Depending on what kind of insurance value of the property, the amount of contribution and compensation will be calculated. But compulsory views have already their base rates.

By signing the policy, it is important to know in advance: what amount of the contribution from the client requires the firm and whether it corresponds to the realities of the market.

Types of insurance

Insurance Today is a separate area of \u200b\u200bthe economy. The client of the company pays for the fact that the latter undertakes to take on his risks. Then the policyholder can sleep well and not worry about possible troubles.

You can insure anything:

• the property;
• jewelry;
• cars;
• life and health;
• entrepreneurial and financial risks;
• tourist insurance;
• intangible values \u200b\u200b(works of art);
• land, other.

The insured and his client have mutual benefit from the transaction. And if the company complies with the "Rules of the game" in its market, more and more customers will invest money in it. The main thing is to achieve consensus between both parties regarding the amount of compensation. To calculate it correctly, it is necessary to evaluate the property, that is, to determine the insurance cost.

The concepts of insured value and the sum insured. Difference

According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, upon the occurrence of the specified in the Policy, the Insurer is obliged to issue a certain amount to the Client. This amount is the key moment of concluding a contract, it is calculated by the company and after agreeing with the client fits into the personal or property insurance contract. This is the amount of insurance.

However, the insurance amount and insurance costs are not identical. The insured value may be equal to the amount, however, in practice, the amount of money that the client can get in hand, less than the real market value of the object. Exceeding the cost of insurance can not be established by paragraph 2 of Art. 10 of the Law on the case, since insurance is intended to reimburse the damage, and not contribute to an increase in capital.

What is the insured value? It is determined after the assessment of the property or risk assessment, which the Insurance Company takes on. Most often it is the market value.

It is necessary to take into account that only with voluntary insurance the amount of reimbursement contractual. In the event that the signing of the Polis is mandatory, the amount will be established by legislative norms.

The amount of insurance sometimes has a fixed size. And it happens, it is installed on the basis of a certain percentage of value.

Types of cost of insurance

The most common insurance is property. The cost of insurance of property, as already mentioned, is counted according to various methods. Based on the selection of this method, such types of insured value are distinguished:

• Full insurance. The cost of the insurance facility is equal to refund.
• Proportional.
• Replacing an object to a new and working. Applied when selling household appliances.
• Reimbursed the amount that is needed to repair the object.

Depending on the characteristics of the calculation of the tariff, the individual insurance risk and massive is distinguished. Under the massive view of the risk refers to insurance against natural cataclysms. The insured value is calculated here on separate rates.

To determine the cost of insurance, you must first select the method of assessing the insurance object. It can be comparative, income or consumable. In most cases, a comparative method is used. The cost is derived based on the analysis of previous transactions and a market situation. After that, the amount of compensation is determined.

The formula for calculating insurance compensation when using a proportional calculation system is the same everywhere. Only the tariff changes.

The formula has the following form: Q \u003d T · S / W.

• S - the amount of insurance;
• W is the real value of the property;
• T - elected for this type of risk coefficient.

The cost of property insurance. Risks

Real estate assessment is usually carried out in the Rostekhinventarization Department or in any private assessment of a license to a license.

The estimate of the cost is influenced by several factors:

• risk category;
• real value;
• duration of insurance;
• type of stupid object.

Very important point - risk category. It will not work at a loss. All risks associated with the conclusion of the transaction are checked by the highest professionals - ascerters. These are persons who are responsible for they classify the types of risks and decide which of them to take, and which reject. Main risk categories are as follows:

1. theft of property;
2. causing harm to property by intruders;
3. accidents of various character;
4. disasters associated with elements (floods, landslides, other).

In this regard, many parameters are analyzed. If real estate is insured, the location, the degree of wear of this construction is checked. Making the calculation of the insurance cost, the appraiser will also analyze the inventory and cadastral value of the real estate.

Assessment of the company's insurance

When a legal entity is insured, the tariff is elected on the basis of the magnitude of the enterprise. For medium-sized enterprises, there are some tariffs for large - other. During the assessment of the cost, everything is taken into account: the main funds, revolving, warehouse reserves, and even the cost of those buildings that are unfinished.

When analyzing risks, all available information is used, as the sums in this form of insurance are large. Be sure to take into account the entire statistics available from other companies.

Russia is not very common. The unstable state of the economy makes it unattractive.

Is it possible to change the cost after signing the policy?

After signing the policy, its conditions cannot be changed. But there are also their nuances. The insurance amount may challenge the company or tax, if there are doubts about the correctness of the calculation of the insured value. And when the insurer will succeed in court, it is deceived, he has the right to lower the amount of compensation.

Another nuance is an acceptance - internal inspection in the insurance organization. If during the inspection it was found that the amount of compensation is overestimated, the insurer reports the acceptance of the client, and the contract will be rewritten and renewed.

Undoubtedly, in the conclusion of the policy there are advantages. Insupping, an individual or organization receives a guarantee of reimbursement of funds. But the principles of calculation are too confused, and most of the policyholders cannot figure out this system. Therefore, the state must control the insurance.

General Property Insurance Principles

Essence of property insurance

Property insurance is a system of relations of the insured and the insurer to provide the last insurance service, when the protection of property interest is related to the possession, use or order of property. The economic purpose of property insurance is to reimburse the damage resulting from the insured event.

• the risk of loss (death), shortage or damage to certain property (Article 930);
• risk of responsibility for obligations arising from causing harm to life, health or property of other persons, and in cases provided for by law, also liability under contracts - risk of civil liability
  (Art. 931, 932);
• the risk of entrepreneurial losses due to violation of their obligations to the counterparties of the entrepreneur or changes in the conditions of this activity on the circumstances independent of the entrepreneur, including the non-receipt of the expected income - entrepreneurial risk (Article 929).

Specific insured cases are negotiated in the insurance contract. The nature of the insurance risk is established by the Insured and Insurer Agreement.

• the full cost of the damaged or lost as a result of the insurance case or the costs of restoring damaged property;
• revenues (or part of them), which are not received by the insured due to damage or loss of property as a result of the insured event.

Insurance compensation is a partial compensation for a loss. Insurance compensation cannot exceed the amount of damage to the insured property of the insured or a third party, if the insurance contract is not provided for the payment of insurance indemnity in a certain amount.

The basis for the obligations of the Insurer's obligations to pay insurance compensation is the presence of certain economic and legal consequences of damage, death or disappearance of the property of the insured, that is, the presence of a loss.

Insurance amount - Defined by the insurance contract or the money prescribed by law, on which material values \u200b\u200bare insured. Within the sum insured, the insurer is obliged to pay the payment upon the occurrence of the insured event. The maximum amount of the sum insured is established by law: it cannot exceed the valid (insurance) value of the property at the time of the conclusion of the contract. Insurance amount should not exceed the insurance value of the insurance object.

When insuring property, the insurance amount is determined and stipulated by the insurance contract.

If a insurance amount complies with insurance costThe property is considered to be insured completely and losses are reimbursed in full. If the insurance amount is less than insurance cost, then the insurance compensation is paid within the sum insured.

• replacement cost, i.e. the amount required for the acquisition or manufacture of a new object of a similar type and quality;
• actual (residual) cost, i.e. reducing cost less the cost of wear;
• market value, i.e. selling object price.

The insurance value of goods, raw materials, materials, finished products is determined based on the amount necessary for their acquisition.

If a insurance amount above insurance cost, The insurer must immediately immediately reduce the insurance amount before the amount of insurance value with the corresponding proportional reduction in the insurance premium. By virtue of the law, the insurance contract is invalid in the part of the insurance amount, which exceeds the actual value of property at the time of the conclusion of the contract. At the same time paid unnecessary part of the insurance premium is not subject to return.

If it turns out that the overestimation of the sum insured is a consequence of deception by the insured, then the insurer has the right to demand recognition of the contract by invalid and compensation for damages caused to him in excess of the amount of the insurance premium they received.

Insurance compensation - The amount of payment from the Insurance Fund to cover the damage in property insurance and in the insurance of the civil liability of the insured for material damage to third parties. Insurance compensation may be equal to the insurance amount or less, based on the specific circumstances of the insured event and the conditions of the insurance contract.

The reason for the payment of insurance compensation is the conclusion of Adjaster on the fact and circumstances of the insured event.

Ajaster - A physical or legal person representing the interests of the insurance company in solving issues on the settlement of the stated claims of the Insured in connection with the insured event. Ajaster seeks to achieve an agreement with the insured about the amount of insurance indemnity to be paid, based on the obligations of the insurer made by the insurance contract concluded by it.

• has the place of the insured case;
• involvement of the policyholder to the occurrence of the insured event;
• the nature and size of damage;
• causes and conditions for the occurrence of the insured event;
• the presence or absence of circumstances caused by the claims or objections to the parties.

There are four ways to compensate for damage: monetary compensation, repair, replacement, restoration.

The Treaty Text usually provides the insurer the right to choose one or another form of compensation. Most often uses a cash form. "Natural" forms of damage compensation is beneficial to use in such types of insurance as the insure glass, cars, real estate.

To obtain insurance compensation, the client must declare his claim for an insurance case within the prescribed period and on the prescribed form. The insured event should be documented. For this, documents are needed from the competent authorities (the conclusion of Mrselfershadzor, Technudsor, the relevant emergency service, an expert opinion, the decision to initiate a criminal case, a decision or verdict of the court, etc.). The documents confirm the presence of an insured event, the causes of its occurrence and the guilty person. The obligation to provide documents is assigned to the insured.

• the claim refers to the time of insurance coverage;
• the applicant's claim is a valid insurer;
• the event is insured under the contract;
• the insurer accepted all reasonable measures to reduce damage and in the insurance case there is no presentee;
• fulfilled all the additional terms of the contract;
• none of the exceptions of the insurance coverage, established by the Treaty, is not applicable to this Insurance case;
• the cost attributed to the loss is plausible.

The basis for determining the amount of insurance compensation is the actual value of the insured property at the date of the occurrence of the insured event. The insurance amount for each insured object is compared with its valid cost, the principle of proportion is used in inconsistency.

• with the complete death or loss of all the insured property - in the amount equal to the actual value of the lost property on the day of the insured event, less the cost of the preserved balances suitable for use, but not higher than the insurance amount;
• in case of damage to the insured property - in the amount of the cost of recovery (repair) in prices acting on the day of the occurrence of the insured event, within the sum insured.

The complete death of the property takes place if rehabilitation costs exceed the actual cost of the insurance object immediately before the onset of the insured event.

The costs of restoration and repair do not include the costs associated with the change, improvement, modernization or reconstruction of the insured facility, auxiliary or preventive repair, as well as other expenses not related to the insured event.

Double insurance - This is a variant of repeated insurance in several insurers of the same interest from the same risks when the overall insurance amount exceeds the insurance cost of the object. The total amount of insurance compensation cannot exceed the size of the loss incurred by the insured, regardless of the number of purchased policies. The concepts of repeated and dual insurance differ. Repeated, or additional, insurance takes place if the same interest is insured against the same hazard during the same period in several insurance companies and, at the same time, the general insurance amount on all contracts does not exceed the insurance cost of the object. Repeated insurance is not prohibited by law.

If the fact of double insurance has opened before the occurrence of an insured event, the total insurance amount under contracts should be aligned and not exceed the insurance value. At the same time, the integrator may require that the insurance amount of the contract, which was later concluded, was reduced with an appropriate decrease in the insurance premium. The above part of the insurance premium is not refundable.

If the fact of double insurance has opened after the occurrence of the insured event, insurance is insignificant in that part of the overall insurance amount, which exceeds the insurance value. Insurers are obliged to pay an insurance indemnity to the insured, the total amount of which should not exceed the amount of damage. The amount of insurance compensation payable to each of the insurers is reduced in proportion to the decrease in the initial sum insured under the contract.

In the insurance rules, it is indicated that the insurer is obliged to inform the insurer of all insurance contracts concluded against the insured property with other insurance companies. In the insurance statement, the insured is responsible for this question.

This provision can be introduced into the text of the insurance contract. Additionally, it is indicated that when the fact of dual insurance is detected, the insurance company is exempt from the obligation to pay insurance compensation under this contract.

In the Russian Federation, in the presence of double insurance, insurers are responsible within the insurance cost of insured interest and each of them responds in proportion to the insurance sum under the insurance contract concluded.

Insurance responsibility systems

The value, conditions and method of insurance compensation loss in property insurance depend on the insurance liability system.

Insurance system responsibility Determines the relationship between the insurance sum of the insured property and the actual loss, i.e. the degree of compensation for the damage.

Apply the following insurance liability systems:

1. valid value system;
2. system of proportional responsibility;
3. first risk system;
4. fractional part system;
5. replacement system;
6. the system of marginal responsibility.

1. Ply insurance at the actual value of property The amount of insurance compensation is defined as the actual value of property on the day of the contract.

Insurance reimbursement is equal to the magnitude of the damage. Here is insured full interest.

Example. The cost of the insurance object is 5 million rubles. As a result of the fire, property died, i.e., the loss of the insured was 5 million rubles. The amount of insurance compensation also amounted to 5 million rubles.

2. Insurance on the system of proportional responsibility Indicates incomplete insurance of the value of the object.

The magnitude of insurance compensation on this system is determined by the formula

• Sv - the magnitude of insurance compensation, rub.;
• CC - Insurance amount under the contract, rub.;
• CO - value assessment of the insurance object, rub.

Example. The cost of the insurance object is 10 million rubles, the Insurance amount is 5 million rubles. The loss of the insured as a result of the facility damage - 4 million rubles. The magnitude of the insurance indemnity will be: 5 * 4/10 \u003d 2 million rubles.

When insuring the system of proportional responsibility, the insured is manifested in damages, i.e. the policyholder takes part of the risk of himself. The more compensation for damage at the risk of the insured, the less the degree of insurance compensation. In other words, partial interest is insured here.

3. First risk insurance It provides for the payment of insurance indemnity in the amount of damage, but within the sum insured. According to this system, all damage within the sum insured (first risk) is compensated completely.

Damage in excess of the insurance amount (second risk) is not refundable.

Example. The car is insured against the first risk system in the amount of 50 million rubles. The damage caused by the car as a result of the accident amounted to 30 million rubles. Insurance compensation is paid in the amount of 30 million rubles.

Example. The property is insured on the first risk system in the amount of 40 million rubles. Insurance compensation is paid in the amount
40 million rubles.

4. Ply fractional Insurance Two insurance amounts are installed:

• insurance amount;
• showing cost.

For a squeezed value, the insured usually gets a risk coating expressed by a natural fraction or in percent. The responsibility of the insurer is limited to the size of the fractional part, so the insurance amount will be less than the showful value. Insurance reimbursement equals damage, but may not be above the insurance amount.

In the case when the case value is equal to the actual value of the object, the insurance for the fractional part system corresponds to the first risk insurance.

If the showing cost is less than valid cost, insurance indemnity is calculated by the formula

• Sv - insurance compensation, rub.;
• P - showing cost, rub.;
• Y - the actual amount of damage, rub.;
• CO - value assessment of the insurance object, rub.

Example. The cost of the insured property is shown in the amount of 4 million rubles, the actual value - 6 million rubles. As a result, the corners of the damage amounted to 5 million rubles. Insurance compensation is paid in the amount of 3.3 million rubles.

5. Replacement cost insurance means that the insurance compensation for the object is equal to the price of the new property of the corresponding species. Welfare of property is not taken into account.

Replacement cost insurance meets the principle of completeness of insurance protection.

6. Insurance on the limit liability system Indicates the presence of a certain amount of the amount of insurance compensation. With this system of ensuring the value of the reimbursement of damage is defined as the difference between the predetermined limit and the achieved income level. Insurance on the limit responsibility system is commonly used in major risk insurance, as well as in income insuring. If, as a result of the insured event, the income level of the insured will be less than the established limit, then the difference between the limit and actually received income is subject to reimbursement.

• crop agreements for farm crops are concluded for a period of at least 5 years;
• insurance costs are determined annually based on the sowing areas, the yields that have established for the previous 5 years, and the projected market prices of crops for the relevant year, and the insurance amount is in the amount of 70% of the insurance value;
• the fares for insurance premiums for insurance of crops are established for 5 years, taking into account the existing oscillations of the yield of crops by year, depending on weather and other natural conditions;
• the amounts of excess of insurance premiums over the sum of insurance compensation on secured state support for the insurance of crops (taking into account the expenses for insurance business) remain completely at the disposal of insurers and are used only for the payment of insurance compensation to agricultural producers in subsequent years, if the current year's payments are not enough.

When harvesting damages is considered that loss of it in the amount of 30% (i.e., excess of 70%) are not associated with an insured event, but are a violation by the insured technology of production.

Example. The average cost of carrot harvest in comparable prices was 320 thousand rubles. with 1 hectare. Actual yield - 290 thousand rubles. Damage is reimbursed in the amount of 70%. Calculate the damage from the harvest: 320 - 290 \u003d 30 thousand rubles. Hence the amount of insurance indemnity is 21 thousand rubles. with 1 hectare.

In the insurance contract, various reservations and conditions that are called clause (Lat. Clausula - conclusion). One of them is.

Insurance of property of citizens

Insurance conditions are combined in one field risks of fire, theft, natural disasters, accidents, water penetration from other premises, intentional unlawful actions of third parties and others leading to death or partial loss of property. For such insurance contracts, standard exclusions from insurance coverage are valid for all types of property insurance.

Insurance rates are calculated for each risk separately, then the overall tariff rate is displayed in relation to the conditions "from all risks", operating during the term of the contract.

Highlight three groups of insurance objectswhich are divided by the property of citizens: buildings; apartments belonging to citizens on the right of private property; household property. Insurers can be owners of houses, apartments and auxiliary buildings, responsible tenants, tenants and accommodationmen of residential premises.

The insurance value of the structure is determined on the basis of its replacement cost at current prices, taking into account the wear value. The cost of a privatized apartment is calculated at a complete regenerative value, calculated on the basis of its total area and the average cost of the square meter of the square in this region.

Home property in insurance is subject to home furnishings, consideration and consumption, intended for use in a personal economy in order to meet household and cultural needs, as well as elements of decoration and equipment of apartments.

There are two options for this type of insurance:

• according to a special agreement Insurance is accepted: valuable and expensive property; Collections, paintings, antiques; Spare parts, parts and accessories for vehicles;
• according to the general agreementIn which all types of domestic property are insured, except that it is issued by a special contract, as well as elements of finishing and equipment of housing.

Insurance amounts are established on the basis of the actual value of the property at the time of the conclusion of the contract as a result of the agreement between the parties.

• the contract necessarily indicates the address or territory on which the object is considered insured;
• the residential insurance contracts are concluded for one year, homemade property may be insured for a period of one month to three years;
• the insurance amount in the course of the insurance contract may be adjusted at the request of the insured taking into account the level of inflation (an increase in the sum insured or the definition of the sum insured in the dollar assessment, subject to the payment of compensation in the ruble equivalent);
• insureders are offered a system of discounts and benefits that can be combined into three main groups: discounts for break-even insurance, benefits for continuous insurance, discounts of certain categories of customers (pensioners, disabled, etc.) (Appendix 1).

Insurance of property of legal entities

• buildings, facilities, facilities of unfinished capital construction, vehicles, machinery, equipment, inventory, inventory and other property owned by enterprises and organizations (the main insurance contract);
• property adopted by the Commission, storage, for processing, repair, transportation, etc. (additional insurance contract);
• agricultural animals, furny beasts, rabbits, poultry and family bees;
• crop crops (except natural hayfields).

The main contract applies to property belonging to the insured (except animal and crops). According to an additional agreement, property adopted by the insured from other organizations and the population and the statement on insurance is subject to insurance.

An additional insurance contract can only be concluded in the presence of the main contract, therefore is called additional. The term of its action does not exceed the term of the main one.

Business wood, firewood on the forest-shops and during alloy, marine and fishing vessels during the route, documents, drawings, cash and securities are not subject to insurance.

The property insurance contract belonging to the enterprise can be concluded at its full cost or for a certain proportion (percentage) of this cost, but at least 50% of the balance value of the property.

The structure of building insurance is at cost not lower than the balance of debt on issued loans for their erection.

• balance value, but not higher than the replacement value on the day of his death (for assessing fixed assets);
• the actual cost of average market, selling prices and prices of own production (for evaluating current funds);
• according to the actual costs of material and labor resources at the time of the insured event (for evaluating unfinished construction); At the cost specified in the documents on the reception of property (to evaluate the property adopted from other organizations and the population to the commission, storage, for processing, repair, transportation, etc.).

Property insurance is carried out in case of death or damage as a result of a fire, a lightning strike, explosion, flooding, earthquake, soil drawdowns, storms, hurricane, shower, harassment, collapse, landslide, the actions of the subsoil waters, villages and accidents, including transport facilities, Heating, plumbing and sewage systems, as well as unlawful actions of third parties.

In the insurance of property of enterprises rates differentiated by industry affiliation of insurers. Reduced rates from 0.10 to 0.15% are applied if the company insures all its property, but if only part of the property is insured (selective insurance), then payments rates are significantly increased. Insurance of property from stealing with burglary (robbery) and vehicles from the hijacking is made at a special rate. The highest rates of payments are provided for insurance of machines, equipment and other property during experimental or research work.

For enterprises that insured property at full cost for 3-5 years or more years and did not receive insurance indemnity, insurance premiums are reduced by applying in the amount corresponding to the duration of the break-even period. Discounts spread to property that meets the requirements of fire safety set out in regulatory and regulatory and technical documents.

When insurance insurance for up to 9 months, payments are calculated for each month in the amount of 10% of the annual rate, and during insurance for 10-11 months - in the amount of the annual bet.

Insurance compensation is paid for all the deceased or damaged property, including for the property received to the insured during the contract period, regardless of the location of the property during death or damage. With death or damage to the insured property during the transport, insurance compensation is paid in the case when the shipment or contract of transportation is not the responsibility of the carrier for the death or damage to the cargo.

Insurance compensation is paid for property adopted from other organizations and the population, in the case of death and damage it only in places (stores, warehouses, workshops, etc.), indicated in the insurance statement, as well as during the transport of this property, The exception of those cases when the carrier is responsible.

The insured reimburse the costs associated with the rescue of property, to prevent and reduce damage in the event of a natural disaster or accident (relocation of property in a safe place, pumping water, etc.), as well as to bring the insured property by order after a natural disaster (cleaning, Sort, dryer, etc.).

• buildings, facilities, transfer devices, power, workers and other machines, vehicles, equipment, fishing vessels, fishing guns, inventory, products, raw materials, materials, perennial plantings;
• farm animals, poultry, rabbits, fur animals and family bees;
• crop crops (except for hazards of hayflows).

Insurance cases of the main and current agricultural funds are: death or damage resulting in floods, storms, hurricane, shower, harassment, collapse, landslide, the actions of the rod waters, the village, the impact of lightning, earthquake, drawdown, fire, explosion and accidents, and perennials Sandings - in case of their death as a result of the disasters listed above, as well as droughts, frost, diseases and pests of plants. As well as a sudden threat to property, as a result, it is necessary to disassemble it and move to a new place. For fishing, transport and other ships and fishing instruments, in operation, there are deaths or their damage as a result of storms, hurricane, storm, fog, flood, fire, lightning, explosion, explosion, ice damage, and loss Low or landing ships due to natural disasters.

By purchasing an insurance policy and signing a contract, many insurers face ambiguous, and sometimes the ambiguous interpretation of the main terms and key conditions. In particular, the concept of an insurance amount, which is an integral point of the insurance contract falls into this category.

In this article, we will consider: What are the concepts of "Insurance" and "Cost" in property insurance, how are they calculated and what affects?

What is "Insurance amount" and "Insurance Cost"?

The legislation operating in the Russian Federation calls the insurance that amount within which the insurer will pay compensation under the Treaty of Property Insurance, in the cases provided for by the Policy. In addition, the legislator provides the parties the right to determine the amount of the sum insured in the concluded agreement, without the indication of which it is considered invalid.

One of the most important components in determining the amount is the insurance cost of the object. Article 947 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains the definition of the term "Insurance Cost":

"The real value of the property at its location on the day of the conclusion of the contract ...".

When determining the insured value, the insured is using the services of professional evaluator experts. An important feature is the fact that the insurance value may not exceed the amount of the established sum insured under the contract. Otherwise, the contract is recognized as invalid precisely in terms of the difference of these definitions.

Calculation of the sum insured and cost

The first action at the conclusion of the insurance contract should be carried out by an independent assessment of the client's property, which is the object of the agreement. During the assessment, an act of assessing insurance property is drawn up. This document defines the real and fair market value of the client's property of the insurance company.

Without the definition of insurance cost, it is impossible to come to an agreement on the amount of the sum insured. For its expression, two forms are used: an aggregate or non-aggregative insurance amount. If the contract specifies an aggregate amount, then upon the occurrence of the insured event, the total volume of reimbursement to be paid is reduced.

For example, an aggregate amount in the insurance contract of 2,000,000 rubles will decrease with the first payment of 600,000 rubles, with a second to 1,200,000 rubles, and for the third time only compensation is reimbursed within 200,000 rubles, despite the real damage.

With a non-aggregate insurance amount: regardless of the number of cases, the reimbursement occurs within the payout limit indicated in the contract every time.

For example, a non-aggregate amount of 2,000,000 rubles will cover the first insured event within the amount of this amount, the second, third and so on. The amount every time remains unchanged, which is much more profitable for the client.

Types of insurance sums

When purchasing a property insurance policy, you need to pay special attention to the content of the refund item, namely the definition of the sum insured. The policy can establish one of the following forms of reimbursement of property value during insurance:

• proportional - incomplete compensation for damage caused. For example, the market value of the apartment is equal to 3 million rubles, but its insured value in a contract of 2 million, that is, two thirds of the real estate value. Having lost an apartment in a fire, the insured will receive not 3, but 2 million rubles. In turn, with partial damage of 300 thousand rubles, payment for insurance will be two thirds of the damage caused - 200 thousand rubles;
• replacement - the most profitable option for the insured. In this case, when reimbursing the damage, the inflationary increase in value is taken into account. Thus, the same apartment, insured by 3 million rubles (its real cost at the time of the conclusion of the contract), upon the occurrence of an accident in 3 years it will cost 3.5 million in the real estate market. The insurance company will have to pay extra that the client can purchase accommodation equivalent to the destroyed object;
• first insurance risk - in this case, the amount is established by the parties when concluding the contract. If at the time of purchase of the policy, the policyholder considered a sufficient insurance amount in 1 million rubles, even with the full destruction of the object worth 3 million rubles, the client will receive only 1 million;
• complete (real, valid) - when signing the insurance contract, an assessment of the insurance object is required. This amount is used later when calculating the renewable compensation. In this case, the size of real damage is equal to the amount of compensation from the insurer.

When can I challenge the insurance value?

Civil law of the Russian Federation in Article 948 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation indicates the impossibility of challenging the insurance value of the property specified in the insurance contract besides two cases:

• the insurer did not fulfill its right to assess the client's property before signing the contract;
• the insured person deliberately introduced an insured company in confusion regarding the real value of the object of the contract.

Such a restriction is introduced by the legislator to avoid frequent disposal of the amount of payments under property insurance agreements. The Civil Code establishes the rule according to which in the absence of a paragraph about the insurance cost of the facility in the contract, payments are made in the amount of the damage actually caused, that is, there is a complete (real, valid) compensation. The challenge of the insured value is possible only in court, but it is better to prevent such an expensive situation.

The actual, the actual value of the property, in other words - the insured value is used for insurance purposes. Such a concept is endowed with special significance in situations when it is required to make a definition regarding the sum insured in the insurance contract of property facilities. As for the size of the sum insured, it cannot be higher than the size of the insured value. When it comes to personal insurance, then such a thing, as the actual value will have to be forgotten, because it loses its meaning. This is due to the fact that an objective assessment of the cost of human health or his life is absent. Often, the balance sheet (inventory) is used to establish the insured value. This is typical, first of all, for enterprises whose fundamentals are insured in accordance with their full balance value (while wearing under the bill). It follows that in the case of the complete death of the designated property objects, the insurance cost will coincide with the total amount of damage and insurance compensation. For the actual value of the property, changes are characterized as towards the reduction and in the direction of magnification. In cases of the designation of this amount understated to the insurance, the further development of the situation is determined by the nuances of Art. 951 GK. There may be exceptions to which those moments belong when the sum of the insurance cost in the contract is fixed. To determine the actual value of the property should be determined in accordance with the location of its location at the time when the conclusion of the contractual agreement was carried out. Insurance at the cost of the value of the reducing, which at the time of the onset of the safety situation can significantly exceed the designated agreement, is not allowed. If the actual value of the property has a tendency to increase, and the amount of the sum insured does not undergo changes towards growth, and there will be no place for payment of additional insurance premiums, it is possible to refer to paragraph 4.5 of paragraph 4 of the Civil Code. Since the establishment of the value of property objects is carried out in places of their location per day, when the contract is concluded, in this agreement it is necessary to clearly denote the address. When the property insurance is insured, the amount of insurance, usually, cannot be higher than the actual value of the property object. Nevertheless, most of the types of property insurance assess the damage less than the size of its actual value, in cases where the object is not destroyed, but only is pretty damaged by the case relating to the safety. The name of such damage is partial. If we are talking about the underestimated amount of insurance cost, the question with the size of insurance compensation is solved by reducing the sum insured in the ratio of the proportion. The "real value" is far from identical to the term "market value". Therefore, in order to determine the actual value, take advantage of the methods intended to establish a market price, does not make sense. To determine the insurance cost, various methods are used. In each country, they differ, depending on what legislation functions and what an object of insurance is functioning. In the case of equality of the sum insured and insurance cost, the property is recognized as insured completely. If the amount is less, then the share of responsibility falls on its own risk of the insured. Among the main methods for determining the actual insurance amount, it is possible to allocate: the insurance value of the property as the acquisition price. Insurance value as its balance sheet. Insurance cost as the average market value. Insurance cost as a restorative. However, none of these techniques is ideal and many of them cannot be used in pure form to establish the actual value of the property. To solve the issue with determining the cost of property in fact, you can resort to the following actions: Apply information from reference books or reports of independent appraisers. After all, in other words, it is necessary to determine the estimate in the financial expression of the immediate subject of insurance. As for the property, the insurance cost for it will be determined directly, the actual price set at the time of the conclusion of the insurance agreement. In cases of real estate insurance, in order to determine the size of the insurance cost of the insurance object (whether it is an apartment or a house), the amount equal to the market value of the premises under study is allowed, but only if it is similar to the insured. In other words, in order to determine the value of the insurance cost of the apartment, the market price of the apartments in the same area with a similar area with the same number of rooms should be calculated and located on the same floor. Thus, in order to calculate the actual value of the property, various ways of economic evaluation are used. It is important to remember that this value is crucial when establishing the safety sum.

Book: Abstract Lectures Insurance / Shelekhov

Insurance cost of insurance and insurance

The insurance cost of the WC insurance object is a valid (real) object cost, in the amount of which it may be harmful. Insurance cost is determined when concluding an insurance contract in accordance with the current legislation at prices and tariffs that act at the time of the contract. At the same time, the Insurer has the right to independently assess the value of the property, and even conduct its own value examination. The insurer may challenge the size of the insurance value of the property adopted for insurance, only when the insured by his deliberate actions introduced a misconception insurer.

In practice, the insurance cost is most often calculated as the cost of acquiring property minus the actual wear. This is explained by the fact that insurance only compensates for the damage and is not a source of profit for the insured. If the insurance contract was concluded on the insurance amount in the amount of the cost of acquiring property, then after the end of time, during which a part of the value of the property would be amortized, could arise the possibility of illegal enrichment of the policyholder. However, not only property has an insurance cost. Personal insurance and liability insurance are operated with categories, also require the definition of their insurance cost - for example, life, health or workability of the person, the limits of property responsibility for the damage caused to other persons, etc. More deeply this issue will be studied below.

Insurance sum S0. The amount of the sum insured is one of the essential conditions of the insurance contract. Insurance sum S0 is a pronounced in cash amount of the maximum amount of the obligations of the insurer on insurance fees to the insured or a third party, having the right to receive it. The insurance amount in the insurance contract can be established separately for each facility and risk adopted for insurance, or for each insurance case to determine the maximum obligations of the insurer. Along with the establishment of insurance amounts for each risk or for each insurance case, a common insurance amount under the contract may be established (it is sometimes called the aggregate liability limit of the insurer); When the insurance compensation is paid in the amount of the general sum insured, the obligations of the insurer are terminated.

The size and procedure for establishing an insurance amount can be considered the most important elements of the contract affecting the price of the insurance service, determine the possibility of taking risk on insurance, the need to conclude a reinsurance or compacting contracts by insurer. In some cases, the insurer may refuse to enter into an insurance contract when the insured amount is too big.

The principle of determining the amount of the sum insured depends on the form of insurance obligations. For mandatory types of insurance, the legislation of Ukraine establishes the minimum possible sizes of insurance amounts. When voluntary types of insurance are carried out, the amount of the sum insured is determined on the basis of the consent of the parties to the insurance contract - the insured and the insurer.

Significant in determining the size of the sum insured must currency of insurance, that is, in what monetary units are the obligations of the insurer in the insurance contract itself. At the same time, the insurance amount payable in the national currency, which is specified in the insurance contract can be established in the amount equivalent to the relevant amount in foreign currency at the time of those or other obligations under the insurance contract.

For example, under the insurance contract, it can be established that the insurance amount at the time of the insured event must correspond to the equivalent of 1 thousand US dollars, calculated in the hryvnia at the rate of purchase or sale of the specified currency in a specific bank or on the currency exchange at the time of the insurance obligations by the Insurer, That is, the implementation of the insurance payment. Consequently, in this case, every time, if necessary, the amount of insurance payments to be paid is calculated based on the current exchange rate at the time of the calculations.

In each insurance industry, the establishment of the amount of the sum insured and the conditions for its payment as the basis for the implementation of the insurance obligations have its own characteristics.

In personal insurance, as you know, life insurance and other personal insurance are allocated. Insurance amounts for these types of voluntary insurance are determined by agreement of the parties to the insurance contract, based on the university of the Uzvich, in accordance with the norms of current legislation or in accordance with common sense. It should be noted the features of the mechanisms of payment of the sum insured with personal insurance.

In life insurance, depending on the sum insured, the size of the insurance payment is determined when the insured person lives to the end of the insurance period, or when the death of the insured person comes. In the latter case, there must be a recipient of the sum insured, pre-appointed by the insured person. Life insurance contract, including pension insurance, may include current permanent insurance payments (retirement or rent). In this case, under the insurance sum is understood as the size of the insurance payment (pensions or rent), the payment of which is provided for by the frequency established by the insurance contract.

Example. The additional pension insurance contract establishes that the policyholder is subject to the payment of monthly insurance provision in the amount of 100 UAH. Within 10 years, after reaching the age of 65 years. In this case, the insurance amount payable monthly will be 100 UAH, and the full insurance amount will be 12 thousand UAH.

In insurance contracts against accidents and medical insurance, depending on the sum insured, the maximum amount of payment is determined, within which real damage is compensated, which is caused by the legal property interests of the insured. However, this does not mean that upon the occurrence of an insured event, the insurance amount is paid in full. At the same time, the amount to be paid, in personal risk insurance agreements (for example, when insuring accidents) can be determined in different ways:

a) as a percentage of the insurance sum established in the insurance contract under a single payment, the size of which depends on the nature and severity of traumatic damage;

b) in a fixed size (or in the amount of an established percentage of the sum insured) for every day the loss of ability to work.

Example. The personal insurance contract against accidents is concluded with the condition of paying the relevant part of the insurance amount upon the occurance of one of the two risks - the risk of death of the policyholder or the risk of constant loss of disability on such conditions:

In the event of death, the insurance amount is fully paid in the amount of 100%, or 10 thousand UAH;

In case of constant loss of disability in the establishment of disability I group, part of the insurance amount in the amount of 90%, or 9 thousand UAH, will be paid;

In case of constant loss of working capacity, a part of the sum insured in the amount of 75%, or 7 thousand 500 UAH, will be paid to the disability of the Group II, or 7 thousand 500 UAH;

In case of constant loss of working capacity, a part of the insurance amount in the amount of 50%, or 5 thousand UAH will be paid in the event of a permanent disability.

Example. The insurance amount in the insurance contract against accidents was established in the amount of 100 thousand UAH., And the insured due to the obtained mechanical injury at production amputated the little finger of the left hand, which, in accordance with the terms of insurance, means the occurrence of an insured event. The insurance contract contains a table of determining the size of the insurance amount due to the payment depending on the damage (loss) of the body organs. In accordance with this table, the policyholder has the right to receive an insurance payment in the amount of 8% of the sum insured, or 8000 UAH.

The fulfillment limit of the obligations is always depends on the sum insured, and if the actual harm caused due to the occurrence of an insured event exceeds the amount of the sum insured, it will be reimbursed only in a part that does not exceed the insurance amount.

Example. Insurance amount, within which the insurer undertakes to pay for the insured of the stipulated medical services provided to him, is 1 thousand UAH. One month after the start of the insurance contract, concluded for a period of 3 months, the insured appealed to the medical institution, and the cost of its treatment was 250 UAH. After payment of treatment, the amount of obligations of the insurer is 1000 UAH. - 250 UAH. \u003d 750 UAH, and the insurance amount, within which the insurance contract will continue to operate within two months, which remained, will decrease to 750 UAH. Consequently, upon the occurrence of the next insured event, the amount of the sum insured will decrease until the obligations under the contract are fully fulfilled.

The amount of the insurance amount under medical insurance agreements can be established, based on the amount of maximum obligations of the insurer for each case. So, if under the insurance contracts of property, when the insured event occurs, the cost of the insurance object decreases, then with medical insurance, the size of the property interest associated with the loss of health and disability is not reduced. This allows medical insurance contracts in coordination between the insured and the insurer to set the amount of the sum insured in two ways:

a) in the form of a fixed amount for all the time of the contract;

b) in the form of a fixed amount in the amount established for each of the insured cases that may occur during the term of the insurance contract.

In the second case, the insurance contract provides the insured more complete insurance protection, and therefore such an insurance service will cost more.

In case insurance, the insurance amount established in the insurance contract cannot exceed the actual value of the property, that is, S0? WC.

The insurance contract may be established by the insurance amount, the size of which is lower than the insurance cost of the property. At the same time, the policyholder should be remembered by the rule established by law, according to which, when an insured event occurs, the insurer has the right, unless otherwise provided by the insurance contract, compensate only a part of the damage. In this case, the proportion of damage to be insurance will be proportional to the ratio of the insured amount towards the insured property of the insured property.

When insuring property, it should be remembered that, in addition to the obligations of the Insurer for compensation for direct damage, the insurance contract may contain the obligation of the insurer to compensate for indirect damage, including the expenses of the insured for the rescue of the insured property in the amount established, as a rule, as a rule, in percentage of the insurance amount It may be general (aggregate responsibility limit) or established separately for direct and indirect insurance losses.

When insuring responsibility, the insurance amount, as in any other form of insurance, denotes the limit of monetary obligations of the insurer when compensating for harm, which in this case is associated with the actions or inaction of the insured, which caused damage to third parties. In the liability insurance contracts providing for the payment of insurance compensation to third parties, the established importance of the sum insured is great interest to the recipient.

For example, under the Agreement of Professional Liability Insurance Agreement, the Insurance amount records the utmost amount of the participation of the insured in compensation for damage, which is caused by the notary client as a result of the last professional mistakes in his work.

Let the insurance contract concluded on the insurance amount of 10 thousand UAH. When you identify a notary transaction related to the acquisition of real estate, a professional error was made, as a result of which such a deal was invalid. The parties by agreement was harmful in the amount of 30 thousand UAH. The obligations of the insurer applies only to part of the damage in the amount of the sum insured, that is, 10 thousand UAH. Part of the damage that remained should be reimbursed by the notary itself.

Responsibility insurance contracts can be concluded and without the establishment of the sum insured, provided that the insurer takes the obligation to compensate in full damage caused by the insured to third parties. If the insurance contract was concluded under such conditions, the insurance indemnity would be completely damage to 30 thousand UAH.

The responsibility insurance contract may be concluded on the terms that the insurance amount is fixed for each insured event (for example, 5 thousand UAH). This means that upon the occurrence of the insured event, during the action of the insurance contract, the obligations of the insurer will be implemented, based on the insurance amount established in the contract in the amount of 5 thousand UAH. Without reducing the sum insured on the size of previously produced insurance payments for previous insurance cases. However, insurers rarely introduce this condition to insurance contracts without establishing the limiting amount of insurance payments that can be paid to the insured during the term of the insurance contract. Such a limitation can be established, for example, thanks to the introduction of the condition on the maximum number of insurance cases during the Treaty of Agreement, according to which insurance compensation will be paid.

There is another option to establish the sum insured in the accounting contract of responsibility. This is a means of "single insurance amount", which is used when insuring the same type of objects with various amounts of responsibility. For example, the liability insurance of the offshore owner, in which the insurance amount for this water vehicle is determined by the multiplication of the registry gross-tonnage (tonnade) of the vessel on the established unit of the insured amount when swimming in separate areas of the World Ocean or the waters of the seas).