Introduction................................................. .................................................. ................................. 3.
general characteristics Foreign Europe ................................................ .............................. 3.
1. Territory, borders, position ........................................... ................................................ 3.
2. Natural conditions and resources ............................................ .................................................. .. four
3. Population: reproduction, migration, national composition, urbanization ................. 5
4. Farm: place in the world, differences between countries ....................................... ..................... 7.
5. Industry: main industries ............................................ ........................................... eight
6. Agriculture: Three main types .......................................... ...................................... eleven
7. Transport: Main highways and nodes .......................................... ..................................... 13
8. Science and Finance: Research Parks and Banking Centers ..................... 14
9. Recreation and tourism: the main tourist region of the world ........................................ ................... fourteen
Introduction
Foreign (with respect to the CIS countries) Europe covers an area of \u200b\u200b5.1 million km 2 with a population of 500 million people (1995). There are about 40 sovereign states related to the generality of historical fate, close political, economic and cultural relations. Foreign Europe - One of the foci of world civilization, the birthplace of great geographical discoveries, industrial coups, urban agglomerations, international economic integration. And although, as you already know, the era of "Eurocentrism" went into the past, this region and in our days occupies a very important place in world politics and economics.
General Characteristics of Foreign Europe
1. Territory, borders, position.
The territory of foreign Europe extends from north to south (from about. Svalbard to about. Crete) by 5 thousand km, and from west to east by more than 3 thousand km. Among European countries there are more and less large, but most of them are relatively small.
The economic and geographical location of the countries of foreign Europe is determined by two main features.
First, the neighboring position of these countries in relation to each other. With relatively small sizes of the territory, the small "depth" and good transport "passability" these countries are either directly bordered, or divided into minutes. In addition, their borders take place mainly by such natural borders that do not create significant obstacles for transport links.
Secondly, the seaside position of the overwhelming majority of countries, many of which are located near the busiest sea routes. In the western part of the region, there is no place removed from the sea by more than 480 km, east - 600 km. The whole life of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece since ancient times is closely connected with the sea, "the daughter of the sea" - so we can say about each of them.
Political map of the region during the XX century. undergo large changes three times: after the first and second world wars and in last years (Union of Germany, the acquisition of independence by the Baltic countries, the disintegration of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, a change in the public system in Eastern Europe).
In foreign Europe, both the republics and monarchies as unitary and federation states are represented.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
Natural prerequisites for industry of foreign Europe have developed under the great effect of the placement of minerals. However, their composition in the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region differs significantly.
In the northern part, both ore minerals are common, associated with the Baltic shield and the zone of Gercinskaya folding and fuel, "tied" primarily to the sedimentary cover of the platform and its regional deflection.
Among the coal pools, the Ruruga in Germany and the Upper-Silesian in Poland are especially highlighted in Poland, among the oil and gas - Severnorsky, among the iron ore - Larring in France and Kiruna in Sweden.
Ore deposits of both magmatic and sedimentary (bauxite) origin prevailed in the southern part, but the stocks of fuel resources are significantly less. Such a tectonic structure of the territory is largely explained by the "noncompleteness" of a set of minerals in individual countries.
The hydropower resources of foreign Europe are quite large, but it falls mainly to the districts of the Alps, Scandinavian and Dinar Mountains.
Natural backgrounds for agriculture The region is relatively favorable and widely used for many centuries. As a result, reserves for the expansion of the land processed are almost already exhausted, and the "load" increases on them. Therefore, small seaside countries, and above all, the Netherlands continue the offensive for coastal seas.
In the Netherlands for many centuries, with the help of dams and dams by the Sea, almost 1/3 of the entire country.
No wonder there is a saying here: "God created the earth, and the Dutch is Holland." The drainage of Lake Eiselmer, formerly by the Sea Bay, and the implementation of the so-called "delta plan", is completed, and the implementation of the so-called "delta plan".
The agroclimatic resources of the region are determined by its position in moderate, and in the south - in subtropical belts. In the Mediterranean, sustainable agriculture needs artificial irrigation. Most of all irrigated lands in Italy and Spain.
Sweden and Finland possess the greatest natural prerequisites for forestry and Finland, where typical forest landscapes are dominated: forests cover lowlands and hills, river banks and lakes, approach settlements. No wonder they say: "Finland without a forest, that the bear without wool."
Foreign Europe also has large and varied natural recreational resources.
3. Population: reproduction, migration, national composition, urbanization.
Recently, the population of foreign Europe began to grow very slowly. As you already know, it is explained by the fact that for the reproduction of the population of the region, a complex demographic situation is characterized. In some countries, there is even a natural settlement of the population. At the same time, the population of the population is also changing, the share of older people is growing.
All this led to a sharp change in the region's share in the global system of external population migrations. The main source of emigration since the great geographical discoveries from the time of the great geographical discovery was turned into the main world focus of labor immigration. Now there are 12-13 million foreign workers here, a significant part of which is in the position of non-citizens, but the time of guests-workers (in German "Migrant workers").
According to the national composition, the population of foreign Europe is relatively homogeneous: the overwhelming majority of the 62 peoples of the region refers to the Indo-European language family. At the same time, the relatives of the Slavic, Romanesque, German groups have significant traits of similarities. The same is characteristic of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Ural family. Nevertheless, the ethnic map of the region, which folded for thousands of years, is not so simple. Along with Sneonational, there are many states with a complex national composition, in which the extension of interethnic relations has recently been observed; An example of this kind can serve Yugoslavia.
In all countries of foreign Europe, the dominant religion is Christianity. Catholicism is sharply dominated in Southern Europe, in North - Protestantia; And in the middle, they are in different ratios. The world center of Catholicism is located in Rome - Vatican.
Foreign Europe is one of the most densely populated regions of the world. At the same time, the placement of the population in it is primarily determined by the geography of cities. The level of urbanization here is one of the highest in the world: on average 73% live in cities, and in some countries more than 80% and even 90% of the total population. The total number of cities is measured by many thousands, and their network is very thick. Gradually, for thousands of years, the Western European type of the city has developed, whose roots rise to the times of the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
The characteristic feature of the urbanization of foreign Europe ~ a very high concentration of the population in large cities and urban agglomerations, which are more here than in the United States and Japan together. The largest of them are London, Parisian and Rhine-Rurassic. In the 70s. After the period of the rapid growth of cities and agglomerations, the outflow of the population began in their centers (nuclei) first in the neighboring and distant suburbs, and then to more distant small towns and in countryside ("Green Wave"). As a result, the number of residents in central regions London, Paris, Hamburg, Vienna, Milan and many other cities or stabilized, or even began to shrink. This process received in science the name of suburbanization.
According to forecasts, the level of urbanization in the region by the end of the XX century. May increase to 85%.
4. Economy: Place in the world, differences between countries.
Foreign Europe, as a holistic region, ranks first in the global economy in the size of industrial and agricultural production, on the export of goods and services, in the reserves of gold and currency, on the development of international tourism.
It is clear that the economic power of the region, first of all, determine the four countries that are included in the "greater seven" of the Western countries - Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Italy. It is these countries that have the widest complex of various industries and industries. But the ratio of forces between them has changed over the past decades. The role of the leader moved to Germany, the economy of which on the ways of reinductitia is developing more dynamically. The United Kingdom, the former "workshop of the world", has lost their own former positions.
Of the remaining countries of foreign Europe, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden have the greatest economic weight. In contrast to the four main countries, their economy specializes primarily on certain sectors who have conquered, as a rule, European or world recognition. Small and medium countries are particularly widely drawn into world economic relations. The highest level of the economy has reached in Belgium and the Netherlands.
A special place in the economy map of the region is occupied by the countries of Eastern Europe, where from the late 80s. There is a transition from the former system of social property and centralized planning to a system based on market principles.
5. Industry: main industries.
"Face" of foreign Europe in international geographical separation Labor for more than 200 years was determined, and now still largely determined by the development of industry.
The region produces more metalworking machines, industrial robots, accurate and optical instruments, cars, tractors, petroleum products, plastics, chemical fibers than the United States.
Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in the industry of foreign Europe, which is his homeland. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products of the region and 2/3 of its exports.
Engineering, oriented primarily on labor resources, scientific database and infrastructure, most of all over large cities and agglomerations, including metropolitan. But at the same time, for each of the numerous sub-sectors of the most engineering, their characteristics of the orientation are typical.
In the UK, the development of electrical engineering, electronics, instrument making, the aircraft and space industry is distinguished by the area of \u200b\u200bLondon, the development of machine-tooling and automotive industry - the Birmingham region, textile engineering - the area of \u200b\u200bManchester, shipbuilding area - Glasgow District.
One of the largest industrial assemblies of foreign Europe is the capital of Hungary Budapest, where more than 0.5 million people are employed in this industry. It produces more than 1/3 of all industrial products of the country.
But there are also areas and even whole countries in which mechanical engineering is very dispersed. In Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic of this industry are available in almost every city.
Chemical industry in foreign Europe ranks second after mechanical engineering. In particular, this refers to the most "chemist" country not only of this region, but also the whole world - Germany.
Until World War II, the Chemical Industry was focused mainly on the stone and brown coal, potash and cook salts, pyrites and was placed in areas of their production. The reorientation of the industry for hydrocarbon raw materials led to the fact that it moved "to oil." In the western part of the region, this shift found an expression primarily in the emergence of large petrochemical centers in the estuary of the Thames, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Rhines, where this industry is combined with oil refining.
The largest node in the region of petrochemical industries and the refinery was formed in the estuary of the Rhine and Shelda in the Netherlands, in the Rotterdam area. In fact, he serves all Western Europe.
In the eastern part of the region, the shift "to oil" led to the creation of refined refinery and petrochemical plants on the tracks of the main oil and gas pipelines.
Main oil refinery I. petrochemical companies The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary were built on the highway of the international oil pipeline "Friendship" and gas pipelines for which oil and natural gas are coming. In Bulgaria for the same reason, petrochemistry "shifted" to the coast of the Black Sea.
In the fuel and energy facilities of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place was taken by oil and natural gas, mined both in the region (North Sea) and imported from developing countries, from Russia. Mining and consumption of coal in the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands declined sharply. In the eastern part of the region, the orientation for coal is still preserved, and not so much on the stone (Poland, Czech Republic), how much to the brown. Perhaps all over the world there is no other area where brown coal would play such a big role in the fuel and energy balance.
The largest rugged basins in Foreign Europe are located in Poland (Belkhatuv), the Czech Republic (North Czech) and Germany (Nizhne-Lauzitsky, Galle Leipzig).
Most TPPs are focused on coal pools. But they are also built in seaports (on imported fuel) and in major cities. An increasing impact on the structure and geography of the electric power industry - especially in France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria - has a construction of nuclear power plants, which in the region are already over 80 (see Figure 51). On the Danube and his tributaries, on Rhine, Rhine, Duero built hydroelectric power plants or integers of their cascades.
The largest of the hydrouds on the Danube was built at the beginning of the 70s. In the gorge of the Iron Gate to the joint efforts of Romania and Yugoslavia. Power of hydropower plants - 2.1 million kW, electricity generation - 11 billion kWh per year.
The Metallurgical Industry of Foreign Europe was mainly formed before the start of the HTR era. Black metallurgy has been developed primarily in countries with metallurgical fuel and (or) raw materials, FRG, Great Britain, France, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Czech Republic.
The South Metallurgical Base of Poland was formed on the basis of the Upper-Silesian coal basin. It includes about two dozen factories, and including two very large combines - "Huta-Krakow" and "Katowice".
After World War II, large metallurgical plants were built or expanded in seaports with the orientation of imports of a higher-quality and cheap iron ore and scrap metal.
The largest and most modern of the combine, built in seaports, is located in Taranto (Italy). Its capacity is more than 10 million tons of steel per year.
Recently, not large plants are built predominantly, but mini-plants.
The most important sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy are aluminum and copper industry. Aluminum production arose both in countries with Boxitov reserves (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece) and in countries where there is no aluminum raw materials, but a lot of electricity (Norway, Switzerland, Germany, Austria) is produced. Recently, aluminum plants are increasingly focused on raw materials coming from developing countries. seaway.
The copper industry has gained the greatest development in Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Poland, Yugoslavia.
The forest industry, oriented primarily on sources of raw materials, has become a branch of the international specialization of Sweden and Finland, which have long been forming the main "forest shop" of the region.
The light industry with which, as you already know, the industrialization of foreign Europe began, largely lost its former importance. Of course, old textile areas that have formed at the dawn of the industrial revolution (Lancashire and Yorkshire in the UK, Flanders in Belgium, Lyon in France, Milansky in Italy), and also emerged in the XIX century. The Lodz region of Poland exists today. But recently light industry shifts to southern Europe, where there are also reserves of cheap labor. So, Portugal has become hardly at the main "garment factory" of the region. And Italy for the production of shoes is inferior only to the United States.
In many countries, rich national traditions in the production of furniture, musical instruments, glass products, metal, jewelry, toys, etc. are also preserved.
6. Agriculture: Three main types.
According to the main types of agricultural products, most countries fully ensure their needs and are interested in selling it in foreign markets. After the Second World War in their agricultural, there were significant changes related to the transition from the universal small one in the systemile degradation and land use peasant farm To a large specialized high-pressure household included in the agribusiness system. The main type of agricultural enterprise has become a large high-mechanized farm. But in Southern Europe, landowners and fine land use of tenant peasants are still dominated.
The main branches of agriculture of foreign Europe are crop production and animal husbandry that are common everywhere, combining each other. Under the influence of natural and historical conditions, three main types of agriculture have developed in the region: 1) North European, 2) Middle Eastern and 3) South European.
For the Northern European Type, which is common in Scandinavia, Finland, as well as in the UK, is characterized by the predominance of intense dairy animal husbandry, and in the serving crop-feed crops and gray breads. The Middle Eastern Type is distinguished by the predominance of animal husbandry of dairy and dairy-meat direction as well as pig breeding and poultry.
A very high level has reached animal husbandry in Denmark, where it has long been a branch of international specialization. This country is one of the world's largest manufacturers and exporters of oil, milk, cheese, pork, eggs. No wonder it is often called the "dairy farm" of Europe.
The crop production not only satisfies the main needs of the population in food, but also "works" on animal husbandry. Significant, and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is engaged in feed crops.
For South European Type, a significant predominance of crop production is characterized, while animal husbandry plays a minor role. Although the main place in the crops occupy grain crops, the international specialization of southern Europe is determined primarily by the production of fruits, citrus, grapes (which from ancient times serves as a symbol of fertility and abundance), olives, almonds, nuts, tobacco, essential cultures. The coast of the Mediterranean Sea is the main "garden of Europe".
The entire Mediterranean coast of Spain and especially the Valencia district is usually called "Werta", i.e., "Garden". There are various fruits and vegetables, but most of all are oranges, the collection of which continues from December to March. According to the export of oranges, Spain ranks first in the world.
Fisheries has long been a branch of international specialization in Norway, Denmark and especially in Iceland.
7. Transport: Main highways and nodes.
The regional transport system of the region refers mainly by the Kzapaffee Type. For the range of transport, it is much inferior to US and Russia systems. But the provision of the transport network is far ahead, ranking first in the world. Very high and density of movement, the role of international and transit traffic is great. Relatively small distances stimulated the development of road transport, which now plays the main role in transportation not only passengers, but also goods. Net railways Most countries are reduced, and large new buildings in the 50s - 70s. Characterized only for some Eastern European countries (Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania).
The configuration of the region's transport network is very complex. But its main framework form highways of latitudinal and meridional directions that have international importance.
River paths also have a Meridional (Rhine) or a latitudinal (Danube) direction. Especially great transport value of the Rhine, according to which 250 - 300 million tons of cargo is transported per year. After commissioning the Waterway, Rhine - Main - Danube, who connected both the most important water artery of foreign Europe, it should increase significantly.
In places of intersection of land and inland waterways, large transport hubs have arisen. Essentially, these nodes are marine ports serving primarily international transport. Many world ports (London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Havre) are located in the mouths-estuariums of rivers that connect them with deep districts. All of them actually turned into uniform porto-industrial complexes. They are characterized by the development of sectors and especially the so-called "port industries", working on imported, overseas raw materials. The largest of them - Rotterdam.
Cargo turnover of the Rotterdam port is 250 - 300 million tons per year. Located on one of the Rhine sleeves, 33 km from the sea, it serves as the main marine gates for many European countries. With deep districts, it is connected by waterways along the Rhine and Moshlin, iron and road roads, oil and gas wires.
Transport networks of individual countries have either a radial (single center) configuration, as in France, where "all roads lead to Paris", or a multicenter, such as in Germany.
8. Science and Finance: Research Parks and Banking Centers.
According to the "Silicon Valley" in the United States in Russia, many research parks also emerged, which already largely determine the geography of the science of a number of countries. The largest of them are in the vicinity of Cambridge (United Kingdom), Munich (Germany). In the south of France, in the area of \u200b\u200bNice, the so-called "Valley of High Technology" is formed.
In foreign Europe there are 60 of the 200 largest world banks. The standard of banker countries has long been Switzerland for a long time:
in the safes of its banks lie half of all valuable papers World. The "Economic Capital" of the country - Zurich is especially allocated. Recently, Luxembourg turned into a banker country. But still London remains the largest financial center.
9. Recreation and tourism: the main tourist region of the world.
As you already know, overseas Europe is the main area of \u200b\u200binternational tourism. "World Recordsman" on tourism - France, which more than 50 million people visits annually; This means that for each Frenchman there is approximately one visit to a foreigner! Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Hungary, Portugal, Greece also belong to the number of the most popular tourist countries. And in such microcut states as Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, tourist service has long served as the main source of income. Here, for each resident there is a hundred tourists.
In foreign Europe, the most widely represented by tourist - the Corecake areas of the two types - seaside and mountainous.
The main area of \u200b\u200bseaside tourism is the Mediterranean, which is attended annually from 100 to 150 million people. The coast of the Laguriy Sea is especially popular, where the Côte d'Azur (Riviera) is protected from the North Alps, the Adriatic Sea coast in Croatia, the Spanish coast, the Balearic Islands.
The main area of \u200b\u200bmountain tourism is the Alps. The lower belt of the mountains is mainly used for the treatment and pedestrian tourism, medium-for skiing, top - for mountaineering.
Along with countries, "selling their climate", tourists and holidaymakers attract the "old european stones" - the sights of its cities. Paris, Rome, Madrid (see Figure 55) became a kind of "Tourist Mecca" (see Figure 55), where in July - August of local residents, probably less than visitors. Many tourists are also available in London, Amsterdam, Vienna, Dresden, Prague, Budapest, Venice, Naples, Athens.
10. Security ambient and environmental problems: overcoming the threat.
As a result of high population density, long-standing industrial and agricultural development of the territory
the natural environment of foreign Europe has mostly become a geographical environment of human society. All types of anthropogenic landscapes are widespread here. But at the same time it led to the exacerbation of many environmental and environmental problems.
All countries of the region conduct state environmental policies and take more and more decisive measures to protect the environment. Strict environmental laws were published, mass community organizations and the Green Party emerged, propaganda use of bicycles has been underway, a network of national parks and other protected areas has been expanded.
All this led to the first positive results. But nevertheless, in many countries, the environmental situation still remains difficult. First of all it applies to the UK, Germany, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic.
In the 80s. In Poland, 27 aroles of increased environmental hazards were allocated, in which 35% of the country's population lives. The ancient city of Krakow, in which the Metallurgical Plant largest in Poland is located, was declared an environmental disaster.
In general, the ecological situation in the eastern part of foreign Europe is much worse than in Western.
Europe ... This geographical name is primarily reminiscent of an ancient Greek myth about the daughter of the Phoenician Tsar Agenor, the ruler of Sidon, Europe. According to myth, Europe was abducted by the Almighty Zeus, who accepted the image of the White Bull. On the back of this bull, she slept on the Mediterranean Sea from Phenicia to about. Crete (remember the famous picture of Valentina Serov "Abduction of Europe").
However, toponymists usually produce name"Europe" from the Assyrian "YEREB" \u200b\u200b- "darkness", "Sunset", "West" (as opposed to Asia, whose name is associated with the word "ACS" - "sunrise"). At first, the name "Europe" was only applied to the southern part of the Balkan P-Wa, but gradually spread to the entire territory of this part of the world.
Europe ... This geographical name also reminds of a huge contribution to the world civilization, which began in the era of ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, was continued in the era of the revival and great geographical discoveries, and then in the era of industrial coups and social revolutions - and so to the present day. The largest German geographer of the XIX century. Karl Ritter wrote that in historical terms Europe was destined to develop much better and beneficial than Asia and Africa, richer by nature. So the smallest part of the world became the most powerful, ahead of others and in material, and in spiritual terms. "She dominates them," Karl Ritter writes, "the European imprint puts on them, just as herself itself, although only partly, it was subordinate to the dominion of the East. Europe is the center of the enlightened and educated world. The beneficial rays in all the ends of the globe come from it. "
Probably, in this panegyric Europe, something can be challenged. And in relation to spiritual superiority, and in relation to only "benefactor rays." Do not forget about endless bloody wars, which were conducted in Europe: centenary, thirty-year-old, seven-year-old and hundreds of others. In Europe, the first world War. The Second World War, which covered the 9/10 of its population, broke out here. But nevertheless, "old european stones" is really the greatest heritage of not only European, but also the whole world civilization. It is generally accepted that the European civilization is one of its main owners.
Europe occupies areaabout 10 million km 2. Including 5 million km 2, now falls on foreign (with respect to the CIS) Europe, which is less than 4% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe survivable land. The territory of foreign Europe is stretched from north to south (from Svalbard to Crete) about 5 thousand km from the west to the east (from the Atlantic coast of Portugal to the Black Sea coast of Romania) by about 3100 km.
Population of foreign Europein 1900-2007 It has increased from almost 300 million to 527 million people. But its share in the world population during this time decreased from almost 18 to 8%, which is explained by a noticeable decrease in the pace of population reproduction. For many centuries and even thousands of years, foreign Europe was inferior in the number of residents only foreign Asia; Now, on this indicator, Her is ahead of both Africa and Latin America.
For physical Card of Foreign Europemany features are characterized, of which two are particularly worth noting.
First, it is "MosaicHee" of the structure of its territory,which are interspersed with lowlands, hilly and mountainous areas; In total, the ratio between the plains and the mountains is approximately 1: 1. MSU physico-geographers allocate in foreign Europe of 9 pysical and geographical countries with a division of them into 19 regions and 51 district. But at the same time, in contrast, let's say, from Asia or America - it is not "faded with" high mountain chains. Among the mountains of Europe are medieval, not representing irresistible barriers for economic and other relations. Through their numerous passes, transport highways have long been laid.
Secondly, it seaside positionmost countries of foreign Europe, many of which are located on the islands and peninsulas, close to the lively sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa, Australia and America. Navigation, Maritime Trade has long been playing a big role in their development. Especially conducive to this is the cutting of the coastline. Back in 1914, Osip Mandelstam wrote in the poem "Europe":
Its alive shores,
And Peninsula Air Bulk,
A little feminine bays outlines,
Biscayi, Genoa lazy arc.
Indeed, the coastline of Europe, including the islands, is 143 thousand km. In foreign Europe, there are almost no places that would be removed from the sea by more than 600 km, the average distance is 300 km. And on most of the UK no settlements, Spending the coast further 60-80 km.
We add to it that the natural landscapes of foreign Europe over the past millennia experienced the greatest anthropogenic changes. Even in the bronze era, there were leading farming, hunting, gathering, began domestication of livestock. Nomadic cattle breeding was added to the antique era, nomadic cattle breeding was added, and the forests of forests under arable land increased in Southern Europe. In the Middle Ages, extensive farming and animal husbandry played a major role, the extension of the processed lands occurred. And today it is a region of intensive farming and animal husbandry, widespread agricultural proliferation. Of all parts of the world, it is Europe that the most "hardening": only 2.8% of its territory is free from the trace of human activity.
Political Map of Foreign Europealso distinguished by peculiar "mosaic." In the mid-1980s. There were 32 sovereign states here (including Microg states - Andorra, San Marino, Monaco, Vatican and Liechtenstein). In the early 1990s In connection with the allocation of the USSR of the Baltic countries, the collapse of the SFRA and Czechoslovakia, the number of such countries has increased markedly. The most important change in the political map of the region was also the association of Germany in 1990
Most countries of foreign Europe are relatively small in size. Not to mention Microg states, Luxembourg and Malta, nine of them have an area of \u200b\u200bup to 50 thousand km 2: Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Albania and Estonia (for comparison we will remind that the Moscow region takes 47 thousand. km 2). Eleven countries have a territory from 50 thousand to 100 thousand km 2: Iceland, Ireland, Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Portugal. Ten countries have a territory from 100 thousand to 500 thousand km 2: Norway, Sweden, Finland, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece. And only the area of \u200b\u200bthe two countries - France and Spain - exceed 500 thousand km 2.
To understand the "scale" of countries of foreign Europe, it is also very important to acquaint them with their linear dimensions. Norway is more elongated (1750 km), then Sweden (1600), Finland (1160), France (1000), United Kingdom (965), Germany (876 km). In countries such as Bulgaria or Hungary, the greatest linear distances do not exceed 500 km, and in the Netherlands - 300 km. Therefore, the "depth" of the territory in most of them is not very high. For example, in Bulgaria and Hungary there are no places that would be removed from the borders of these countries by more than 115-120 km. Such borderness can be considered as an important favorable prerequisite for the development of integration processes.
Finally, it is impossible not to say that the foreign Europe was and remains one of the largest centers of the global economy.Its total GDP is more than 15 trillion dollars, or about 22% of the world. This region ranks first (40%) in world trade. He also owns leadership in the field of gold and foreign exchange reserves and foreign investment. Most countries of foreign Europe entered the post-industrial stage of development. They are characterized by a high and very high level of quality of life of the population.
Special radical transformationsan occurred in foreign Europe in the late 1980s - early 1990s. In the western part of it, they were bound primarily to education unified European Economic Spacebased on 15 countries European Union (EU). In the eastern part of it, they found an expression in changing the social system and transition from centralized state economy to market economy. It is single political spaceforeign Europe, which contributes to the fact that in the second half of the 1990s. In most countries, the "right" conservative parties of the Social Democrats and Socialists came to the conservative parties. The formation of a single political (geopolitical) space occurs as a result of the activities of international organizations. Two of them are especially of great importance.
First, it is Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),which occupies a central place in the European Security system. Created in 1975, it proceeds from the fact that the basis of interstate relations in Europe should be: respect for the sovereign equality of states, their territorial integrity, the inviolability of the boundaries, the non-use of the force or the threat of force, the peaceful settlement of disputes, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for human rights . In 1999, the OSCE adopted the Charter of European Security, which became a kind of "Code of Conduct" of European States and Organizations. The OSCE structure includes many permanent organs (meetings, tips, committees, bureaus, missions, etc.). In 2008, this organization included 56 states (with the United States, Canada, Japan, CIS countries and some others).
Secondly, it Council of Europe (CE)created in 1949 as a consultative political organization promoting integration processes in the field of human rights, fundamental freedoms and parliamentary democracy. The main bodies of the Council of Europe are the Committee of Ministers (at the level of foreign ministers), the Parliamentary Assembly (PACE) - a deliberative body with advisory functions and the Congress of local and regional bodies of Europe. The Council of Europe Secretariat is located in Strasbourg (France).
Recently, more and more often write about a single European ideaabout problems european Education,which should contribute to the spiritual rapprochement of European peoples. It includes and forming european consciousnessthe residents of the region aimed to realize themselves not only by the Germans, the French or the British, but primarily Europeans who bind the community of Western European civilization with many unique features inherent in it. This means that the young generations of Europeans should be brought up in accordance with the principle of "double loyalty" - to their country, and to united Europe.
Along with this at the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. In foreign Europe, there were such changes that affected the international political landscape and broke the current collective security system. First of all, this refers to the desire of the North Atlantic Union to extend its influence on the post-socialist countries of Central-Eastern Europe. So, in 1999, Poland entered NATO, Czech Republic and Hungary. In 2004, three countries of the Baltic States, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia and Slovenia were adopted in NATO. This meant the approach of the boundaries of the block directly to the Russian border and was perceived negatively, at least in a psychological plan, in Russia, which does not pose a threat to NATO. This also applies to NATO claims on a major role in the process of making important political decisions bypassing the largest international organizations to maintain peace and security.
Russia - as a European country - takes an active part in all European affairs. It consists of a member of the OSCE and in 1996 was adopted in the Council of Europe, becoming his 39th member. In 1997, the fundamental act on mutual relations, cooperation and security was concluded between Russia and NATO. It noted that Russia and NATO do not consider each other as opponents, and their common goal is to overcome the remnants of previous confrontation and rivalry and strengthen mutual trust and cooperation. The Russia-NATO Permanent Council was also created. In 1999, relations between them were noticeably overshadowed in connection with NATO military action in Yugoslavia. Then they began to gradually improve and especially strengthened after the terrorist act in the United States on September 11, 2001 and the creation of a wide anti-terrorist coalition, which includes Russia. In 2002, the new relations between Russia and NATO were officially established in the form of the so-called "twenty" (19 countries of NATO and Russia). However, in mid-2008, in connection with the decision to accommodate in the Czech Republic and Poland, the elements of American pro and especially after the military action of Georgia in South Ossetia, the relationship between Russia and NATO deteriorated sharply.
European territory, which is outside the countries of the former CIS, is usually called "foreign Europe". It consists of four dozen countries related to each other with a whole bouquet of historical and political relations. The territory of foreign Europe is about 5.4 million square kilometers, and the population is more than 500 million people. This area is definitely one of the centers of world civilization and occupies an important place in world politics. Today we will talk to this topic as the overall characteristics of foreign Europe. Grade 11 The school program involves consideration of this topic. Let's remember what we were taught in school, and I wonder for yourself something new!
States
The territory we consider today extending 5000 km from the north to south and 3,000 km from the west to the East. Among there are large and medium, but in most majority they are still small. For example, there is a joke that drove into Belgium, you need to have time to click on the brake, otherwise you can come to another state. The fast train passes through this country in just 140 minutes. Most of these states in Europe. That is why in many of them there is no such concept as a sleeping car.
As the general characteristic of the countries of foreign Europe shows, they, from the point of view, have two main features. The first of them is the neighboring position of the countries. With small (relatively, of course) the size of the territory and its small "depth", the states have a well-established system of transport links. The second feature is the seaside position of the main number of European countries. Many of them are located near the busiest waterways. The lives of states such as England, the Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Portugal, Norway, Italy and Greece, from ancient times are closely related to the sea.
Throughout the twentieth century, the political map of Europe has undergone weighty changes three times: after the first and second world wars, as well as in the late 90s. Today, in foreign Europe, you can meet the republic, monarchies, as well as unitary and federal states.
Nature and resources
It was created under the influence of natural prerequisites, namely the composition of minerals. In the northern (platform) and southern (folded) parts of the region, it differs. The northern part is rich in ore and fuel fossils. The main stone-coal basins are Rurban (Germany) and the Upper-Silesian (Poland). Among the oil and gas pools is to allocate Sevromorsky. And among iron ore - the Kiruna pool (Sweden) and Larring (France).
The southern part of the region is rich in ore deposits of magmatic and sedimentary origin. As for the stocks of fuel resources, here they are not so great as in the north of Europe.
The overall characteristic of foreign Europe in terms of energy shows that its resources are very voluminous here, but they are mainly on mountain areas, namely: Alpine, Scandinavian and Dinarsky. In a large number of countries, resources have almost dried up. The nature of the region allows active agriculture. The only problem is lack of land. Small seaside states are fighting with it, expanding in the direction of the seas. For example, the third part of the territory of the Netherlands was "disgusting" by the sea using dams and dams. Locals in this regard say: "God created the Earth, and the Netherlands is the Netherlands." This is hardly written in the section "Geography" section (grade 11). The overall characteristic of foreign Europe, nevertheless, cannot displace this fact.
The region is in moderate and subtropical (in the south) belts. In the area of \u200b\u200bMediterranean, stable agriculture is impossible without artificial irrigation. Basically, Italy and Spain suffer from this. Best Terms Finland and Sweden boast to maintain forestry. No wonder there is a saying: "Finland without a forest, like a bear without wool." Here are also pretty wide.
Now it's time to consider the next conversation point on the topic "The overall characteristics of foreign Europe".
Population of foreign Europe
The national composition is quite uniform. Most nations belong to the Indo-European family. The dominant religion in the region is Christianity. However, the southern part is also prone to Catholicism, and North to Protestantia. Foreign Europe is considered one of the most densely populated regions of the Earth. The population density here is more than 100 people per square kilometer. The placement determines the geography of peoples mainly. In terms of urbanization, Europe also occupies high positions. About 78% of the population lives in cities on average. There are countries in which this figure comes up to 90%.
Over the past years, the population of Europe began to grow too slowly. In 15 states there is a decline of the population. In addition, its composition changes - the number of elderly people is growing. This affected the region's share in the global mechanism of external migrations. Gradually, foreign Europe turns into a focus of labor emigration. There are about 20 million workers from abroad. 7 million from them live in Germany.
The class 11 of the school program disassembles such questions superficially, we will touch them more detail. As a holistic region, foreign Europe has world championship on the scale of exports of goods, sizes industrial production and the development of tourism. First of all, the economic power of the region holds on countries such as: France, United Kingdom, Italy and Germany. Over the past decade, Germany has become the leader of this four, the economy of which is very dynamically developing. The "workshop of the world" is the United Kingdom, began to pass its position. Among other states have the greatest weight: the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain and Sweden. They, unlike the "main four", focus on individual industries.
Industry
Leading foreign Europe - mechanical engineering. It accounts for a third of the products of the region and two third exports. It's no secret that Europe is famous for its cars. First of all, mechanical engineering is to big cities, including the capital. At the same time, as a rule, each sub-sector is focused in a certain area of \u200b\u200bthe state.
In second place is the chemical industry. Special successes in this direction are characterized by Germany. The chemical industry of the region to the Second World War was focused mainly on coal (stone and brown), salts (cook and potash) and pyrites. Then there was a reorientation of the industry for hydrocarbon raw materials. The largest centers of petrochemistry are located in the estuaries of the Seine, Thames, Elba, Rhine and Rhone. Here this industry intertwined with oil production.
Natural gas and oil mined in the North Sea deposits are sent to different countries On a huge system of main pipelines. Gas from Algeria are transported in methalangean tankers. The Russian gas that buy 20 European countries is also played.
The size of the industry is metallurgical. She was formed here even before the start of the RTR. Black metallurgy is widely developed in Germany, England, Spain, France, the Czech Republic and Poland. Aluminum and non-ferrous metallurgy also occupies a greater share. Aluminum is paid not only in states with extensive reserves of bauxite, but also in countries with developed electricity mining.
The forest industry is focused mainly in Finland and Sweden, and the lungs in southern Europe. Italy is the world in the world for the manufacture of shoes, after China. And Portugal is considered the main "seamstress" of the region. Most countries to this day are preserved national traditions for the production of musical instruments, furniture, glass products.
Agriculture
The overall characteristic of the economy of foreign Europe was touched above, now we will talk more objective. Most countries in the region fully provide themselves with agricultural products and are actively selling them abroad. After World War II, the region switched from a small peasant farm to a specialized high-thunder. The main industries are crop production and animal husbandry, apply throughout Europe and closely intertwined with each other. Natural and historical conditions caused the formation of such types of agriculture: North European, Middle Eastern and South European.
The North European economy is distributed in Finland, Scandinavia and Great Britain. It is characterized by intense dairy animal husbandry, which is serviced due to crop grade of gray breads and fodder crops. In the Middle Eastern Type, meat and dairy livestock plays the main role, as well as poultry farming.
South European type is inherent in the predominance of crop production. Sevings are directed mainly on grain crops, but the international specialization of the southern part of Europe is the production of grapes, olives, citrus, tobacco, nuts and etheric. The chief "garden" of Europe is the Mediterranean coast. Usually each state has its own specialization of agriculture. For example, Holland is famous for the cultivation of colors, France and Switzerland - the production of cheese, and so on.
Tourism
The overall characteristic of foreign Europe cannot do without tourism. Europe was, there is also the main region of international tourism. Here it is manifested in all directions. France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and other major countries are most popular. And in small states like Andorra, Monaco and others, tourism is the currency-forming industry. Basic in foreign Europe is mountainous and sea.
Transport connection
Today we give the overall characteristics of foreign Europe, and it is impossible without the transport system. Europe is inferior by the range of transportation of America and Russia, but the provision of transport network is leading worldwide. Motion density is very high. Main role Car transport plays in the carriage of passengers and cargo. The railway network in most states is actively declining.
The land transport network has a complex configuration. It is formed by the motorway of the meridal and latitudinal directions, the bulk of which is international significance. River paths are also focused on these directions. Special role Plays River Rhine. It annually transport more than two hundred million tons of cargo annually. In places where land and waterways intersect, transport hubs have emerged, which have become over time in real ports industry complexes. For example, comes annually about 350 million tons.
Western Europe is an example of how huge natural obstacles cease to be an obstacle to the transport system. Railway and highways, as well as pipelines cross the Alps in all necessary directions. The shores of the Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas are bound by ferry crossing.
General Characteristics of Foreign Europe: Science and Money
In Europe, today there are many technopolis that make it one of the world's science centers. The largest of them are located in the vicinity of Munich and Cambridge. And in the southern part of France, "high technology road" was formed.
In Europe, there is a lion's share of the largest banks in the world. The standard of banking has become Switzerland. In the safes of its banks stored about 50% of securities from around the world.
Environment protection
The overall characteristics of foreign Europe shows that its territories are resonant to the protection of nature. Due to the high density of the population and the active development of the industry, Europe has long already encountered a number of environmental problems. Some of them are associated with coal mining and processing. Others - with an abundance of petrochemical and metallurgical plants in large cities. Third - with the increasing number of cars on the streets. Fourth - with the development of tourism, which leads to the degradation of nature. Well, so on.
All countries located in the region conduct active environmental policies. As a result, increasingly decisive measures are taken: the propaganda of bicycles and electric vehicles, active restoration of vegetation and so on.
Conclusion
Today, the topic of our conversation was the overall characteristics of foreign Europe. Grade 11 - time when a huge load falls on the shoulders of schoolchildren, so many fundamental things are overlooked. We reminded everything that could be forgotten and learned something new on the topic "General characteristics of foreign Europe." Presentation (grade 11) With this article will be a simple task for any student.
Population Western Europe Makes more than 300 million people.
Most of the population belongs to the Indo-European language family, and the North of the region is populated by representatives of the German language group (Germans, Dutch, Swedes, the British, etc.), and the south is the Romance group (Italians, French, Spaniards, etc.).
In all countries of Western Europe, Christianity remains dominant religion, while nordic countries Protestantism prevails, in the southern -.
The demographic situation is characterized by low and low (in some countries it is zero or negative), general trends of the "aging" of the population. In recent years, the decline in natural growth is especially pronounced in Germany, Italy, Greece, Spain.
Currently, Western Europe is a region of labor from North, Central America, and. Main Emigration Countries: France, United Kingdom ,.
Western Europe is the most urbanized region of the world. The share of urban population in the UK, the Netherlands exceeds 80%. Characteristic feature Western Europe can be called the concentration of the population in large cities. There are about 40 cities - millionaires. The largest urban agglomerations - London, Paris, Rhine-Rurassic.
Western Europe is the center. It occupies a leading position in industrial and production. About 1/3 industrial products of all are produced here. In world trade, it accounts for about half a summable turnover.
The economic power of the region define four countries: Germany, France, the United Kingdom and, the leading position among them has Germany. Among other countries of Western Europe have considerable weight. , Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden.
Western Europe is the largest financial center of the world, and London is played by the role of "financial capitals".
The 90s of the 20th century were marked by the emergence of a single economic space in Western Europe as part of the twenty countries and seven countries of the European Association of Free Trade, which currently contributes to an even more intensive development of the economy.
The "face" of Western Europe in the international is the industry, and first of all its leading industry -. This industry accounts for about 1/3 of the value of all industrial products. Mechanical engineering of Western Europe represented by many subproduces. Almost all types of machine-building products are produced here, the production of machines, optics, electrical engineering and electronics, cars is particularly highlighted.
The scientific base orientation and infrastructure led to the fact that this industry is located mainly in large cities and agglomerations. At the same time, mechanical engineering is represented by almost all major cities, therefore, pronounced territorial nodes did not work out.
Western Europe remains the leader and in. The main producer of chemical products is Germany. Many countries have a clear specialization in this industry: Germany - the production of dyes and plastics, France - synthetic rubber, Belgium - mineral fertilizers, Switzerland - pharmaceuticals.
In recent times, there have been changes related to its reorientation for hydrocarbon feedstock (and gas) imported by the emerging countries by sea. Therefore, large petrochemical plants arose in the mouths of Thames, Seine, Rhine ,. The largest combines are built in Rotterdam and Marseille. Old chemical enterprises are placed in the prey of potash salts, stone and. (Germany, France).
The Fuel and Energy Industry of Western Europe is based on oil and gas, (own and imported) and coal. The share of coal in the fuel and energy balance is very large, but tends to reduce. On oil, gas and angle of TPP, the share of which is particularly significant in Germany, in the UK, the Netherlands. The role of the hydropower plant of especially centuries in Norway, Sweden, Switzerland; NPP - in France, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany.
Metallurgy is one of the oldest industries in Western. The oldest metallurgical base was formed in countries with coal coal reserves or. Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, are the main producers of ferrous metals. In the second half of the 20th century, metallurgical plants began to focus on importing iron ore and scrap metal, which led to the placement of enterprises near seaports (combines in Tarono in Italy). Presented, first of all, the smelting of aluminum, which is produced in the areas of mining of Boxitov (France, Italy,), as well as the development of cheap electricity (, Switzerland, Germany,). The most developed in Germany, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy.
Industry is the industry of Specialization of Sweden and Finland.
Traditional industry of Western Europe. Important role Old textile areas play in the UK, France, Belgium, Italy. The sewing industry is developed in most Western European countries (especially in Portugal and France), shoe - in Italy and Spain.
Characteristics Industry of Western Europe is the specialization of some countries in the production of individual types of products: - Switzerland, perfumery - France, etc.
Rural countries of Western Europe are highly known and fully ensures the needs of the population in food, and also allows you to export your products.
In accordance with natural and historical conditions in Western Europe, three types of agriculture have developed.
North European Type - Scandinavia, United Kingdom - the predominance of intense dairy cattle breeding. Crop on the cultivation of feed crops and gray breads.
Middle Eastern Type - Central Europe - the predominance of milk-meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry. Crop production is focused on basic food and feed crops.
South European Type - Mediterranean - Prevolution: Grain Management, Viticulture, Gardening (Citrus, Fruits), as well as the cultivation of olives, almond, tobacco, essentialoculous crops.
The system in Western Europe is well developed. By providing the transport network, Western Europe ranks first in the world. Characteristic features of the Western European Regional Transport System:
- density and complex transport network configuration;
- a small range;
- high proportion of international and transit transport;
- increase the share of automotive and reducing the share of railway;
- the existence of large transport hubs incl. marine, porto-industrial complexes (London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Gavr);
- great value of river paths (Rhine, Danube);
- development of the ferry message (, northern and).
The territorial structure of the economy and resettlement of Western Europe, the following main elements are allocated.
The highly developed areas included in the Central Axis of Development, where the latest industries are concentrated: Big London, Big Paris, the Southern District of Germany (with centers and), "Industrial Triangle" of Italy (Milan - Turin-Genoa).
Starind industrial areas with the predominance of old basic industries that have arisen mainly on the basis of pools: Ruruga in Germany; Lancashire, Yorkshire, South Wales in the UK; Alsace and Lorraine in France.
Back Agricultural Areas: South Italy, West France, Center and South West of Spain, Greece.
The basis of the economy of foreign Europe -. The leading industry - which accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products and 2/3 of its exports. Foreign Europe - the Motherland of Mechanical Engineering, the world's largest manufacturer and exporter of machinery and industrial equipment.
Mechanical engineering is focused here for the presence of highly skilled labor, developed scientific base and infrastructure.
All major development received wide development:
- production of machine tools and forge-presses (FRG, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic, etc.),
- production of energy equipment, electronic technology, television and radio equipment (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, etc.),
- automotive construction (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Czech Republic, etc.), Shipbuilding (Germany, Sweden, United Kingdom, Spain, France, Netherlands, Poland,).
Large size has reached military engineering, in particular aircraft construction (Germany, France, United Kingdom are allocated).
It is characterized by the absence of territorial nodes of the pan-European scale in this region. This industry is presented in almost every large city Region.
Foreign Europe occupies leading positions in the world also in the production and export of products (plastic masses, synthetic and artificial fibers, pharmaceuticals, nitrogen and potash fertilizers, varnishes and paints). The chemical industry in Europe ranks second after mechanical engineering.
The raw material base of the industry is (both their own and imported), passing petroleum gases and oil refining products, resources of local coats of stone and, potash and cooking salts.
In the production and export of products, the share of Germany, Great Britain is especially large. In the chemical industry, many countries in the region have a clear specialization:
- FRG - dyes and plastics;
- France - synthetic rubber;
- Belgium - chemical fertilizers and soda production;
- Sweden and Norway - Lesochemistry;
- Switzerland, Hungary - Pharmaceutics;
In contrast to engineering, the chemical industry of the region is characterized by the presence of a number of large centers. The largest centers of petrochemistry arose in the estuary of the Rhine (Rotterdam), Seine. In Eastern Europe, the centers of petrochemistry are built on the roads of oil and gas pipelines.
One of the oldest industries of foreign Europe is. He gained development in countries traditionally with metallurgical fuel and raw materials: Germany, United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Poland, and others. In recent years, a shift in the ports has been observed in this industry. Large metallurgical plants are created in seaports (Genoa, Naples, Taranto B, etc.) with an orientation of imported raw materials and fuel.
The most important industries - aluminum, lead-zinc and also received predominant development in countries with sources and cheap electricity (France, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom specialize in the smelting of aluminum; FRG, France, Poland is allocated for the smelting of copper; FRG, Belgium - lead and zinc).
Industries of international specialization are the forest industry, focusing on sources of raw materials (Sweden and Finland), sewing () and shoe (Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, etc.), focusing on reserves of cheap labor.
In the fuel and energy balance of foreign Europe, the leading place is occupied by oil and natural gas, mined both in the region and imported from the countries of the Middle and Middle East, Africa, CIS (Russia), etc.
Most of the oil production and accounted for (in Great Britain and) and the Netherlands (Groningen deposit in the northeast of the country). Mining coal (stone and brown) is conducted in Germany, Great Britain, and Slovakia.
In most countries of foreign Europe (France, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, Poland, Sweden, etc.) the role of the TPP and NPP. The exception is Norway and Iceland, where hydroelectric power plants are the main type of power plants.
