What is K1 K2 K3. Seasoning of buildings K1, K2, K3 and their features. For trucks

Everyone knows that the sewage is an integral part of water supply and drainage. The sewer system is necessary to eliminate solid and fat elements, as well as stormwater. Its main task is to clear the polluted water and put them in the reservoir.

It would seem, well, it takes the sewage to the house polluted fluids with an unpleasant smell, and good. However, all this has more global importance. After all, if the sewer system is constructed incorrectly, or exploited this system is negligible, it can lead to sewage penetration into the ground. As a result, the soil will be infected, and this will lead to the exacerbation of sanitary and epidemiological conditions in the vicinity.

To avoid such deposits, it is necessary to comply with norms and rules that are regulated by regulatory documents: SNiP and GOST. Typically, the planning and design of water supply and sewage is carried out long before the construction of a future residential building. However, there are cases when there is a need to equip the sewer system already in the ready-made built house. It all is performed individually.

Designing water supply and sewage is a complex procedure. It is better to entrust it to experts, otherwise due to the slightest oversight made in construction, the sewer system and the water supply system will not function for a long time and efficiently.

When planning and designing, it is necessary to clearly define where there are points of drainage and plumbing devices.

Ok when all points are compactly located, but if all the sanitary devices are located in different sides, the design will be complicated.

Legend

Designing the water supply and sewage system includes detailed schemes where there is no conditional designations of water supply and sewage expressed in an alphanumeric format. Performing drawings, it is necessary to apply conventional signs (alphabetic, alphanumeric, lines, etc.).

The use of conditional signs is performed without clarification and without specifying the standard number. But if there are no appropriate symbols in the regulatory documents, it is allowed to use conditional notation that are governed in industry standards with references to them.

What is contained in the scheme?

The scheme may indicate not only on the placement of water supply and drainage points. It contains the designation of the audit on the sewage system, which is a prerequisite. And in general, in the project documentation there will be a plan for wiring networks, a well table, specification and other necessary information. Information on the designations of sewage and water supply is contained in alphanumeric sanitary and Technical Networking Pipeline Designations:

• The overall designation of the water pipeline is B0.
• Economic and drinking water supply - B1.
• Fireproof water supply - B2.
• Production water supply - B4.

And the designation of the sewage in the drawings looks like this:

1. Household - sewerage K1, this is a generally accepted designation.
2. Rainy - Channelization K2, is also a generally accepted conditional sign.

Roughly speaking, if in the document designation document K1 K2 K3, then it means we are talking about household, rain and industrial sewage.

Make yourself or entrust professionals?

In general, the conditional designations in water supply and sewage drawings act as signs that form the formula. IN This is better not to engage in self-identity, but provide the opportunity to make this work professional. After all, it is competently performed project documentation, in compliance with all rules and rules of SNIP and GOST, guarantees high-quality and durable operation of the sewer system and water supply.

Alphanumeric pipeline designation

Rules prescribed in GOST 21.205-93, regulate how exactly the drawings should be applied alphanumeric designations of pipeline Plumbing systems that belong to external networks of heat supply, sewage and water supply, as well as internal water supply and sewer networks, heating networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

Note:

For those pipeline sewage and water supply systems, which the table is not provided for, it is necessary to accept the designations, establishing a sequence numbering, which is a continuation of the one that is specified in the table.

If the production or economic and drinking water pipeline simultaneously acts as a fire, then it is assigned exactly the same number as production or economic and drinking.

In this case, the drawing applies the appropriate clarification.

Pipeline

In modern technique, pipelines refer to such devices that are intended to transport various liquid, gaseous and bulk media.

Norms, rules and conditional designations in water supply and sewage drawings

The main components of pipeline systems are: straight pipes that are densely interconnected; suspension and support; control and measuring equipment; locking devices; fasteners; seals and gaskets; Automation tools.

In addition, the elements of pipeline systems include the materials necessary in order to ensure the effective protection of all the above components from the harmful effects of reduced and elevated temperatures, as well as from electrochemical corrosion.

In places the location of the elements of pipeline systems are their branching, turns, as well as transitions to another diameter. They serve in order to provide a long service life of the system as a whole, as well as the tightness of the whole design. Practice shows that without such elements, such as taps, tees and transitions now, almost no pipeline system is implemented.

Liquid properties

Liquids are called those substances that are in a liquid aggregate state. It, in turn, is intermediate between the aggregate state of solid and gaseous. The liquid also has such a property that does not occur more than any other aggregate state: it is capable of changing the tangent mechanical stresses to change its form in almost unlimited limits. In this case, mechanical stresses can be very small, and the volume of the fluid remains unchanged.

Another major property inherent in all fluids is a surface tension. It does not have any gases, nor in solid bodies, but it is explained by the following reasons: due to the fact that the balance of the forces acting on the surface molecules is broken, a certain new, directed by the resulting force appears. This is exactly what explains the fact that the surface of the liquid is always "stretched". If we consider this situation from the point of view of physics, it can be argued that the surface tension is none, otherwise, as a force due to which the fluid molecules do not move from its surface into the deep layers. It is the strength of the surface tension that explains the form of falling droplets of any liquid.

Legend topographic shooting

The conditional designations of the topographic shooting of the neighborhood are special signs with which on the plan can be reflected any object: whether it is the features of the relief or the result of human activity. Plans differ in scale at 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500. Depending on the characteristics of the object on the ground, a wide range of designations is applied, which is regulated by the Government of the Russian Federation and is obligatory to execute by all organizations and institutions. The conventions on the top photography according to the GOST differ on linear (hydrography, engineering communications), square, bore, special and explanatory.

Various designations on topographic survey of the location help "read" area and based on data to create new projects. From conventional geographic maps, topographic survey is distinguished by universality: not only the objective features of the relief (topographic maps) are indicated, the composition of vegetation (natural cards), industry facilities, production, engineering communications and location of settlements and their parts: the symbol of the topographic shooting of the microdistrict has partial similarity with the general plan of the city.

Application in everyday life

Most people do not face everyday photographic shooting. Most often, the reading, decryption and compilation of such cards gets cardographers and builders, and the most popular is considered the topography of engineering communications.

The conventions of engineering networks on the top cover are a prerequisite for their objectivity. This includes telephone networks, water supply, power lines, gas pipelines and other communications.

The symbols on the topographic of engineering communications are carried out by a linear way - directly solid or dashing lines:

• all overhead acting pipelines and communications are denoted by a straight solid line with a thickness of 0.3 mm;
• all projects, damaged or inactive overhead communications are denoted by a dotted line with a thickness of 0.2 mm;
• all underground communications are denoted by a dotted line.

In the places of intersection with other objects or communications, near the frame (no less often than every 5 cm) in a line, denoting engineering communication, the letter is integrated, which characterizes the transportable material (product).

The letter determines the nature of communications:

1. The literature is implied that the engineering network transports gas, the designation of the gas pipeline on the top photography can be carried out with a solid (for overhead) and intermittent (for an underground gasket) lines;
2. B - plumbing, solid or intermittent there will be a line, also depends on the method of communications;
3. T - Heat Truck;
4. N - oil pipeline;
5. To - sewage.

Often, such information in the topographic plan is fed as informative as possible, indicate the pressure in the highways (gas), material and thickness of the pipes, the number of wires and the voltage in the LAM.

For this reason, the explanatory letter of a smaller register or numbers is often addicted to the first capital limiter.

For example, the designation of the CL on the top shows: the sewage is storm, in turn, the similar designation of the KB on the top will imply the domestic sewer.

Registration of engineering networks in topographic survey

Often the question "As marked with the sewage on the top" means interest in the color of the lines. There are many disputes relative to the color of communications on the top cover. On the one hand, there is a special manual: "The rules for drawing conventional signs on topographic plans of underground communications of the scale of 1: 5000 ... 1: 500" Moscow, "Subraz" 1989

The directory states that all marks are applied in black, and even prescribed the recommended thickness of these lines. At the same time, the directory allows "for greater clarity" to transfer the lines in another color.

Free Library of Regulatory Documentation

Generally accepted considered:

• the designation of the water supply on the top selection is green;
• sewer designation on the top selection - in brown;
• gas pipelines - in blue;
• thermal networks - in blue, etc.

Often in practice there are discrepancies between the notation on the top selection and the general plan - the colors of the communications are drawn by lines of different colors. So the designation of the communication cable on the top photography on the standards of cartography should be black, and in the general planning it can be decorated with yellow, red or other convenient for visualization.

The power supply and communication cable is made as follows:

Additional signs and explanations

With the help of topographic shooting, all the nuances of the terrain are displayed on paper: from natural caves up to quite man-made benzocolones, therefore, graphic elements are combined to complete the picture. Deciphering the top segment is considered objective only when all the elements of the "signs plus letters" are taken into account. Elements, such as the designation of wells on the top cover, can be represented in several versions.

Letter notation on the top cover is often attached to schematic images a new meaning, for example, a conventional rectangle will indicate simply non-scale residential buildings - only complete with the letter explanations makes sense. So, the designation on the topographicing of TP inside this rectangle will mean that the structure is a transformer substation.

Graphic elements

Conditional graphics on top photographs are used to reflect different phenomena and objects on the ground.

People, distant from geodesy and cartography, many conditional designations on the top photography will seem a meaningless set of geometric shapes. This should include conditional signs and coordinate grid.

The coordinates of two types are taken on topographic plans or maps:

• rectangular;
• geographical.

The coordinates give experts about the exact distance between the objects.

The most common syllable signs of the top photography

1. Points of the State Geodesic Network and Condence Nets

2. Designation of buildings on the top photography

• Multi residential buildings

• Residential buildings scale

The number indicates the number of floors. The letter designation characterizes fire resistance. For instance:

• the designation of the KN on the top cover indicates a stone non-residential;
• well - residential neo-ring (wooden);
• n is a non-residential neo-sniff;
• kzh - stone residential (often brick);
• sMF and CMN - mixed residential and non-residential.

3. Sucks. Designation for natural and artificial relief forms with a sharp height drop.

4. LEP designation on the top cover.

5. Designation of an area object. The inscription indicates the nature or purpose of the territory.

6. Railway

7. Automobile roads. Letter denotes the coating material.

8. Designation of hatches, wells and wells in the drawings of the top photography.

9. The conditional designations of the wells on topographic shooting can also look like this way.

10. Bridges.

11. Horizontal. Describe terrain, lines show a certain height.

12. Heights.

13. The designation of trees on the top photography. It is indicated by the prevailing type of vegetation and population density.

14. Conditional designations of fences on the top photography.

In general, topographical shooting requires special skills to compile and decrypt. However, the unification of designations facilitates work with cards.

Conditions of pipeline elements

Water pipelines hot and cold water, drainage, sewer systems, gas supply networks, ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as heating refer to sanitary systems and engineering equipment of residential, industrial and public buildings.

In order to equip the buildings of various purposes with engineering and sanitary systems, a set of work drawings is developed and compiled. It includes:

Plans and Separations

Plans, cuts and axonometric schemes of systems

General data of water supply, heating, sewage, ventilation and air conditioning

The main components of engineering and sanitary systems are:

Pipelines (risers, horizontal highways and appliances)

Pipe fittings (valves, cranes, valves, valves, etc.)

A variety of equipment (pumps, filters, air conditioners, water heaters, etc.)

The basis for drawing up drawings of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings and structures is the information that is contained in architectural and construction drawings, on the available cuts and plans. It contains graphic images and schemes for the location of pipelines and pipe fittings, as well as sweeps, profiles and cuts of walls, which are depicted both the elements of engineering and sanitary systems and communication that should be between them. For a more visual and understandable image of the most complex knots, some fragments of cuts and plans are performed on a larger scale.

At the axonometric schemes made in front isometric, depict the most complex on its design and the most branched networks of water supply, heating systems and gas supply systems. At the same time, for individual sections of pipelines, the values \u200b\u200bof such values \u200b\u200bas the diameter, direction and length of the slope, as well as the length of the site are indicated. Specifications of equipment and materials are attached to working drawings.

According to the adopted standards, conditional graphic designations are used for the image of various elements of sanitary and technical systems in diagrams and drawings.

1.6. Legend on geological cuts

Special tables provide those designations that should be used for images, both the pipelines themselves and the reinforcement used in them on axonometric schemes, sweeps, cuts, and plans of engineering and sanitary systems of buildings.

According to the drawing of the conditional graphic elements of pipeline systems, a solid main line is used, and those parts that are invisible (in channels, underground) - a barline of the same thickness. For the image of technological equipment and building structures, a thin solid line is used.

If it is necessary to draw the size of the conditional signs of pipe fittings (valves, valves, etc.), their dimensions are taken equal to the diameter of the pipe.

Elements of networks and sanitary systems are supplied with special brands (alphanumeric designations).

The table below shows the conditional graphic elements of pipelines.

Elements of pipelines
Designation	Name
	Pipeline Suction Line, Head, Plum
	Pipeline Control Line, Drainage, Air Removal, Condensate Out
	Connection of pipelines
	Crossing pipelines without connecting
	Place of attachment for the extraction of energy or measuring device (closed)
	Place of attachment for the extraction of energy or measuring device (connected)
	Pipeline with vertical stand
	Flexible pipeline, hose
	Isolated plot of pipeline
	Pipeline in the pipe (case)
	Pipeline in the seller
	Connection pipelines connector
	Flange connection
	Stirling threaded connection
	Coupling threaded connection
	Coupling elastic connection
	Swivel connection one-core
	Three-line swivel connection
	End of the pipeline under the detachable connection
	Flange end
	Equipment threaded
	Coupling threaded end
	Coupling elastic
	End of pipeline with plug (cork)
	Flange close pipe with a plug
	Threaded end pipe with plug
	Tee
	Cross
	Owl (knee)
	Splitter, collector, comb
	Siphon (hydraulication)
	Transition, transition nozzle
	Flange transition
	Navigating
	Quick disconnect connection without a locking element (connected or disconnected)
	Quick disconnect connection with a locking element (connected and disconnected)
	Compensator
	Compensator-like
	Compensator Laroucia
	Compensator Lenzova
	Wavy compensator
	Compensator-like
	Sylphonic compensator
	Ring-shaped compensator
	Telescopic compensator
	Amortizing insert
	Insert soundproofing
	Insert electrically insulating
	Resistance resistance dependent on the viscosity of the working environment
	Resistance location with expenses independent of the viscosity of the working environment (throttle washer, narrowing device flow, diaphragm)
	Pipeline support stationary
	Support movable (general designation)
	Picking support
	Support guide
	Sliding support
	Ribbed support
	Elastic support
	Suspension fixed
	Suspension guide
	Suspension elastic
	Hydraulic damker
	Membrane breakthrough
	Nozzle
	Airborne air from the atmosphere
	Engine airborne
	Connecting device to other systems (test, washing machines, air conditioners of the working medium, etc.)
	Point of lubrication
	Sprinkling point of lubrication
	Drip lubricant
	Lubricant nozzle

The library data includes more than 800 conventional designations that are made in accordance with
The following gtales:

GOST 21.205-93 "Conditional designations of elements of sanitary systems"
GOST 21.403-80 "Designations conditional graphic in schemes. Equipment energy "
GOST 21.406-88 "Wired communications. Designation conditional graphic in diagrams and plans "
GOST 21.608-84 "Internal electric lighting.

Marking and dimensions of unified wells: Sun 15 and others

Working drawings"
GOST 21.609-83 "Gas supply. Internal devices. Working drawings"
GOST 21.611-85 "Centralized Energy Saving Management. Conditional graphic and alphabet
Designations of the type and content of information "
GOST 21.614-88 "Images Conditional graphics electrical equipment and wiring on plans"

Libraries are divided by the relevant names of the guests of the catalogs, which in turn contain folders with
titles of tables of this GOST.

To insert the conventional designations in the drawing, you must use the AutoCAD Design Center tool
(Control center).
To do this, you must open the Design Center window in AutoCAD and load the DWG file to it required.
GOST tables and in the Design Center palette Select blocks (Blocks). Inserting blocks from Design Center in drawing
It is convenient to produce in Drag & Drop mode.

Block names.
The following block marking system has been adopted:

Block marking example: 40680101
The first three digits (406) is the GOST number (GOST 21.406-88)
Fourth digit (8) - Table number of this GOST (Table 8)
Fifth, sixth and seventh digits (010) - position number in the table (position 10)
The eighth digit (1) is an option for execution of the conditional designation. Starting from scratch and further.

Description of the object

• Functional purpose Residential buildings
• Type of work New construction
• Source of financing Extrabudgetary sources
• The term of input 2017
• Floors 19
• Developer LLC "" Rechnikov Invest ""

The residential complex is being built in the Nagatinsky Mountain Zaton area on Ricnikov Street, on the site of the reorganized industrial complex. It consists of panel and monolithic brick residential buildings of different floors. In addition to residential buildings, a school, kindergarten, clinic, shopping and entertainment center, garage complex will be built. The residential complex under construction is located in an area with a well-developed infrastructure. Next door are quarters with the long-established building. They have kindergartens, schools, clinics, shops, pharmacies, etc. On buses from the LCD can be reached to the nearest metro station Kolomenskaya. In the north of the complex there is a tram line, according to which all trams go through the metro station Kolomenskaya. In the coming years, the new metro station Nagatinsky Zaton will be built in the third transplant circuit. The station will be near the residential complex. Not far from the residential complex is the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.

Table 2.3

Continuing Table 2.3.

2.3.2 Selection of adjustment coefficients to 4 and K 4 1

Note: 1. The magnitude of these coefficients is selected from the table2.11 "Provisions - 84" separately for each type (model) of the car indicating their quantity.

2. The familial values \u200b\u200bof these coefficients to be submitted to the following tables 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6 of this project.

2.3.2.1 for trucks

Table 2.4.

For buses

Table 2.5

For passenger cars

Table 2.6.

Next, the production program is calculated by the production program for both the vehicles in man-hours, which will be carried out by the main and auxiliary repair and service workers (on the other - performers) of the automotive enterprise (ATP).

To facilitate the above calculation, 5 algorithms were compiled in 38 formulas (expressions).

Each formula from each algorithm is used for each car model, according to Table 2.1 of the thesis project.

To exclude the writing of parallel calculations in 38 and formulas, all their results fit into the form of the table of the thesis project.

2.4 Adjusting the main source standards for the repair of cars selected by the coefficients K1 ... K5.

Algorithm №1.

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.5)

(2.6)

(2.7)

(2.8)