Structure of the National Economy. Spheres and divisions of the national economy division of national economy sector

The national economy is a complex multi-level economic system, determining the essence of which depends on the objectives of the study. For the analysis of economic activities, the concept of a national economy is defined as follows.

National economy - this is a single complex of interrelated industries (types of economic activity) formed as a result of public division of labor, scientific and technical development, international cooperation specific within a country or another.

In the structural plan, the national economy can be considered from the point of view of the legal, industry and spatial organization.

In modern terms, the National Economy is a set of organizations with the status of a legal entity (commercial and non-commercial organizations).

In the industry plan, when analyzing the national economy, such concepts as sphere, sector, industry, type of economic activity are used.

National Economy Division spheres It is carried out in terms of their participation in the formation of gross domestic product (GDP) and national income (ND). In addition, division on spheres allows you to trace a single chain of economic activity. In accordance with this, the entire national economy is divided into two spheres: the scope of material production and non-production sphere.

Sphere of material production It is a combination of industries and types of economic activities that create material benefits or performing functions that are a continuation of the process of production in the field of circulation. The result of activities in this area are production and technical products, goods and products of wide consumption (consumer goods), transport services, communications, etc.

In world practice, it is also used to divide the scope of material production for three elements:

primary (part of the economy associated with raw materials, crop, animal husbandry);
industrial (part of the economy related to the production of intermediate products - materials, components, machinery and equipment);
final product (part of the economy where consumer objects are produced).

Non-production sphere Combines industries and activities for the maintenance of the population:

education;
Health and social services;
Activities for the provision of utility, social and personal services, etc.

For generalizing the characteristics of economic processes, the national economy is divided into sectors.

Sector National economy is called total institutional units, homogeneous from the point of view of goals, functions performed by them in the economic process, behavior and methods for financing production costs.

Thus, the grouping by sectors allows to divide parts of the national economy, which have common characteristics, in theoretical and practical purposes (for statistical observations, state regulation, etc.).

Depending on the form of property, the sectors of the economy are distinguished: state and private.

Government sector submitted a combination of enterprises, organizations, institutions in state owned or controlled and managed by government agencies.

Private sector Presents a combination of enterprises, organizations and institutions directly not controlled by the state.

In accordance with the adopted system of national accounts (SNA), the following sectors were formed in the domestic economy:

non-financial enterprises;
financial institutions;
government agencies;
households;
Non-commercial organizations serving households.

The non-financial enterprise sector represents a combination of business units engaged in the production of goods and services in order to profit, and non-commercial organizations employed by non-market production.

At the same time, three subsectors differ in the forms of control:

state;
National private;
foreign.

The non-financial enterprise sector contributes the greatest contribution to the production of gross domestic product, but does not participate in finite consumption.

The financial institution sector is represented by the combination of commercial and non-profit organizations, the main activities of which are financial intermediation, insurance, auxiliary activities in the field of financial intermediation and insurance. The sector of financial institutions include: Bank of Russia; Commercial banks, other financial intermediaries (Investment and innovative funds, leasing organizations, charitable and sponsorship firms, etc.); Financial auxiliary institutions (stock exchanges), insurance corporations and pension funds. State, national private and foreign institutions should be distinguished.

The sector of government agencies includes a combination of legislative, judicial and executive bodies, funds social security and controlled non-profit organizations. The main functions of the sector of government agencies are: the organization of the provision of goods and the provision of services to society and financing such a provision from taxation or other income; Redistribution of income and material values \u200b\u200bthrough transfers; Production of non-market services. The sector of public institutions has federal, regional and local levels.

The household sector is represented by households consisting of a small group of persons. As part of the household, they unite part or all their income and assets, jointly consume certain types of goods and services. Some of the households carry out production activities in the form of uncorpled enterprises.

Depending on the type of income (the highest source of income), the following household sector subsectors can be distinguished: employers; employees of hired labor; employed employment; Revenue recipients from property and transfers. Households are also divided by the nature of classes, the labor industry, education and qualifications of the person recognized by his head. Finally, the subsectors of the household sector can be formed in accordance with the size of the total income, the number of members or its location.

The sector of non-profit organizations serving households is presented with a set of non-commercial organizations, the main function of which is to provide goods and services to households on a non-market basis. This sector is funded mainly due to voluntary contributions, sponsorship, revenue from property. This sector also includes independent divisions of enterprises and organizations that provide services for a socio-cultural nature to their employees.

A single chain of economic activity that shape the modern economic process within the framework of the national economy can be represented as a scheme (Fig. 1.1).

The sectors of the national economy in turn develop out of homogeneous types of economic activity - industries, the list of which is determined by the adopted classification.

Fig. 1.1.

Industry (view of economic activity) is an the combination of enterprises and organizations for whom the community of activity, products manufactured, production technology, the use of raw materials, fixed assets and professional skills of workers.

The division of the national economy in the industry is to solve numerous tasks, among which are the mainstream:

identification of economic activities claimed by economic entities during registration;
development of regulatory legal acts concerning state regulation of certain types of economic activity;
implementation of state statistical observation by type of activity for the development of economic processes;
ensuring the needs of state authorities and management in information on the types of economic activities in solving employment problems, investment activities, etc.;
Preparation of statistical information to compare it at the international level.

To solve the last of the following tasks by the Resolution of the State Standard of Russia dated November 6, 2001 No. 454-space from January 1, 2003, the All-Russian Classifier for Economic Activities (OKVED), built on the basis of the statistical classification of economic activities in the European Economic Community ( KDES). It replaces the union of the industry classifier. national economy (Windows), part I and IV (in relation to economic activity).

In tab. 1.1 shows the integrated list of industries (types of economic activity) according to windows and OKVED.

From the point of view of the spatial organization for many years for the purposes of economic forecasting and programming, as well as indicative planning of territorial development Russian Federation A grid of economic zoning is used.

Economic district Part of the country, characterized by an exemplary unity of natural conditions, demographic characteristics, resettlement, specialization of the economy and social sphere, is considered to determine its place in the country's economy, and the subjects of the Russian Federation are limited to the administrative borders. Created in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000 "On the authorized representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District" seven federal districts - Central (center of the district -

Moscow); Northwest (center of the district - St. Petersburg); Southern (district center - Rostov-on-Don); Volga (center of the district - Nizhny Novgorod); Urals (County Center - Ekaterinburg); Siberian (center of the district - Novosibirsk); Far Eastern (center of County - Khabarovsk) do not coincide with the grid of economic zoning.

List of industries (types of economic activity) according toWindows andOKVED

Table 1.1.

Windows

OKVED

Industrial equipment Agriculture Construction Transportation

Trade I. catering Material and Production and Sales

Housing Municipal farm Non-productive types of domestic health care health care, physical education and social security education culture and art science and scientific service

Agriculture, Hunting and Forestry

Fishing, fish farming Mining minerals manufacturing production production and distribution of electricity, gas and water construction

Wholesale I. retail; Repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, household goods and personal items Hotels and restaurants Transport and communication Financial activities Real estate operations, Rent and provision of services Public Administration and Military Security; compulsory social security education

Health and provision of social services Provision of other utilities, social and personal services. Provision of household services. The activities of exterritorial organizations.

The national economy is structured on reproduced and sectoral features.

The reproductive structure involves dividing the social product on the principle of their functional purpose.

The sectoral structure is the division of the economic system for the main activities. The structure of social production involves the presence of national economic proportions. Consider them.

The general economic proportions reflect quantitative relations, for example, between accumulation and consumption, between the production of means of production and the production of consumption items, etc. They all relate to public reproduction of the macroeconomic level.

Inter-sectoral proportions are quantitative relations between various sectors of social production, for example, between the mining and processing industry, between industry and agriculture, etc.

Intra-separable proportions are quantitative relations between the individual industry production (for example, timber harvesting and furniture manufacturing).

Interstate proportions are quantitative relations between national sectors of various countries.

Economists of various schools offer their options for achieving proportionality in the development of the economy. One of the first options was offered K. Marx in 1885 in the second volume of "Capital" in its famous reproduction schemes.

He proceeded from the fact that there are two divisions in production: the first (i), where the means of production (engineering products) are produced, and the second (II), where consumer items are created (livelihood scope). The need to allocate these two divisions is due to the fact that the means of production and consumer items perform different functions: the first to serve to reproduce the material elements of the productive forces (replacement of equipment), the second for the reproduction of the human factor.

Modern public reproduction is more difficult and volume compared to the one who explored K. Marx. It covers not only the material production (I and II of the divisions), but also intangible and military economy, which form III and IV spheres.

More branched and complex ties that exist among them are no longer fit into the Marx scheme.

In modern Western literature (A. Fisher, K. Clark) uses the theory of "three sectors". This theory is based on the division of all sectors of the national economy on the "primary", "secondary" and "tertiary" sectors.

The Primary Sector includes industries associated with production, mining and use of natural resources (rural, forestry, fisheries).

The "secondary sector" consists of industrial industries. The production industry sometimes relates to the first, sometimes to the second sector.

The "tertiary" includes "branches of services" - transport, utilities, construction, trade, finance, education, health care, state apparatus, army, etc.

The organizational and economic structure reflects the relationships in the process of organizing the production of social product. This structure is characterized by a system of proportions between the shares of the social product created by the economic links, which are grouped by the level of concentration or specialization of production.

From the point of view of the concentration of production, it can be represented by the ratio of specific scales of large, medium and small businesses in sectoral production, GNP or GDP; From the point of view of specialization - the proportion between the shares of specialized or multi-industry industries, calculated both by the national economy and in the sectoral section. Obfore in their unity, both types of organizational and economic structure are quite fully characterized by the level of technological monopolization of production in the national economy.

The socio-economic structure describes, on the one hand, the contribution of enterprises of various forms of ownership into the production of a social product, on the other - the differentiation of income of various groups of the population.

Organizational and economic and social structures The social product in the Russian Federation undergo significant changes in the creation of a modern market system. In the pre-reform period, the organizational and economic structure of Russia compared to countries with a developed market economy was distinguished by an extremely high concentration of production, and the socio-economic structure is almost undivided dominance of state-owned ownership and a relatively uniform distribution of income between different groups of the population. Deploying the processes of privatization and demonopolization of production, the development of small businesses led to a decrease in the level of production concentration, increasing the share of the private sector of the economy and enhancing the income differentiation.

As a system, the National Economy has certain indicators characterizing the level of its development. The identity of indicators based on the general method of their counting, at the same time allows for international comparisons and to bring aggregate data as a whole in the global economy.

Economic potential reflects the volume, structure, quality and technical level of goods and services produced in it, as well as material and spiritual values \u200b\u200baccumulated in the country and abroad. For its full characteristic, a number of indicators are needed, but the main inner product is the main product, the gross national product and national wealth. For the final definition of economic potential, it is necessary to compare it with similar indicators of other countries.

National Wealth (NB) is a combination of the resources of the country necessary for the production of goods, providing services and ensuring the life activity of people. It includes: non-financial production and non-manufacturing assets, financial assets (liabilities), foreign direct investment, durable goods in households. In assessing elements of national wealth, both natural and cost indicators are used. National wealth data allow us to evaluate economic potential Countries, the level of development of the economy and the degree of well-being of the population.

National income (ND) is part of the gross domestic product, which remains after deducting its production, the national income may be: a) produced, b) used for consumption and accumulation.

The most universal indicator of the assessment of the internal economic potential of any country is the volume of gross domestic product (GDP). In terms of GDP, it is possible to determine the cost of goods and services produced by the national economy and intended for finite consumption, accumulation and exports.

GDP is calculated in three ways: for production - as the amount of the value added of all industries of the material production and service sector; on distribution - as the amount of public and private consumption, public and private investment, growth or reducing reserves; by income - as the amount wages employees, all types of profits, rental income, depreciation deductions and indirect taxes. All three GDP counting methods should give the same result. The dynamism and sustainability of the country's economic development are determined by another indicator - the average annual growth rate of GDP. Complements the overall picture of the calculation of GDP per capita.

In economic theory, the structure of the national economy is considered in reproduction, legal, sectoral, socio-economic, territorial aspects.

The reproduction structure includes households. Here consumed a significant part of national income, the funds passing into other areas of the national economy are accumulated.

In modern terms, the National Economy is a set of organizations with the status of a legal entity (commercial and non-commercial organizations).

In the industry plan, when analyzing the national economy, such concepts as sphere (for example, production and non-production), sector (for example, household sector), industry (for example, ferrous metallurgy), type of economic activity (for example, individual brick production entrepreneur) .

Divisions of the national economy on the spheres are carried out in terms of their participation in the formation of GDP and national income (ND). In addition, division on spheres allows you to trace a single chain of economic activity. In accordance with this, the entire national economy is divided into two spheres. The scope of material production is a combination of industries and types of economic activities that create material benefits or performing functions that are a continuation of the process of production in the field of circulation (industry, agriculture, construction, cargo transport, communications in terms of service sector, forestry, trade and public Nutrition, logistics, workpieces of agricultural products, other activities of the sphere of material production). The result of activities in this field is the production and technical products, goods and products of broad consumption, transportation services, communications, etc. In world practice, also uses the division of the scope of material production to the intermediate (product subjected to further technological processing) and the final (product Subjected to further technological processing) products.

The non-production sphere brings together industries and activities for the maintenance of the population (education, science, health and social services, culture and art, physical education and sports, management, activities to provide utilities, social and personal services, etc.).

For generalizing the characteristics of economic processes, the national economy is divided into sectors. The sector of the national economy is a combination of institutional units, homogeneous from the point of view of the goals, functions performed by them in the economic process, behavior and methods of financing the cost of production. Thus, the grouping by sectors allows to divide parts of the national economy, which have common characteristics, unity of theoretical and practical purposes. Depending on the form of ownership, the sectors of the economy are distinguished: state and private (the public sector is represented by the combination of enterprises, organizations, institutions in state ownership or controlled and managed by government agencies; the private sector is represented by the enterprises, organizations and institutions directly uncontrollable by the state).

In accordance with the system of national accounts (SNA), the following sectors are formed in the domestic economy:

Non-financial enterprises (a combination of economic units engaged in the production of goods and services in order to obtain profits and non-commercial organizations employed by non-financial production; the sector of non-financial enterprises contributes the greatest contribution to the production of GDP);

Financial institutions (a set of commercial and non-commercial organizations, the main activities of which are financial intermediation, insurance, auxiliary activities in financial intermediation and insurance; the sector of financial institutions include: the system of the Central Bank of Russia, commercial banks, other financial intermediaries - investment and innovative funds, Leasing organizations, charitable and sponsorship firms, financial support institutions - stock exchanges, insurance corporations and pension funds);

Government agencies (a set of legislative, judicial and executive bodies, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them; the sector of state institutions has federal, regional and local levels);

Households (aggregate households);

Non-commercial organizations serving households (a set of non-profit organizations whose main function is to provide goods and services to households on a non-market basis; this sector is funded mainly due to voluntary contributions, sponsorship, revenue from property).

The industry (view of economic activity) is a combination of enterprises and organizations, which are characterized by the community of the sphere of activity, products, production technology, the use of raw materials, fixed assets and professional skills of workers.

The division of the national economy in the industry is aimed at solving numerous tasks, among which the main activities are: identifying the economic activity in the economic activities in the registration of economic entities during registration; development of regulatory legal acts concerning state regulation of certain types of economic activity; ensuring the needs of state authorities and management information on economic activities in solving employment problems, investment activities, etc.; implementation of state statistical observation by type of activity for the development of economic processes; Preparation of statistical information to compare it at the international level.

The socio-economic structure characterizes the division of the national economy into sectors in groups of enterprises, population groups, types of labor, etc. In accordance with the form of ownership.

The territorial structure means dividing the national economy into zones (Western and Eastern), enlarged economic areas (for example, Ural-Volga), large economic areas (there are 11 districts plus Kaliningrad region), federal districts (they are 7, for example, Volga), Regions-subjects of the Russian Federation (89 them) and municipalities.

4. Levels in the National Economic System - interacting in the Unified Economic Space. Internal production level, personal level.

5. Economic factors and prerequisites for the functioning of the national economy – economic bases National Economic economic basegoverning property relations in the country, form of management in it, processes of production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

Property forms: private, legal entities, public organizations, joint organizations, state and municipal.

Properties: land plots, residential buildings, cash, securities, media, enterprise.

National market and its segments: labor market; stock market; real estate market; market of funds and objects of labor; market of goods and services, etc.

Key Moment Market transformations in the economy of the Russian Federation became a fundamental change in property relations. It covers:

- privatization and privatization of property (the most important lesson of privatization in the Russian Federation: not millions of citizens became owners of property owners, and a limited circle of persons who had access to interest-free loans in banks and which found funds on the residual, and not market value). Privatization in the Russian Federation is an example of the corruption of a high official apparatus and oligarchs. The degree of corruption in the Russian Federation on a five-point scale is estimated at 3.7 points. With the development of market principles, corruption will decline. Corruption is the greater, the less economic freedom. The main lessons of privatization are as follows: first, privatization was carried out too rapidly pace, without relevant institutional training and even without relevant legislation; Secondly, led to the weakening of state power, to public erosion, to corruption; Thirdly, as a result of privatization, the real owner was not formed, and all (or almost all) privatized property acquired the "thieves" character. Such a development of privatization processes is explained by the viciousness of the voucher privatization mechanism, the subjective desire to accelerate the gap with communism, and even the uncleanness of the reformers. Spontaneity of privatization in the Russian Federation, i.e. the transition of state ownership of those in whose use she was;

This section discussed in Russia, in which the main role is played FIRM as an independent economic entity of the economy, providing economic growth and raising the national economy as a whole, given general characteristics Firms, as well as its goals, tasks, functions, structure. The model of functioning of the company in a market environment is shown, reflected the influence of the changing external environment on its economic activity. Considered organizational structure Firms and forms of business organization in market space.

Firm called an enterprise (organization) that implements commercial activity In order to profit goes, it is endowed with the rights of a legal entity, has its own name and has passed the registration procedure in the authorized state bodies required by the legislation. In this sense, the concept of the company does not depend on the form of ownership (federal, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal or private).

Company - this is a separate economic entity that uses material and informational resources For the production of product in demand, performance of work and the provision of services. It independently operates, disposes of manufactured products and profit, which remains after paying taxes, other mandatory payments. That is, the company is an independent commodity producer. IN modern conditions each enterprise to survive must be engaged entrepreneurial Activities: both manufacturing, and commercial, and financial entrepreneurship, enterprises are endowed with the right of a legal entity, have their own name and are registered with authorized state bodies. Entrepreneurship as a type of human activity arises and exists only within the framework of commercial production and market trade, which is typical for the existing Russian reality.

1.1. SPACE AND DEMISTS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

Economic complex of Russia

The economy of any country is a single complex of interrelated industries that distinguish public reproduction within national borders.

The national economy is the result of the economic and social development of society, the development of specialization and cooperation of labor, international cooperation with other countries.

The economic complex has special sectoral, reproductive, regional and other structural characteristics.

Spheres and divisions of the economy

When analyzing the economy of countries in economic studies, such concepts are commonly used as sphere, industry, sector Economy.

Spheres of economy

From the point of view of participation in the creation of an aggregate social product and national income, social production is divided into two large spheres: material production and non-productive sphere.

The non-productive field includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communication (serving organization of the non-production sector and the population), health care, physical culture and social security, education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, management of the authorities of the Office.

Economics industry

The sectors of the economy are divided into specialized industries. Industry - a group of highly homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions) characterized by special conditions Production in the system of public division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in national economy.

For example, the scope of material production includes industries in which the means of production and objects of consumption are being created for the life and development of society.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of the historical process, the development of public division of labor.

Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is divided into complex industries and types of production. As part of the industry, for example, there are more than 15 large industries as electric power industry, fuel industry, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industry, Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking, Forest, Pulp and Paper Industry, Building Materials, Lightweight Industry and Other Industries.

Specialized industries are characterized by varying degrees of differentiation of production. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production leads to the formation of new industries and types of production. Simultaneously with specialization and differentiation processes of cooperation, the integration of production, leading to the development of sustainable production relations between the industries, to the creation of mixed industries and inter-sectoral complexes.

Inter-sectoral complexes

Inter-sectoral complex - Integration structure, which characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product. Inter-sectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. As part of the industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, mechanical engineering and other complexes. A more complex structure is distinguished by agro-industrial and construction complexes, uniting different sectors of the national economy.

Inter-sectoral business complexes can be conditionally divided into target and functional. The allocation of target complexes is based on a reproductive principle and criteria for participation in creating a final product. For example, it is possible to allocate a machine-building complex, fuel and energy and agro-industrial complexes, forest and mineral resource complexes, a transport complex, etc.

The basis of the allocation of functional complexes is based on the principle and criteria for the specialization of the complex on a specific function. Here you can distinguish investment and infrastructure complexes, a scientific and technical complex, to a certain extent and ecological complex.

On the basis of the division of labor, multi-sectoral and disposable complexes, territorial production complexes, intersectoral scientific and technical complexes can be distinguished.

Sectors of the economy

Composite elements of the economic complex can be grouped by various economic features. In foreign studies, on the basis of a system of national accounts for the generalizing characteristics of economic processes, large sectors of the economy are allocated.

The sector means a combination of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These are usually attributed to: the enterprise sector, household sector, the sector of government agencies and the external sector.

The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial and sector of non-financial enterprises.

Sector of non-financial enterprises Combines enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services in order to profit, and non-commercial organizations that do not pursue the goals of profit extraction. Depending on who monitors their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state-owned, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.

Sector of financial enterprises Encompasses institutional units employed by financial intermediation.

The sector of government agencies is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector includes mainly consuming units, i.e., households and enterprises formed by them.

The external sector, or the "rest world" sector, is a combination of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e., located outside the country), which have economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations in the territory of this countries.

According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors often distinguish.

Market sector Encompasses the production of goods and services intended for sale on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for these goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services for the barter, wage in kind and stocks finished products.

Non-market sector - Production of products and services intended for use directly by manufacturers or owners of the enterprise, as well as provided by other consumers for free or prices that do not affect demand.

Sometimes mixed industries are extracted, which provide market and non-market services.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries producing goods, and services providing services. The first group includes industry, agriculture, construction and other industries (publishing activities, recycling of secondary raw materials, collecting wild mushrooms and berries, etc.). The services providing services include education, transport trade, health care, general public administration, defense, etc.

1.2. Structural restructuring of the economy

The economic complex is a complex system of interacting macroeconomic elements. Existing relations (proportions) between these elements is called calling economic structure. Usually allocate sectoral, reproducible, regional and other types of economic structures.

The structure of the economy is not permanent: some industries and types of productions are characterized by rapid development, others, on the contrary, slow down the rates of its growth, stagnate.

Structural changes in the economy may be elementary in nature, and may be regulated by the state during the implementation of structural policies, which is an integral part of macroeconomic policies. The main methods of state structural policy are government target programs, public investment, procurement and subsidies, various tax breaks individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.

The implementation of the structural restructuring of the economy ensures the balance of the national economy, is the basis of sustainable and efficient economic growth and development.

Features and directions of structural restructuring in Russia

The need for a structural restructuring is explained by changing priorities in the formation of a business structure. The former structure of the economic complex turned out to be non-visual and economically ineffective in the conditions of the liberalization of the economy, the development of market methods of economic management. The existing structure was characterized by an extremely high degree of loosening of all economic processes, supermon population of production, distorted by the structure of the economic complex with a significant development of extractive industries, a hypertrophied military-industrial complex with a significant lagging for industries working for the consumer market.

The specificity of the structural restructuring in Russia lies in the fact that it is carried out in the conditions of a transformation downturn, accompanying any transition from one economic system to another, which in the conditions of our country has imposed on the structural crisis, which began in the 80s. Structural adjustment is carried out under conditions of changes in forms and methods of state impact on the economy, significant reduction public spending and centralized lending.

The main directions of structural adjustment are the coagulation and reprocessing of objectively unnecessary and incapacitated enterprises, a slowdown in the fall and stabilization of production of products that are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets; Creating conditions for the revival and development of promising activities that form the real economic potential of the country.

Trends in the development of industry

Russia is a country with developed industry. It accounts for 3/5 of the total gross social product, more than 2/5 of national income, about 1/2 manufacturing fixed assets and together with the construction of approximately 2/5 people employed in the public industry. Industry primarily determines the production and scientific and technical potential, degree and efficiency of using natural, material and labor resources. It serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.

As part of the industry, the intensity of development of individual industries is different, which is explained by the peculiarities of their formation in the past, the need to comply with certain intersectoral proportions, the requirements of scientific and technological progress and other reasons. At the same time, attention is drawn to the stability of the following trends: the priority growth of industries providing scientific and technical progress; Significant expansion of production of consumption items in all industries.

The transformations carried out during the economic reform already led to the fact that the structural shifts in the economy are increasingly influenced market mechanisms. They will mainly and will determine the prospects for the development of individual industries.

The necessary changes in the directions and proportions of the development of industrial production are sufficiently obvious: strengthening its intensification, increasing technical level and competitiveness, rationalization of the structure of production, more close attention to the problems of resource saving, environmental protection.

Today, the share of extractive industries in the total volume of industrial products has a tendency to grow, which contradicts the global trend of recent years, consisting in the advanced growth of the manufacturing industry. Moreover, the development of sectors of the mining industry is largely focused on demand, forming in the foreign market, beyond the national economy. Russia is increasingly drawn into an international division of labor as a supplier of fuel and commodity resources and consumer of finished industrial products.

A significant reduction occurred in the production of machinery and equipment, their share in the total volume of manufacturing products decreased from 25.6% in 1991 to 17.7% in 1998.

Taking into account the needs of the structural restructuring of the economy that have emerged negative trends in the development of industrial production by the Government of the Russian Federation, the concept of industrial policy of the state until 2010 was developed.

The planned structural shifts in the industry do not mean a refund to the structure of 1990. They suggest a decrease in the share of mining industries (from 16% in 1995 to 10% in 2010) and an increase in the share of processing industries (from 84% in 1995 to 90 % in 2010). Over the next 2-3 years, the priority industries will be: oil producing, gas, refineries, woodworking, mining and processing of diamonds, engineering production.

The government outlines a whole system of support and stimulating the development of these industries: the formation of institutional and legislative conditions, reforming the tax system, foreign economic support, stimulating public, private and foreign investment. Industrial policy involves different development strategies for various industries and production groups. So, for industries with a large scientific and technical potential capable of creating competitive products for the world and domestic market (aircraft construction, rocket-space production, nuclear industry, weapons and military equipment, electrical engineering, heavy machinery, biotechnology, etc.), State investments, procurement and subsidies, export loans are scheduled.

Exportable industries (oil, gas, diamond, forest) have real development opportunities in their own financial base. Therefore, policies for these industries will be focused on their independent financing. For this, it is planned to differentiate a fee for the use of subsoils, excise taxes, taking into account the quality and location of deposits, as well as the degree of their development for the oil industry, gas prices at the cost of transportation and distribution in the gas industry.

In the oil industry, the main direction of further institutional transformation will continue the process of forming vertically integrated companies that carry out a complex of work on the extraction and processing of petroleum raw materials.

In oil refining, measures will be taken to improve the environmental situation in areas of accommodation of refinery. The high internal and external demand for gas industry products will retain its attractiveness for investors and lenders.

The main methods of industrial policy for industries that are not able to quickly rebuilt due to the technical backwardness of production (automotive industry, transport, road, agricultural engineering, light and food industry) are a gradual decrease in protective import tariffs to levels allowed by international norms, as well as methods non-tariff regulation. In these industries are not expected direct state support.

In certain industries, the following main development areas will be priority.

In ferrous metallurgy and, in particular, in the rolling production, the main direction of improving the structure will be expanding the range and improving the quality of metal products.

Profitability in ferrous metallurgy was 8.2% in 1999, i.e. there was a decline over the year 3.1 times. Exit from the current situation is the technical re-equipment of metallurgical enterprises by increasing the methods of applying effective technologies and equipment. Perspectively technical re-equipment of the employment process. In addition, the predicted growth of world prices is practically at all metals can increase the attractiveness of the industry for investors, to contribute to the influx of financial resources and the growth of the liquidity of metallurgical enterprises.

In the cement industry, the improvement of the structure will be carried out mainly by increasing the production of cement obtained by an energy-saving "dry" method and organization of production of multicomponent cements that ensure solid and durable concrete and reinforced concrete products.

In the chemical industry, promising directions arising from the expected structure of demand are the expansion of the range and an increase in the production of progressive species of synthetic fibers and threads; Building the production of stable tires for low-tonnage cars and the organization of the production of large-sized and super-bubbly tires. The survival rate of the pharmaceutical industry is associated with the release of non-inferior in the quality of foreign analogues of medicines.

In the pulp and paper industry, the implementation of the intended measures will create conditions for increasing the efficiency of the use of wood raw materials, quality and competitiveness of wood product and extension on this basis of the export potential of the forest complex. In engineering and metalworking, it is advisable, in particular, to increase the production of equipment for the intensification of oil and gas production, an increase in the depth of oil refining, increasing the level of mechanization and the degree of safety of work in coal mines and cuts.

IN light industry It is possible to expand the range of products and an increase in the supply of widely dimensional cotton fabrics, new types of costume, descetic and furniture fabrics, children's sewing and knitwear, shoes with a riding genuine leather. Improving the infrastructure of the market for the goods will be carried out by implementing measures to accelerate the commodity through the development of interregional and regional wholesale markets, small-winding bases, exhibition complexes, fairs.

Control questions

1. Give the definition of the economic complex of Russia.

2. What is included in the country's economic complex?

3. What is called the sphere of economy, the industry of the economy, the sector of the economy?

4. Call the main sectors of the economy of modern Russia.

5. What is the essence of the specific structural restructuring of the economy?

6. Name the main trends in the development of modern Russia.

1. Introduction

2. Spheres and divisions of the economy

3. Structural restructuring of the economy

4. Conclusion.

5. Literature

Introduction

The economy of any country is a unified complex of interrelated industries. Each state, depending on its national and historical traditions, geographical and geopolitical conditions and labor skills, creates its unique complex of the sectors of the national economy, on the formation of which international cooperation with other countries has an increasing impact.

When analyzing the national economy, there are such concepts as areas, industries, complexes, sectors of the economy.

The national economy is the result of the economic and social development of society, the development of specialization and cooperation of labor, international cooperation with other countries.

The people's complex has special sectoral, reproductive, regional and other structural characteristics.

1. Spheres and divisions of the economy

When analyzing the national economy in economic research, such concepts as sphere, industry, the economy sector are commonly used.

Spheres of economy

The material production includes industry, rural and forestry, cargo transport, communication (serving material production), construction, trade, public catering, information and computing maintenance, other activities of the sphere of material production. The non-production area includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communication (servicing organization of the non-production sector and population), health care, physical culture and social security, national education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, management of the authorities .

Economics industry

The sectors of the economy are divided into specialized industries. The industry is a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by the special terms of production in the system of public division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in national economy.

For example, the scope of material production includes industries in which the means of production and objects of consumption are being created for the life and development of society.

The sectoral division of the economy is the result of the historical process, the development of public division of labor.

Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is divided into complex industries and types of production. As part of the industry, for example, there are more than 15 such large industries as electric power industry, fuel industry, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industry, engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, building materials industry, light and food industry and others Industries.

Inter-sectoral complexes

The intersectoral complex is an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product.

Inter-sectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. As part of the industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, mechanical engineering and other complexes. A more complex structure is distinguished by agro-industrial and construction complexes, uniting different sectors of the national economy.

Inter-sectoral national economic complexes can be conventionally partitioned on target and functional. The allocation of target complexes is based on a reproductive principle and criteria for participation in creating a final product. For example, it is possible to allocate a machine-building complex, a fuel and energy and agro-industrial complex, a forest and mineral resource complex, a transport complex, etc.

On the basis of the division of labor, multi-sectoral and disposable complexes, territorial production complexes, intersectoral scientific and technical complexes can be distinguished.

Sectors of the economy

Composite elements of the national economic complex can be grouped by various economic features. In foreign studies, on the basis of a system of national accounts for the generalizing characteristics of economic processes, large sectors of the economy are allocated.

The sector means a combination of institutional units that have similar economic goals of function and behavior. These are usually attributed to: the enterprise sector, household sector, the sector of government agencies and the external sector. The enterprise sector is usually divided into the financial and sector of non-financial enterprises.

The non-financial enterprises sector brings together enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services in order to profit, and non-commercial organizations that do not pursue profits. Depending on who monitors their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state-owned, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.

The financial enterprise sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.

The sector of government agencies is a combination of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.

The household sector includes mainly consuming units, i.e. Households and enterprises formed by them.

The external sector, or the "rest world" sector, is a combination of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country), which have economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations in the territory of this countries.

According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, market and non-market sectors often distinguish.

The market sector covers the production of goods and services intended for sale in the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for these goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services for the barter, wage in the natural form and stocks of finished products.

The non-market sector is the production of products and services intended for use directly by manufacturers or owners of the enterprise, as well as provided by other consumers for free or prices that do not affect demand.

Sometimes mixed industries are extracted, which provide market and non-market services.

According to international statistics, the economy is usually divided into industries producing goods, and services providing services. The first group includes industry, agriculture, construction and other industries (publishing, recycling secondary raw materials, collecting wild mushrooms and berries, etc.). Subjects providing services include education, transport, trade, health, general public administration, defense, etc.

2. Structural restructuring of the economy

The people's complex is a complex system of interacting macroeconomic elements. The existing relations (proportions) between these elements are customary to be called an economic structure. Usually allocate sectoral, reproducible, regional and other types of economic structures.

The structure of the national economy is not permanent: some industries and types of productions are characterized by rapid development, others, on the contrary, slow down the rates of its growth, stagnate.

Structural changes in the economy may be elementary in nature, and may be regulated by the state during the implementation of structural policies, which is an integral part of macroeconomic policies. The main methods of state structural policies are government target programs, public investment, procurement and subsidies, various tax benefits to individual enterprises, regions or groups of industries.

The implementation of the structural restructuring of the economy ensures the balance of the national economy, is the basis of sustainable and efficient economic growth and development.

Features and directions of structural restructuring in Russia

In Russia, the structural restructuring of the economy is carried out in the context of the transition from the administrative and command business system to the market economy. The transition itself means the root transformation of the economic system, which is characterized by deep transformations of a system of socio-economic relations, a change in the forms and methods of management, property relations, including the formation of the private sector and privatization of the prevailing or considerable part of the public sector of the economy. The need for a structural adjustment is explained by the change of priorities in the formation of the people's structure. The former structure of the national economic complex turned out to be non-visual and economically ineffective in the conditions of liberalization of the economy, the development of market methods of economic management. The existing structure was characterized by an extremely high degree of population of all economic processes, supermon population of production, distorted by the structure of the national economic complex with a significant development of extractive industries, a hypertrophied military-industrial complex with a significant lag of industries working for the consumer market.

The specificity of the structural restructuring in Russia lies in the fact that it is carried out in the conditions of a transformation downturn, accompanying any transition from one economic system to another, which in the conditions of our country has imposed on the structural crisis, which began in the 80s. Structural restructuring is carried out under conditions of changes in forms and methods of state impact on the economy, a significant reduction in government spending and centralized lending.

Trends in the development of industry

The transformations carried out during the economic reform have already led to the structural shifts in the economy, market mechanisms are increasingly influenced. They will mainly and will determine the prospects for the development of individual industries.

During market reforms in Russia, significant changes took place in the industry structure of industry (%):

The share of extractive industries in the total industrial product is a tendency to increase, which contradicts the global trend of recent years, consisting in the advanced growth of the manufacturing industry. Moreover, the development of sectors of the mining industry is largely focused on demand, forming in the foreign market, beyond the national economy. Russia is increasingly drawn into an international division of labor as a supplier of fuel and commodity resources and consumer of finished industrial products. Changing the structure of exports and imports of industrial products is characterized by the following data (%):

There were structural changes in the manufacturing industry itself. For example, the proportion of materials, semi-finished products and components in the total volume of manufacturing products increased. In 1991, it accounted for 40%, and in 1995 - 43.4%. A some increase was observed in the production of consumer goods and food products: in 1991, they accounted for 6.6 and 12.2%, and in 1995 - 8.4 and 14.6%, respectively.

A significant reduction occurred in the production of machinery and equipment, their share in the total volume of manufacturing products decreased from 25.6% in 1991 to 17.7% in 1995

Industrial policy involves different development strategies for various industries and production groups.

So, for industries with a large scientific and technical potential capable of creating competitive products for the world and domestic market (aircraft construction, rocket-space production, nuclear industry, weapons and military equipment, electrical engineering, heavy machinery, biotechnology, etc.), State investments, procurement and subsidies, export loans are scheduled.

In oil refining, measures will be taken to improve the economic situation in areas of deployment of refinery. The high internal and external demand for gas industry products will retain its attractiveness for investors and lenders. The main methods of industrial policy for industries that are not able to quickly rebuilt due to the technical backwardness of production (automotive industry, transport, road, agricultural engineering, light and food industry) are a gradual decrease in protective import tariffs to levels allowed by international norms, as well as methods non-tariff regulation. In these industries are not expected direct state support.

In certain industries, the following main development areas will be priority.

In ferrous metallurgy, and in particular in rolling production, the main direction of improving the structure will be the expansion of the range and improving the quality of metal products.

Profitability in ferrous metallurgy was in 1996 g - 8.2%, i.e. There was a decline over the year 3.1 times. Exit from the current situation -Technical re-equipment of metallurgical enterprises by increasing the methods of applying effective technologies and equipment. Perspectively technical re-equipment of the employment process. In addition, the predicted growth of world prices is practically all metals in the late 90s. It may increase the attractiveness of this industry for investors, contribute to the influx of financial resources and the growth of the liquidity of metallurgical enterprises.

In the cement industry, the improvement of the structure will be carried out mainly by increasing the discharge of cement obtained by an energy-saving "dry" method, and the organization of production of multicomponent cements that ensure strong and durable concrete and reinforced concrete products,

In the chemical industry, promising directions arising from the expected structure of demand are the expansion of the range and an increase in the production of progressive species of synthetic fibers and threads; Building the production of sustainable tire demand for low-tonnage cars and the organization of the production of large-sized and over large-sized tires. The survival rate of the pharmaceutical industry is associated with the release of non-inferior in the quality of foreign analogues of medicines.

In engineering and metalworking, it is advisable, in particular, to increase the production of equipment for the intensification of oil and gas production, an increase in the depth of oil refining, increasing the level of mechanization and the degree of safety of work in coal mines and cuts.

In the light industry it is possible to expand the range of products and an increase in the supply of widely dimensional cotton fabrics, new types of costume, descetic and furniture fabrics, children's sewing and knitwear, shoes with a riding genuine leather. Improving the infrastructure of the market for the goods will be carried out by implementing measures to accelerate the commodity through the development of interregional and regional wholesale markets, small-winding bases, exhibition complexes, fairs.

Structural changes in B. agro-industrial complex

The agro-industrial complex (APC) is characterized by an extremely complex structure. It is a combination of many industries and industries, interrelated economically, technologically and organizationally. Its essential industries are agriculture, industries, processing agricultural raw materials. It sometimes includes industries that provide agricultural products with products (agricultural engineering, etc.). Construction, trade and public catering are directly related to him. The composition of the agro-industrial complex also allocate manufacturing and social infrastructure (elevator and warehousing, veterinary service, repair base, transportation, cultural institutions, etc.).

The process of integrating agriculture and processing its raw materials makes it possible to overcome the spatial gap between the raw materials and areas of the production of finished products, ensure their economic rapprochement, the narrowing of the boundaries of specialized cultivation areas of certain cultures.

Development of APC pays special attention during the structural restructuring of the economy. This is explained by the existing lag of agriculture, its low profitability, the nonsense of the problem of ensuring the population and industry with high-quality domestic food and industrial raw materials.

In the agro-industrial complex, the government policy will be aimed at the formation of a new institutional, sectoral and regional structure of the agricultural sector based on the renewal of the production potential of agriculture and the scope of processing, their maximum adaptation to work in a market environment with orientation to their own resources.

Based on the current situation, the following most important directions of structural policies in the agro-industrial complex can be distinguished:

activation of work on the transformation of land relations based on the provision of land to agricultural enterprises and citizens in ownership, indefinite continuous use, lifelong inherited ownership or rent, as well as the development of the land market;
the equal development of all forms of ownership and land tenure;
support for various agro-industrial formations (agricultural, processing and serving enterprises) with a full production cycle;
attracting private capital in the agricultural sector by creating agricultural and other banks for lending to rural producers;
the use of centralized lending to agricultural producers secured by the future harvest;
stimulating private and foreign investment in the processing industry APK;
budget financing of tribal business, breeding and seed production, fundamental scientific research aimed at preventing infectious diseases of animals, spreading pests and environmental protection.

Improving the reproductive structure of the economy

The reproductive structure of the economy is determined by the relationship between public reproduction divisions, between consumption and accumulation. For Russia, the absolute and relative reduction in accumulation is currently characteristic. Structural adjustment is carried out in the conditions of limited investment resources.

In 1992, the decline in investments was 40%, in 1993 - 12, in 1994 - 26. At the same time, the structure of capital investments changed: for not production purposes, their share has increased, and for production - decreased (from 67% in 1992 Up to 55% in 1994).

Analysis of the dynamics of capital investments by industry shows that their smallest reduction was in the fuel and energy complex and metallurgy. They declined more sharply in the chemical, light and food industry (by 40-50% in 1993 and by 50% in 1994 compared with the previous year).

As a result of the reform and privatization, the structure of capital investments on sources of financing has changed: budgetary financing has decreased, but capital investments have increased due to its own and attracted means of enterprises; The amount of capital investments has decreased due to preferential state loans and increased the share of state extrabudgetary investment funds.

Structural changes in the economy, the need to adapt production to changing consumer demand, increasing the competitiveness of domestic products require significant investments in fixed assets. Extension current means and better use There are insufficient capacity in most cases, especially in manufacturing industries, due to the unexpectedness of these capacities to the market requirements.

However, the problem of increasing investment in fixed assets can not be solved by increasing public investment as due to limited funds state budgetAnd mainly due to their low efficiency. This means that in modern conditions, the task of increasing the effectiveness of investments that bring returns in the minimum deadlines capable of releasing the trends of the decline in production, to ensure the growth of real incomes of enterprises, the population and budget, increasing the effective demand and non-enhancing inflation.

The strategic direction of improving public investment is to form an effective structure of government spending. According to the government, investment costs should not exceed a certain proportion of GDP. If 28-30% of GDP is concentrated in the consolidated budget, then 32-34% of GDP is planned in the near future. The optimal level of state investment, in which 70% accounted for social objectsshould reach 3-3.5% of GDP. In the structure of public investment, the costs of industrial policies should be at least 30-40%, or 0.9-1.4% of GDP.

In parallel from the economic turnover, it is planned to withdraw ineffective, non-prospects for enterprises and industries, taking into account the conservation or creation of new jobs, maintaining the social sphere and the vital activity of specific cities and regions.

One of the directions of restructuring the reproduction structure of the Russian economy is a change in the existing proportion between the industrial industries and sectors that ensure the functioning of these industries, or infrastructure.

The infrastructure is usually divided into industrial and social (non-productive).

Production infrastructure mainly continues the production process within the process of circulation. It provides the movement and storage of raw materials, fuel, energy, various materials and finished products, transmission of information, etc., in agriculture - Land aelioration. The production infrastructure includes:

1. Transport (including not only the pathways, but also vehicles), communication, warehousing, material and technical supply;

2. engineering facilities and devices, including irrigation systems;

3. Communications and networks, among them the power lines (LPP) and distribution networks, oil pipelines and gas pipelines, telephone networks, etc.

Production infrastructure acts as intraproductive (for individual enterprises, firms or their associations) and ordinary destination. An international infrastructure is consistent, an example of which serves, in particular, infrastructure facilities of fuel and energy purposes: gas and oil pipelines, LEP, stretching through the territory of the former Soviet Union and going to many European countries.

Social infrastructure form, first of all, passenger transport, especially urban, various city engineering structures and communications, network of water and energy supply, sewage, telephone networks, etc., in a wider aspect - the communal household household of cities and settlements in general .

Infrastructure, both manufacturing and social, ensures the integrity and complexity of the national economy at different levels. The role of infrastructure in the process of mastering new territories, raw materials and fuel and energy resources in the eastern and northern regions of the country is great.

Vehicles are of particular importance among Russia's infrastructure.

Transport performs a huge work on the movement of goods and people. The total cost of transporting goods and passengers and on loading and unloading works are tens of billions of rubles. Accordingly, the share of these costs (transport component) in the value of industrial products, reaching an average of 13%, and in individual industries, in ferrous metallurgy, coal industry, etc. is significantly larger.

To reduce transport costs in the national economy, it is necessary to reduce the material intensity of production based on progressive technologies, to rationalize the transport and economic ties of enterprises and areas, to rationally accommodate and specialize production, strengthen the complexity in the development of the economy of regions and districts.

However, the role of the transport factor cannot be reduced only to the share of transport costs. Carrying out production links between industries and districts, transport is an indispensable condition and active lever of specialization and integrated development of economic areas and entire countries, i.e. processes that have a direct impact on the efficiency of social production and market. The very development of the territorial division of labor, the specialization of districts is unthinkable without the presence of inter-district transport paths, and the complex development of the economy of the republic or district without internal connections and the corresponding transport system.

Therefore, along with the need to reduce transport costs as one of the factors of improving the efficiency of production, the more global task is to reduce the costs of the entire territorial organization of production. The optimality criterion in this problem is the minimization of non-separate types of production costs, but the total cost of production and transportation of products to the consumer.

Infrastructure industry, largely determining the overall efficiency of production, are, as the experience of countries with a developed market economy, unauthorized for private capital. Usually they are characterized by significant capital investments, slow payback of investments, the absence of superconduct.

The balanced development of the Russian economy requires the accelerated development of the industrial and social infrastructure industries, which is explained by their definite lag in the past, disproportionality (especially territorial and regional) development. Obviously, this can be achieved only with significant participation of the state.

Structural restructuring of the economy also involves smoothing the uneven technical equipment of backward industries and enterprises, overcoming persistent trends towards monopolization, reducing the level of concentration in individual industries and types of industries.

The highest level of concentration is observed in industry. This is especially typical for the heavy industry, primarily its industries such as electric power industry, ferrous metallurgy, petrochemistry. However, lately There was a tendency to build relatively small enterprises, for example, in mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, textile industry. This process is associated, in particular, with the need to develop small and medium-sized cities by placing specialized industries, branches of enterprises and associations, duplicating industries, which contributes to the creation of conditions for the market.

Regional aspects of structural restructuring

The vast territory of Russia, the difference of natural conditions, the various conditions of the previous development give rise to a large regional diversity, special specifics of regional interests and conditions for the formation of market relations. From the point of view of the sectoral structure of the economy, three groups of Russian regions usually allocate:

mining (Tyumen, Yakutia, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets district, etc.);
industrial, focused on the All-Russian market ( central Russia, Ural, Kuzbass, etc.);
agro-industrial (chernozem, Volga region, Kuban, Stavropol, etc.).

Transition to market conditions Management is uneven in different regions. So, for example, the explicit leader is Moscow, where the main part of commercial banks and various financial institutions is concentrated, while in mostly rural regions, old economic forms are largely preserved.

Only a minor part of the regions has stable internal sources of capital for their development, the rest depend on the ongoing redistribution of funds through the federal budget.

One of the ways to reduce regional differentiation is the development of intra and interregional, including production, connections, as well as the creation regional Associationsunited by the community of economic interests and conditions.

Initially, the associations arose on the basis of the geographical proximity of the regions to each other, the economic factor recently prevails, i.e. The community of economic interests of the regions. For example, a grouping of donor regions Moscow-Khanty-Mansiysk was created.

The rapprochement and consolidation of the interests of various regions, on the one hand, indicate that regional leaders are aware of the benefits of economic and political integration and are ready for joint actions in common interests.

On the other hand, this practice may have negative consequences: Strengthening alone regional groups It can lead to unwanted competition of territories, the desire to "disappear" local markets by administrative barriers.

It should not be overlooked that the proceeding process of active development of market relations is also able to generate or strengthen the structural disproportions in the national economy. The experience of the past five years shows, for example, that the implementation of market reforms in Russia eliminated the existing imbalance between the commodity and money massesBut led to a significant prevalence of financial capital over industrial. Moreover, the transition to market conditions of business is carried out in different ways in different industries. For example, in the financial and credit sphere, the rapid development of modern forms and activities, fully relevant to countries with a mature market economy, while in agriculture continues to reproduce old forms and conditions of management, and primitive market forms are developing.

Conclusion

1. The people's complex reflects the economic and social development of society, deepening the division of labor, the integration processes occurring in the world.

2. The economy is divided into various spheres and divisions: material production and non-productive sphere, the sector of non-financial and financial corporations, the sector of state institutions and households, the science sector and the "rest of the world".

3. The sectoral structure reflects the main types of production and economic activities: market and non-market production, industries producing goods or services, mixed industries.

4. The company must be considered in the system of national economy. The processes occurring in the national economic complex affect all parties to the company's activities, determine the directions of its further development.

5. Knowledge of the development trends in the macro level is necessary for the development of promising policies of the enterprise, increasing its competitiveness.

6. State economic policy Regulates the processes occurring in the people's complex, directly affects the various aspects of the enterprise.

7. Structural restructuring of the economy reflects the processes occurring in various fields of the economy: industries, regions, in the field of capital investments and investments.

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