the provision of all documents defined by the legislation of the Russian Federation. GAK, to open the current account, the legal entity-residence in the Bank are provided:
- certificate of state registration of a legal entity;
- constituent documents of a legal entity;
- licenses (permits) issued to a legal entity in the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for the right to implement activities subject to licensing;
- card with sample signatures and print print;
- documents confirming the powers of the persons listed in the card are at the disposal of cash on the bank account, and in the case of when the Agreement provides for the certificate of the rights of the Order of Cash, which is on the account, using an analogue of its own signature - documents confirming the powers endowed right to use analogue of the personnel signature;
- documents confirming the powers of the sole executive body of a legal entity;
- certificate of registration with the tax authority.
The opening of the bank account is completed with the introduction of an appropriate entry into the book of registration of open accounts, which is conducted in the bank. The client may be denied the opening of a bank account if the documents confirming the information necessary to identify the client or are given unreliable information. When opening an account, the bank must establish whether the client has in its own interests or in the interests of the beneficiary (in this case, bank officials must identify the beneficiary).
Banks conclude with customers the following contracts:
- bank account agreement (cash and cash service contract);
- bank deposit agreement (deposit agreement for legal entities and savings for individuals);
- correspondent agreements (residues on correspondent accounts of other banks in this bank - Loro accounts).
In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in our country, banks can open the following types of accounts in Russian currency and foreign currency: current accounts, settlement accounts, correspondent accounts, correspondent subaccounts, trust accounts, deposit accounts (deposits).
By timing, these accounts are divided into two groups:
- demand deposits;
- urgent deposits (with their species - deposit and sampling gate l ia m and serti fi ki).
Deposits to demand - These are funds on current, settlement, budgetary and other accounts related to the commission of calculations, funds on correspondent accounts of other banks (Loro), as well as deposits of physical and legal entities to demand, i.e. These tools can be used by depositors at any time as entirely and by any parts. With its settlement and current accounts, the enterprise and the organization pay their costs associated with the implementation of settlements with suppliers, contractors, with budget and extrabudgetary funds, relieve money for paying wages and travel staff, perform other necessary payments. This account comes to revenue from the sale of products and services of enterprises, other payments are carried out to the legal entities - owners of these accounts and credit cash passing by enterprises to their bank account. In addition, the amounts of loans provided to them, contributions of shareholders (participants) of enterprises in their authorized capital, deposit amounts and interest paid by banks to enterprises for the use of borrowed funds, as well as fines, penalties, and other cash receipts, can be credited to the settlement and current accounts of legal entities. Cashless and cash forms.
A variety of accounts to demand that are increasingly distributed are Special Card Accountsopened bank card holders. The spending of funds from a special card account is carried out within the expenditure limit (for settlement cards) or within the credit line account provided by the credit line account and the expenditure limit (for credit cards).
As a rule, demand accounts are the lowest income, since interest on them is either not paid at all, or their size is very small. But this is the least stable part of the resources, since they can be used at any time for settlements. For the commission of the Bank's account operations, the Commission is charged in the form of a fixed monthly billing fee or a certain amount (or percentage of the amount of payment), charged for each account.
Urgent deposits - These are funds made to the bank to a fixed term. These accounts are opened by individuals and legal entities to account for funds placed in credit institutions in order to obtain income in the form of interest accrued on the amount of shaved cash. The paid percentage on them is usually higher. But these are the most interesting cash for banks, as they are more stable and can be used in the long-term investment of the bank.
Urgent deposits can be two types. Deposits with a deadline for the warning period of the Bank's withdrawal are to a certain extent transitional step between demand bills and urgent deposits (deposits). This causes the size of interest paid on such accounts. When placing funds to bank products of this type, the Client concludes a contract with the bank, which records the term (in days, months) of the time notification of the client about the intention to remove funds from the bank account. This account may also be able to replenish it, which, as a rule, does not require advance notice.
When attracting funds in Deposits (deposits) with a fixed term (Urgent deposits, deposits) The Bank undertakes to return the amount of its deposit to the Customer as established by the Treaty of Deposit Decline. At the same time, the payment of interest on the deposit is possible or simultaneously with the expiration of the period on which it is accepted, or after certain intervals (monthly, quarterly, etc.). Early removal of funds from a deposit account in this case, usually assumes holding a certain penalty from the client or a decrease in the amount of interest paid on the deposit. The deposit deposit agreement concluded between the Depositor and the Bank regulates the rights and obligations of the Parties to the Treaty, the procedure and conditions for returning the contribution of the contribution amount and interest on the deposit, the procedure for resolving disputes and contains other substantial moments for the bank and depositor.
Attraction by credit organizations of funds for a fixed period may be issued not to the deposit deposit agreement, but a discharge deposit or savings certificate - a certificate certifying the amount of the contribution of the contribution and the rights of the depositor (certificate holder) to receive the amount of deposit and the amount of deposit and due to interest in the credit certificate Organizations issued certificate. In Russia, deposit certificates are issued to depositors - legal entities, savings certificates - depositors to individuals.
The structure of bank accounts and deposits depends on the number and quality of its clientele, the place of the bank in the banking system and the economy, the Bank's ability to offer investors satisfying them for reliability, profitability and timing banking products. The ability of the Bank on time to fulfill its obligations to creditors and depositors is the most important requirement for the organization of the Bank Management System, its liquidity.
conclusions
The main source of funds with which the Bank operates is the money attracted by him from enterprises, organizations and the population - the obligations of the bank. Depending on the conditions on which the Bank attracts funds from organizations and citizens, the Bank's obligations can be divided into deposit and non-erection, to demand and urgent, etc. The basis of deposit resources is to demand accounts. Nonpositive forms of attraction by banks funds are the release and accommodation of bonds, bills, other debt securities, receiving loans from the Central Bank and other credit institutions, will exchange bills and bank acceptance.
The minimum size of the authorized capital of the bank
The authorized capital of the bank (credit institution) consists of the magnitude of the paid contributions of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors.
The authorized capital of the credit institution provides the normal operation of the Bank for customer service and lending and is formed from the monetary and material assets of the founders.
The Bank of Russia, individually for each bank, establishes the limit amount of property (non-cash) deposits into the authorized capital of the credit institution, and also establishes a list of types of property in not monetary form, which can be made to the payment of authorized capital.
The authorized capital of the credit institution is defined by Article 11 of the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" from 02.12.1990 N 395-1 (with additions).
The authorized capital of the bank
The minimum amount of the authorized capital of the credit institution in Russia according to the Federal Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" on the day of filing a petition for state registration and issuing a license for banking operations is established in the following amount:
- 1 billion rubles - for a newly registered bank with a universal license;
- 300 million rubles - for the newly registered bank with a basic license;
- 90 million rubles - for a newly registered non-bank credit organization, with the exception of the minimum amount of the authorized capital of the newly registered non-bank credit organization - the central counterparty;
- 300 million rubles - for a newly registered non-bank credit organization - a central counterparty.
- 154 banks are of the size of authorized capital from 1 billion rubles. and above that correspond to the status of banks with a universal license, including especially large, with the size of authorized capital from 10 billion rubles. And above in Russia - only 35.
- 159 banks with authorized capital from 300 million rubles. up to 1 billion rubles. - Comply with the status of regional banks with a basic license.
Of the total number of credit institutions under November 1, 2011 (572), the first two categories of banks are 54.7% (154 + 159 \u003d 313) here are the largest and systemically significant banks for Russia, such as: Sberbank of Russia, VTB, Alpha Bank, Rosselkhozbank, bank GPB, etc.
Banks and non-bank credit institutions whose authorized capital is in the range of from 60 million rubles to 300 million rubles - in the near future it is to be made to make a difficult decision on its reorganization. Such credit institutions under November 1, 2017 - 186 and their activities are limited by the temporary framework.
And banks and non-bank credit organizations with a minimum amount of authorized capital of which are lower than 60 million rubles as of November 1, 2017 in Russia - 73. They can be safely attributed to credit organizations with an increased risk of bankruptcy, their activities are limited by the time framework.
What awaits those banks that do not gain the regulatory capital or decreases? The actions of the Bank of Russia on such credit institutions are clearly spelled out in chapter 20 FZ "On Banks and Banking Activities":
The Bank of Russia is obliged, with the exception of cases established by federal laws, withdraw a license to carry out banking operations in cases:So, banks that in these periods will not be able to resolve the issue with the minimum amount of authorized capital to the required norm, will have to or lower their status, or close, or join other banks. And work in this direction by banks is already being held.
- if the value of all standards for the adequacy of own funds (capital) of the credit institution becomes below two percent.
If in the last 12 months preceding the moment when, in accordance with this article, the credit institution should be withdrawn from the specified license, the Bank of Russia has changed the methodology for calculating capital adequacy of credit institutions, for the purposes of this article, the method is applied, in accordance with which credit capital adequacy Rganizations reaches the maximum value;- if the size of its own funds (capital) of the credit institution is below the minimum value of the authorized capital established at the date of state registration of the credit institution. The specified basis for the review of the license for banking operations is not applied to credit institutions during the first two years from the date of issuance of a license for banking operations;
- if a credit organization does not perform by paragraph 4 (1) of the head of the IX FEDERAL Act "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)", the requirements of the Bank of Russia on bringing into compliance with the value of the authorized capital and the size of own funds (capital);
- if a bank with a universal license for January 1, 2018, the size of own funds (capital) does not comply with the requirements established by the first article 11 (2) of this Federal Law on the relevant date, there are no grounds established by part of the fourth article 11 (2) of this Federal Law To continue its activities as a bank with a universal license, and such a bank did not receive before January 1, 2019 in the order established by the Bank of Russia, the status of a bank with a basic license, or did not change its status on the status of a non-bank credit institution, or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with simultaneously discontinuation of the status of a credit institution and cancellation of a license for banking operations;
- if a bank with a universal license after January 1, 2019, for four months in a row, a decrease in the size of its own funds (capital) is lower than the minimum amount of own funds (capital), established by part of the first article 11 (2) of this Federal Law, with the exception of its reduction due to change Bank of Russia Methods for determining the size of own funds (capital) of the Bank with a universal license, and within six months from the date of the expiration of the specified period did not receive the status of a bank with a basic license in Russia established by the Bank of Russia, or did not change his status on the status of non-bank
credit institution, or not received the status of a microfinance company with the simultaneous termination of the status of a credit institution and cancellation of a license for banking operations;- if the Bank with a basic license after January 1, 2018 for four months in a row made a decrease in the size of own funds (capital) below the minimum size of own funds (capital) established by part of the first article 11 (2) of this Federal Law, with the exception of its reduction due to change Bank of Russia Methods
determining the size of own funds (capital) of the Bank with a base license, and within six months from the expiration date of the specified period did not change its status in the status of a non-bank credit organization established by the Bank of Russia or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with a simultaneous termination of the status of a credit organization and cancellation licenses for banking operations;- if the bank with a universal license did not fulfill the requirement provided for by part of the seventh Article 11 (2) of this Federal Law, and in the final law established by part of the ninth article 11 (2) did not receive the status of a bank with a basic license installed by the Bank of Russia, or not changed its status on the status of a non-bank credit institution, or did not receive the status of a microfinance company simultaneously terminating the status of a credit institution and cancellation of a license for banking operations;
- if the bank with a basic license did not fulfill the requirement provided for in part of the eight of Article 11 (2) of this Federal Law, and in the current federal law established by part of the tenth of Article 11 (2) of this Federal Law, the term did not change its status on the status of a non-banking credit organization established by the Bank of Russia or did not receive the status of a microfinance company with the simultaneous termination of the status of a credit institution and revocation of a license for banking operations;
- if the non-bank credit institution, the size of own funds (capital) of which on July 1, 2016 amounted to 90 million rubles or more, or non-bank credit institution, created after July 1, 2016, for four months in a row permits a decrease in size
own funds (capital) below the minimum size of own funds (capital), established by part of the thirteenth article 11 (2) of this Federal Law, with the exception of its reduction due to the change in the methodology for determining the size of own funds (capital) established by the Bank of Russia;- if the non-bank credit institution, the size of own funds (capital) of which, on July 1, 2016, amounted to less than 90 million rubles, for four months in a row, decreases the size of its own funds (capital) (with the exception of its reduction due to the application of a modified methodology for determining its own funds ( capital) established by the Bank of Russia) is lower than the size of its own funds (capital) in her on July 1, 2016;
- if non-bank credit institution has not fulfilled the requirements established by the parts of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Article 11 (2) of this Federal Law.
Choosing a bank to service, it is primarily to check its authorized capital and which category the bank refers. How to do it? In accordance with the provision of the Bank of Russia of July 16, 2012 No. 385-P "On the rules for conducting accounting in credit institutions located on the territory of the Russian Federation" the authorized capital of the credit institution is reflected in the Bank's balance sheet No. 102.
The size of the authorized capital of the bank customers can learn or clarify:
- on the bank's website (in reports),
- on the website of the Bank of Russia (in the credit institution directory),
- from periodic printing,
- in the bank - from the financial statements for the current year.
The credit institution is obliged at the request of an individual or legal entity to provide him with a copy of the license for banking operations, copies of other permissions issued (licenses), if the need to obtain these documents is provided
federal laws as well accounting (financial) reporting for
this year.
Chapter 3. Evaluation of quality management of own means.
The concept and need to assess the adequacy of capital banks.
The problem of determining the capital's capital adequacy for a long time is the subject of scientific research and disputes between banks and regulatory authorities. Banks prefer to manage the minimum capital to raise the profitability and growth of assets; Banking controllers require greater capital to reduce bankruptcy risk. At the same time, it is expressed that bankruptcy is caused by poor management that well-managed banks can exist with low capital standards.
Excessive "capitalization" of the bank, the issue of an unnecessary number of shares compared to the optimal need for its own capital is not a good. With an underestimated share of capital, the bank's disproportionate responsibility arises before its depositors. The responsibility of the Bank is limited to its capital, and depositors and other lenders risk a much large amount of funds trusted by the Bank. In addition, there are a number of factors that determine the requirements for increasing banking capital:
The market value of bank assets is more changeable than industrial enterprises. It depends on the change in interest rates, the financial position of its borrowers, the situation in the stock and foreign exchange markets;
The bank is more relying on non-permanent sources of short-term resources, many of which can be seized upon first requirement. Therefore, any event of political or economic life can provoke a massive outflow of bank resources.
The determination of a sufficient capital value and maintaining it in the established limits is one of the main ways to manage capital both by the regulatory bodies and the bank itself. Therefore, the constant analysis of the structure and value of capital is the indispensable condition for the modern management of the bank.
Analysis of the adequacy of own funds (capital) is carried out in order to identify the degree of sustainability of capital base and capital adequacy for covering losses from risks adopted by banks.
It is known that the amount of the adequacy of own capital of the bank is influenced by the volume, composition, quality and nature of active operations. The orientation of the bank on the predominant conduct of operations related to greater risk requires relatively large amount of own funds and, on the contrary, the prevalence in the loan portfolio of the bank loans with minimal risk allows a relative reduction in equity. The size of own capital required by the Bank also depends on the specifics of its clients. Thus, the prevalence among customers of a bank of large creditative enterprises requires a large amount of its own funds with the same amount of active operations compared to the bank focusing on servicing a large number of small borrowers, since in the first case the bank will have risks per borrower.
In the 1980s, the question of the methodology for assessing banking capital was the subject of discussions in international financial institutions. The goal was to develop common capital adequacy criteria applied to different subjects of the banking community, regardless of their country affiliation.
Regulatory requirements for the size of own funds (capital) of the Bank.
The Russian practice of the credit system is focused on international capital formation standards, but commercial banks are deprived of the right to choose the adequacy methodology of capital. Instructions of the Central Bank No. 1110 and "On Mandatory Banking Regulations" of January 16, 2004, the minimum size and regulations of the Bank's capital adequacy were established.
In accordance with Chapter 2 of this instruction, the Bank's adequacy (H1) regulatory ratio (limits) is regulated (limiting) the risk of insolvency of the Bank and determines the requirements for the minimum value of own funds (capital) of the Bank necessary to cover credit and market risks. The standard of sufficiency of own funds (capital) of the Bank is defined as the ratio of the size of the bank's own funds (capital) and the amount of its assets weighted by risk. The calculation of the bank's adequacy ratio (capital) of the Bank includes:
The amount of credit risk on assets reflected in the balance sheets
accounting accounts (assets minus the created reserves on
possible losses and reserves for possible losses on loans, loan and
equated to it debt weighted by risk level);
The value of credit risk on the conventional credit obligations
character;
The value of credit risk on urgent transactions;
The magnitude of market risk.
The value of the adequacy of own funds (capital) of the Bank (H1) is calculated according to the following formula:
K - own funds (capital) of the Bank, determined in accordance with the provision of the Bank of Russia of February 10, 2003 N 215-P "On the method of determining their own funds (capital) of credit institutions", registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 17, 2003 N 4269 ( "Bulletin of the Bank of Russia" dated March 20, 2003 N 15) (hereinafter referred to as the position of the Bank of Russia N 215-P);
The risk coefficient of the i-that asset;
I-fine asset bank;
The value of the reserve for possible losses or reserve for possible losses on loans, on loan and equivalent debt of the i-th of that asset (code 8987);
CRV - the value of credit risk on credit conventional obligations, calculated in the manner prescribed by Annex 2 to the instructions;
CRS - the amount of credit risk on urgent transactions, calculated in the manner prescribed by Annex 3 to the instructions;
PP is the magnitude of the market risk, in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory act of the Bank of Russia on the procedure for calculating by credit organizations of the size of market risks.
The minimum allowable numeric value of the standard H1 is established depending on the size of the bank's own funds (capital):
For banks with the size of own funds (capital) at least the amount equivalent to 5 million euros - 10%;
For banks with the size of own funds (capital) less than the amount equivalent to 5 million euros - 11%.
In the adequacy of capital of the bank interested:
1. There are banks (for the belief of large contributors in the presence of adequate guarantees);
2. Regulatory authorities (to ensure confidence in the banking system as a whole).
The Bank of Russia will increase the requirements for minimal capital size for federal banks up to 1 billion rubles, the chairman of the Central Bank of Elvira Nabiullina reported on the International Finance Congress. "With regard to other banks, except for systemically significant, we call them the banks of federal significance, it is proposed to increase the minimum requirements for the size of their own funds up to 1 billion rubles. And the consistent introduction of international standards, "she said.
According to Nabiullina, among EurAsEC countries, capital requirements for banks are higher than that of Russia. And even after the Central Bank will raise the minimum value to 1 billion rubles, in three countries the requirements will still be higher.
Requirements for the capital of banks in Russia and EurAsEC countries
Russia: now - $ 4.6 million; Will be $ 15.5 million: $ 30 million Armenia: $ 60 million Belarus: $ 25 million Kyrgyzstan: $ 8.8 million Source: Central Bank
Nabiullina promised that banks will have two years for a transition period so that they can decide whether they see themselves as regional banks or as federal. Now the minimum amount of capital for all banks is 300 million rubles.
She also promised that stress tests would no longer wear an informative nature: "Stress tests will cease to be purely monitoring exercise, the scope of requirements for banks will depend on their results. Measures to banks in a preventive order, i.e., in the absence of actual violations of prudential norms, but in the presence of potential risks of future violations, they will first be applied to the largest banks whose assets exceed 500 billion rubles. " The results obtained on the STRESS tests of the Central Bank will take into account when evaluating the possibility of accession of banks to each other, coordinating the plan of financial recovery, the adoption of other supervision solutions, warned Nabiullin.
Own capital is the basis of the activities of a commercial bank. It is formed at the time of the bank's creation and originally consists of the amounts received from the founders as their contribution to the authorized capital of the bank, which can be carried out as directly if the Bank is created in the form of a limited liability company and through the purchase of shares if the Bank is created in The form of a joint stock company.
Own capital also includes all the accumulations received by the Bank in the process of its activities, which were not distributed among shareholders (participants) of the Bank in the form of dividends or spent on other purposes. Own capital personifies the amount of funds that will be distributed among the shareholders (participants) of the Bank in case of its closure.
Own capital provides the bank with economic independence and stability of functioning. Own capital is considered to be in banking practice of resources, allowing to support bank solvency even if they lose part of their assets.
Own funds (capital) perform a number of important functions in ensuring the management and life of the commercial bank: the protective function is manifested in the fact that capital is a kind of buffer that absorbs the damage from current losses to permission to the management of the bank of the brewing problems, ensuring the continuation of the Bank's activities, regardless of the availability of losses . Due to its own capital, the commercial bank can conduct risky operations. Losses arising from these operations are covered by its own capital without affecting the attracted funds raised.
At the same time, the possibility of losing their own capital stimulates shareholders to ensure that the bank is managed reliably and reasonably. In the event of bankruptcy, the bank's own capital becomes the source of payment of creditors and depositors of compensation.
The regulatory function, when capital acts as a regulator of the Bank's activities, through which state bodies ask him the norms of economic behavior, warning it from excessive risks. According to the current legislation, economic standards established by the Bank of Russia and the regulatory activities of commercial banks are mainly based on the size of the bank's own funds. The size of the bank's own funds determines the scale of its activities. The possibilities of commercial banks on the expansion of active operations are determined by the size of their own capital in their own.
The minimum amount of own funds (capital) is established for the Bank in the amount of 180 million rubles, in addition, according to the instructions of the Bank of Russia dated January 16, 2004 N 110-and "On mandatory regulations of banks", the relationship between own capital and the total assets weighed Taking into account the risk, for banks whose equity exceeds 5 million euros, was established at the level of 10%, for banks with equity capital less than 5 million euros of 11%. The size of the actual equity capital of the bank also determines the maximum risk size per borrower and the lender (depositor), the maximum amount of the population's monetary deposits that the bank can attract.
In order to increase the stability of the banking system, the Bank of Russia established the following requirements for the minimum size of the authorized capital necessary to create a credit institution and the size of the bank's own funds (capital), a petition for obtaining a General License for Banking Operations (Federal Law "on banks and banking activities "From 02.12.1990 N 395-1, as amended by Federal Law of 28.02.2009 N 28-FZ):
The minimum amount of the authorized capital of the newly registered bank on the day of filing a petition for state registration and issuing a license for banking operations is established in the amount of 180 million rubles.
The minimum amount of the authorized capital of the newly registered non-bank credit institution appropriate for the license providing for the right to make settlements on behalf of legal entities, including corresponding banks, on their bank accounts, on the day of submission of a petition for state registration and issuing a license for banking Operations are set in the amount of 90 million rubles.
The minimum amount of the authorized capital of the newly registered non-bank credit institution that does not apply for such a license, on the day of filing a petition for state registration and issuing a license for banking operations is established in the amount of 18 million rubles.
As the bank supervision system is developed, the value of the regulatory function of equity is increasing.
The operational function of equity is that its own capital is a source of investments in its own material assets and the development of the Bank's material base. In part of the authorized capital made by the Founders of the Bank, he performs at the initial stage in the role of the starting means necessary for the construction or rental of premises, installation of equipment, hiring staff and other expenses, without which the bank cannot start their activities. During the growth period, the Bank has a need for additional funds to create new capacities associated with the expansion of the spectrum of services provided and the introduction of progressive banking technologies, the source of which is its own capital.
For joint-stock banks, the size of own capital is a factor determining the course of its shares. In assessing the cost of the bank, they come from the size of its net assets, i.e. actual equity, which allows us to talk about its pricing function. Own capital provides a permanent source of income of shareholders (participants) in proportion to the size of the contribution to the authorized capital, each of its shareholder (participant) receives a share of the Bank's profits in the form of dividends.
Sources of equity banks are:
Authorized capital;
Extra capital;
Reserve Fund of the Bank;
Retained earnings of the reporting year and past years.
The authorized capital of the credit institution is formed from the magnitude of the contributions of its participants and determines the minimum amount of property that guarantees the interests of its creditors. For joint stock banks, it is drawn up from the nominal value of its shares acquired by the founders of a credit institution, and for banks in the form of a limited and society with additional responsibility - from the nominal value of its founders. The magnitude of the authorized capital is determined in the founding contract for the establishment of the Bank and in the Charter of the Bank. Each participant (shareholder) of the Bank in proportion to its contribution to the authorized capital annually receives part of banking profits in the form of dividends.
The contributions to the authorized capital of the bank can be made in the form of cash, material assets, as well as securities of a certain species.
The authorized capital of the bank can be formed only at the expense of its own funds of shareholders (participants), the funds raised for its formation cannot be used. Cash contributions to the authorized capital of the credit institution in the currency of the Russian Federation should be listed from the settlement accounts of shareholders (participants). Enterprises and organizations that have illiquid balance or declared insolvent cannot act founders of banks and acquire their shares during primary placement.
Credit organizations have the right to pay the payment of authorized capital and in foreign currency, but in balance sheet capital should be reflected in rubles.
As a material asset, only a banking building (premises), which contains a credit organization, with the exception of unfinished construction, can act as a material asset that is made in the payment of the authorized capital of the credit institution.
The limiting size (standard) of the non-monetary part of the authorized capital of the created credit organization should not exceed 20%.
Material assets should be appreciated and reflected in the balance sheet of a credit institution in the currency of the Russian Federation.
In the credit institutions established in the form of a limited liability company, the monetary assessment of material contributions to the authorized capital should be approved by the unanimous decision of the general meeting of participants.
In accordance with the indication of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated August 14, 2002 No. 1186-y, it is permitted to form the authorized capital of the bank at the expense of the budgets of all levels, state extrabudgetary funds, free cash and other property facilities that are under the jurisdiction of state authorities and local governments.
The founders of the bank must fully pay the authorized capital of the bank created within one month after its registration.
Expose capital includes: an increase in the value of the property during its reassessment, emission income, i.e. The difference between the price of placement of shares in emissions and their nominal value, the cost of property, free of charge received by the bank to property from organizations and individuals.
The reserve fund of the Bank is formed from the profits in the manner prescribed by the Bank's constituent documents, taking into account the requirements of the current legislation.
The reserve fund is designed to cover losses and losses resulting from the Bank's activities. The minimum size of this fund is determined by the bank's charter, but it cannot be less than 5% of its authorized capital. The deductions to the reserve fund are made from the profits of the reporting year, remaining at the disposal of the bank after paying taxes and other mandatory payments, i.e. from net profit. At the same time, the amount of annual deductions to the reserve fund should be at least 5% of net profit until it reaches it by the minimum setpoint of the magnitude. By decision of the Board of Directors of the Bank, a reserve fund can be used to cover the bank's losses for the reporting year.
Each commercial bank independently determines the amount of own funds and their structure based on the development strategy adopted.
If the bank, obeying the laws of competition, seeks to expand the range of its customers, including at the expense of large enterprises experiencing a constant need to attract bank loans, then, naturally, its own capital should increase. The nature of its active operations is also influenced by the nature of its active operations. With prolonged resource distraction to risky operations, the Bank needs to have significant equity. The value of equity determines the competitive position of the bank in the domestic and international markets.
In practice, there are two ways to increase equity:
Accumulation of profits;
Attraction of additional capital in the financial market.
The accumulation of profits can occur in the form of an accelerated creation of the Bank's Reserve Fund, followed by capitalization or in the form of accumulation of retained earnings of previous years. This is the cheapest way to increase capital, which does not affect the established structure of the Bank's management.
However, the use of a significant part of the profit gained to increase own capital means a decline in the current dividends of the Bank's shareholders and can lead to a drop in the course value of the shares of open joint-stock banks.
In the case of the direction of its own funds of a credit institution to increase its authorized capital (their capitalization), a decision should be made on the distribution of these funds between the participants for their subsequent target in the authorized capital of the credit institution.
Attracting the additional capital of the Bank, established in the form of LLC, it can occur both on the basis of additional contributions of its participants and due to contributions to the authorized capital of the Bank of third parties, which are becoming participants in this bank (if it is not prohibited by the Bank's Charter).
For effective management of own capital and to use it, it is necessary to adequately evaluate its actual presence to use it as the most important regulator of the Bank.
In fact, equal capital is equal to net bank assets, i.e. Assets, free of obligations. It can be calculated by a direct account, sulfing from the market value of the Bank's assets amount of its obligations adjusted for their real market assessment.
It is also possible to also determine the actually available from the bank of your own capital by adjusting the amount of capital sources by values \u200b\u200bthat reduce (increase) the balance values \u200b\u200bof individual articles of the asset and liability of the balance. In the Russian practice of banking supervision, this particular option is applied.
The size of equity, determined by adjusting the amount of its sources, is sometimes called net capital.
According to the Regulation "On the method of calculating its own funds (capital) of credit institutions" of February 10, 2003 No. 215P of own funds (capital) is determined as the amount of the main and additional capital.
The sources taken into account the fixed capital include:
The authorized capital of joint-stock banks formed as a result of the issue and placement of ordinary shares, as well as preferred shares of a certain type that are not relating to the number of cumulative;
The authorized capital of banks established in the form of a society with a limited (or additional) responsibility formed at the expense of the share (contributions) of the founders (participants) of the Bank;
Emission income banks created in the form of JSC;
Property, granted banks received by banks from organizations and individuals;
Bank funds formed in accordance with the requirements of federal laws, regulatory acts of the Bank of Russia and in the manner prescribed by the constituent documents formed by the profits of the previous years remaining at the disposal of banks, the use of which does not reduce the values \u200b\u200bof the Bank's property;
Part of the funds mentioned above, which are formed by the profits of the reporting year, the data on which is confirmed in the conclusion of the audit firm for the activities of banks;
Part of the profits of the reporting year, reduced by the amount of distributed means for the corresponding period, the data on which is confirmed by the conclusion of an audit company;
The amount of the reserve, created under the impairment of shares (share of participation) of subsidiaries and dependent economic societies and credit organizations, investments in which reduce the aggregate amount of the main and additional capital;
Profit of the previous years, the data on which is confirmed by an audit organization;
The difference between the authorized capital of the Bank and its own funds (capital) in the event of a decrease in the authorized capital to its own funds by reducing the nominal value of ordinary and part of privileged (non-cumulative) shares or shares of the bank;
Additional own funds in a part formed at the expense of non-capitalized balances of a closed balance sheet "Currency differences on the revaluation of own funds in foreign currency".
To calculate the actual fixed capital, out of the total amount of its sources listed above are subtracted:
Intangible assets (reduced to the amount of accrued depreciation);
Own shares repurchased from shareholders and transferred to the bank to the share of participants who submitted an application for exit from the bank;
Unfolded losses of previous years and losses of this year.
At the same time, current losses should be increased by the amount of excess balances on correspondent accounts opened in credit institutions with an outstanding license, and exceeding other requirements of the bank to such credit institutions over the amount of formed reserves for possible losses. Thus, when calculating the fixed capital, its sources decrease on the amount of direct and potential losses and capital losses. A similar procedure for calculating the fixed capital is due to the fact that in the Russian Federation, as noted, not a direct calculation of the actual capital availability, but indirectly by adjusting the sources of capital to a reliable assessment of its property and obligations. The same approach is used and when calculating additional capital. The composition of the sources of equity, which are taken into account in the calculation of additional capital includes:
The increase in the value of the property located on the balance sheet of banks, due to the revaluation;
Reserves for possible losses on loans in the part in which they can be considered as a general reserve, i.e. in terms of reserves created under loan debt, assigned to the first risk group;
Bank funds in a part formed by deductions from the current year's profits without confirming the audit organization, and the profits of the previous year before confirming the audit company, the use of which does not reduce the values \u200b\u200bof the Bank's property. In the absence of audit confirmation after July 1 of the next year, funds formed by the profit of the previous year are not included in the calculation;
The profit of the current year, not confirmed by the conclusion of the audit organization and not included in the fundamental capital. When incorporate in the sources of additional capital, the profit of the current year should be reduced to the amounts of excess of residues on correspondent accounts open in credit institutions with an outstanding license, and the amounts of exceeding the amount of other requirements of the Bank to such credit institutions over the amount of formed reserves for possible losses;
Part of the authorized capital of the bank formed by capitalization of the cost of property value during revaluation;
Preferred shares, with the exception of preferred shares of a certain type, the size of the dividend for which is not determined by the Bank's charter and non-cumulative shares;
The difference between the authorized capital of the joint-stock bank and its own funds (capital) in the event of a decrease in the authorized capital to its own funds by reducing the nominal value of privileged (including cumulative) shares, with the exception of those taken into account when determining the relevant source of the bank's fixed capital ;
Profit of the preceding year to audit confirmation minus funds used by the profit of the previous year. In case, after July 1 of next year, audit confirmation is absent, the profit of the previous year is not included in the calculation of capital.
The total amount of sources of additional capital is included in the calculation of own funds in the amount not exceeding 100% of the validity of the fixed capital. If the magnitude of the fixed capital is zero or negative, then the sources of additional capital are not included in the calculation of capital. Currently, given the difficult consequences of the financial crisis for the banking sector, the increasing capital of banks is the most relevant problem of the Russian banking system. The magnitude of banking capital in the near future will determine the prospects for expanding bank credit activity.
