Country typology: economically developed countries and developing countries. Economically developed countries

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Developing countries include about 150 countries and territories, which together occupy more than half of the earth's land area and concentrate about 3/5 of the world's population. On political map of the world, these countries cover a vast belt, stretching in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania to the north and especially south of the equator. Some of them (Iran, Thailand, Ethiopia, Egypt, Latin American countries and others) enjoyed independence long before the Second World War. But the majority conquered it in the post-war period.

The world of developing countries (when there was a division into the world socialist and capitalist systems, it was usually called the "third world") is internally very heterogeneous, and this complicates the typology of its member countries. Nevertheless, at least in the first approximation developing countries can be subdivided into the following six subgroups.

The first of them form the so-called key countries- India, Brazil, China and Mexico, which have a very large natural, human and economic potential and in many ways are the leaders of the developing world.

These three countries produce almost as much industrial output as all other developing countries combined. But GDP per capita in them is much lower than in economically developed countries, and in India, for example, it is $ 350.

In second group includes some developing countries that have also reached a relatively high level of social economic development and with a per capita GDP of more than $ 1,000. Most of these countries are in Latin America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.), but they are also in Asia and North Africa.

TO third subgroup can be attributed to the so-called newly industrialized countries. In the 80s and 90s. they achieved such a leap in their development that they received the nickname "Asian tigers" or "Asian dragons". The "first echelon" or "first wave" of such countries includes the already mentioned Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and also Hong Kong. And the "second echelon" usually includes Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

Fourth subgroup form oil-exporting countries, in which, thanks to the inflow of "petrodollars", per capita GDP reaches 10, or even 20 thousand dollars. These are, first of all, the countries of the Persian Gulf ( Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United United Arab Emirates, Iran), also Libya, Brunei and some other countries.

V fifth the largest subgroup includes most of the "classic" developing countries. These are countries that are lagging behind in their development, with a per capita GDP of less than $ 1,000 a year. They are dominated by a rather backward mixed economy with strong feudal vestiges. Most of these countries are in Africa, but there are also in Asia and Latin America.

Sixth subgroup form about 40 countries (with a total population of more than 600 million people), which, according to the UN classification, belong to the least developed countries (sometimes they are called the "fourth world"). They are dominated by consumer agriculture, there is almost no manufacturing industry, 2/3 of the adult population is illiterate, and the average per capita GDP is only $ 100-300 per year. The last place even among them is occupied by Mozambique with a per capita GDP of $ 80 per year (or a little more than 20 cents per day!).

Table 12. Least the developed countries the world

Countries with economies in transition. The inclusion of post-socialist countries with economies in transition in this two-term typology presents certain difficulties. In terms of their socio-economic indicators, most of the countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, etc.), as well as the Baltic countries, undoubtedly belong to the economically developed ones. Among the CIS countries there are economically developed ones (Russia, together with the leading Western countries forming the "Big Eight" countries of the world, Ukraine, etc.), and countries that occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing ones.

China also occupies the same contradictory position in this typology, which has its own characteristics both in the political system (a socialist country) and in socio-economic development. V recent times China, which is developing at a very high rate, has become a truly great power not only in world politics, but also in the world economy. But the per capita GDP in this country with a huge population is only $ 500.

Table 13. The share of selected groups of countries in the world population, world GDP and world exports of goods and services in 2000

Problems and tests on the topic "Developing countries"

• Countries of the world - Earth population grade 7

  Lessons: 6 Assignments: 9

• Population and countries of South America - South America grade 7

  Lessons: 4 Assignments: 10 Tests: 1

• Population and countries of North America - North America grade 7
  Basic concepts: Territory and border of the state, economic zone, sovereign state, dependent territories, republic (presidential and parliamentary), monarchy (absolute, including theocratic, constitutional), federal and unitary state, confederation, gross domestic product (GDP), index human development(HDI), developed countries, Western G7 countries, developing countries, NIS countries, key countries, oil exporting countries, least developed countries; political geography, geopolitics, GWP of the country (region), UN, NATO, EU, NAFTA, MERCOSUR, APR, OPEC.

  Skills: Be able to classify countries according to various criteria, give brief description groups and subgroups of countries modern world, assess the political and geographical position of countries according to the plan, identify positive and negative features, note the change in GWP over time, use the most important economic and social indicators to characterize (GDP, GDP per capita, human development index, etc.) of the country. Identify the most important changes on the political map of the world, explain the reasons and predict the consequences of such changes.

Developing countries, or Third World countries- these are the majority of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. They represent a special group of states that differ in their originality historical development, socio-economic and political specifics.

Speaking about their similarity, it is necessary to note the colonial past and the associated multi-structured economy, the rapid growth of the population, its poverty, and illiteracy. They are characterized by an agrarian mineral and raw material specialization of the economy and, accordingly, a weak development of the manufacturing industry, narrowness domestic market, a subordinate place in the world economy. At the same time, these countries are different.

In typology, it is important to take into account the level of development and structure of the productive forces of states and those features of socio-economic reality that most accurately reflect both the current situation and the immediate prospects of countries. Using these criteria, five groups of developing countries can be distinguished.

TO first group it is advisable to include the most developed countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Uruguay, etc.), as well as some of the "newly industrialized countries" in Asia (Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong).

Second group form oil-exporting countries with unique resources, figuratively speaking, "stuffed their pockets" with petrodollars (Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Libya, UAE, Iraq and others). Their characteristic signs: high per capita income, solid natural resource potential for development, an important role in the energy raw materials market and financial resources, favorable economic and geographical position.

The relationship between oil revenues and population size creates specific conditions for the accumulation of gigantic wealth.

Third group, the most numerous, unites countries with an average level of general economic development for the liberated countries, an average GDP per capita (about $ 1,000). This includes Colombia, Guatemala, Paraguay, Tunisia and others.

V fourth group it is worth highlighting India, Pakistan and Indonesia - countries with vast territories and populations, natural resource potential and opportunities for economic development. These states have occupied a prominent place in the system of international economic ties caused a powerful inflow of external resources in the form of investments foreign capital... But low levels of production and consumption per capita (GDP per capita - about $ 300) noticeably slow down their socio-economic development.

Fifth group- the least developed countries in the world (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Chad, etc.). Some of them are landlocked and poorly connected to the outside world. These countries have extremely low per capita income (for example, in Ethiopia - $ 120), pre-industrial forms of labor prevail everywhere, and agriculture dominates the economy. It is these countries that form the basis of the list of least developed countries approved by the UN.

From a business point of view, developing countries are countries or nations with public or business interests in the process of rapid growth and industrialization... Currently, it is believed that there are approximately 28 countries in the world with emerging economies... Today the economies of Brazil, China and India are considered the most developed in the world. According to the world's leading economists, the term “ "Has outlived its usefulness. However, a new term has not yet been coined. To create the right impression of these countries, this article will describe in detail 10 countries with emerging economies.

Since 1978, when China became a liberalized state, its economy has managed to grow at a rapid pace and become currently the fastest and most developed economy in the world. China currently has the second largest nominal GDP in the world at $ 34.06 trillion. yuan ($ 4.99 trillion). However, China's per capita income is only $ 3,700, which puts China roughly 100th in the world. Note the 10 countries with the highest GDP levels.

Primary industry accounts for 10.6% of China's economy, secondary industry contributes 46.8%, and tertiary industry 42.6%. China could be the second most developed economy in the world after the United States if PPP (purchasing power parity) were accounted for as part of economic growth. Global Wealth Report Japan is projected to overtake China in 2015 to become the second-fastest growing economy in the world.

According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), India's GDP was about $ 1.3 trillion. This allowed India to become the 11th largest economically developing country in the world today. And that really matches India also for a per capita income of $ 1000. When PPP (purchasing power parity) is taken into account, India's economy will be ranked as the 4th largest in the world.

India boasts the second largest workforce in the world at 467 million. The agricultural sector in India accounts for 28% of the country's GDP. On the other hand, the service and industrial sectors of the economy accounted for approximately 54% and 18%, respectively. The main herbal products are:
rice,
cotton,
tea,
potato,
oilseeds,
sugarcane,
wheat.

The main industries in India are:

• oil refining,
• software development,
• textile products,
• cement,
• steel,
• mining.

The Russian economy is number 12 on the global list in terms of nominal GDP, and is the 7th largest country in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) ratings. Russia is considered a country with market economy, since it is endowed with extensive natural mineral resources such as oil and natural gas. Check out.

Economic growth in Russia has been largely driven by political stability and increased local consumption. By the end of 2008, economic growth in Russia was 7% per year. This can be attributed to non-trade services as well as an increase in domestic consumption. Oil and natural gas in Russia is mainly for export. The average salary in Russia is currently close to $ 1000 per month. This is a significant progress considering that not too long ago average salary was below $ 500.

Brazil's economy is currently the 8th largest in the world in terms of GDP and 9th in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The economy is mainly driven by a relatively free market as well as an inward oriented economy. In Latin America, Brazil is the largest economically developed country. With an annual GDP growth of around 5%, Brazil is one of the fastest growing countries in the world.

Turkey's economy ranks 17th in the world in terms of nominal Country GDP, and 15th, as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). Turkey is a member of the G20 countries with the most developed and developing economies. The reforms of 1983, which were introduced at the initiative of the then Prime Minister, greatly contributed to the development of the Turkish economy.

Economic growth in Turkey was mainly enhanced by close ties with other developing countries, thus ensuring a prosperous market where Turkey traded its products.

Today, Mexico's economy is 11th on the world list. After the 90s, Mexico's economy was driven by rapid development in economy, technology, and public sphere... Currently, it is not only a country with a developing economy, but also one of the largest in the world.

GDP is 7.6% per year. Mexico's economy consists of industrial and service sectors, and there has been an increase in the privatization of enterprises.

Due to rapid economic growth in Indonesia, Japan was able to update Indonesia's credit rating from BB + (non-investment grade; speculative bonds) to BBB ( average level reliability). Indonesia's economy has mainly been propelled by the government and is currently the largest economically developed country in Southeast Asia and a member of the G20 most advanced and emerging economies.

Indonesia's GDP is $ 539.7 billion. The main component of the country's economy is the service sector, which accounts for 45.3%. Industry and agriculture contribute approximately 40.7% and 13%, respectively. Surprisingly, the agricultural sector has more jobs than any other industry (44.3%).

Unlike other countries in the world, Poland's economy has a high income and is one of the largest in the EU. In Central Europe, Poland has one of the fastest growing economies. The annual growth rate is approximately 6%. Of all the EU countries, Poland is the only one where a drop in GDP has not yet been recorded.

The United Arab Emirates, also the UAE, is a rapidly changing country with a rapidly growing economy. And she received such a definition based on such socio-economic indicators, for example, as GDP per capita, HDI (human development index) and energy consumption per capita.

Thailand is also considered an emerging economy that is heavily dependent on exports. Ec accounts for more than 2/3 of the country's GDP.

Igor Makarenko - candidate economic sciences tells what developing countries should do to strengthen their currency, what are the key factors that influence this.

1. What is the difference between the economic way of life of the population of the countries of foreign Europe and Africa?

Foreign Europe ranks first in the world economy in terms of industrial and agricultural production, in the export of goods and services, in the development of international tourism.

The basis of the economy of foreign Europe is industry. The leading branch of industry is mechanical engineering, which accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products and 2/3 of its exports. Foreign Europe is the birthplace of mechanical engineering, the world's largest manufacturer and exporter of machinery and industrial equipment.

One of the oldest branches of industry in foreign Europe is metallurgical. Ferrous metallurgy has developed in countries traditionally possessing metallurgical fuel and raw materials: Germany, Great Britain, France, Luxembourg, Sweden, Poland, etc. last years this industry is seeing a shift towards ports. Large metallurgical plants have been set up in seaports (Genoa, Naples, Taranto in Italy, and others) with a focus on imported raw materials and fuel. The most important branches of non-ferrous metallurgy - aluminum, lead-zinc and copper - also received preferential development in countries with sources of mineral raw materials and cheap electricity (France, Hungary, Greece, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Great Britain specialize in aluminum smelting; Germany, France, Poland stand out for the smelting of copper; Germany, Belgium - lead and zinc).

African countries, on the contrary, differ not in manufacturing, but in extractive industries. Today volumes mining industry make up 1 \ 4 of the world production in terms of production. For the extraction of many types of minerals, Africa holds an important and sometimes monopoly place in the foreign world. It is the mining industry that primarily determines the place of Africa in the MGRT.

The second branch of the economy, which determines the place of Africa in the world economy, is tropical and subtropical agriculture. It also has a pronounced export orientation. But in general, Africa is lagging behind in its development. It ranks last among the regions of the world in terms of industrialization, in terms of crop yields.

2. Which European countries had colonial possessions?

European countries that had colonial possessions: Spain, Portugal, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Italy.

What do you think

Are all countries in the world included in the group of developed or developing countries?

Not all countries are included in the group of developed or developing countries. A small group of countries are among the lagging countries. It includes countries with low level socio-economic development, in which GDP per capita does not exceed $ 750. These countries are called underdeveloped. There are over 60 of them: for example, India, Vietnam, Pakistan, Lebanon, Jordan, Ecuador. The least developed countries are distinguished in this group. As a rule, they have a narrow and even monocultural structure of the economy, a high degree of dependence on external sources of financing.

Check knowledge

1. What is Gross Domestic Product?

Gross domestic product - macroeconomic indicator reflecting market value all final goods and services (that is, intended for direct consumption) produced during the year in all sectors of the economy on the territory of the state for consumption, export and accumulation, regardless of the nationality of the factors of production used.

2. Which countries belong to the group of developed countries of the world?

Developed countries of the world: USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy.

3. Which countries are called developing countries?

Developing countries include countries in which the value of GDP (GNP) per capita ranges from 8.5 thousand to 750 dollars. These countries include Greece, South Africa, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Oman, Libya. A large group of former socialist countries adjoins: for example, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Russia.

4. What are the newly industrialized countries?

Newly industrialized countries (NIS) are a group of developing countries that have experienced a qualitative leap in socio-economic indicators over the past decades.

5. What are microcountries characterized by?

Microcountries are tiny island states with abundant recreational resources. Having become large centers of international tourism and with a small population, some of them have the highest GDP per capita.

P. 20-22

Now for more difficult questions

1. Why the greatest number poorest countries concentrated in Africa?

Due to the fact that for a long period of time African countries were colonies - the economic situation on the continent is in a state of decline. There are a lot of modern reasons for such a lag in development, however, the roots of the problem go back to the distant past, when the "white" Europeans believed that they were more civilized, which means they deserved to be worked for by people with a different skin color. During the entire time of the slave trade, Africa has lost over 100 million people. The slave trade struck a blow to the development of the African continent, slowed down development Agriculture and prevented the creation of African states. It is the slave trade that has become one of the reasons that most of the African population still lives in dire poverty.

Modern causes of poverty in African countries.

Illiteracy.

Most African countries have very low interest literacy (from 6% -70%). This leads to difficulties in finding a job, which means the ability to earn money for what you need.

Civil conflicts and wars.

More than 12 African countries are torn apart by internal civil wars. During wars, the traditional way of life collapses, it becomes even more difficult to find a job and provide a family with necessary things. Where there is war, poverty and despair always reign.

Irrational use of land.

Half of all uncultivated land (202 million hectares) is in Africa. Agricultural productivity is four times lower than possible.

2. Why is the classification of countries according to the level of socio-economic development considered the most important? What is its practical significance?

The typology of countries by the level of socio-economic development implies that the main criterion for this approach to analysis is the level of economic development of a particular country. This means, first of all, the volume of gross domestic product per capita. The higher this indicator, the greater the level of socio-economic development the state has.

Countries where GDP level per capita the maximum are economically developed and have a high level of development market relations... Such countries have a powerful scientific and technical base, and their role in the development of the world economy is significant. They directly affect the course of world financial and political processes. These countries include the USA, Japan, France, Great Britain, Italy and a number of others.

The volume of gross domestic product per capita is one of the key indicators of the development of a country. That is why the typology according to the level of socio-economic development is the most important.

3. The term "third world countries" to refer to developing countries began to be used in the 60s. XX century. Think what other two worlds were meant.

Third World is a geographic term of the second half of the 20th century that denoted countries not directly participating in the Cold War and the accompanying arms race.

Third World (developing countries) - those countries that lag behind in their development the industrially developed countries of the West (first world) and industrially developed former socialist countries (second world).

4. What is the consequence of the economic backwardness of developing countries?

Consequences of the economic backwardness of developing countries:

Low level of education;

Low level of labor;

Low income and savings;

Poverty.

5. What are the ways to solve the problem of economic backwardness of countries?

Ways to solve the problem of economic backwardness of countries:

Conducting socio-economic transformations in all areas;

Application of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution;

Development international cooperation, assistance from developed countries and the UN;

Demilitarization.

From theory to practice

Using the statistics in Table 5 and the world's population, calculate the GDP of the richest and poorest of these countries.

Bermuda - GDP per capita - 104,590 US dollars, population - 65,024 people. GDP = 104,590 × 65024 = US $ 6.8 billion.

Democratic Republic of the Congo - GDP per capita - US $ 230, population - 78,736,153 people. GDP = 230 × 78736153 = $ 18.1 billion.

Final tasks on the topic of the section

1. The monarchical form of government is typical for:

B - Morocco

2. The unitary administrative-territorial structure is typical for:

D - France

3. The group of developed countries includes:

B - Austria

4. The G7 includes:

B - Italy

5. The countries of "resettlement capitalism" include:

B - New Zealand

6. Which of the following countries belongs to the group of microstates?

b, c, d, e - Monaco, Venezuela, San Marino, Luxembourg

7. For which of the listed countries is the republican form of government typical? Write your answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order.

a, d, e - Nicaragua, Italy, Egypt

8. What statements characterize developed countries? Write your answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order.

a) High level of economic development.

b) High level of social development.

c) High GDP per capita.

9. Arrange the countries in order of increasing land area, starting with the country with the lowest value for the indicator indicated.

Great Britain, Brazil, Russia, Canada.

10. Establish a correspondence between the country and the peculiarities of its geographic location.

All countries of the world (with the exception of post-socialist and socialist), in accordance with their place in the system of the world economy and international relations, were divided into three main groups:

Economically highly developed countries;

Countries of the middle level of development;

Economically underdeveloped countries or in the terminology of the UN

- "developing countries".

Within each of these groups, country types and even subtypes can be distinguished. Consider the main types of countries in the modern world in accordance with this grouping. The first group includes:

1. Economically highly developed countries. These include the United States, Canada, Western European countries, Japan, the Australian Union, South Africa, Israel and New Zealand. These states are distinguished by a mature level of development of market relations. Their role is great in world politics and economy, they have a powerful scientific and technological potential. But there are three main subtypes within this group:

1.1. Major capitalist countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. These are the most developed countries in the world in terms of their economic, scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other in the peculiarities of their development and economic power, but all of them are united by a very high level of development and the role they play in the world economy.

This group of countries includes six states from the famous G7. Among them, the first place in terms of economic potential is occupied by the United States.

1.2. Economically highly developed small Western countries. Europe: Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland. These countries have reached a high level of development, but each of them, in contrast to the main capitalist countries, has a much narrower specialization in the world economy. At the same time, they send up to half of their products to the external market. In the economies of these states, a large share of the non-production sphere (banking, the provision of various kinds of services, the tourism business, etc.).

1.3. Countries of "resettlement capitalism": Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel. The first four countries are former colonies of Great Britain. Capitalist relations arose in them as a result of economic activity immigrants from Europe. But unlike the United States, which at one time was also a resettlement colony, their development had some peculiarities. Despite the high level of development, these states retain the agrarian and raw material specialization that has developed in their foreign trade even in the colonial period. But such specialization in the international division of labor differs significantly from such specialization in developing countries, since it is combined with a highly developed domestic economy. Israel is a small state, formed at the expense of immigrants after the Second World War in Palestine (which was after the First World War under the mandate of the League of Nations under the control of Great Britain). Canada is included in the "big seven" economically highly developed countries, but according to the type and characteristics of the development of its economy, it belongs to this group. The second group in this typology includes:

2. Countries with an average level of development of capitalism. There are few such countries. They differ from the states included in the first group both in history and in the level of their socio-economic development. Among them, subtypes can also be distinguished:

2.1. Country that achieved political independence and average level of economic development under the dominance of the capitalist system: Ireland. Modern level economic development and political independence in Ireland were achieved at the cost of an extremely difficult national struggle against imperialism. Until recently, Finland also belonged to this subtype. However, at present this country is included in the group of "Economically highly developed countries".

2.2. Lagging countries: Spain, Greece, Portugal. In the past, these states played important role in world history. Spain and Portugal created huge colonial empires during the era of feudalism, but later lost all their possessions. Despite the well-known successes in the development of industry and services, in terms of the level of development, these countries generally lag behind the economically highly developed states. The third group includes:

3. Economically less developed countries (developing countries). This is the largest and most diverse group of countries. Most of them are former colonial and dependent countries, which, having received political independence, fell into economic dependence on the countries that were previously their metropolises. There are many things that unite the countries of this group, including development problems, as well as internal and external difficulties associated with a low level of economic development and social sphere, lack of financial resources, lack of experience in running a capitalist commodity economy, lack of qualified personnel, strong economic dependence, huge foreign debt, etc. The situation is aggravated by civil wars and interethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they occupy far from the best positions, being mainly suppliers raw materials and agricultural products to economically developed countries.

In addition, in all countries of this type, due to the rapid population growth, the social situation of large masses of residents is deteriorating, an excess of labor resources, the demographic, food and other global problems... But despite the common features, the countries of this group are very different from each other (and there are only about 150 of them). Therefore, the following subtypes are distinguished:

3.1. Key countries: Brazil, Mexico, India (countries with the largest resource, human and economic potential among developing countries and the most diversified economy).

3.2. Countries with relatively mature capitalism. This group includes a wide range of countries - from the states of Latin America to the Arab countries, where the dominance of capitalist relations has become firmly established only in recent decades. The following subtypes stand out here:

3.2.1. The resettlement countries of the early development of dependent capitalism: Argentina and Uruguay (in the international division of labor, they still act as agrarian countries) .These states have a fairly high standard of living. In recent years, there have been very significant changes in the economy of Argentina.

3.2.2. Countries of large-scale development of capitalism: Venezuela, Chile, Iran, Iraq, Algeria (developed with a massive invasion of foreign capital associated with the export exploitation of large mineral deposits on the territory of these states).

3.2.3. The countries of the foreign-oriented adaptive development of capitalism (they are characterized by the export orientation of the industry and the import-substituting economy). In Latin America, these are Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador; in Asia: Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Republic of Korea; in North Africa: Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia.