Latest materials. How does our GDP grow? Intensive growth of gdp

The economy of any state in modern world must necessarily take into account the intense and economic growth.

In this article, we will try to analyze the influence of these factors on the development of the country as a whole.

The main thing

Economic growth is main goal state macroeconomics. It is achieved by exceeding the growth of the national product over the quantitative indicators of the constantly growing needs of the population.

Economic growth provides for several factors that affect its dynamics. But the most important of them are: extensive and intensive factors. They are characteristic of two types of states - developing and developed. There are also states of an intermediate type.

History has shown that during the transition to the market, the influence of extensive and intensive factors on competitiveness is very great.

It is obvious that the economy of any country solves the same problems. They include meeting the growing needs of the population in goods and services, solving emerging problems (social, economic, environmental), optimizing the use of natural resources and many others.

Extensive factor

It is also called "breadth development". Such an economy implies a country's economy in which the resources available are increasingly used. The concept of such "reserves" includes both a variety of minerals and natural resources (plant and animal). Also human (labor) are not excluded.

With an extensive economic growth, the importance increases due to an increase in the use of the above benefits, as well as the development of new territories. More and more natural resources are involved in production.

Major extensive factors

This development is progressive only at first glance. This is due to the fact that natural resources in themselves are a temporary phenomenon (many of them are exhaustible). The possibility of renewal of some of them (soil, natural gas, oil, coal) is rather arbitrary, since it is too long in time as a geological factor.

The principle "Get more, sow, plow more" is typical for countries with a low level of economic development. Increasing the scale of the use of natural resources is the path to a possible economic crisis in the future.

Let's list the main features of extensive growth:

• increase in financial investments without changing the way of production activities;
• the use of an increasing number of labor force;
• a constant increase in the volume of used raw materials, construction materials, as well as natural fuel.

Intensive factor

Extensive and intensive factors have one goal - economic growth, but the paths to achieve are very different. It is the opposite of the previous one in its principled approach to economic management in the country. If we talk simple language, then it sounds like this: "Sow less, but collect more." This statement generally characterizes the style economic development.

With an intensive method of economic management, the state uses the resources of science: the latest production technologies, discoveries in the field of chemistry, physics and related sciences. That is, the phenomenon of scientific and technological progress should occur in parallel with economic growth.

Main intensive factors

When the goal is growth, the use of outdated management methods significantly slows down the development of the state. The growing needs of the population cannot be met only by increasing the volume of exploitation of natural raw materials and labor.

Thus, extensive and intensive factors contradict each other. Let's list the main factors of the "improved" method of housekeeping:

• introduction of the latest technologies and devices into production, updating the existing stock;
• training to improve the qualifications of employees;
• rational use and optimization of funds (both fixed and circulating);
• improvement of organization labor activity, increasing its efficiency.

An intensive economy is characterized by an improvement in the quality of management (systems), as well as an improvement in technological processes, using innovative methods... Thus, modernizing production cycles, it is possible to achieve an increase in the level of the gross product.

Human factor

The most important thing in any economy is undoubtedly the standard of living of the population. Be that as it may, if it is low, then there can be no talk of any economic growth in the country.

It should be noted that intensive and extensive factors of economic growth are based on human capital... But the approach is fundamentally different in both cases.

An increase in the number of workers at the enterprise may lead to a decrease in the level of production due to an oversupply labor resources... In this way, the "profitability" of this "resource investment" is reduced. Moreover, the average indicator of labor efficiency does not fundamentally change. This is indicative in the case of an extensive form of economic development.

Standard of living

"The quality of the population" has always been one of the basic parameters of the state's economy. It includes life expectancy, its level, as well as the indicator of GDP per capita. But this is not enough, it also includes the level of education, medical and social services.

Human capital "is brought in by an intensive method of management. It includes all kinds of actions aimed at training: training narrow specialists, creating new technological training courses, improving the qualifications of workers.

These measures make it possible to reduce the amount of labor force, and, on the contrary, to increase the effect of production. This simplifies the introduction of the latest technologies and their development. Production efficiency increases both in general and in each specific case.

Extensive and intensive factors of labor productivity are also determined by the expediency of the activity of control systems. In the first case, an example may be the centralized management of the economy (in the USSR), planning and division into stages.

In the second case, the creation of centers and institutions, training of management personnel are at the forefront of economic growth and progress in general. This is a guarantee of progress and long-term growth prospects industrial production in the country.

Mixed type

In the modern world, there are not only extensive and intensive development factors. In some countries of the world, there is another type of economy - mixed.

This option combines the above two types, being an intermediate or "transitional". An example is the agricultural production of a typically "agrarian" state. When the speed of the development of new lands and the attraction of labor force stops or significantly decreases.

Replacement occurs technical base, the use of fertilizers, the use of the latest methods of land cultivation (irrigation, reclamation), reduction of losses during transportation, wasteless agricultural production and the food industry.

Extensive and intensive factors of enterprise development can also be combined, this can be observed during the transition to a market one. Appliances, technologies are introduced, the planning style and logistics are changing. The workforce is also increasing (the qualifications of the working personnel are being improved).

Conclusion

It is important to note that economic growth can be sustainable and volatile. Experts constantly analyze the influence of intensive, extensive factors on the development of states.

Scientists have derived a coefficient that is calculated using a special formula and includes many parameters. These include: profitability of production, capital turnover with average earnings, liquidity ratio, financial dependence, and more.

It is clear that it is necessary to strive for sustainable growth of the state's economy. Only in this case, many issues related to the needs of the population, as well as social and economic issues(within the country and at the interstate level).

In the modern world with its difficult economic and production situation, the speed of economic development plays a huge role, which predetermines the rate of accumulation by the state. Money and the standard of living of its citizens. We hear about this almost every day from television programs. But not everyone knows that in this case intensive economic growth is implied, which is not typical for all states.

Basic moments

The most important task of any government is to stimulate economic growth, to maintain its rates at a consistently high level. In this regard, it is extremely important to have an idea about this concept, as well as about those factors that stimulate it or, on the contrary, restrain it. Economists around the world are developing dynamic mathematical models that describe and model the stages of economic development under specific given conditions. Of course, there are different types of economic growth (extensive and intensive), but on a national or global scale. economic zone they still have a lot in common. Therefore, these models are still crucial in all cases.

At the same time, the process of adopting the right strategy is much simplified, which will help to increase the speed of development of public and private industries, as well as other industries. National economy... In this article, we will look at extensive and intensive economic growth. However, the emphasis will be on intensification, since it is this development path that is unambiguously recognized as the most preferable.

Deciphering the concept

But what is economic growth? This is understood as the exit of production processes beyond the originally designated niche for them, their transition to a new level. It should be remembered that economic growth is an indispensable component of the cyclical development of the state's production capacities. But this is a rather vague definition that does not reflect some of the nuances of the modern world. Today it is generally accepted that intensive economic growth implies a steady forward movement of the manufacturing sector with an excess of the amount of final products over the growth rate of the population.

It is clearly manifested in a significant increase in GNP (GDP) for a specific time period or in its increase per capita. So the intensive type of economic growth will in any case be measured in terms of the rate of annual increase in productivity.

It is important to understand that the main regulator of economic growth is almost always investment or governmental support production, including in the form of subsidies. Of course, this is also fundamentally influenced by the volume of the process. To expand production, in fact, there are only two main ways: either to improve manufacturability, or to increase the cost of labor and other resources. Strictly speaking, the choice lies between two directions of the organization's development: either intensive economic growth, or an extensive market model. First, let's talk about the last option, as it is most often used in practice (unfortunately).

Extensive economic growth, its main characteristics

In general, this concept means a simple increase and expansion of production without focusing on quality indicators:

• The organization's staff hires a lot of new employees, but practically no attention is paid to their real qualifications. By the way, this, to one degree or another, can characterize both extensive and intensive economic growth. At first, even developed companies may have difficulties in hiring really highly qualified employees, and therefore they have to recruit more workforce, followed by selection and training on the spot.
• Accordingly, at the same time, production capacities begin to consume several times more resources, but the real efficiency of their assimilation remains at the same level, and in some cases it may even decrease significantly.
• The owners of the company are trying to attract third-party investments, but the funds received are practically not used to enhance the manufacturability of production lines and the entire process.
• Finally, this path of development perfectly characterizes the productivity of labor: it either remains at the same level, or falls noticeably.

Intensive economic growth, its main characteristics

In this case, an increase in output is associated with a sharp improvement in the ability to assimilate resources and a significant increase in labor productivity. So, the following are among the intensive factors of economic growth:

• New, cost-effective and technological processes are constantly being introduced, and often this is done through a timely and thoughtful process of updating the main production assets... Simply put, the intensive factors of economic growth include methods of introducing the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress in daily life enterprises.
• Improvement organizational structure, including improving relations with existing suppliers or searching for new ones, improving the company's management structure by firing poorly-proven middle and senior managers.
• Acceleration of depreciation of fixed assets, purchase of more advanced and technological equipment. For example, an excellent intensive path of economic growth is characterized by the acquisition by the company of a mobile workshop, in which it is possible to produce not one, but five different types of goods.
• Finally, this path of development is characterized by a constant increase in the qualifications of the workers available in production.

How else is the intensive path of economic growth different? It characterizes its previous or even reduced consumption of resources with an increased output of products. It is those enterprises that at one time chose this path of development that are characterized by a significant increase in the well-being of their employees. Of course, in reality it is rare to find a "pure" variety of one method or another, even at a single enterprise.

A combination of several methods is used much more often. Thus, an intensive type of economic growth is expressed in the adjustment of production over technological methods, with the purchase of modern machines or other tools. But at the same time, it is often necessary to hire more employees, since the qualifications of the old ones will still not be enough for the first time to fully master the new technologies. Another situation. The same new equipment often requires a radical retraining of even experienced personnel. During this time, performance will inevitably drop.

How can the rate of increase be visually measured?

By the way, what is growth rate? They are defined as economic relations GNP of the base and real year to the real GNP of the current year. All of this is expressed as a percentage. The indicator can be measured in two ways at once. The choice between them depends on what tasks are to be solved:

• As we have already noted, in the form of an increase in GNP or GDP for a specific time interval.
• In the form of an increase in one or the other per capita per year.

Factors directly affecting economic growth

Economists have developed relatively long ago different ways classification of this kind of factors. We will give the most common, in which two groups are distinguished.

Determined by sources of economic growth

This is the most important group of factors, as they imply the very physical ability economic development. Since the emphasis in the article is on the consideration of the intensification of production, the following is characteristic of intensive economic growth:

• The presence of natural resources (including fossils), and not only their quantitative but also qualitative indicators are important. What other factors of intensive economic growth exist?
• Availability of labor resources. As in the previous case, they are of great importance. qualitative characteristic(qualification and educational level of workers).
• Technical condition and volume of fixed assets. As it is easy to understand, a lot depends on this factor, since it is simply physically impossible to produce a sufficiently large volume of products necessary for marketing on worn-out equipment.
• Manufacturability of the production lines used. This determines both the cost of the manufactured product and its final quality, as well as the availability of the possibility of rapid restructuring of the enterprise if it is necessary to release something else. Since intensive economic growth is characterized by an increase in labor productivity and an increase in the quality of products, while the main indicators remain unchanged, production lines should be as technological as possible.

Factors limiting growth

As in the past, this group is extremely important, since without taking these indicators into account, no company can achieve at least some financial success for obvious reasons. The production process depends most strongly on the degree and completeness of the use of the resources available to the enterprise. Moreover, we are talking not only about "physical" stocks, but also about economic resources: in order to use them with the necessary degree of efficiency, the economists of the enterprise must be able to effectively distribute them between different production cycles.

Alas, it is precisely these negative factors of intensive economic growth that often impede the development of industry in our state: our production facilities are "used to" relying on large volumes of output, but it is not always possible to reasonably distribute resources between different industries.

Resources and products

The efficiency of distribution between the stock of resources and the real volumes of products manufactured by the enterprise. Since there is a direct relationship between aggregate demand and aggregate expenditures, the latter will have to be increased in order to adequately keep pace with the changed volume of production. Finally, institutional factors. They can either completely restrict or spur the rate of economic growth.

In this regard, legal norms (legislation, the fight against organized crime and / or corruption), moral and traditional foundations of a particular society are very important. Economic growth, even in a single enterprise, can be very strongly influenced by any form of discrimination or a bad workforce that “squeezes out” all promising and diligent workers. So, adequate labor legislation also applies to intensive economic growth, although some specialists strongly diminish its role.

In general, the process of increasing economic productivity can always be represented either in the form of a synchronous interaction of two different factors, or their work separately, regardless of each other. First, it is the amount of resources that are involved in production. Secondly, this also includes the extent and effectiveness of their use. In this case, economic growth can be thought of as the product of production costs by its overall productivity.

In general, it is the last factor, that is, productivity, that is often the "stumbling block" in many development strategies. Many managers of modern companies complain that sometimes it is simply impossible to find really trained personnel who, in principle, could “beat off” the normative output.

The main groups of factors of intensive economic growth

Today economists say that all the nuances that somehow stimulate the process of increasing economic productivity should be divided into three main groups:

• Supply volume. This group includes: natural and / or labor resources involved in production, as well as the amount of money invested in the company and technologies used in production.
• The volume of distribution. This indicator assumes the degree of efficiency in the allocation of resources and funds.

On the importance of supply factors for intensifying production

Despite the indisputable importance of all the above issues, in real production much more attention is paid to supply factors, because they allow one way or another to influence purchasing activity and, accordingly, the company's profit. Thus, the intensive path of economic growth is influenced by the following:

• Increase or decrease in the cost of basic production resources.
• Any changes both in production rates and in its real indicators.
• Adoption of laws, one way or another, changing the previously existing relations of production. We know that intense economic growth characterizes the accelerated pace of purchasing new equipment, for example. If, for some reason, the state adopts laws on the mandatory replacement of imported products with domestic counterparts, but there are no good quality goods at first, the pace of development will inevitably fall.

So we examined the extensive and intensive factors of economic growth. As it is easy to see, in the early and mid-90s, it was the first technique that was intensively used in our country, and this did not lead to anything good. Now the economy (largely under the influence of external circumstances) is beginning to turn towards intensification. Many experts note that in the modern world, with its constant crises and stagnation phenomena, only this strategy can ensure the survival and prosperity of the state.

As noted, income and wage policies are linked to macroeconomic problems. This chapter examines the formation and distribution of gross domestic product and national income to the extent and from such an angle that is necessary for the subsequent presentation of more specific directions of income and wages policy.

Gross domestic product(GDP) is the volume of products and services at market value created over a certain period as a result of the production activities of economic units that are residents of the country. Residents are economic units (enterprises and households) with a center economic activity in the economic territory of a given country. GDP is defined as the value of the final goods and services produced in the country, i.e. goods and services used for final consumption. The value of intermediate goods and services purchased and used in production is not included in GDP.

Since the final product is mainly consumed by the population, and accumulation ensures economic development, GDP is used as an indicator characterizing the level of welfare.

GDP can also be defined as gross value added. Value added characterizes the contribution to the value of products made in enterprises. The added value calculated for an individual enterprise characterizes its contribution to the production of a product or service in conditions when their creation due to the division of labor is the result of cooperative activities of many enterprises.

GDP is created using fixed capital, which wears out and becomes obsolete in the production process. The share of consumed fixed capital accounts for about 10% of GDP. Theoretically, the depreciation of fixed capital should be excluded from GDP, since it does not represent value added, but characterizes the cost of capital consumed in production. However, the determination of depreciation is associated with intractable problems of calculating the replacement cost of fixed assets. Therefore, the cost of consumed fixed capital is usually included in the volume of GDP. This makes it more comparable when comparing data across countries.

Elimination of wear allows you to determine net value added, characterizing the direct increment of value in production and the amount of generated and distributed income. At the same time, the costs of manufacturing products represent the income of economic entities that participated with their resources in production. From these positions, net value added corresponds to the amount of primary income.

Primary income - these are incomes received as a result of labor participation in production and ownership of assets used in production. They are paid from the added value created during the production process. Taxes levied by the state on production and imports are also considered as primary income.

The gross domestic product is the main indicator on the basis of which the level and pace of the country's economic development are determined. The increase in GDP is accompanied by an increase in the number of employed and an increase in the standard of living, which is reflected in the growth of consumption of goods and services. The increase in GDP is determined by investments, their share in GDP and the excess of the total volume of investments over the amount of capital consumed in the production process.

Periods of economic growth can be replaced by a decline in production, employment, a decline in GDP per capita and, accordingly, living standards. However, if we consider the development over long periods, then it is obvious that the growth in the production of goods and services lies at the heart of the rise in the standard of living of the population, i.e. GDP as a whole and per capita. The main factors of GDP growth are the involvement of additional resources in production, primarily additional physical capital and labor, as well as an increase in the productivity of factors of production as a result of scientific and technological progress, the use of more productive technologies and the improvement of the qualifications of workers.

The increase in the labor force is associated with an increase in the population in general and in the working age. At the same time, the educational level, professional training and, accordingly, the quality of the labor force are increasing.

Along with the growth in the number of employed, the volume of accumulated industrial buildings, equipment and other means and working conditions is increasing. In connection with reclamation and irrigation works, the amount of agricultural land may increase slightly; geological exploration leads to an increase in the potential for use in the production of mineral deposits.

The increase in the resources used is important factor GDP growth. However, most of its growth is achieved due to scientific and technological progress, which makes it possible to produce new types of goods, improve the quality of traditional goods and more fully use the resources used.

See also:

Every state and company strives for dynamic economic growth. It can be provided within the framework of two main mechanisms - intensive and extensive. Most attractive in the environment modern businesses the first is considered. What are its features?

Definition of intensive growth

Economic growth - at the enterprise or at the national level economic system- can be achieved through two main mechanisms. The first implies an increase in the production of goods / services or the release of new, more expensive products and services by attracting additional resources - material, personnel. The type of economic growth based on this approach is called extensive. The second way is a qualitative improvement in the way products are released and services are provided, which becomes a factor in a fair increase in their price or a condition for the release of more volume at the same costs. This is intense economic growth.

At the same time, the extensiveness of growth does not at all imply a backwardness in the rate of increase in the company's revenue or an increase in the country's GDP. It often happens that firms operating within the framework of this model show very decent results, and national economies are growing steadily. However, sooner or later, an enterprise or the state as a whole has a need to take steps towards improving production processes.

Note that the development strategies we have named in their pure form are quite rare. If only because any intensive economic growth with the remaining technology for the production of goods or the provision of services is gradually turning into extensive. However, in certain historical periods of the development of certain companies or even states, one of the two strategies may clearly prevail.

Two models next door

One way or another, intensive and extensive economic growth can coexist. There is evidence that the economy of the United States and many other Western countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was extensive by about 70% and intensive by 30%. In turn, today, as many experts believe, developed economies are more than half represented by intensive industries.

Many experts consider the national economic system of the USSR as an example of an economy with predominantly extensive development. The emphasis on appropriate production methods, some analysts believe, led to the crisis in the late 1980s, which led to "perestroika". However, there are very tough objections to this thesis - some experts believe that the USSR could easily rebuild the necessary sectors of the economy under the intensive model, and "perestroika" only prevented this.

The border is conditional

An intensive path of economic growth characterizes, as we noted above, the use of more efficient approaches to production. However, one of the key criteria for this phenomenon is continuity. Only if the corresponding approaches are unchanged, the corresponding type of growth will be able to be recorded. Intensive economic growth is characterized by the constancy of approaches to improving production. As soon as the enterprise stops modernizing its capacities, its revenue growth immediately turns into extensive. Thus, economic growth is intense if sustained. And then it turns into extensive, if you stop improving the corresponding production methods. As we can see, the two considered development concepts not only actively coexist, but also the border between them is very conditional.

Resources for Intensive Growth

Intensive economic growth can be achieved by using a variety of resources. Improving the methods of producing goods and providing services can occur through the introduction of new technologies into production - more efficient in terms of energy conservation, the use of raw materials, and the involvement of personnel. It can also be the introduction of new management principles, cost reduction. One more possible variant- increasing the productivity of specialists.

Intensive growth at the state level

Which countries of the world have successfully used intensive economic growth at the level of the national economic system? Many economists refer to these, in particular, the dynamically developing states of Southeast Asia. The specificity of their economic systems is the constant technological improvement of the exported goods and, at the same time, the improvement of the methods of its release. Electronics, machines and many other high-tech components of the enterprise, registered in these states, produce modern, high-quality, affordable and in any volumes required by the consumer. A little later, we will consider through what mechanisms an intensive economic system can be launched in a particular country of the world.

At the same time, some difficulties are characteristic of national economies based on an intensive mode of production. First of all, it can be noted that in many cases the capacity of the markets for the respective goods is limited. Or the segment is overflowing with supply due to high competition. Therefore, in the absence of prospects for opening new industries, the national economy of the intensive type may stop developing. An example is modern Japan. According to various estimates, the real GDP of this country has practically not grown for almost 20 years.

An intensive path of economic growth characterizes a potentially high level of unemployment in various industries. The fact is that the improvement of production, as a rule, is assumed not by attracting new personnel, but by optimizing processes within the framework of the current staff of specialists.

There is a version that the transition of the economy with a strong emphasis on the intensification of production, which is characterized by the noted problems, in Asian countries was largely due to the lack of other resources for development. These states simply could not export anything other than cars and electronics in volumes sufficient to maintain a high standard of living for citizens.

Factors of intensive growth of states

What can be the factors of intensive economic growth in the national economic system? In principle, in theory, we have already voiced them above: this can be, for example, the introduction of new technologies in production, the use of new approaches to the organization of labor, and if we are talking about the state - the use of more effective principles of political governance, etc. Together with Thus, it will be interesting to consider how specific states managed to get up on the intensive path of economic growth in practice.

Asian experience

In particular, the experience of Singapore is considered quite indicative. This small state, according to economists, was able to provide an intensive type of economic growth without having any significant natural resources. The Singaporeans managed to do this due to a combination of the following key factors:

Raising the level of education of citizens, organizing labor culture;

Attracting foreign investors;

Successful fight against corruption;

Limiting barriers to starting a business.

As a result, Singapore has become one of the most developed and attractive countries for investment in the world. These methods are considered by many experts to be compatible with the political experience of any state. Of course, there are other countries that have successfully launched intensive economic growth. Examples of such states can be found on almost any continent. If you look at the region where Singapore is located, and this is Southeast Asia, then we will name, of course, Japan (with all the economic difficulties in this country noted above in the article), South Korea, Taiwan.

As for Europe, a fairly indicative example of intensive economic growth is, according to many analysts, the national economic system of Finland. For a long time, the country depended on exports to the USSR. But with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Finns had to quite significantly rebuild their own national economy. As a result, however, the economy of this Scandinavian country has become one of the most dynamic in the world, thanks to the opening of a large number of high-tech industries.

National effectiveness issues

It should be noted that Finland, just like Japan, having built a competitive economy, was still unable to fully prepare it, as many experts believe, for the crisis challenges characteristic of the capitalist market. For example, Finland's GDP has practically not increased over the past few years. And therefore, despite the orientation of the national economy towards an intensive model, this has no practical significance at the moment.

However, in the same Singapore there are no problems with economic growth. GDP is growing at a steady pace. Moreover, Singapore is one of the few countries whose macroeconomic indicators practically did not decrease during the 2008-2009 crisis. In particular, South Korea's GDP fell quite significantly during that period. However, it has successfully recovered by now and has good chances, as many economists believe, for further growth.

Thus, the effectiveness of the growth model depends not only on the key principles of its provision, but also on a large number of other factors that can determine the constancy of the rate of development of the national economy of the state. Some countries manage to provide it, others may experience significant difficulties with this.

Types of intensive growth

Let us consider in the form of what models an intensive type of economic growth can be presented. Modern experts distinguish three.

First, it is labor-saving growth. It is characterized by the fact that the enterprise introduces as many production assets as possible, designed to replace manual labor. The source of intensive economic growth here is technology.

Example: an enterprise for the production of televisions for a long time functioned on the basis of manual assembly of equipment. A staff of 30 specialists assembled 30 TVs a month, and they provided revenues of 300 thousand rubles. After the modernization of production, the TV assembly lines were robotized. As a result, each employee, controlling the robot, could already collect 150 TVs a month. Revenue increased 5 times, salary costs remained the same.

Second, there is capital-saving growth. It is characterized, in turn, by a production policy aimed at reducing costs. As a rule, these are costs associated with energy supply, raw materials, logistics.

Example: A TV assembly plant has been purchasing microcircuits from South Korea for a long time. As a result, the production cost of one device was 4 thousand rubles. However, the company's managers who attended the BRICS forum managed to establish contacts with Chinese factories, which agreed to supply microcircuits at half the price of Korean ones, with the same quality. As a result, the prime cost of one TV set amounted to 2 thousand. This made it possible to double the production volume.

Third, there is combined or all-round growth. It combines the advantages of the first two, and also involves the introduction of effective concepts in practice. Which can reflect both production technologies and, in particular, management principles.

From extensive to intense growth

We noted above that intensive and extensive economic growth, as a rule, are observed at the level of the national economy at the same time. We also said that over time, the national economy of the state or the economy of an individual enterprise may require modernization. That is, the transfer of the development model from extensive principles to intensive ones. Within what mechanisms can this happen?

Experts distinguish two - reformist and evolutionary. In the first, the restructuring of the national economy or, if we are talking about a separate firm, factory lines are carried out with careful methods. As a rule, the corresponding modernization is of a programmatic nature: as the first stages are successfully completed, the transition to the next is carried out.

The advantages of this method: the likely social burden on personnel (in the case of an enterprise) and on citizens (in the case of the state) is relatively low. As a rule, a large volume of one-time investment is not needed. Disadvantages: it may turn out that the selected factors of intensive economic growth will not provide the necessary dynamics of the development of the company or the national economic system. That is, a real increase in GDP may not occur, and the firm's revenue will yield to inflation.

In turn, the reformist model, in which enterprises are transferred to an intensive type of economic growth, implies a rejection of the previous development concepts.

The main advantage of this method: it is possible to quickly orient production towards the production of the most demanded goods, which will ensure high dynamics of development. The main disadvantage: as a rule, if the previous concepts of the organization of production are abandoned, the current revenue decreases - if we talk about the enterprise. As for the country, the standard of living of citizens may decline, as was the case in the scenarios of economic "shock therapy" in some former socialist countries.

The economic growth- an increase in real and potential income(gross domestic product) over a long period of time.
Real economic growth is GDP growth in monetary terms minus inflation. It means an increase in profits, which is a source of further expansion and renewal of production and an increase in the welfare of the population. Economic growth often leads to scientific progress.

In a market and mixed economy, economic development is uneven, in the form of economic cycles.
Economic cycle- these are periodic fluctuations in the levels of employment, production and inflation; period of cyclical business activity.

Phases economic cycle:
- economic recovery (peak) - almost full employment active population, constant expansion of production of all goods and services, income growth, expansion of aggregate demand;
- economic contraction (recession) - reduction in production and consumption, income and investment, decline GDP level;
- economic recession (crisis) - the economy, having reached the bottom, is marking time;
- revival - a gradual increase in production, the industry begins to attract additional labor, incomes of the population and the profits of entrepreneurs are growing.

The crisis is characterized by:
- reduction in production and profits;
- sometimes a forced fall in prices;
- a fall in real (and sometimes nominal) wages;
- a decline in living standards.

Types of crises depending on the reasons for their occurrence:
- the crisis of overproduction - generated by the growth of production capacities and overproduction of goods;
- structural crisis - associated with the birth of new industries and technologies and the withering away of old ones;
- market crisis - associated with cyclical fluctuations in supply and demand in the market;
- the seasonal crisis is generated by the technological specifics of some sectors of the economy.
Economic development- the process of the economy passing through all phases of the economic cycle, not only growth, but also recession, which can be accompanied by both a relative and absolute decline in production volumes.
System of national accounts Is a collection of statistical economic indicators, characterizing the values ​​of the total product and total income and allowing to assess the state of the country's economy.
Macroeconomic indicators allow
- measure the volume of production at any given time;
- to determine the factors that directly affect the development of the economy;
- track the dynamics and make forecasts of economic development;
- to develop state economic policy.

Macroeconomic indicators

Other basic indicators of the economy: the volume of GDP per capita, per person employed in the economy, the volume of investments in national economy, the volume of national exports and imports, etc.