- Economic knowledge is needed to every person as a consumer and as an employee. The economically competent person knows how to make a decision to buy goods and go to work, how to protect yourself from the consequences of price increases, how best to use your savings, which profession to choose to not be then unemployed.
- Development market relations In our country, demanded from their participants in new economic knowledge, without which successful practical activity is impossible, the ability to do the right economic selection In conditions of limited resources. Understanding the overall nature of the functioning of the economy helps its participants to competently determine their economic policy, take reasonable economic decisions even in the most unfavorable periods of the enterprise.
- The modern economic development of Russia depends largely not only from officials or politicians, but also from active participation in the management of its citizens. Your choice as a voter may affect economic policies Countries, and the choice as an employee or the consumer will determine not only your well-being, but also how people around you will live.
The lack of economic knowledge and abilities to take on their basis rational solutions turns around for participants economic activity Reducing the level of welfare, financial losses, dissatisfaction and disappointment in professional activities, reduce opportunities to competently defend their economic rights.
Document
Reflections on the peculiarities of the Russian School of Economic Thought of Academician RAS L. I. Abalkin (from the report at the Scientific Conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Volnoe economic Society Russia).
Globalization, which has become a leading tendency of world development, does not remove, but largely aggravates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own advantages and advantages, their own system of values \u200b\u200band their understanding of progress ... In this regard, it is necessary to return to the understanding of a special role and place in the science of the Russian school of economic thoughts ... a huge impact on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic Thoughts, both in domestic and world science, had originality and the uniqueness of civilization in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude poorly understood the specifics of the Asian civilization, did not have so different from the west approaches, moral values, the perception of the world around the world and the place of man in it. It could not not affect culture and science, especially humanitarian. What is recognized in the West as an immutable truth, relieving all restrictions as insignificant, is quite different and often in principle is perceived in Russian economic thoughts.
The world of the economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle that optimizing their welfare of individuals, but as a complex, initially multicolor complex of complementary and thereby mutually engraving processes, forms of organization and management methods ... The state is not rejected, but organically combines the market, the total social benefit is higher than individual Success.
Science was designed to absorb such an approach, and where she did, she was waiting for her success. Where she retreated from this rule, her (and the country) was waiting for disappointment. XX century, including his last decade, bright evidence.
Questions and tasks for the document
- Why does the author consider it necessary to reconsider the role and place in the science of the Russian School of Economic Thought? What determines the identity of this scientific school?
- What are the most different approaches, moral values, the views in the world in the world are characterized, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization?
- Is it possible to agree with the author in the fact that the use of economic science of these approaches could ensure success economic Development countries?
- Using knowledge Newest Story and the facts of the socio-economic life of Russia of the last decade, bring examples confirming the conclusion of a scientist that the retreat from approaches and values \u200b\u200bdeveloped by Russian economies led to failures.
Questions for self-test
- What is the reason for the emergence of economic science?
- What are the main problems of economic science? Name and characterize them.
- What is learning macroeconomics and microeconomics?
- What is needed so that nature objects be transformed into consumption items? What is the role of economic activity in this process?
- How can I measure and determine the gross domestic product?
- What ways can increase the amount of products manufactured when available resources available?
Tasks
Thoughts wise
"The economy has art to satisfy infinite needs with limited resources."
L. Peter (1919-1989), American Writer
Offset on the topic "Man and Economics", grade 11
1. Fill in Table: "Sections of economic science"
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
World economy
Enter the listed problems studied by various parts of economic science in the appropriate graph:
Conditions for entering into an entrepreneurial deal; the turnover of the international foreign exchange market; Competition of manufacturers; reducing economic growth; interaction of consumers and manufacturers in the market of goods; Costs and profitability of the enterprise; foreign trade policy of countries; level and rate of inflation; reasons for the economic crisis; reasons for wage growth in the oil industry;
deepening international division of labor; employment.
2. Choose the most accurate definition of the object of economic science:
1) study of the behavior of people in the process of production and exchange of material goods;
2) science on ways to improve the efficiency of the functioning of economic systems;
3) Science, which studies the use of limited resources of society for the production of material benefits in the conditions of constantly growing human needs;
4) Science on the daily business life activity of people and the extract of their livelihoods.
3. Japan's NDP higher than GNP in Germany. Is it possible to conclude on this basis about the best state of affairs in its economy? Argument answer.
4. Prerequisite The development of a market economy is:
1) elimination of income inequality
2) an increase in state budget expenditures
3) private property For means of production
4) Excess supply of demand
5. What is a barter deal?
A) the exchange of goods on the goods without paying money;
B) the system of non-cash settlements based on the standings of mutual requirements and obligations;
C) imports of goods free from customs duties.
6. What does the money deficit in the country lead? What will happen if the money will be more than the goods?
7. The income received by the owner from cash savings on a personal account is
1) Bank percentage
2) Profit
3) Bonus
4) Dividends
8. What of the listed reflects articles of the state budget?
1) profit growth rates of enterprises
2) income of citizens from entrepreneurial activity
3) the cost of maintaining the army
4) average monthly salary
9. Are the following judgments about the Central Bank?
BUT. central bank He heads commercial banks and manages their activities.
B. Central Bank controls the volume cash And makes emission money.
1) is true only and 2) is true only
3) both judgments 4) both judgments are incorrect
10. Find examples in the list related to the ground as the production factor, and write the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) cash
2) Passage Plot
3) oil deposits
4) Machines and equipment
5) Forest array
6) Buildings, facilities
Answer: ___________________
11. Include in the list of cyclic unemployment and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) With the advent of computers, the secretarians were unclaimed
2) The economic crisis led to an increase in unemployment in enterprises of various industries
3) Employees of the enterprise ruined in acute competition
4) with a decrease in orders at the stage of the economy recession construction firm Beginning dismissal of employees
5) With the completion of the harvest of fruits in the horticultural economy, seasonal workers received the calculation and went home.
Answer: ___________________
12. Explain the words:
Inflation
Employment
Balance balance
Protectionism
Friction unemployment
GDP
GNP
marketing
Economy: science and economy
THE TASK 1. Are the following judgments about the economy true?
BUT) Economy - Science of the economy and ways to conduct
B) The economy is a special economic system, the main purpose
which is to meet the needs of people and society
1) right only BUT 3) both Option verny
2) right only B. 4) both Option incorrect
THE TASK 2. Choose the most accurate definition of the subject
economic science.
BUT) Investigation of people's behavior in the production and exchange process
material benefits
B) Science of ways to improve the efficiency of functioning
economic Systems
IN) Science studying the use of limited resources of society
for the production of material goods in the conditions of constantly growing
the needs of people
D) Science of everyday business life activity and
extracting livelihoods
E) Study of methods and distribution criteria
economic Goods
THE TASK 3. Specify who from the ancient Greek scientists for the first time
introduced the concept of "economy".
BUT) Plato IN) Xenophon
B) Socrates D) Aristotle
THE TASK 4. Fill the table.
Economic science
| Components | Subject of study |
| Macroeconomics | |
| Microeconomics | -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- |
| World economy | -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- |
THE TASK 5. Fill the table.
Enter the listed problems learned
various parts of economic science, in
the corresponding column of the table.
Sections of economic science
| Macroeconomics | Microeconomics | World economy |
| ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... | ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... |
BUT) Conditions for entering into an entrepreneurial deal
B) Turnover of the International Monetary Market
IN) Competition manufacturers
D) Reduced economic growth rates
E) Consumer interaction and manufacturers in the market
E) Deeperation of international division of labor
G) employment
H) Costs and profitability of the enterprise
AND) Foreign trade policy of countries
TO) Level and inflation rate
L) Causes of economic crisis
M) Causes of salary growth in the oil industry
THE TASK 6. Specify which of the listed institutions is not
refers to economic.
BUT) production IN) household
B) Entrepreneurship D) inheritance
THE TASK 7. Fill out the scheme.
Ways to increase production
Extensive path Intense way
1. ________________ 1. ________________
2. ________________ 2. ________________
3. ________________ 3. ________________
THE TASK 8. Decipher abbreviations meaning
economic indicators.
GNP -
GDP - _______________________________________________________________
THE TASK 9. Fill out the scheme.
GDP indicators
REAL NOMINAL
1. ________________ 1. ________________
2. ________________ 2. ________________
3. ________________ 3. ________________
THE TASK 10. Decide the task.
China's GNP is higher than in France. Is it possible to conclude on this basis about the best state of affairs in its economy?
Explain your answer.
THE TASK 11. Specify that the listed refers to
objective factors affecting
performance.
BUT) quality labor resources
B) Efficiency of management decisions
IN) Use of new technologies
D) natural resourcesintegrated in the production process
THE TASK 12. Decide the task.
What a mechanism for regulating the economy gives a better possibility of allocating resources in its industries in accordance with the volume and structure of consumption: Market / free / pricing or directive / centralized / price population?
Argument your answer.
Satisfy all the needs of people? Is it possible to measure economic activities? How does the economy develop - spontaneously or by its laws?
Economy is the most complicated sphere of society. Numerous and varied of its manifestations make it difficult to accurately determine the concept of "economy". Let us try to consider the most general ideas about this area of \u200b\u200bpublic life, reflecting the views of theoretical scientists and practitioners.
With the concept of "economy" you met in the main school. Recall that it is necessary to distinguish its double meaning. This word is accepted to characterize both economic activities and the science on the laws of such activities. Compare two different definitions used to characterize one word "economy".
Economy - This is a business system that meets the needs of people and society by creating and using the necessary life benefits.
Economy
- Science of the economy, how to manage it and management of them, relations between people in the process of production and exchange of goods, laws of economic processes. To better understand and assimilate the value of each of the definitions, consider them in more detail by starting from the second.
What is studying economic science
About economic problems People began to think long before our era. The word "economy" of Greek origin and was first used by the ancient Greek author xenophist (approx. 430-355 or 354 BC) as the name of his treatise. And only a little more than three hundred years ago scientists appeared, which began to generalize and systematize knowledge of economic reality. It was the time of becoming a market economy.
Why exactly then the economic science appeared?
This is due to the fact that for most of the history of mankind, the main issues of the economy (which, as for whom to produce), was most often solved either in accordance with traditions and customs, or by order of the head of state. Therefore, the actions of people were predetermined and predictable and the need for economic science did not arise. IN market economy Solutions on the main economic issues Began to accept a free, independent manufacturer. Scientists are interested in how this "free and self-regulatory" works economic systemwhich laws are flowing in it economic processes. Economic science as an occupation of professional scientists arose together with a market economy.
Economic scientists sought to study as general relationships large elements market economy (for example, employment, foreign trade, state economic policy) and individual problems (for example, demand and supply, market competition).
What was the subject of attention of scientists? First of all, such universal problems of the economy, as limited resources and the economic choice (with these basic concepts of economic science, you met in the social science of the main school).
The needs of society in connection with the increase in population, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the deepening of cultural ties and exchanges is constantly increasing and becoming almost limitless. On the contrary, economic opportunities are those real resources that society can send to satisfying needs, always, in each this moment are limited. The society is constantly facing the need to resolve this contradiction and the problem of economic choice. How are the existing resources to fully satisfy existing needs? This problem is trying to solve the economy - the science of choice.
Economic science studies various areas and economic development laws at different levels. So, part of the economic science, exploring the economy as a whole, is macroeconomics . Its subject are, for example, the problems of unemployment, poverty, economic growth, the role of the state in the regulation of the economy and the protection of the interests of society.
Microeconomics - This is part of the economic science, exploring economic relations between individual business entities (consumers, employees, firms), their activities and influence on the national economy. It studies the problem of choosing with which individual participants in economic activity are faced. For example, the interaction of consumers and manufacturers in the market of goods and services, entrepreneurs and employees in the labor market, etc. At the same time, microeconomics studies the functioning of individual markets and industries. She explains how prices are established for individual goods, what means and why are the development of industry and markets, the development of the state of the state affect the activities of industries and markets.
Both levels economic Analysis (Macro and microeconomics) use of limited resources are interconnected. For example, if the reasons for the increase in prices for the products of the oil refining plant are analyzed, this is a microeconomic problem. An analysis of the decision on the antitrust policy of the state against the enterprises of the oil producing industry is the subject of macroeconomics. At the same time, the behavior of individual participants in economic activity (producers, firms) largely depends on the state of affairs in the economy of the whole country.
The current stage of economic development is characterized by the high interdependence of national economies on a global scale. therefore economic theory Be sure to involve consideration of the problems of the relationship of national economies with world economy. The laws of development of the world economy examines the Sao-Misphernaya part of the economic science - the world (international) economy. The subject of its research can be international trade goods and services, capital movement, exchange in science and technology, international currency relations, etc.
Economic science also explores the functioning and interaction of such economic institutions as the state, enterprise, family and household.
Revealed scientists sustainable, significant relationships between economic phenomena, processes, relationships allow for practice to solve economic tasks more effectively.
In the next paragraphs of this chapter, you will get acquainted with the main scientific ideas and works (this will help you not only the training text, but also appeal to documents at the end of each paragraph) of such outstanding thinkers who contributed to economic science as A. Smith, . Ricardo, K. Marx, D. Keynes, A. Marshall, as well as modern scientists, including representatives of the Russian School of Economic Thought.
Economy and Economic Activities
In the broad sense of the word, the economy is a combination of methods for creating conditions for the survival and progress of mankind. From here you can conclude that economic activity is all types of economic activities of people to meet their needs and ensure the material conditions of life.
Economic activity is necessary in order to turn resources into the necessary economic benefits - Goods and services that meet this or that human need and are available to the Company in a limited quantity. Schematically, the process of converting nature objects in consumption items can be represented as follows:
Between various species Economic activity There is a close relationship. Thus, production and distribution cannot be divided, because the benefits produced can give a useful result when they reached the consumer. Consumption is not only the purpose of production, but also incentive of its development. It has a serious impact on the growth of production volumes, the development of those or other industries.
Another component of economic activity, connecting production with distribution and consumption, is an exchange.
Exchange - Economic operation, in the process of which one person transmits to another thing, product, receiving money in return or another thing.
A variety of relations, developing in the process of production and distribution of material goods, are included in the concept of "society of society". (Recall what other areas of society, how are they related to the economy.)
The success of the decision of the main problem of the economy is to determine the most effective ways the use of limited ^ resources - largely depends on the rules, principles "organization of activity. So, for several centuries, the world of the economy is managed by one of the basic principles - the principle of rationality, allowing to choose solutions based on the desire to obtain the greatest economic results with the minimum possible costs of all necessary for all necessary This resources. (Compare familiar to you from the history of the Formation Form: Natural and Commodity. Which one more fully takes into account the principle of rationality? What more efficiently?)
The results of economic activity depend not only general principles Its organizations, but also on the so-called economic mechanisms, i.e., methods and forms of uniting their efforts in solving life support problems. Such essential economy mechanisms are, for example, division of labor and specialization, trade. (Think how these people already familiar to you ways to cooperate people affect the content and results of economic activity.)
People meet the needs of goods and services or producing them independently or by exchanging produced products on the necessary goods and services. Therefore, in order to raise the standard of living of the population, it is necessary to find ways to increase production volume. Two such paths: expand the uses economic Resources Or increase the efficiency of their use. An indicator or measure of how efficient resources are used, performance is (do not confuse with productivity). When more quality goods are produced under the same resources, productivity increases.
Performance is the volume of goods and services created per unit costs. Costs can be any resources involved in the production process - land, fuel, equipment costs, etc. The quality of labor resources (vocational training, employee qualifications), technologies used and the effectiveness of management decisions have a direct impact.
Measuring instruments of economic activity
To measure economic activity, various economic values \u200b\u200band indicators characterizing the state, properties, quality of the economy, its objects, processes are used. These values \u200b\u200ballow you to learn how processes of production, distribution, consumption, what are their results.
Economic values \u200b\u200band indicators can be divided into bulk (characterize the amount of product) and high-quality (characterize the ratio of two values). You meet, for example, the data that Russia sells 130 million tons of coal in the world market - before you an example of a surround indicator. If economists note that this year the decline in production is 90% in relation to last year's (for this it is necessary to compare two quantities), is an example of a qualitative indicator.
Get acquainted with some economic indicatorsused to assess the level of production and development of the country's economy.
In most countries, the volume of annual production national Economy Measure through an indicator gross National Product (GNP) . This indicator is used since 1988 and in Russia.
GNP is defined as the amount of market prices of all end products (goods and services) created by manufacturers of this country during the year both within the country and abroad.
Why is it only about the final products? In order for the amount of national product to be determined correctly, all products need to consider only once. Most of the goods and services are many stages of the manufacturing process, before getting to the end consumer. For example, before the book gets to readers in hand, it must pass several technological stages - from the development of the author, the manufacture of paper and printing to the sale.
In GNP, sales of only finite products are included (in our case - books), excluding sales of intermediate products, i.e., used in the manufacture of the final product (in our case - paper, typographical work, publishing costs). This allows you to exclude a double account and an overestimated GNP estimate.
The GNP is considered a meter of the economy as a whole, because it actually includes the cost of all goods and services produced during the year. On the basis of the GNP, several more indicators are calculated: gross domestic product, pure national product, national income.
Let us dwell on a similar value with GNP and the same frequently used - gross domestic product (GDP). This indicator of the "National Production Plux is defined as the amount of market prices of all finite products produced during the year in the country.
Sharing GDP Countries On the number of citizens, we get an indicator, which is called GDP per capita. For this indicator, you can compare the degree of economic development and standard of living. different countries. It is GDP per capita that is one of the main indicators of the standard of living of the nation. When production grows faster, then one inhabit of the country accounts for more and more products and services, and the standard of living rises. If the population is growing faster than production, average level Life is reduced.
It must be clarified, on the basis of what indicators can be judged on the growth of gross domestic product. Economists distinguish between two indicators: real GDP, when its volume is expressed in constant prices of produced products; Nominal GDP when its volume is measured in current prices.
When calculating the real GDP indicator, as a rule, an amendment is made to the inflation rate (price increase), and it will depend only on changes in real output.
When prices for goods and services are raised, nominal GDP (based on current prices) can increase, even if the production level remains unchanged or falls.
Suppose that nominal GDP has grown during the year from 200 billion p. up to 500 billion r. But for the same period, the price rose 2 times and 1 ruble during this period possessed purchasing powerequal to half the former. It can be said that GDP has increased only to 250 billion rubles. (500 billion p .: 2). For example, in Russia from 1990 to 1999, GDP increased by more than 7 thousand times. Prices during this time increased by 13,750 times (i.e. almost twice). Thus, real GDP decreased, respectively, also almost 2 times.
Since on the basis of data on the volume and dynamics of GDP, they are usually judged about economic growth in the country, it is necessary to use the indicator of the real gross domestic product.
Obtained using various meters economic information It is the source material for analyzing the development of the country's economy, the development of economic forecasts. So, the observed positive dynamics of GDP growth in Russia in last years (From 2001 to 2003, this figure grew from 5 to 7.2%) allowed the government to put forward the task of doubling GDP in the next 10 years.
In conclusion, it should be noted that manufacturers and consumers are the main operating persons. About how they provide their actions and efficiency of economic activity, you will learn in the following paragraphs.
Practical findings
1 Economic knowledge is needed to every person as a consumer and as an employee. The economically competent person knows how to make a decision to buy goods and about hiring to work, how to protect yourself from the consequences of price increases, how best to use your own digestion, which profession to choose to not be then unemployed.
The lack of economic knowledge and abilities to take on their basis rational solutions turns out for the participants in economic activity by a decrease in the level of welfare, financial and loss, dissatisfaction and disappointment in professional activities, reduce opportunities to competently defend their economic rights.
2 The development of market relations in our country demanded from their participants of new economic knowledge, without which successful practical activity is impossible, the ability to make the right economic choice in conditions of limited resources. Understanding the overall nature of the functioning of the economy helps its participants to competently determine their economic policy, take reasonable economic decisions even in the most unfavorable periods of the enterprise.
3 The modern economic development of Russia depends largely not only from officials or politicians, but also from active participation in managing the country of its citizens. Your choice as a voter may affect the country's economic policy, and the choice as an employee or consumer will determine not only your well-being, but also how people around you will live.
DOCUMENT
Reflections on the peculiarities of the Russian School of Economic Thought of Academician RAS L. I. Abalkin (from the report at the Scientific Conference of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Volnaya Economic Society of Russia).
Globalization, which has become a leading tendency of world development, does not remove, but largely aggravates the problems of economic, social and political progress. It removes the opposition of civilizations or formations according to the principle: higher and lower, advanced and backward. Each of them has its own advantages and advantages, its own system of values \u200b\u200band their understanding of progress ... In this regard, it is necessary to return to the understanding of a special role and place in the science of the Russian school of economic thoughts. A huge impact on the self-determination of the Russian school of economic thought, both in the domestic and world science, had originality and the uniqueness of civilization in our country. No other civilization, if we exclude poorly understood the specifics of the Asian civilization, did not have so different from the west approaches, moral values, the perception of the world around the world and the place of man in it. It could not not affect culture and science, especially humanitarian. What is recognized in the West as an immutable truth, relieving all restrictions as insignificant, is quite different and often in principle is perceived in Russian economic thoughts.
The world of the economy is interpreted not as an eternal struggle that optimizing their welfare of individuals, but as a complex, initially multicolor complex of complementary and thereby mutually engraving processes, forms of organization and management methods ... The state is not rejected, but organically combines the market, the total social benefit is higher than individual Success.
Science was designed to absorb such an approach, and where she did, she was waiting for her success. Where she retreated from this rule, her (and the country) was waiting for disappointment. XX century, including his last decade, bright evidence.
Questions and tasks for the document
1. Why does the author consider it necessary to reconsider the role and place in the science of the Russian School of Economic Thought? What determines the identity of this scientific school?
2. What are the most different approaches, moral values, the views in the world in the world characterize, according to L. I. Abalkin, Russian civilization?
3. Is it possible to agree with the author in the fact that the use of economic science of these approaches could ensure the success of the country's economic development?
4. Using the knowledge of the latest history and facts of the socio-economic life of Russia of Russia of the last decade, provide examples confirming the conclusion of a scientist that the retreat from approaches and values \u200b\u200bdeveloped by Russian economists has led to failures.
Questions for self-test
1 What is related to the appearance of the EC-Economic Science?
2. What are the main problems of the economic science? I will name E and characterize them.
3 What are the macroeconomics and microeconomics study?
4 What is needed in order for nature objects to be transformed into consumption items? What is the role of economic activity in this process?
5. How can I measure and determine the gross domestic product?
6 What ways can you increase the volume of products produced when available limited resources?
TASKS
one . China's GNP is higher than in France. Is it possible on this basis and conclude about the best state of affairs in its economy? Explain your answer.
2 Fill in the table "Sections of the Economic Science".
