In this article, let's recall the economic life of our brothers and sisters in Islam, living in Turkmenistan, a member country of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Turkmenistan is one of the republics of the former USSR, its population is now estimated at 5 million 170 thousand people and 90% of them are Muslims (Sunnis).
Today Turkmenistan is an industrial and agrarian country. Industry accounts for 34% of GDP, agriculture 10% and services 56%.
At the time of the collapse of the USSR, Turkmenistan was a predominantly resource-based republic with a poorly developed manufacturing industry. Only 3% of the produced raw cotton and 8% of the grown vegetables and fruits were processed in the republic. The past twenty years of independence were aimed precisely at eliminating imbalances in the previous development.
Agriculture: Turkmens have extensive experience in growing cotton, melons, vegetables and fruits, grapes. Traditionally, cotton is grown in Turkmenistan - about 15% of all cotton in the CIS countries. Already in the 80s, even under the USSR, about 1.3 million tons of it was grown per year, and in 2010, a record harvest of cotton was harvested in Turkmenistan - almost 1.5 million tons, and at the same time with one of the highest world cotton prices. In addition to cotton in Turkmenistan throughout all recent years grain harvests increased. But in general, Turkmenistan does not provide itself with bread, and it still has to be exported from Russia and Kazakhstan.
The hardworking Muslim people are also famous for their gardening. He grows pears, apples, peaches, quince, apricots, cherries, cherries, pomegranates, olives, persimmons, figs, walnuts, almonds. Cattle breeding is also a traditional industry for Turkmenistan. Here they breed astrakhan sheep (approximately 80% of the total livestock of small ruminants), cattle, horses (including the world-famous Akhal-Teke breed), camels. In the 60s of the 20th century, attempts were made to impose the development of pig breeding on the fraternal Turkmen people in the USSR. At present, in Turkmenistan, pig breeding exists only in individual private farms. An important and long-standing industry Agriculture is sericulture. Turkmenistan produces 15% of the region's cocoons.
Industry: the chemical industry has a wide raw material base in Turkmenistan. It is represented by enterprises for the production of nitrogen and potash fertilizers, enterprises for the processing of sulfur, iodine, bromine, ozokerite, mineral paints, mirabilite, sodium sulfate.
The export of mineral fertilizers and chemical raw materials traditionally has a significant weight in the foreign trade turnover of Turkmenistan. Light industry is one of the most dynamically developing industries. Currently, Turkmenistan processes most of the cotton it grows. Enterprises light industry(cotton ginning plants, cotton spinning factories, complete processing complexes) are present in almost all large settlements country. The share of light industry products in foreign trade exports has grown and is 6 - 8%. Large centers of light industry are Serdar, Geok-Tepe, Kipchak, Ashgabat, Kaakhka, Mary, Chardzhou and others. There are also enterprises for the production of building materials in almost all large settlements and cities of Turkmenistan. Among them are especially large: a construction plant in Kelyat, Balkanabat, Turkmenabat, a marble plant near Ashgabat, etc. Turkmenistan produces cement, marble, asbestos products, gypsum, crushed stone and pebbles, asphalt, tiles and slate, concrete blocks, prefabricated reinforced concrete designs, etc.
Mechanical engineering is poorly represented, small businesses. Turkmenistan produces its own cable, measuring instruments, oil pumps, batteries and some other types of products.
The food industry has also developed greatly. Currently, Turkmenistan itself produces a number of species grocery goods, which previously exported for the most part. Enterprises for processing milk, meat, bakery, pasta, confectionery, for the production of canned vegetables and fruits, juices, tomatoes, fish processing, etc. are widely represented. The carpet industry, carpet weaving, a traditional handicraft of the Turkmen, has developed greatly in Turkmenistan. Carpets are produced both by machine and by hand.
A new industry has appeared in Turkmenistan - metallurgy, although earlier all the metal was imported from Russia. A metallurgical plant with a capacity of about 160 thousand tons per year has been built in Ovadandep. There are also enterprises for the production of paper and cardboard (Yashlyk combine), enterprises for the production of plastic products in Turkmenistan.
Fuel and energy complex. The basis of the economy of Turkmenistan is currently the fuel and energy complex, which brings the main foreign exchange earnings and forms the basis of foreign trade. Currently, Turkmenistan produces 70 - 75 billion cubic meters of natural gas, more than 10 million tons of oil, about 17 billion .kilowatt hours of electricity. The main obstacle to the development of exports is the lack of wide market sales and direct access to the markets of major consumers. Turkmenistan is now entering foreign markets with its gas using Russian gas pipelines, and therefore is unable to independently resolve all issues of the price and quality of raw materials supplied to consumers. In this regard Public service sea and river transport of Turkmenistan is studying the option of transporting liquefied gas to the port of the capital of Azerbaijan (Baku). Negotiations are also underway for the supply of Turkmen liquefied gas to Europe through the port of Constanta (Romania). It is planned, through the merchant fleet of Turkmenistan, to transport liquefied natural gas in special containers to the port of the capital of Azerbaijan (Baku), and then to the ports of Batumi or Poti (Georgia) using railroad... Then gas will be delivered from Georgian ports by sea to Romania.
If this option for transporting liquefied natural gas is implemented, then Turkmenistan will be able to export its gas regardless of Russia.
So, our brotherly Muslim people of Turkmenistan are following the path of ensuring ever greater economic independence, along the path of independent development.
In August 2018, the Ministry of Economy and independent analysts recorded a slowdown in the annual dynamics of GDP. The reasons are a sharp decline in output in the agro-industrial complex and the continuing contraction of domestic demand. Its consequences are especially noticeable in industry, where in September both the current optimism and forecasts dropped to the lows of the last two and a half years. Amid the fall real income and a decrease in social payments to public sector employees, a likely new round of devaluation of the ruble and a rise in prices from an increase in VAT will cool down the consumption of citizens by the end of the year.
According to the Ministry of Economy, published in the September report “Painting business activity”, In August, the annual GDP growth slowed down to 1% from 1.8% in July, reducing the cumulative dynamics to 1.6% in January-August 2018. On the part of value added production, the reason for this slowdown was the decline in agricultural output by 10.8% in annual terms in August (see Kommersant of September 18). A similar picture was observed in the dynamics of the GDP Tracker indicator (assesses the state of the economy by monthly output basic industries) analysts at Capital Economics, who noted that a downturn in agriculture will have a negative impact on GDP dynamics in the short term.
The indicator assessing the dynamics of the economy on the demand side also dipped: the consolidated leading indicator of the Development Center High school The economy declined in annual terms for the first time since mid-2016 in August by 0.4% after zeroing in July. The authors of the study note that a small increase in stocks was added to the noticeable decrease in new orders. finished products(further confirmation of the decline in demand). “Even a noticeable increase in oil prices (by 37% compared to August 2018) and a weakening of the ruble (usually increasing the price competitiveness of domestic producers) could not compensate negative consequences reduction of domestic demand, "they say.
The decline in domestic demand for several months is also indicated by the leading indicators of the state of production. Note that the first results of business surveys of industrialists of the Yegor Gaidar IEP in September record a continued decline in sales (slightly less than in August) - and an increase in output exceeding demand (which companies tend to greatly overestimate) - which led to “the formation of a high surplus stocks of finished products ". Work at the warehouse, in turn, caused a drop in industrial optimism and forecasts - to lows for two and a half years.
The first decline in real incomes of citizens recorded by Rosstat in August in 2018 amid a slowdown in wage growth is likely to continue. Thus, Raiffeisenbank analysts point to the actual zeroing of the annual dynamics social spending consolidated budget who served as one of the main sources of support consumer demand and sentiment in the pre-election first half of 2018 (see graph). The negative dynamics of food consumption at the beginning of the third quarter is an indirect confirmation of this. The surge in demand for non-food products and bank loans against the background of the devaluation of the ruble reflects the behavior of a small but growing group of wealthy citizens. According to the September monitoring of the socio-economic situation and well-being of the population of RANGHiGS, in August 2018, as compared to the same period in 2014–2015, the share of the “high-income population” (able to buy a car) increased from 6% to 10%, and the share of those who who have enough money only for food or not enough money for it, remains unchanged - about 38%. The share of those who allow themselves to buy clothes, but do not household appliances, decreased from August 2014 to August 2018 from 45% to 34%.
“One can hardly expect a sustainable acceleration in consumer spending in the coming months. The main negative factor for expenses will be the increase in VAT (and the associated advance in prices), as well as a possible second wave of ruble depreciation, ”analysts from Raiffeisenbank note. The weakness of domestic demand “may well lead to the fact that Russian economy soon it will again find itself in a state of stagnation, despite the high level of oil prices, ”the economists of the HSE Development Center point out.
Alexey Shapovalov
industry (42.7%),
services (28.8 %%) (as of 2004)
Ukraine 13.8%,
USA 11.1%,
UAE 8.1%,
Turkey 8%,
Germany 6.8%,
France 4.6% (2004)
Turkmenistan is an industrial and agrarian country. The main industries: oil and gas production and oil refining, machine building and metalworking, food, light. Transport - road, rail, pipeline, sea, river. Ch. port: Turkmenbashi. The international airfield is in Agabadi.
According to: GDP - $ 2.3 billion. Pace GDP growth- 5%. GDP per capita - $ 486. Foreign direct investment - $ 2.7 million Imports - $ 69 million (g.h. Ukraine - 16%; Turkey - 13%; RF - 11%; Germany - 6.9% ; USA - 6.4%). Export - $ 26.2 million (g.h. Iran - 24%; Turkey - 18%; Azerbaijan - 6.9%; RF - 4.7%; Tajikistan - 4.5%).
During the Soviet period, the Turkmen SSR was a source of raw materials (mainly cotton and energy) that were sent to other Soviet republics for processing. By the end of 1991, Turkmenistan had never conducted independent trade with other countries. In the mid-1990s, the government stepped up foreign economic activity in sectors such as light and food processing, exploration and development of energy resources.
In 1994, inflation exceeded 2,400%, while GNP fell by 50% over the same period. Only in 1995 did the government begin to carry out moderate reforms to restructure and develop the economy. As a result, the inflation rate dropped to 100% per year, but the economic downturn only slowed down. By the end of the twentieth century. limited privatization has been carried out in the republic, mainly in the service sector. Industry, agriculture, energy sector, transport and communications are located in g. in the hands of the government. In 1991 labor resources republics accounted for 1.9 million people, of which 0.3 million were unemployed.
The most important factor economic development Turkmenistan's water resources are controlled by the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources. It is in charge of the Karakum Canal, 44 district and 5 regional administrations of irrigation systems, more than 6 thousand km of irrigation canals, hundreds of pumping stations and many other hydraulic structures. The efficiency of their water use is low. To raise it, the government introduced water charges in 1993. The funds received were planned to be directed to the needs of agricultural restructuring. Most of the arable land of Turkmenistan, which covers an area of almost 810 thousand hectares, is used for growing cotton. Other crops include corn, melons, grapes and vegetables. Despite various plans to transfer land to farmers, agriculture remains largely in the public sector of the economy. Animal husbandry plays an important role - the breeding of astrakhan sheep, fine-fleeced goats, camels and pedigree horses. In 1996, 111.2 thousand tons of meat were made in Turkmenistan, 754.8 thousand tons of milk and 273.1 million eggs per capita amounted to 24.2 kg of meat (with a consumption of 42 kg), 164 kg of milk (with consumption of 185 kg) and 54.6 eggs. In 1997, in the collective and individual farms of the country, there were 1155.6 thousand heads of cattle (against 829 thousand in 1991), 6138.2 thousand sheep and goats (5477 thousand), 105.6 thousand camels (86, 7 thousand), 38.7 thousand pigs (267 thousand), 4975 thousand heads of poultry (7393 thousand). The leading place belongs to the traditional branch of animal husbandry - sheep breeding, which accounts for approx. 30% of the gross output of this agricultural sector. Over the past 10 years of the twentieth century. the number of sheep increased by 33%, the production of mutton by 57%, and the sheared by 22%.
Industrial development is slowing down due to shrinking sales markets in the CIS countries and unpredictable surges in world prices for raw materials. As in other sectors National economy, the government is looking for a way out in cooperation with foreign companies in order to modernize production. However, the bureaucratic complexities of such contracts in Turkmenistan have not been eliminated. In fact, development takes place mainly in the oil industry and construction.
Electricity production in the country has grown from 12.8 billion kW? h in 1988 to 13.1 billion kW? h in 1992.
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A feature of the economy of Turkmenistan is the presence of huge reserves natural resources- gas, oil and oil products. At the same time, this former Soviet republic is notable for the widespread attraction of foreign investors. In Turkmenistan, the economy is resilient to global financial instability through a conservative model of economic development dominated by the public sector and turnover planning.
GDP of Turkmenistan
At the end of the third quarter of 2013, GDP per capita growth in Turkmenistan increased by 10.6%, which was the result of an increase in gas production and expansion of export routes of hydrocarbons to Iran and China. This growth rate is typical for upper-middle-income countries. The GDP growth projected by the government for 2014 is 11%.
Industry of Turkmenistan
Today, the development of the electric power industry in Turkmenistan fully meets the country's needs and allows exporting excess electricity to Afghanistan, Turkey, Iran and other Asian countries. The reliability and stability of the power system, the provision of the required power reserve is ensured through the construction of new power plants, substations, power lines, modernization and reconstruction of existing facilities. The priority area of the fuel and energy complex of Turkmenistan is the gas industry, which provides the country with the bulk of foreign exchange earnings, high rates of economic growth and an increase in the standard of living of the population.
According to the points of the Development Program oil and gas complex Turkmenistan plans to increase oil and gas production by 2030, which will bring it to a leading position in the world energy market.
The gas production industry is provided with modern technological production, which features environmentally friendly resource-saving technologies and equipment, built in tandem with Japanese, Irish, Turkish, American and other leading companies.
The huge potential of the country contributes to the development of the chemical industry. In this direction, the growth of enterprises for the production of potash and urea fertilizers, table salt, synthetic detergents is increasing, 
iodine, ammonia, sodium sulfate, etc.
The textile industry is equipped with the latest high-tech equipment and is export-oriented. Growth in this area contributes to the employment of the population and an increase in income levels. The textile complex of Turkmenistan is also actively involved foreign capital.
High-quality products - cambric, velvet, corduroy, jacquard and dress fabrics - are largely competitive in the world textile market.
Reorganization of the currency system
In 2008, the government of Turkmenistan decided to undertake a complex monetary reform as the price system became ineffective and confusing. To strengthen the macroeconomic situation in the country, a new National currency is the new Turkmen manat. Monetary reform Turkmenistan 2008-2009 became an example for many countries.Agriculture
Turkmenistan is one of the world leaders in cotton export. The total area of cotton fields in the country is 550 thousand hectares, which allows harvesting about 1.3 million tons of cotton per year.The animal husbandry of Turkmenistan is characterized by the raising of camels and sheep.
An important and long-standing agricultural industry in Turkmenistan is melon growing, which involves the cultivation of watermelons, melons, pumpkins. The most common garden crops are apple trees, pomegranates, apricots, pears, plums and peaches. Also, a significant role is played by vegetable growing (tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, eggplants, onions and much more).
Transport and communication systems
Due attention is paid to the development of the transport sector in Turkmenistan. Almost 80% of transit and export-import cargo is transported by rail therefore the government is actively developing it.Aviation has also received a worthy development over the years of independence of Turkmenistan. The aircraft fleet is responsible for everyone international standards.
Reconstruction of the maritime infrastructure made it possible to almost double the throughput of the Turkmenbashi port, due to the possibility of receiving sea vessels all year round and loading and unloading cargo around the clock.
Therefore, we can say that, according to the IMF estimates, Turkmenistan's economy, which is based on the processing, production and export of hydrocarbons, will not only maintain its positions, but also significantly increase, since the demand for energy resources in the world is constantly growing. The country's government actively encourages foreign direct investment, while maintaining economic independence.
Video: Belarus and Turkmenistan develop cooperation
Economic activity on the territory of Turkmenistan in ancient times
The natural conditions of the Caspian plains determined the way of life and way of life of the population. Since ancient times, people in these open spaces have been engaged in nomadic animal husbandry. The nomadic tribes that inhabited these spaces at different times led approximately the same way of life. In the Middle Ages, agriculture developed in the foothills of the south of Turkmenistan, in oases and in the Amu Darya valley. The arid climate required careful irrigation of the land.
The crafts reflected the way of life of the nomadic peoples. For the nomads, everything was associated with a horse, a camel. Therefore, the production of harness, weapons, processing of pet hair and the production of woolen products and carpets developed. Jewelry was highly prized.
Remark 1
With the annexation of Turkmenistan to Russia, the industrial development of the region began. Enterprises for the extraction and processing of oil and gas production appeared in the west. In the foothills, they began to look for deposits of ores for industrial use.
The wealth of the Caspian Sea contributed to the development of fishing and fish processing. In general, in the pre-Soviet period, Turkmenistan was an agrarian, most backward outskirts Russian Empire.
Economy of the Turkmen SSR
Over the years Soviet power the peoples of Turkmenistan managed to step over from feudal society into socialism, bypassing capitalism.
Turkmenistan has become the largest supplier of oil and gas after Russia. Oil and gas industry, the rudiments of which were created in the days of the Russian Empire, has undergone radical transformations and technical re-equipment. Oil and gas fields in the Caspian littoral provided not only the needs of the republic, but also provided a significant share of export supplies to the countries of Western Europe.
On the basis of the fuel industry, the electric power and chemical industries developed rapidly. The chemical industry used the deposits of raw materials in the area of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay.
Economy of independent Turkmenistan
The economy of modern Turkmenistan is developing largely due to the export of fuel resources, primarily gas. Agriculture provides livelihoods for almost half of the country's population. In the structure of GDP, a little more than $ 70% belongs to the service sector, about $ 20% to industry and about $ 8% to agriculture.
The leading industry is gas ... Turkmenistan is a gas producing country that meets the needs of many countries in Europe and Asia in "blue fuel". Main gas fields:
- Dovletabad,
- Shatlyk,
- Malay,
- Kerpichli,
- Garashsyzlygyn,
- Gazlydepe,
- Bagaja,
- Garabil,
- Gurrukbil,
- and etc.
Fields are being developed both onshore and on the Turkmen section of the Caspian Sea shelf. Oil and gas production both private and state-owned companies (Turkmenneft, Turkmengaz, Turkmengeologiya) run. Foreign investors take part in the development of shelf deposits.
Oil production mainly satisfies the domestic needs of the country and has no international significance. Power engineering is based mainly on gas. Of the $ 10 of power plants, $ 9 is thermal. Turkmenistan produces electricity not only for internal use, but also exports to Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Turkey and Iran. Textile industry represented by cotton and silk production. Chemical industry develops deposits of mining and chemical raw materials (mirabilite, rock salt, Glauber, sodium chloride, potassium salt, ozokerite, iodine, bromine, sodium sulfate).
In $ 2009, the first in the country was built in Ovadan-del metallurgical plant ... He works on imported raw materials and scrap metal. In structure Agriculture prevails crop production ... It is represented by cotton growing, growing grain crops, mainly wheat. Rice growing is well developed in the Amu Darya delta. Crop production is developing on irrigated lands. Their area is currently about 1.5 million hectares, and total area agricultural land is about $ 39 million hectares. In the valley of the Amu Darya and in the southern foothills, gardening, vegetable growing and melon growing are developing. Apple trees, apricots, peaches, pomegranates, plums, watermelons, melons, and pumpkin are grown here.
Livestock breeding represented by the breeding of sheep, camels, cattle.
Remark 2
The main trading partners of Turkmenistan are China, Turkey, Iran, Italy, Russia. High revenues from the sale of gas allowed the government of the country to ensure a fairly high standard of living for the population.
