by discipline: Economic geography and reginalistics

Performed:

2 student students

groups 6-12TD2 / 8

Queen I.

Nezhdenova A.

g. Arzamas 2009

1. Features of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Economic District.

The Central Black Economic Economic Area includes:

Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk and Tambov regions with an area of \u200b\u200b167.7 thousand km2 (1% of the entire territory of Russia) and the population living in them as of 09.10.2002 7,517,456 people. (5.3% of the total population of Russia). According to the number of residents, cities (thousand) are allocated: Voronezh (903), Lipetsk (375), Kursk (373), Tambov (265), Belgorod (227), Elets (113) and Michurinsk (102).

The Central Black Economic Economic Area is central in the Black Earth Strip of the Russian Plain and borders with the leading industrial area of \u200b\u200bthe country - central, and also conveniently located in relation to the fuel and energy bases of the Volga region, the North Caucasus and Ukraine. The territory of CER is located on a watershed, according to the top flow of the Oki, Don and Seimas rivers (the inflow of the gums on which Kursk is standing). The western part of the district (Orlovskaya, Kursk and Belgorod region) is located on the Central Russian hill, the average (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk region) - on the window-donal lowland. A feature of the modern relief is a lot of ravines, the development of which contributed to both natural factors (sobmnost, light-impaired soils) and socially economic (excessive cutting of forests, flattering meadows). Using the advantages of its geographical location between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Black Earth Center is a highly developed industrial-agricultural area.

In the interdistrict territorial division of social labor Central

The Black Earth region is highlighted by the production of products of the ironing and metallurgical complex associated with it mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries. In the formation of the economic complex of the Central

The Chernozem Economic District is an important role to play the presence of richest reserves of iron ores, arrays of fertile black earth earth in combination with favorable agro-climatic conditions and a convenient economically - geographical location. Primary conditions of the region are characterized by moderate continentality. Despite dryness, conditions are favorable for agriculture.

In agriculture, the market specialization sectors are the production of grain, sugar beet, sunflower, ethereal and oil crops, fruits, berries, milk and meat. Having 1% of the territory of Russia and 5.3% of the population, the area produces 49.3% of the commodity iron, 17.2% cast iron, 18.8% steel, 19.4% of the finished rolled steel of ferrous metals, 2.2% of the forge-painting machines, 12.4% cement, 25.2% of vegetable oil and 35.4% sugar sand.

The Central Black Earth region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in the thickness of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average indicators in Russia. The Central Black Earth area has developed economic relations with
Central, Ural, West Siberian and Volga Regions of Russia and
Ukraine. Iron ore, mineral-building materials, ferrous metals, bread, sugar are exported from the region. Since the region's economy is strongly experiencing a shortage of energy, and technological types of fuel, the importation of coal, coke, oil and petroleum products prevails, and mineral-building cargoes, mineral fertilizers, ferrous metals, etc. are imported in large volumes.

2. The natural resource potential of the Central Chernozem region.

The main natural wealth of the area is the iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, which occur in its territory with two stripes: Eagle - Schigra - Stary Oskol - Valuyki (Oryol and Tula region) Width from 1 to 25 km and Lgov-Belgorod (Kursk and Belgorod region) Width from 2 to 40 km with reservoir capacity of 70-350 meters. Two main types of ores are developed: poor, but largely cost-effective, with iron content of 36% and rich, iron content in which is over 60% with a slight amount of sulfur and phosphorus. Poor ores are represented by ferrous quartzite, their depth of occurrence ranges from several meters to 700 m (southwestern part of the Kursk magnetic anomaly). Rich ores belong to magnetite, hematite and martitite species and are located in the Belgorod region. Currently, the most famous fields in the Belgorod region are: Yakovlevsky, Gashevskoye, Saltykovskoye, Lebedinsky, Stalenskoye, Pommetsky, Chernyanskoye; In the Kursk region - Mikhailovskoe, Kurbakinskoye and Dichnyansky-Reuttskoy. Shallow RUD (at a depth of 35-40 to 400-500 meters) and deeper allows them to be prey in open careers with significantly less capital and current labor costs, and funds. Mine mining ore at a depth complicated here with an abundant saturation of underground horizons. The construction of underground mines is carried out with the help of special refrigeration units for freezing rocks during the penetration of mine stems. The high quality of rich ores at a depth can not only fill out the cost of this technique, but also ensure the high efficiency of the KMU mining industry. In addition to the high content of iron, these ores contain only tenths of the percentage of sulfur and hundredths of phosphorus.

The district also has large reserves of non-metallic fossils: granites, refractory clays, chalk, mergels, dolomites; There are stocks of copper-nickel ores and bauxite.

In the iron ore fields of the Belgorod region, industrial boxes are found - Vistula field, but due to the high depth of the occurrence and complex hydrogeological conditions, it is not yet exploited.

Copper-nickel deposits of the Voronezh region form the third in value (after Norilsk and Kola) copper-nickel province of the Russian Federation. In addition, there are cement raw materials deposits, refractory clay, sand, construction stone. The most famous Latahn deposit of refractory clays and Pavlovskoye - building materials are most famous.

In the Kursk region there are deposits of peat, phosphorites, building materials.

Lipetsk region has deposits of building materials and dolomites. The most famous deposits of building materials, such as student, Sokolsko-Sith, and Dolomites - Dankovsky.

In the Tambov region there are stocks of building materials, phosphorites, mineral paints, peat; The most famous sand deposits are Tambov and Polkovsky.

The Central Chernozem region is sharply deficiently on fuel and energy resources and uses almost completely imported fuel.

The climate of the area is moderately continental, in a given part, a sufficiently moistened, in the southeast - more dry, frequent drought. The average temperature of July + (19-20) 0s, January - (9-11) 0s. Number of annual precipitation 400-500 mm per year. The duration of the growing season with a temperature above 50c - 175-200 days, with a temperature above 100c- 140-170 days. The hydrographic network is poor. The only major river is Don with tributaries Voronezh and the Northern Donets. Don only in the lower current to Pavlovsk is shipping. The rest of the rivers shallow water, their main use - water supply of the population and industrial enterprises. Currently there was a tense water balance in large cities.

The most valuable wealth of the area are soils: only in the west of Kursk and in the north of Tambov regions, gray forest and podzolic soils are common, throughout the rest of the territory - a different type of black soil with a content of humus from 4-6 to 10-12% with the power of the horizon in separate areas up to 120 - 130 cm. These are the most fertile soils. Blackloons here were formed on the loose soils of sand sandy loams, so they are easily amenable to water erosion leading to the formation of ravines. In some areas of erosion, up to 60% of the lands are susceptible, so the fight against ORAGOs is the most important task of the farmers of the district. The actual means of this struggle was special treatment of fields and artificial frisms, which constitute about half of the forest area of \u200b\u200bthe area. The middle forestry in the area is 8%. Industrial logging of forests almost everywhere is prohibited. Forest resources have mainly soil-protecting, recreational significance. Industrial exploitation of forests does not play any significant role in ensuring the area of \u200b\u200bbusiness wood. Forest and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials, in the area produce furniture, lumber, chipboard, fane. The products of the industry ensures the internal needs of the region in the goods of folk consumption.

3. Population and labor resources.

Population Ts.ch.E.R. It is 7.9 million., Or 5.3% of the population of the Russian Federation. The cities live 61.6% of the population, in rural areas, 38.4% of the population. According to the population density (47.0 people. At km2), the region takes one of the leading places in Russia. Due to the intensive development of the iron ore metallurgical complex in the region, as well as in the fact that during a long time the district has delivered employment reserves to other regions of the country, in the Ts.Ch.R. An intact structure was broken, which resulted in a decline in fertility and an increase in the mortality rate of the population. As a result, a natural settlement of the population began in the area, one of the first in Russia. In subsequent years, the situation improved somewhat due to a small increase in fertility in 1985-1987. And at the expense of emigrants from the areas of interethnic conflicts and the Russian-speaking population from the countries of the neighboring countries, but continues to be critical.

The number of labor resources tends to reduce and the area from the discharge of employment, perhaps will be transferred to the category of employees.

4. Demographic situation and population placement

Fertility, mortality, natural increase determines the total number

the country's population as a whole. In the context of individual regions natural and

mechanical gains can affect the change in the total number

country and territory population

Consider common fertility coefficients. The table shows

the data of fertility in the Central Black Earth region by regions included in these regions.

Common fertility coefficients (the number of those born per 1000 population)

Central blackness. district

Belgorod region

Voronezh region

Lipetsk region

Tambov region

After analyzing the data of the table, you can make the following conclusion that

the last decade was observed a decrease in the number of born in all

regions of this area. Today, according to individual observers, the demographic catastrophe collapsed on the country, it only entered a number of European countries, as Germany, Italy, Spain, which is not in a state of crisis.

Fertility depends on a very large number of factors, among which,

probably there are those that can be affected and thereby several

increase its level. Similar features, not, it is necessary to identify and

use. But to calculate the birth rate capable

fundamentally change the position with natural increments, hardly

Mortality - the second component of the form of natural population growth.

It is known that in Russia it is very high.

Consider mortality data in the Central Black Earth area in the table.

Central blackness. district

Belgorod region

Voronezh region

Lipetsk region

Tambov region

The situation that established in the area with mortality is also not the best. The increase in mortality in this area compared with 1985 on average

amounted to about 20-30%. It is a little more than in a number of other areas, but in

the whole in Russia there is a tendency to increase mortality.

In Russia, in the early 1990s, mortality of men aged from 30 to 40 years

it was 3.4 times higher, women - 2 times than in the West. With the Russian mortality structure of 1990, from each thousand born boys, early or later 147 will die from the accident.

In 1995, a new turn was outlined, this time - for the better. By top

1998. The life expectancy of men increased by 3.6, wives - for 2.1 years. But now, the life expectancy in Russia is still very low: in women - at the level of the 1970s and 1980s, men - even less than this is extremely low

The deformed age structure of the population is the third factor, from

which depends on its natural increase. In the Central Black Earth region, and in Russia as a whole, its influence has masked depopulation trends for a long time and contributed to the preservation of the number of births over the number of deaths, when the age-related birth rate and mortality have no reason for this reason. Generally speaking, for the period of rapid decline in the birth rate and the aging associated aging is the usual situation.

Nowadays the potential of demographic growth, in the considered Central Black Earth region, has been exhausted, can not play the former masking role and de the age pyramid. Natural growth in these areas, all pain depends directly from the age-related birth rate and mortality, and the birth must be crucial, which is very low here, and its significant increase is not enough. Thus, the current demographic situation and predictions do not leave high hopes for a positive natural increase in the foreseeable future.

State Committee on Statistics of the Russian Federation on the basis of the current

time trends and their possible changes in the future made forecast

calculations of the population until 2010. At the same time were taken three

hypothetical variation of demographic development - medium pessimistic

and optimistic.

The average option is based on the assumption of the country's slow output from

the economic crisis that, on the one hand, will have a positive effect on the dynamics

mortality, and on the other - will allow families to fully realize their

reproductive intentions identified during micropreps 1994.

The pessimistic script is likely if the crisis is delayed. It

is based on extrapolation of mortality growth dynamics, which began in the middle

60s, until the end of the predicted period. Birth is stabilized by

the maximum level is below which it cannot fall.

The optimistic vision of the future is based on the fact that crisis phenomena

recent years will be able to neutralize enough, as a result of which

the coming years will occur positive shifts in the dynamics of mortality. Level

fertility will come close to the pre-crisis indicator, and in the future in Russia

a smooth transition to a new stage of demographic development will begin.

The forecast of the prospective population is made with the possible possible

applications of migration flows. It was assumed that during the whole period

migration processes will serve a deterrent to a significant reduction

population due to negative natural increase.

So, for 1996-2010 The migration component may exceed 2.6 million.

human. At the same time, the influx of migrants from the former republics of the USSR to Russia will be

more than 3.6 million people, and the number of Russians who left for a permanent place

residence in foreign countries - almost 1 million people.

According to forecast estimates, the number of migrants from the former Union Republics

will gradually decline. Until 2000, the excess of entry into Russia

departure from it on average will be at about 400 thousand people in

year, at the beginning of the new millennium (2000-2005) - a little more than 200 thousand.

man, and subsequently (2006-2010) - most likely will not exceed 150 thousand.

man per year. The main influx of the population from the former Union republics

will have to central, centrally black earth, North Caucasian and

Volga regions. Migration processes within Russia will

characterized by the mass departure of the population from the Northern and Eastern areas

European part of the country. Until the end of the millennium, over 300 thousand people will abandon

these territories.

To date, it is almost impossible to increase the fertility to sharply, and it is also unrealistic to reduce mortality, i.e. It is necessary to look for other outputs from the current situation. One of these solutions can be called a migration process observed today. In recent years, the population of the Central Chernozem

The district is replenished only by migration processes. And here already

there is a shortage in state regulation of chaotic migration.

The state is obliged to interfere in migration processes. Unfortunately on this

there is no question of a clear concept yet. Meanwhile, the Russian society should

to protect yourself from the negative social consequences of illegal migration.

It is clear that in the conditions of "transparency" of the borders of Russia yet

put a durable barrier to the illegal penetration of migrants to its

territory. Therefore, the legislative framework of migration processes is the main

the problem is on the way of regulating social problems in Russia. They are diverse

and difficult, but it is necessary to solve, because by means of migration Russia

will be able to redistribute its population population with messenger

countries benefit.

5. Industry of the Central Chernozem region

In the industrial complex of the Central Chernozem region, the leading place is occupied by ferrous metallurgy, which is a branch of market specialization. Commercial iron ore, cast iron, steel, finished rental is widely exported to other regions of Russia, to the countries of the neighboring countries. The largest enterprises of the metallurgical complex include Lebedinsky, Mikhailovsky, Staplensky Goki, the association "Kmaruda", Novolipetsky Metallurgical Combine, Plant "Free Falcon", Ostksky Electrometallurgical Combine, Semiluk Plant for the production of refractories and others. The cost of production of iron ore in the region is lower by 20% than the average for the Russian Federation, even despite the extensive costs of land reclamation and other environmental activities. The development of the industry in the Central Chernozemie goes in two directions: expanding the production and enrichment of iron ores and an increase in the production and assortment of metallurgical products due to the reconstruction of the Novolipetsky Metallurgical Combine and the introduction of new capacities at the Ostroscopic Electrometallurgical Combine. The area is the main supplier of electrical, autolistan and tubular steel in Russia. The technical level of production and productivity of labor in the ferrous metallurgy of the district is higher than on average in Russia; In many positions, the products of the industry meet international standards.

Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is also a branch of the market specialization of the Central Chernozem region and is characterized by a multi-industrial structure. In the region, complex labor-intensive industries were developed: electronics, aviation, instrument making and metal industries: mining engineering, production of excavators, forge-pressing machines, metal-cutting machines, tractor construction and agricultural engineering, chemical and petrochemical engineering, production of metal structures. The placement of the machine-building complex in the region is extremely uneven and focused mainly in the Voronezh region (42% of the total production of products), mechanical engineering centers are also allocated: Lipetsk, Kursk, Belgorod, Tambov, Elets, Dankov, Michurinsk, Zheleznogorsk and others. It is not enough in the area of \u200b\u200bdeveloped engineering for the food industry.

Food industry

The branch of the district's market specialization is the food industry. It has a powerful developed its own raw material base and is also a diversified. It is important to sugar, meat, oil, butterfluous, alcohol, tobacco, fruits, fruit. These industries supply their products to the All-Russian food market. The food industry in the region is characterized by technical retardation, large depreciation of the main production funds (up to 70%), a high proportion of manual labor. The power of enterprises lags far behind the volume of brewed raw materials. Therefore, even in the middle of the yield years, some of the raw materials remains undeveloped.

Chemical industry

The chemical industry in the Central Black Earth region also belongs to the sectors of market specialization. But it is contained in the lack of its own raw material base and a shortage of water and energy resources. Nevertheless, the industry in the area has gained significant development and most of its products enters interregional exchange. It is synthetic rubber, tires from Voronezh, rubber products from Tambov and Kursk, synthetic fibers from Kursk, synthetic detergents from Shebekino aniline dyes from Tambov. Perspective in the area of \u200b\u200bproduction of mineral fertilizers and production of synthetic materials.

Cement industry

For other subproduces, the increase in capacity is inappropriate due to the limited resources. Cement industry - a branch of the Construction Complex of the Central Chernozem region also refers to the sectors of market specialization. Its development in the area is due to the presence of major resources of raw materials, the integrated use of overlap breeds in the development of Iron RUD KMA. Large cement plants are accommodated in Belgorod, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk. Other industries in the Central Black Earth region are complementary by the complex.

Electric power industry

The electric power industry has a specific structure. More than 80% of electricity produce nuclear power plants. Here are built and constantly expanding Novovoronezh and Kursk NPPs. Large thermal power plants work in regional centers. Part of the electricity comes from the UES of Russia, but the area is still deficiently on electricity, and this factor restrains the development of the economy of the Central Black Earth.

Forest and woodworking industry

Forest and woodworking industry uses imported raw materials, in the area produce furniture, lumber, chipboard, fane. The products of the industry ensures the internal needs of the region in the goods of folk consumption.

Light industry

The light industry of the Central Black Earth region is developed weakly and posted very unevenly. Enterprises are focused mainly in Tambov and Kursk regions. The Tambov region specializes in the production of woolen fabrics, in the Kursk region there is a Glushkovsk woolen factory and built a large knitted combustible plant using chemical fiber. The further development of the industry is associated with the improvement of its territorial structure and is aimed at a more complete satisfaction of the needs of the population of the district. The sewing industry is located everywhere, leather-shoe enterprises are located in Kursk, Voronezh.

6. Agriculture of the Central Black Earth region

The agro-industrial complex specializes in the framework of the all-Russian division of labor on the product, which is most profitable to receive in the area. Here they cultivate cereals (the most important among them - wheat), technical (sugar beets, sunflower, mahorka, hemp, etc.), potatoes and various vegetable, fruit and berry cultures. The share of industrial crops in the structure of the sowing space is almost 13%, i.e., two more times more than an average of the Russian Federation, more here is also the proportion of vegetable and fruit crops.

The most important economic prerequisite for the development of the APK is the position of the district in the center of the European part of the country, near the developed areas with a large share of the urban population and, therefore, in great demand for food. Residents of the Central Chernozem region have tremendous experience and skills in the production of various agricultural products. The created potential of the area allows us to provide APK by cars and mechanisms, repair their repair, supply spare parts. District Chemical Industry Significant part of products delivers agriculture.

The district accounts for only 6.3% of the agricultural land of Russia. At the same time, it produces in different years from 9 to 12% of the grain (grain yield fluctuates at 21-23 cm with 1 hectare, which is 7-8 ° C longer than on average in Russia), approximately 50% sugar beets, 15-17% of sunflower seeds, 7-11% of potatoes, 7-8% of gross collection of vegetables, 11-13% fruit and berries. The production of the main types of crop products per capita in the area is much higher than the average indicators in the Russian Federation. For example, per 1 person, grains produce more than 4 tons here (on average 600 kg), sand sugar - more than 160 kg (on average in Russia - 20 kg), vegetable oil-25 kg (on average Russia is about 6 kg).

The area is widely represented by the flour and feed industries. Based on the processing of grain and potatoes, starch-dine and alcohol production are developed. A large base for processing breeding raw materials was created, primarily in Voronezh, Belgorod and Kursk regions. In the production of sugar, a large amount of waste is formed (fum, diffusion water, jet wax, melasse, etc.), their disposal is beneficial in economic relations.

Oil-fat production is one of the oldest in the central chernozem. Raw materials for him serves sunflower. According to its cultivation area, the area is inferior to the Russian Federation only by the North Caucasus and Volga. Allocated by the large scale of his crops Voronezh, Tambov, Belgorod and Lipetsk region. The area is the main producer of essential oils based on the processing of Coriander and Anisa (Alekseevsky Etheric Bar).

The Central Chernozem region is distinguished among other developed animal husbandry. For the production of meat per capita, he ranks first in the country. The highest rates in this respect has the Belgorod region. In the structure of the meat produced, pork and beef prevail; Share of poultry meat and lamb are small. Processing capacity is insufficient. The problem of rational use of by-products and waste production is maintained. According to the production of milk production per capita, the district also ranks first in the Russian Federation. Satisfying their needs for food, the area is significant part of them.

The release of light industry goods (leather-shoe, knitted, sewing and some other industries are developed) concentrated in regional center centers. Used mainly imported raw materials.

7. Transport complex of the Central Chernozem region

The Central Black Earth region occupies a very favorable transport and geographical position, and has a developed transport complex: in the thickness of the transport network, it significantly exceeds the average indicators in Russia. Main types of transport - Railway and automotive; The area also received the development of river, pipeline and aviation species. Through the area there are large flow of transit cargo, reflecting the connections of the northern and central regions with southern, oriental and western. In recent years, the flow of goods from the TCHER itself, associated with the development of the territorial and production complex of the Kursk magnetic anomaly (CMA TPK) (iron ore, ferrous metals, mineral-building raw materials). Therefore, the bandwidth of individual lines is already insufficient, the technical equipment of transport is weak, it is necessary to improve the interaction of various types of transport in the region.

In the central chernozem, the transport network has developed, the configuration of which resembles a grille. Its base is Meridional and latitudinal highways of inter-district values4 Meridional (Bryansk - Kharkov, Eagle - Kharkov, Elets - Valuyki, Mud - Millerovo) and 3 latitudinal (Sukhinichi - Tambov, Elets - Middleo, Vorozhba - Snage) Railways and numerous compounds and branches. In the southeastern outskirts, Valuyki line passes - Roworino, providing output from Donbass. The importation of goods in the area prevails over the export. Imports determine coal, petroleumous, mineral building materials, forest loads; Export - iron ore, cement, black metal rental, various shipping goods.

Great transit transport network function. Large work in the carriage is carried out by railways. The density of their network here is much more than an average of Russia, and is 27.4 km per 1000 km2. The density of the network of public roads with a solid coating is 179 km per 1000 km2, which is 6 times more than an average of Russia's territory. The territory of the district pass the highways of international importance: Moscow - Simferopol (through Kursk), Moscow - Caucasus, Moscow - Volgograd ( through Voronezh) and the motorway Kharkov - Volgograd and Bryansk - Volgograd (through Voronezh); On local roads are transported by ore and fluxes to metallurgical plants, building materials, sugar beets, cereals.
A large influence on the transportation process has pipeline transport having an extensive network of product pipelines. The largest of them are: Ufa - Western direction, Samara - Bryansk, steel horse - West direction, Nikolskoye - Voronezh - Belgorod - Sumy. In addition, the Friendship pipeline connecting the oil-producing regions of the Middle Volga region with the countries of Europe, and gas pipelines: Stavropol - Moscow, Urengoy - Pomara - Elets - Uzhgorod.

Voronezavia Airline OJSC is a practically the only civil aviation company in the Central-Black Earth Region, carrying out domestic and international transport. Taking into account the alleged reduction in international airports, the airport "Voronezh" may remain the only one in the region that has the status of international. The activity of the airline in 2001 and 2002 is characterized as stable. Statistical reporting shows that along with the deterioration of some indicators defined by the demand for aircraft, there is an improvement in quality indicators. The financial condition of the airline is sustainable. The incomes of the airline in 2002 amounted to 226 million rubles, which is almost 30 times for almost 30 percent, and the profit amounted to 7 million rubles.

River transport is poorly developed. Shipping is carried out on Don, Hopra and the Northern Don. In 2001, 0.18 million tons were transported by all owners of river vessels (on a state and commercial basis).

8. Regional difference in the standard of living of the population

Four years ago there were 148.5 million people.

Since 1992, the population reduction began to be celebrated, first small, then increasing. If it were not for the influx of immigrants from other CIS countries, the population would reduce 1 million per year, and so - 0.5 million / year. A special reduction is allocated in the areas of the non-sinor band, recently also in Siberia and the Far East (population outflow due to the economic crisis). In addition to changes in the natural movement of the population, the birth rate is reduced, mortality increases, the role of migrations in reducing has increased. Migration balance - Excess entry into Russia over the departure is about 500,000 people, which only half compensates for a natural settlement of the population. All major economic areas of Russia at the contribution of the two main components of the population growth can be divided into 4 groups:

1. Rays with a positive value of both natural movements and migrations. Only one - North Caucasian.

2.Ryon with a negative value of natural growth, but positive migration - central, Volga-Vyatsky, centrally black earth, Volga region.

3.Rones with a positive value of natural growth, but negative migration - Siberia (Far Eastern), Far East

4. Rays with negative increase and migration - sever and northwespad.

In recent years, approximately 60 of the 80 districts recently the birth rate has also increased mortality rate. 16 people per 1000 per year. The largest - Pskov region - 24/1000. Not only elderly, but also able-bodied. The average duration of men is 57 years old, women - 63.

Northwest, central areas recently have a permanent settlement of the population. In addition to the natural movement, the strengthening of the urban type of population should be noted - the Murmansk region - 89-90% urban population). Milk families (not more than the 1st Child) are increasingly characteristic. For Russia, in recent years is characterized by an increase in population mobility.

The following features can be distinguished:

· Preservation of a high positive balance in Russia with all CIS countries (except Belorussi);

· Increase in the outflow of Russian population from the CIS countries and the Baltic States in Russia;

· An increase in the poverty of the refugees who arrived in Russia;

· Strengthening of outflow from the northern territories, especially from the Asian North;

The age structure of the population of Russia (for the 2000th year):

1. Up to 16 years - 22.4%

2. 16-65 (able-bodied) - 57.3%

3. More than 65 years (above the working age) -20.3%. According to territorial differences, then the youngest (according to the composition of the population) is the Far East, the most elderly - Central Black Earth region.

Population.

See more:

Composition, geographical position, natural resource potential potassium.The Central Chernozem region (CCD) includes Belgo-Rodana, Voronezh, Kurskaya, Lipetsk and Tambov region. This is the smallest area of \u200b\u200bthe Russian area - 167.7 thousand km2. The name of the area comes from its location - it is located in that part of Central Russia, where black-earth soils prevail. In the north and northwest, the district borders with the central district of Russia, at the pre-current - with the Volga region, in the south - with the North Caucasus region, in the south-west - with Ukraine.

Most Central Czech is held by the Hilly Middle Russian elevation, in the east, turning into the window-Don lowland. Relief rosen contributes to the development of soil erosion, which negatively affects agriculture. Soil-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe, on the contrary, are very favorable for the development of agriculture. It combines a moderate moderately continental climate with warm summer, relatively warm winter, sufficient amounts of precipitation and extremely high natural soil fertility. For most of the territory of the area, the content of humus in the soil reaches 10% at the power of the black epic layer to 120-130 cm. Located on the waterproofs of the Don River, Oci and Dnieper, does not have large watercourses on its territory. Therefore, specific water supply (stock of rivers per capita) is minimal in Russia and in large cities, the water-zyidal balance is very tense.

Only two types of mineral raw materials are common on the territory of the Central Committee on a large scale, but their reserves are very high. First, these are iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly (CMA), which conporates almost 60% of iron ores in Russia. The fields are located in Belgorod (Lebedinsky, Stalenskoye, Yakovlevsky, etc.) and Kursk (Mikhailovskoy) regions. Secondly, there are large deposits of cement raw materials in the area. According to the reserves of non-amineral natural resources - forest, water and hydropower - Central Commissars, it takes the last place in Russia.

The EGP of the Central Chernozem region is profitable, as it is located at the intersection of transport routes from the center to the south of Russia and Ukraine, as well as from the Volga region to European countries. Favorable the presence of huge stocks of iron ore and good conditions for the development of agriculture. Negatively affects the absence of access to the world ocean.

Population.The population of the Central Committee, according to the 2002 census, amounted to 7.5 million people. Population density - 45 people per 1 km2 (third place among the regions of Russia after the Central and North Kav-KazSky). Unlike the rest of the country, the differences in density are large. The share of urban population in the Central Committee is 62% - preliminar place in Russia in front of the North Caucasus. This is due to good conditions for the development of agriculture and settlement. There are no millionaire cities in the area, although more than 1 million inhabitants live in the city-agglomeration of Voronezh.

Natural population decline in the area is large (up to 10% o), and in majority of years during the 1990s, it did not overlap the migration-inen influx. A significant proportion of immigrants of recent years - refugees and forced displaceders from new independent states. As a result, the population is currently in the area less than in 1989, by 3%. In contrast to the situation of the 90s in the previous decades from the area there was an intense migration outflow of Nasya. Therefore, the age structure of the population is old. The share of the population in working age is minimal among the country's regions. The level of qualifications of labor resources CCD is quite high. At the same time, due to the strong decline in the industrial production and the influx of forced migrants, the unemployment rate in the Tambov, Voronezh and Belarusian regions is higher than the average Russian. CHR on the ethnic composition of the population is the most uniform in the country. The share of Russians exceeds 90% in all regions. The proportion of Ukrainians is also significant. The confession of both nearby peoples - Orthodoxy.

Leading industries. The following set of branches of inter-district specialization has developed in the Central Chernozem region:

In industry: ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, building materials and food;

In agriculture: growing grain, sugar beet, sunflower, potatoes, milk-meat cattle breeding.

Black metallurgy leads in the farm area, producing more than a third of industrial products (the maximum proportion of the industry in the countries of the country). Its value is determined by the district championship in Russia for iron ore extraction (almost 60%), as well as its high weight in the production of steel and rolled products (about 20%). The largest careers for the extraction of poor ore (iron content in ore 20-30%) are near the cities of Old Oskol (Belgorod region) and Zheleznogorsk (Kursk region). The mines are mined ore Yakovlevsky Mission-Dénia near Belgorod. This is a more expensive method, but the iron content is much higher here - up to 60%. A large novolypeetsk metallurgical combine of a full cycle producing more than 7 million tons of steel per year is located in Lipetsk. In Stary Oskol, an electroometallurgical combine, producing steel from iron ore concentrates, bypassing the stage of cast iron. This is the most advanced enterprise industry in the country, giving steel and high quality rental.

The main subproduces are sugar, oil, flourish, cereal, vegetable raw oil, milk-canning, meat industry. About 40% of sugar sand 25% of vegetable oil are produced in the Central Committee on the All-Russian production, 10-15% flour, croup, animal oil canned food, meat. Especially well developed (more than 50 plants) Sugar sub-sectors, processing not only local raw materials, but also imported raw sugar.

Mechanical engineering gives about 15% of industrial products in Raio-not well developed metal-domestic production, using the site-noble metal: the manufacture of steam boilers in Belgorod, equipment for the chemical industry in Tambov, excavators in Voronezh. Lipetsk is a large tractor factory. In Voronezh (the head of the head of the district) there was a complex of factories of accurate and military engineering. Planes, spacecraft, metalworking machines, appliances, radio equipment and electronics are made here. In the 90s, large production of refrigerators appeared in Lipetsk (Stinol Plant).

The chemical industry produces about 10% of the area products. Mineral fertilizers are available on a large scale: nitrogen - in Lipetsk (production originally originated on the basis of the use of coke gas of ferrous metallurgy), phosphate from chiban apatitis - in Uvarov (Tambov region). In the Voronezh region (Rossosh), nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are available. Chemical products that goes to other areas - synthetic rubber and tires from Voronezh, chemical fibers from Kursk, Plastics and Laco-colorful products from Tambov.

The building materials industry produces about 5% of the industrial products of the area. Interdistrict importance has the production of cement, formed on the basis of the use of the field of limestone and dolomites, as well as the processing of overlapping breeds and waste of ferrous metallurgy. Main production centers - Belgo-Rod, Stary Oskol, Lipetsk.

The main branch of agriculture in the area is a plant-water plant.

Central Chernozem District

Growing grain (winter wheat, barley, buckwheat), sugar beets, potatoes. Many gardens and planting vegetable crops. In the southern part of the district, ether-oil cultures are grown in the southern part of the district. In the northern part of the area there are crops of cannabis. The main subproduction of animal husbandry is milky-meat cattle breeding. Widely distributed pig breeding and poultry farming, which use plant waste and food industries. A sharp problem for agricultural district is a large-scale seizure of fertile land and a reduced level of groundwater in the career development of iron ore deposits.

The work of the field of specialization of the area is provided by electro-cycling and transport. In contrast to other areas of the country, two atomic power plants produce most of the energy: Kurski - one of the most powerful in Russia (4 million kW) and Novovoronezhskaya. There are no hydroelectric power plants. At the same time, energy in the area is not enough. The Central Black Earth area has a thick network of iron and auto-mobile roads. According to the density of public roads with the TSC, the CCR is leading in Russia - about 200 km per 1000 km2, the density of railways divides first place with a central area. Through the territory of CCP, the main gas and oil-dyes are laid, the following from the Volga region and Western Siberia towards Ukraine and yes to Europe.

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Central black earth area.

Central - Chernozem District (p. 1 of 4)

The fields are located in Belgorod (Lebedinsky, Stalenskoye, Yakovlevsky, etc.) and Kursk (Mikhailovskoy) regions. Secondly, there are large deposits of cement raw materials in the area. According to the reserves of non-amineral natural resources - forest, water and hydropower - Central Commissars, it takes the last place in Russia.

There are no millionaire cities in the area, although more than 1 million inhabitants live in the city-agglomeration of Voronezh.

Leading industries. The following set of branches of inter-district specialization has developed in the Central Chernozem region:

In industry: ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, building materials and food;

In agriculture: growing grain, sugar beet, sunflower, potatoes, milk-meat cattle breeding.

The main branch of agriculture in the area is a plant-water plant. Growing grain (winter wheat, barley, buckwheat), sugar beets, potatoes. Many gardens and planting vegetable crops. In the southern part of the district, ether-oil cultures are grown in the southern part of the district. In the northern part of the area there are crops of cannabis. The main subproduction of animal husbandry is milky-meat cattle breeding. Widely distributed pig breeding and poultry farming, which use plant waste and food industries. A sharp problem for agricultural district is a large-scale seizure of fertile land and a reduced level of groundwater in the career development of iron ore deposits.

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Nechuro-earth, or, more precisely, an unborn zone is a huge territory extending from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the forest-steppe zone in the south with its black erect soils and from the Baltic Sea to Western Siberia. There are 28 regions and republics, as well as the Perm region, the Nenets Autonomous District and the two cities of federal significance. It includes an unborn zone in four major economic areas - North-West, North, Volga-Vyatsky and Central. The total area is 2824 thousand km2. It is more than France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Finland and Germany, combined. There are about 60 million people in the nonhernozem, that is, more than 1/3 of the population of Russia. Since the most ancient times, the olden-ground zone has played and plays a large role in the history of our Motherland, in its economic and cultural development. Here, in the interflucery Oka and Volga, at the end of the XV century. There was a Russian centralized state.

Centrally Chernozem Economic Area Contents 1 Composition

A Russian national culture has been created in the non-black earth, from here the Russians settled in a vast country. On this territory, for centuries, the Russian people defended their freedom and independence. The industry of Russia originated here, large Russian cities have grown and develop.

And in our time, the Neckochinee retained a primary role in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. The center of Nechrennohemia, St. Petersburg, the Urals are the most important industrial bases, the forge of scientific and working personnel. The capital of our Motherland is the capital of our Motherland - Moscow, the second on economic and cultural significance of the city - St. Petersburg and the largest cities and industrial centers as Nizhny Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, Perm, Yaroslavl, Izhevsk, Tula, and others.

Nechrophone - an important agricultural area of \u200b\u200bRussia. Here is 1/5 of the country of agricultural land.

The development of agriculture here is favorable by the presence of huge arrays of arable land, many meadows and pastures, as well as good moisturies, almost complete abuse. True, the soil here is poor humus. However, the soils of non-sinomime in climate favorable areas during the necessary land reclamation (drainage, limeting, making mineral fertilizers) can give up to 80 c grains and up to 800-1000 c potatoes with hectares.

The development of agriculture of non-black earth extension based on its intensification, land reclamation, complex mechanization and chemicalization is the level of the national problem.

The development of non-black earth will take more than a decade. It is necessary to increase the production of a variety of agricultural products.

But the accelerated growth of grain production, meat, milk, potatoes, vegetables, other products is only one of the parties to raise agriculture of non-black earth. After all, all the products obtained need to be preserved and recycled. Therefore, new elevators for grain, meat processing plants, dairy plants, storage facilities for potatoes and vegetables are being built here.

It is especially important to organize large mechanized farms in milk-meat animal husbandry - the main branch of agriculture of the non-black earth. The population of this zone is the largest consumer of milk and fresh meat.

Work is underway to change the structure and geography of cultivated cultures. Thus, they are expanding due to wheat area under oats and barley, as more crop and, moreover, work suitable for feeding, work is underway on a more rational placement of industrial crops (primarily flax), on the concentration of potato and vegetables landings.

The priority task is to master new non-black earth lands under arable land, improve existing arable land, increase its fertility. Another important task is to create cultural pastures.

In front of the non-black minced task, the transformation into a district of highly productive farming and animal husbandry, as well as the development related to them, industries.

Perform the tasks of conversion of agriculture of non-black earth definitely without the active participation of young people. This goal will be attractive for young men and girls, there is an opportunity for everyone to attach their knowledge, energy, to show love for work on Earth.

by discipline: Economic geography and reginalistics

Performed:

2 student students

groups 6-12TD2 / 8

Queen I.

Nezhdenova A.

g. Arzamas 2009

1. Performance of the economic and geographical position of the Central Black Economic Area.

The Central Black Economic Economic Area includes:

Central Chernozem District Composition

The western part of the district (Orlovskaya, Kursk and Belgorod region) is located on the Central Russian hill, the average (Voronezh, Tambov, Lipetsk region) - on the window-donal lowland. A feature of the modern relief is a lot of ravines, the development of which contributed to both natural factors (sobmnost, light-impaired soils) and socially economic (excessive cutting of forests, flattering meadows). Using the advantages of its geographical location between the most important economic regions of the country, as well as large natural and human resources, the Black Earth Center is a highly developed industrial-agricultural area.