Economic environment of the Russian Federation: the main trends and development indicators. Principal activities of ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES QUESTIONS FOR SelfTontrol

Economic environment

Economic environment

total economic conditions development of entrepreneurship, business life; implies the presence of strong incentives for labor, economic freedom, including the free movement of all resource components of production.

Raisberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic Dictionary. - 2nd ed., Act. M.: Infra-m. 479 p.. 1999 .

Economic Dictionary. 2000 .

Watch what is "Economic Environment" in other dictionaries:

Economic environment - - in the analysis market Mechanism - external environment (external relative to some economic facility), which is determined by sets of goods and possible methods their use, a lot of economic ... ... Economics and Mathematical Dictionary

economic environment - In the analysis of the market mechanism, the external environment (external relative to some economic object), which is determined by the sets of goods and possible methods of their use, a plurality of economic agents with which this object has ... Technical translator directory

A combination of economic conditions for business development, entrepreneurship. E.S. Ensures the existence of economic freedom, free movement of resources, the existence of significant incentives for labor ...

economic environment - a set of economic conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, business life; It assumes the presence of strong incentives for labor, economic freedom, including the free movement of all resource components of production ... Dictionary of economic terms

Wednesday: It occurs etymologically from the word Medicine middle, but means essentially the opposite word surroundings. That is, everything is around the middle (around me). In this meaning is used as a rule with clarification (which environment?) ... Wikipedia

Econometric Science, which studies specific quantitative and qualitative relationships of economic objects and processes with mathematical and statistical methods and models. The definition of the object of econometrics was given in the charter ... ... Wikipedia

Environmental environment - (synonymous human habitat) A combination of natural, technogenic, social and cultural objects, phenomena and processes external in relation to the person with whom it is in direct or indirect relationships. Environment often ... Ecology of man

- (see Economic Wednesday) ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

Economic and social geography, social science studying patterns territorial placement social production, conditions and features of its development and placement in different countries and areas. Subject of study … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (EIS) represents a combination of organizational, technical, software and information resources combined in unified system In order to collect, storage, processing and issuing the necessary information intended for functions ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russian socio-economic system: realities and vectors of development. Monograph, Savchenko P.V. The monograph reveals the phenomenon of the socio-economic system, the realities and vectors of the development of the socio-economic system of Russia, its general and identical features, a man like a rod and purpose ...
• English. Economics and finance. Part 3. Financial and Economic Environment (Environment). Tutorial, Dubinina G.A. Ed., Drachinskaya I.F. , Kondrachina N.G. , Petrova ON. Designed for training students of the financial and economic profile. Theme is associated with international economic relations and financial services market, organizational and legal forms ...

The organization is a consciously coordinated social education with certain boundaries, which operates on a relatively permanent basis to achieve a common goal or goals. The organization is a system. There are open and closed systems. The main characteristic of the closed medium is that it significantly ignores the effect of external influence.

The open system involves dynamic interaction with the outside world. Organizations get raw materials and human resources from the external environment. They depend on external customers and customers who consume their products. Banks actively interacting with the external environment open deposits, turn them into loans and investments, use their profit to maintain development, dividend payments and tax payments.

The external environment surrounding the firm that creates the conditions in which it works is very diverse.

The following main characteristics of the external environment are distinguished:

the interconnectedness of the external environment factors is the level of force with which a change in one factor affects other factors. Changing any environment factor can determine the change of others;

the complexity of the external environment - the number of factors to which the organization is obliged to react, as well as the level of variability of each factor;

the mobility of the medium is the rate with which changes occur surrounded by the organization. The environment of modern organizations varies with increasing speed. The mobility of the external environment may be higher for some units of the organization and below for others. In a high-alignment medium, an organization or unit must be based on more diverse information to make effective solutions;

the uncertainty of the external environment - the relationship between the number of information about the environment, which has an organization and confidence in the accuracy of this information.

The more uncertain the outside environment, the harder it is to take effective solutions.

Enterprise is open systemwhich can only exist with the condition of active interaction with the surrounding (external) medium.

The marketing environment of the enterprise is a combination of active actors and forces operating outside the company and affect the possibilities of managing the marketing service to establish and maintain relationships with targeted relationships of successful cooperation.

The marketing environment is composed of microcers and macros.

Microsudes are represented by direct relationship to the company itself and its customer service capabilities, i.e. suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customers, competitors and contact audiences.

Macros industry is represented by a broader social plan, which affect the microenvironment such as the factors of a demographic, economic, technical, political, cultural nature.

The marketing environment of the enterprise is characterized by ever-changing factors (Table 1).

These are the factors of the macro marketing environment, the forces of which are "non-manageable factors", followed by which the firm should closely monitor and to which should react.

Fig. one External and internal enterprise environment

Study, analysis and forecasting factors ambient They are the necessary task of organizing effective entrepreneurship to achieve an optimal result.

In the macro environment of the enterprise, there is a much larger number of factors than in a microcrine. It is characterized by multivariates, uncertainty and unpredictability of the consequences.

Table 1 Characteristics of the factors of the macro marketing medium

Economic factors Macrocredes marketing determine purchasing power population, proportions of income distribution, depending on industry Structure Economy.

The following types of countries in the sectoral structure of the economy are distinguished:

Countries that exist - the overwhelming part of the population is engaged in primitive agriculture. The main part of the products is consumed. From the point of view of marketing in such countries, trading capabilities are limited.

Natural resources exporting countries. Resource exports is the main income part. From the point of view of macrossons marketing, such countries represent a good market for the sale of mining mechanisms, trucks etc.

Countries with a developing industry. Share industrial production - 10-20% gross domestic product (India, Egypt, Philippines). With increasing production, imports of raw materials are growing, and the importation of finished products is reduced. With the development of the industry there is a new class of rich people and a small, but growing middle class. Representatives of both classes require completely new products that can actually enter the country only due to imports.

Countries with industrial economies - these countries are the main exporters of finished products and capital. They buy each other finished products, export it in exchange for raw materials and materials. Extensive middle class layer. From the point of view of macrossons marketing, such countries represent a rich marketing market for any goods.

The state economic policy determines such macroeconomic indicators As a taxation, the cost of the consumer basket, the level of inflation, the availability of the loan, the levels of current income of the population, savings, price level. All these factors determine the marketing activity of the company. So, poverty (wealth) of society and the absence (availability) of demand for goods and services are closely interrelated.

Wednesday International Marketing

International Marketing Wednesday is especially an important element Complex of international marketing than for internal marketing. In the context of the formation of the global world market international companies Must track the following key factors:

1) natural;

2) demographic;

3) economic;

4) technological;

5) political (legislative);

6) Cultural.

The study of marketing macros allows us to draw conclusions regarding existing and future development trends of world markets.

To understand how to adapt your activities to new economic conditions, as well as to solve how much the philosophy and practice of national marketing should change when entering the overseas market, international companies conduct a thorough analysis of important blocks of international marketing medium that create threats or new opportunities is an economic, technological , political and legal and cultural environment of international business.

The technological environment is a source of special risks associated with the tightening of the life cycle of goods, rapidly obsolescence of products. Problems can cause administrative barriers (prohibition, control) to move specific types of goods, services, the need for standardization and certification of imported goods, etc. Therefore, the company entering the foreign market should represent a real situation in the market, identify its needs, features of consumer behavior.

When planning an exit to foreign markets, an international marketing worker should explore the economy of each country of interest. The attractiveness of the country as an export market is determined by two characteristics.

The first of them is the structure of the economy. The country's economic structure determines its needs for products and services, income and employment levels, etc. There are four types of economic structures.

Countries with the economy of the type of natural economy. In the framework of the type of economy natural economy The overwhelming majority of the population is engaged in the simplest agricultural production. Most of the produced they consume themselves, and the rest is directly exchanged on the sheep of goods and services. Under these conditions, exporter opens not many possibilities. Among countries with a similar economy, Bangladesh and Ethiopia can be called.

Countries ¾ Exporters of raw materials. Such countries are rich in one or several types of natural resources, but are deprived in other respects. Most of the funds they receive by exporting these resources. Examples include chili (tin and copper), Zaire (rubber) and Saudi Arabia (oil). Such countries are good markets For the sale of mining equipment, tools and auxiliary materials, loading and unloading equipment, trucks. Depending on the number of foreigners permanently residing in the country and wealthy local rulers and landowners, it can also be the market for the market for widespread western-type consumption and luxury items.

Industrial developing countries. Within the framework of industrial developing economics The manufacturing industry already gives from 10 to 20% of the gross national product of the country. Examples of such countries can serve as Egypt, Philippines, India and Brazil. As the manufacturing industry develops, such a country is increasingly relies on the import of textile raw materials, steel and heavy engineering products and less and less ¾ on imports of ready-made textiles, paper goods and cars. Industrialization causes a new class of rich and small, but constantly growing middle class, which requires products of new types, and part of the needs can be satisfied only by imports.

Industrially developed countries. Industrially developed countries are the main exporters of industrial goods. They trade with industrial goods among themselves, and also take these goods to countries with other types of economic structure in exchange for raw materials and semi-finished products. Industrially developed countries with their impressive middle class are made by highly developed countries with their impressive middle class with rich markets for any goods. To industrial developed countries The United States and Western European countries include.

Second economic indicator ¾ The nature of the distribution of income in the country. On the distribution of income, not only the features of the country's economic structure are affected, but also the peculiarities of its political system.

By the nature of the distribution of income, the leader of international marketing divides the country for five species:

1) countries with very low level family income;

2) countries with mainly low levels of family income;

3) countries with very low and very high levels of family income;

4) countries with low, medium and high levels of family income;

5) Countries with mainly middle level of family income. Take for example the Lamborgini market ¾ of a car worth more than 50 thousand dollars in the countries of the first and second types it will be very small. The largest single market for this car is the market of Portugal (the country of the 3rd type), the country itself in Europe, in which, however, there are many rich, caring for their social status and prestige of families that are capable of buying such a car.

In this section of the report, an analysis of environmental impact was performed on the main sections and subsections All-Russian Classifier species economic activity (OKVED) in dynamics for 2006-2009.

All types of activity are grouped by partitions, including three:

Mining;

Processing production;

Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

In these sections, the OKVED is grouped by almost all industrial activities, therefore they are the greatest interest as the main sources of man-made environmental impact.

In addition, they are of interest:

Agriculture, hunting and forestry;

Transport and communication;

Providing other utilities, social and personal services.

Production indices on the three main types of economic activity in 2009, according to Rosstat, amounted to:

1. Mineral mining - 98.8%

   Processing production - 84%

   Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 95.2%

The decline in production is noted, practically, in all types of economic activity.

The release of the most important types of products was:

Analysis object was chosen:

the total amount of emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air from stationary sources (Rosstat data),

the volume of discharge of polluted wastewater water objects (data Rosjodresurs),

the volume of production of waste production and consumption (Rostechnadzor data);

the amount of investment in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and the rational use of natural resources (Rosstat data).

Analysis of data given in the tables allows you to identify the trends in the environment of the environment of this or that type of economic activity.

Table 1.1.

Volumes of emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air
from stationary sources by type of economic activity, thousand tons

In terms of emissions into atmospheric air from stationary sources in the first place are located"Manufacturing production" (the third part of the total volume in Russia) due to metallurgical production. Another major block of sources of pollution of the atmosphere forms production on "mining of mineral mining" (28%), primarily enterprises engaged in The extraction of crude oil and oil (associated) gas. Significant emissions into the atmosphere are characteristic ofenterprises electric power industry and pipeline transport (Fig. 1.1.).

Bigger mi sources of air pollution are enterprises of the metallurgical complex and electric power industry.

Table 1.2.

Dynamics of emissions of pollutants
bigger atmospheric air pollution sources , thousand tons

Table 1.3.

Distribution volumes of polluted wastewater into surface reservoirs
By type of economic activity, million m 3

Of the total volume of polluted wastewater discharged into the water bodies of Russia,56% accounted for "production and distribution of electricity, gas and water", 17% - to "manufacturing production", 12% - to "providing other utilities, social and personal services" (Fig. 1.2).

In two activities of economic activity"Collecting, cleaning and distribution of water" and "wastewater removal, waste and similar activity" concentrated enterprises of the water supply and sewage economy (primarily objects that have sewage aeration stations on the balance sheet, claiming facilities etc.), which are the largest sources of discharge of polluted wastewater (62%) into surface water objects in the country.It should be noted that in the sewer facilities of urban“ Vodokanalov” There is a significant amount of industrial wastewater that undergo appropriate cleaning.

Below is a list of largest enterprises - surface water pollution,the share of which accounts for 20% of the total discharge of polluted wastewater (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4.

Dynamics of discharges of polluted wastewater
bigger mi sources of pollution of water bodies, m. 3

Table 1.5

Volumes of production waste production and consumption
By type of economic activity, million tons

Almost 90% of the total amount of waste for the year of all hazard classes in the country belong to the production of "mining of minerals", with 57% - mining of fuel and energy minerals.

Distribution of environmental investment
By type of economic activity

According to Rosstat, investments in fixed capital aimed at protecting the environment and the rational use of natural resources in 2009 decreased in relation to the level of 2008 (Fig. 1.4) and amounted to 81.9 billion rubles.

The main investment component in environmental activities - own funds enterprises whose share exceeds three quarters of the total investment. There is a decline in the contribution to the environmental activities of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets (Fig. 1.5).

Focus of environmental investmentthe implications presented in Fig. 1.6, is characterized by a steady trend of the growth of the "water" component of the last three years and a significant reduction in investments used to protect and rational use of land.

IN market economy economic development - this is an economic process, including periods economic growth and economic recession in time. The combination of these two components forms an economic cycle, characterized by periodic takeoff and decline in economic activity, due to direct fluctuations in relations between consumption and investment. That is, the economic (business) cycle is fluctuating the level of economic activity, when periods of lifting the economy are replaced by periods of its recession.

Regarding reasons cyclic development The economy in the macroeconomic theory is not a single generally recognized concept. For example, T. Malthus, J. Sismondi The cause of cycles was associated with insufficient income consumed in comparison with income generated. K. Marx main reason The cycle has seen mainly the contradiction of capitalism - in contradiction between the social character of production and the private form of the assignment of production results. M. Keynes The root cause of the cycle saw in excess savings and lack of investment.

A. Spitshof The reason for cyclicity explained the excess of the production of products on the production of consumption items. E. Hansen saw her reason in expansion and restriction of banking capital (loan) and the flow rate. I. Schupeter deduced the cause of cycles from the cyclical nature of the development of technical progress, the dynamics of introducing innovations. V. Pareto, A. Pigue The reason for the economic cycle was seen in the ratio of optimism and pessimism in the economic activity of people, and S. Jevons, A. Chizhevsky, was explained by the impact on people's spots in the Sun having a ten-year cycle.

As we see, the scatter in determining the reasons for the economic cycle is very wide.

There are four phases of the classical economic (business) cycle:

¨ crisis (recession, recession);

¨ Depression (stagnation);

¨ Revitalization (expansion);

¨ Lifting (boom, peak).

In modern Western literature, a more enlarged division is used, while highlighting two phases: recession and rise.

Under the first (recession) is a crisis and depression. Under the second (lifting) - revival, boom.

Consider briefly, how are these four cycle phases are characterized.

1. A crisis (recession, recession) - it is characteristic of it is characteristic of all the main indicators of economic growth: a sharp decline in production; sharp drop in income sizes; reduction of employment; decline in investment; falling prices; underloading of production capacity; mass bankruptcy; the growth of the unemployed army; impairment of fixed capital; Overheading.

2. Depression(stagnation) - represents a lower recession point and is characterized by: mass unemployment; low salary; low level of loan percent; reduction of unrealized commodity stocks; cessation of price reduction. Production at the same time frozen on this leveldoes not grow and does not fall.

3. Revival (expansion), or the recovery phase, is characterized by such indicators as: mass renewal of fixed capital; reduction of unemployment; raising salary; Rising prices I. interest rates; Increase demand for consumption items. This phase ends with the fact that the pre-crisis level of development is achieved.

4. Climb (boom, peak) is characterized by the following indicators: an increase in economic growth rate; increasing investment; increasing the course of stocks and other valuable papersinterest rates; Rising prices, salaries, profits, rent, entrepreneurial income.

After passing the specified phases, the cycle is repeated again. Therefore, you can say: the economic (business) cycle is the time from one economic crisis to another.

And overproduction crisis is a violent elimination of disparities (an unacceptable gap between the production of goods, services and their consumption by the population) and the temporary setting of proportionality. Exit from the crisis is to update the fixed capital. The faster it is updated, the faster will come out of the crisis.

Modern economic crises Have their own features. They mostly became weak, sectoral. There is no clear division into four cycle phases. There are periods in the development of the economy, which do not fit into any of the four phases of the cycle. Crises now arise not after the highest lifting period, and after a long period of stagnation. There is a period of "crawling into a crisis". During the crisis, prices are now most often not reduced, but grow.

All this is due to a number of reasons: the rapid development of the HTR; a change in the sectoral structure; reduction of the service life of fixed capital; sharp increase in salary; deepening international division of labor; world integration processes, militarization of the economy, etc.

In general, allocate the following types economic crises :

1. Cyclic or general economic crisis of overproduction;

2. Intermediate crisis;

3. Partial crisis;

4. Sectoral crisis;

5. Structural crisis;

6. Agrarian crisis is an economic overproduction crisis in agriculture;

7. Environmental crisis.

The first type of crisis is the most deep and long and covers all areas of the economy. The second form is less than deep. Wears a local character. It interrupts the course for some time, for example, such phases of an economic (business) cycle, like revival and lifting. The third type of crisis covers only some scope of economic activity. Well, the fourth appearance is only some kind of industry national economy. The fifth species is associated with the unevenness of the development of individual industries and covers periods of several reproduction cycles. Sixth - especially long, seventh is characteristic of countries with a fairly high level of development.

The economy of the Russian Federation was subject to economic crises in the last ten years, which is associated with the transition to the market bases, errors in privatization, price liberalization, the destruction of a single national economic complex, washing current means in enterprises; sharp decline in investment in real sector Economy of the Russian Federation, sharp depreciation of fixed capital, slowdown in NTP, etc. The task is to eliminate these moments. Now the task is to double the pace of economic growth for ten years.

Allocate very large variety of species of economic cycle (more than a thousand species). The objective criteria for their distinction are: the frequency of renewal of individual parts of capital; changes due to updating elements of buildings, structures; Changes caused by demographic processes and agriculture.

In general, we note the following main species Economic cycles.

Cycle J. Kitchena (stock cycle) duration of two to four years old, the so-called short cycle. The author tied him with a change in global gold reserves. E.Hhansen - tied him with uneven capital reproduction. W. Litchell - with a change in money circulation.

Cycle K. Zhallura and Cycle K. Marx - Ten years lasting (average cycle). The first tied it with the frequency of fixed capital, and K. Marks with the massability of the fundamental capital.

Cycle S.Kuzneztsa - duration of 18 - 20 years old, the so-called construction cycle. It is associated with the frequency of housing renewal and certain types of production facilities.

Cycle "Long oscillations", or cycle N. Kontratyev - His duration of 1950-1960 years. The rise of the first large cycle is connected with the industrial revolution in England, the second - with development railway transportThird - with the introduction of electricity, telephone, radio, fourth - with the automotive industry. The fifth cycle of modern scientists are linked with the development of electronics, genetic engineering, microprocessors.

Questions for self-test

1. What should be understood under economic growth?

2. How can I estimate economic growth?

3. How to implement qualitative characteristic Economic growth?

4. What types of economic growth do you know?

5. What is the intensification of production and what can it be?

6. What kind of economic growth can you call?

7. What is the economic cycle and what is its phase?

8. What types of economic crises are allocated in modern conditions?