Labor is the basis of the functioning and development of society. IV. Homework

Labor is a fundamental anthropological category. In pre-industrial societies, it is typical of understanding of labor as a constituted by God given to human life.

In the psycho-physiological aspect of the labor processthere is a suitable, productive consumption of the physical and nervous energy of a person. With this approach, two characteristics can be distinguished in each type of labor:

- psycho-physiological content (the work of the senses, muscles, thinking processes);

- Conditions in which labor activity is carried out.

Labor is the expedient activity of people aimed at the creation of material and cultural values.Labor is the basis and indispensable condition for the life of people. Affecting on environmentBy changing and adapting it to its needs, people not only provide their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.

Work and work -concepts are not equal, non-identical. Labor is a public phenomenon, he is inherent only to a person. How the life of a person is outside of society is impossible, so it can not work without a person and out of society. Work is a concept of physical, it can be carried out both by man, and animals, and the car. Labor is measured by working time, work - kilograms, pieces. Most often in the literature of recent years, it is difficult to understand any mental and physical effort, undertaken in part or entirely to achieve any result, not counting the satisfaction obtained directly from the work itself.

To labor objects: Earth and its subsoil, flora and fauna, raw materials, semi-finished products and components, facilities of industrial and non-production work and services, energy, material and information flows.

Obligatory labor elements are labor and means of production.

Workforce is a set of physical and spiritual abilities of the person who are used in the labor process. Workforce - the main, main productive power of society. Machines of production consist of objects of labor and equipment. Labor objects are the products of nature, which in the process of labor are subject to one or another changes and turn into consumer value. If the objects of labor form the material base of the product, then they are called basic materials, and if they contribute to the labor process or give the main material new properties, then with auxiliary materials. The subjects of labor in a broad sense include all that is sought, is produced, processed, formed, i.e. Material resources, scientific knowledge.

Whether goods are produced tools, with which a person affects labor objects and modifies them. It includes labor tools and workplace. The effectiveness of labor has an impact of a combination of properties and parameters of labor equipment, properly adapted to a person or a team as a subject of labor. In case of inconsistency of the psycho-physiological characteristics of the person and the parameters of labor, the safe mode of operation is disturbed, the fatigue of the employee increases. The parameters of labor tools depend on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, financial opportunities Enterprises for the acquisition of new products, as well as its investment activity.

The alienation of labor is the relationship between the labor entity and any social function of labor, which develops as a result of the rupture of their initial unity, leading to the depletion of the nature of the labor entity and the reincarnation of the alienated function, as well as the process of breaking this unity itself.

The labor process is the phenomenon of complex and multidimensional. The main forms of its manifestation are the costs of human energy, the interaction of the employee with the production facilities (subjects and the means of labor) and the production interaction of workers with each other as horizontally (the ratio of complicity in a single labor process) and vertical (the relationship between the head and subordinate) . The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor, not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created, designed to meet the needs of people, but also develop workers who acquire skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor is an expression in the emergence of new ideas, progressive technologies, more advanced and high-performance workers, new products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.

Thus, in the process of employment, the goods are not only produced, services are provided, cultural values \u200b\u200bare created, but new needs appear with the requirements of their subsequent satisfaction. The sociological aspect of the study is to consider the labor as a system of social relations, in determining its influence on society.

Labor plays an extremely important role in the implementation and development of human society and its member. Thanks to the work of many thousands of generations of people, the enormous potential of productive forces, colossal public wealth, has formed modern civilization. Further progress of human society is impossible without the development of production and labor.

At all times, labor was and remains an essential production factor, a type of human activity.

Activities -this is an internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person regulated by the Conscious goal.

Labor activity is the leading, main activity of man. Since during the life at every moment a person can be in one of two states - activities or inaction, then the activity acts as an active process, and inaction - as passive.

Thus, the work from an economic point of view is the process of conscious, expedient activity of people, with the help of which they modify the substance and the forces of nature, adapting them to meet their needs.

Objectives of employmentthere may be the production of consumer goods and services or means necessary for their production. The objectives may be the production of energy, media, ideological products, as well as the actions of management and organizational technologies. At the same time, it does not matter whether the product produced is needed to meet his own needs. The objectives of the work is asked by a person by society, so in nature it is public: the needs of society are formed, determine, direct and regulate.

In the process of labor, a large number of external production and non-production factors affecting its performance and health affects human. The combination of these factors is called working conditions.

Under labor conditionsit is understood as the combination of elements of the production environment affecting the functional state of a person, its performance, health, all parties to its development and, above all, to the work towards work and its effectiveness. Working conditions are formed in the production process and are determined by the type and level of technology, technology and organization of production.

Distinguish socio-economic and industrial working conditions.

Socio-economic working conditionsall that affects the level of employee training to participate in labor, to restore the labor force (the level of education and the possibility of obtaining it, the possibility of a full-fledged rest, the terms of life). Production conditions of labor -these are all elements of the production environment that affect the employee in the process of labor, on its health and performance, to attitude to work.

Labor subjectthere may be a separate worker or team. Since labor and objects of labor creates a person, it is the main component of labor as a system.

Hence, labor is a social phenomenon.In the process of labor, a certain system of socio-labor relations is formed, which are a rod of public relations at any level ( national economy, region, enterprise, individuals).

it social characteristic of labor.But the basis of labor is also psychological, and physiological processes. Therefore, an important role in solving problems of increasing its effectiveness plays the study of the activities and functions of a person. This implies another definition of the category "Labor".

Work -this is the process of spending the nervous (mental) and muscular (physical) energy of a person, as a result of which consumer value is being created for the life and development of society.

This characteristic of labor is closely related to its performance. Reducing the cost of energy to perform a unit of work volume is identical to performance growth, and vice versa, with energy consumption depends on various production and personal factors.

In the framework of labor also allocate various aspects:

– economic(public employment, labor market, labor productivity, organization and rationing of chest, payment and material incentives, planning, analysis and accounting);

– technical and technological(technical and technological equipment, electrical and energy and safety, safety);

– social(content, attractiveness, prestige and motivation, social partnership);

– psychophysiological(severity, tensions, sanitary and hygienic working conditions);

– legal(Legislative regulation of labor relations, relations in the labor market).

Such division is very conditional, as labor problems combine at the same time different aspects, appear in unity or are in close dependence.

Work,speaking as the process of interaction between man and nature, at the same time determines certain relations between its participants. In structure public labor Select the following categories: labor content and socio-economic nature of labor.

Socio-economic nature of laborit is expressed by the form of his public organization and is a set of relations between the participants of the employment process, distinctive features characteristic of this or that method of production.

One of the most important methodological aspects of the study of labor is the knowledge of its functions. With all the variety of the latter, it is impossible not to note their dialectic unity. The following functions are characteristic:

– method of meeting needs(the first and most important function of labor with which the public being of a person begins);

– creator societary wealth(Activities, through which a person, satisfying his needs, will mediate, regulates, controls the metabolism among themselves and nature);

– creator of society and factor of public progress(satisfying the needs and creating wealth, labor is at the heart of the whole social development - forms social sections of society and the basis of their interaction);

– scaber man(creating all the values \u200b\u200bof human being, acting as a subject of social development, entitled to work Society as a whole, a person develops himself: acquires knowledge and professional skills, forms communication skills and interaction);

– power that opens humanity path to freedom(who gives people the opportunity to take into account all the more distant natural and social consequences of their actions).

Labor content -this is functional features A specific type of labor activity due to the subject of labor, the means of labor and the form of organization of the production process. These features cover the degree of responsibility and complexity of labor, the level of technical capabilities, the ratio of performing functions, the level of technical equipment, the degree of diversity of labor functions.

The content of labor expresses the distribution of functions in the workplace and is determined by the set of operations performed, shows the level of development of productive forces. Each stage of development of productive forces makes its work requirements, creates prerequisites for the formation of a certain type of employee, changes the ratio of employed by the work of different content.

Taken by B. modern conditions Transformations in the economy, facilities and objects of labor require increased training of employees. This is due to the complication of the content of labor, which reflects the interaction of a person and labor instruments in the process of labor activity and is the composition of labor functions - a set of actions performed by an employee, their relationship and relationship.

Main factorschange labor contentdevelopment of production facilities, scientific and technical progress, transformation of technology and production technology. Under the action of these factors, labor is gradually exempt from restrictions that restrain human capabilities. A person with his abilities and skills to work remains the main element of production, but the labor content is changing. It is implemented in actions on the annex of scientific knowledge, control and regulation in accurately compliance with the requirements of the achievements of science and technology.

The content differences:labor in the field of material production, in the field of services, in the sphere of science, culture and art, in other areas; labor in certain industries of material and intangible industries, such as labor in mechanical engineering, in the light and food industry, in construction, in agriculture, in transport; labor by type of activity is the work of entrepreneur, head, administrator, specialist, employee, scientist, engineer, worker, farmer; Finally, labor by profession and specialties. Labor content, such as engineer-technologist, assembly mechanic, tractor driver, artist, musician, seller, scientist, an accountant may be strictly designated by describing the distinctive features of each type of activity.

Description of labor

Economic science, considering the process of social development, distinguishes periods in it not only in terms of the level of productive forces (the nature of labor instruments), but also in the form of their use (the nature of the relations of people in the process of creating material goods and services).

Public division of laborled to separation different species Labor activities in independent spheres. And, first of all, in physical and mental work. With the development of manufactory, the division of labor on mental and physical has already occurred directly in production. Large machine production, deepening public division of labor, separating the manufacturer from the means of production, turned it into the performer, deprived of the opportunity to exercise his public will.

Complex labor cooperation involves its separation when various, but interrelated specific types of labor are combined in a single production process. In modern work, certain production relations are approved between individual workers, primarily the relationship of cooperation and division of labor.

Under description of laborit is understood by his socio-economic side, expressing the type of public organization of labor and the attitude towards him of workers. The nature of labor is determined by the system of production relations and depends on the degree of development of the material and technical base of this method of production. At the same time, the type of public organization of labor is manifested in the method of a combination of workers with the means of production, in the specific forms of division of labor and its social structure, in the relationship of certain types of labor.

Description of laborexpresses the degree of development of production relations and discloses the process of interaction between a person with society.

TO indicators of labor characterbelieve:

- the form of ownership;

- the attitude of workers to work;

- the relationship of the distribution of products and services produced;

- The degree of social differences in the process of labor.

Distinguish the following labor varieties:free and subyval; personal and public; individual and collective; meaningful and bad; mental and physical; creative and routine; prestigious and not prestigious; varying severity and harmfulness; Stressful and unpressed.

The overall classification of labor can be represented by the scheme (Scheme 2.2).

The nature of labor determine the size and peculiarity of the expenditure of labor, the factors of the external environment, features technological process. The spending by man of nervous and muscular energy in large quantities is a manifestation of negative states in the development of negative states: overwork, emotional stress, increased mental tension, anxiety, absence of motivation.

In addition, they influence the human activity during their open time, the development of its creative abilities, the structure of consumption, rhythm of life, a way to conduct free time.

Work -this process characterized by the time and energy of a person aimed at converting nature resources into material, social, intellectual, aesthetic and spiritual benefits. Such activities can be carried out either for coercion (administrative, economic), or by inner motivation, or on the other.

As for the satisfaction obtained from the labor process, which is negotiated in the above definition, it significantly depends on the share of creativity in this form of activity, its goals, the conditions of implementation, as well as from the individual characteristics of the employee. The more satisfaction receives a person from the labor process, the greater the normal social conditions for the benefit and the enterprise, and society.

production Economic Resource

Due to the fact that neither nature nor the means of manufacturing material and spiritual benefits or relationship between people do not automatically reproduce, the person is forced to work on their reconstruction, the transformation of nature and himself. The process of creating the goods necessary to meet the diverse needs of a person, the disclosure of its commodity potential is the production process.

Production is the process of human impact on the substance of nature in order to create material benefits necessary for the existence and development of society.

Since man's work is public in nature, the production process over time is increasingly becoming a process of social labor. This public, continuous, constantly renewable production process and is called the process of public reproduction of man and its habitat.

Production, in general - this is a scientific abstraction representing a combination of universal features inherent in production, independent of its specific forms. These universal production features give an idea of \u200b\u200beconomic conditions for the production of vitality of necessary for the progress of humanity. At the same time, they allow you to determine the United States inherent in the production of civilization for all steps, the specific property. On the other hand, it allows you to determine that universal that will make it possible to clearly and deeper to see and understand the existing differences that delimit these steps of social development. Studying production should be clearly understood that its ultimate goal is consumption. And only subject to normal free consumption, production can be normal.

There is a complex, theoretically conflicting connection between production and consumption, and with all the importance of production it makes sense only if there is free consumption, since free consumption is the purpose and moving motives of production.

It determines the volume, structure and quality of social production. Consumption of material goods is not definitely, productive and personal consumption should be distinguished. Compressive consumption is a process of production, where consumed the means of production (tools and objects of labor), as well as the production consumption of human force, that is, the consumption of his physical and spiritual power. Personal consumption, on the contrary, is not at work, but beyond.

Personal consumption includes food consumption of food, clothing, dwellings, and so on.

In industrial consumption, the product is created, and in person - is destroyed. Production is consumed the means of production, and people consume consumption items. The relationship between production and consumption is mutually determined, that is, production determines consumption, but at the same time consumption determines and production. Production creates the need for produced products, i.e. Creates a pulse of consumption.

Manufacturing always keeps consumption defining, ultimately, its volume and diversity, and consumption actively affects production. It stops the production of things unnecessary for consumption, which has lost its importance as a useful product. At the same time, the consumption of any products requires further their creation and as the old needs satisfying it encourages and causes new needs of people. By linking links between production and consumption are distribution and exchange. Distribution should be understood the distribution of manufactured material and intangible values \u200b\u200bon the principle of the dominant form of assignment, i.e. Property.

Such as assigned to the products of labor, how much of them goes to productive and personal consumption, these questions make up the content of the product distribution process in any public production.

The distribution is actively affected by production, it can contribute to the growth of production and at the same time it can slow down this production.

Exchange and distribution are included directly into the production process, and also make up its essential features, and dependes, also, from direct production, even in cases where they go beyond its borders.

The main driving force of this process is people with abilities, skills and experience of labor activity. Their working force is a set of physical and intellectual work to work makes not only to improve the quality level of the means of production used, but also to translate the attitudes of people to them as their own or as a stranger and among themselves on another, a qualitatively new level corresponding to their socio-economic development . Here, under the means of production, all those means with the help of which people transform nature and themselves, that is, the totality of labor and labor items that are used in the production process are understood.

Production tools are a combination materialsWith the help of which people affect labor items.

Labor objects are a combination of things created by the nature and difficulty of the person to which it affects it to obtain the products you need.

The development of human society is built on an appendix in the process of production to a real factor of production - the lifelike enzyme of the personal factor of production - human labor. Therefore, a key role in the socio-economic development of a person is assigned to a personal factor of production. People with their skills and skills to work, merging in the production process with the means of production, form the productive forces of society. The measure of their development serves as a qualitative level of labor used. The development of productive forces is predetermined by the change in relations, which consist between people in the production process - production relations. The nature of the production relationship (competitive struggle, human submission to a person or competition, mutual assistance) largely depends on the property relations relations, and the method of combining factors of production is determined by the way of organizing work activities (the current division of labor, the scientific organization of labor, the management of its quality and so on ).

Public production is caused to life and operates ultimately to meet the needs of people. Public needs are very diverse. Depending on the level of development of social needs and a wide range of life products and services, social production is divided into:

1. Material;
2. Intangible.

Material production form various industries, construction, agricultureIn which material benefits are created on the basis of various substances and forces of nature. It also includes transport, trade, ensuring the spatial movement of material goods, also municipal farm and household service providing material and real services.

Intangible production form health, education, science, culture, art, where directly labor intangible services are provided and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created. In its composition, spiritual production occupies a special place. This is the production of spiritual qualities of people, their high general educational level, a wide cultural and scientific and technical outlook. In some cases, spiritual production, like all intangible production, is considered non-productive activities, and work in these areas is considered non-production. Of course, the leading and determining role in the composition of the aggregate social production belongs to material production. It creates all material conditions and prerequisites for the functioning of intangible, spiritual production. However, spiritual qualities of people are inseparable from the person's personality, so they also function in material production and in other areas of intangible production and have an all-growing refining effect on them.

In modern conditions in economically developed countries The spheres of education, science, computer science, services are widely developed. They are engaged in the prevailing part of the amateur population. Material workers are less and less involved in production and technological processes, they mainly perform creative functions on the design of new products, automation, and so on.

Approval of the non-production of the work of the non-production sphere is detaining the importance of spiritual production, its development is inhibited, and at the same time the development of everything, including material production.

The process of social production has four phases:

1. Determining all social production phase of production. Its championship is not due to the fact that after the production of the product follows its distribution, redistribution and consumption, and in the fact that within this phase, socio-economic and organizational and production relations are formed, the determining industrial attitude arises - the ratio of ownership of the means of production.
2. The distribution phase allows the society to distribute the means of production and labor for specific industrial processes and determine in an abstract form the share of each participant in the production process. Forms, methods and patterns of distribution are determined by the current property relations.
3. The redistribution phase allows each participant in the production process to turn the abstract shape of the share of social product into real consumer costs, exchanged activities in accordance with the established division of labor. At the same time, the shapes, methods and patterns of redistribution are determined by the established relations of property.
4. The consumption phase allows to reproduce the working power of the participants in the production process. The productive consumption of real consumer values \u200b\u200bobtained as a result of redistribution is a consumer production with all its forms, methods and patterns that are determined by the established property relations.

The production, organized by mankind as a process of social labor, gives a significant economic and social effect. If the economic effect of public labor uses can be estimated by an increase in the volume of the total social product, the social effect is manifested in an increase in the free time required for the comprehensive personality development, great opportunities for human self-realization, and this in turn causes a secondary economic effect.

Labor is the expedient activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values. Labor is the basis and indispensable condition for the life of people. Impacting the environmental environment, changing and adapting it to its needs, people not only provide their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.

Any labor process involves the existence of an object of labor, labor and labor itself as an activity to give the subject of labor to the need for a person's properties.

Labor objects are all that the work is directed, which undergoes changes to acquire beneficial properties and thereby satisfying human needs.

Whether goods are, with the help of which a person affects the objects of labor. These include cars, mechanisms, tools, devices and other tools, as well as buildings and structures that create the necessary conditions To effectively use these guns.

Production tools are a combination of labor and labor items.

Technology is a way of exposure to objects of labor, the procedure for the use of workers.

As a result of the completion of the labor process, labor products are formed - the substance of nature, objects or other objects with the necessary properties and adapted to human needs.

The labor process is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon. The main forms of labor manifestation are:

· Human energy costs. This is the psycho-physiological side of labor activity, expressed in the expenditure of the energy of muscles, the brain, nerves, senses. The cost of human energy is determined by the severity of labor and the level of neuro-psychological tension, they form such states as fatigue and fatigue. The level of human energy costs depend on the performance, human health and its development.

· Interaction of an employee with production facilities - objects and means of labor. This is an organizational and technological aspect of work. It is determined by the level of technical equipment, the degree of its mechanization and automation, the perfection of technology, the organization of the workplace, the qualifications of the employee, its experiences applied by the techniques and methods of labor, etc. Organizational and technological parameters of activity impose requirements for special training of workers to their qualification level.

· Production interaction of workers with each other as horizontally (the ratio of complicity in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between the head and subordinate) defines the organizational and economic side of the work. It depends on the level of separation and cooperation of labor, on the form of labor organization - individual or collective, on the number of employees, from the organizational and legal form of the enterprise (institution).

Labor problems serve as an object of studying many scientific disciplines: physiology and labor psychology, labor statistics, labor law, etc.

Studying the problem of the development of society is impossible without studying the social essence of labor, attitudes towards him, since everything that is necessary for the life and development of people is created by difficulty. Labor - the basis of the functioning and development of any human society, independent of all social forms the condition of the existence of people, eternal, natural necessity, without him, human life itself was not possible.

Labor, first of all, a process caring between man and nature, a process in which a person is mediated by its own activity, regulates and controls the metabolism and nature. It is also necessary to take into account that a person acting on nature, using and changing it in order to create the consumer values \u200b\u200bnecessary to meet its material and spiritual needs, not only creates material (food, clothing, dwelling) and spiritual benefits (art, literature, science ), but also changes its own nature. He develops his abilities and donations, produces the necessary social qualities, forms himself as a person.

The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the process of labor, not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created, intended to meet the needs of people, but also develop workers who acquire new skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor is the expression in the birth of new ideas, the appearance of progressive technologies, more advanced and high-performance workers, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.

Thus, the investigation of work becomes, on the one hand, the saturation of the market by goods, services, cultural values, on the other - the progress of production, the emergence of new needs and their subsequent satisfaction.

Development and improvement of production has a beneficial effect on the reproduction of the population, increasing its material and cultural level.

It should be borne in mind that such processes are subjected to a strong influence of policies, interstate and interethnic relations. In the world, not everything is so safe, as it looks like in the scheme. But, nevertheless, the general trend of the development of human society is directed towards the progress of production, the growth of material well-being and the cultural level of people, awareness of human rights as a higher value on Earth.

Labor process and related social economic results are not limited to their own spheres of production and services. The economy and sociology of labor begins with the problem of the formation of labor and from its supply in the labor market.

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Introduction

sociological measurement work production

Labor plays an extremely important role in the implementation and development of human society and its member. Therefore, this topic is quite relevant in our time. Thanks to the work of many thousands of generations of people, the enormous potential of productive forces, colossal public wealth, has formed modern civilization. Further progress of human society is impossible without the development of production and labor. At all times, labor was and remains an essential production factor, a type of human activity.

In this semester, we will explore the sociological measurement of labor. Sociology is studied by the work as a socio-economic process. The labor process is the phenomenon of complex and multidimensional. The main forms of its manifestation are the costs of human energy, the interaction of workers with the means of production (objects and equipment) and the production interaction of workers with each other as horizontally (the ratio of complicity in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between managers and subordinates).

This paper discusses the social essence of labor. Labor activity is the leading, main activity of man. Labor - the basis of the functioning and development of any human society, independent of all social forms the condition of the existence of people, eternal, natural necessity, without him, human life itself was not possible.

Also in semester work, the main elements of social production are investigated: material and spiritual production. Labor is an activity aimed at the production of certain socially useful (or at least consumed by society) products: material or spiritual. In a broad sense, words in difficulty understand not only the activities of people in the production of material goods, but also to create spiritual values.

Sociologicalmeasurelabor

The question arises why we are starting a review of private sociological theories with sociological problems of labor, a labor collective, because it is possible to begin, for example, with the sociology of the personality.

Labor is the expedient activity of people aimed at creating material and cultural values. Labor is the basis and indispensable condition for the life of people.

Labor suggests a certain public form (a person is a public situation), certain relationships of people in the process of work. Therefore, the history of civilization, the history of man is not only the evolution of guns, objects and ways of labor, but to no less and continuous change in relations between the people themselves in the process of work.

Sociology is studied by the work as a socio-economic process. The labor process is the phenomenon of complex and multidimensional. The main forms of its manifestation are the costs of human energy, the interaction of workers with the means of production (objects and equipment) and the production interaction of workers with each other as horizontally (the ratio of complicity in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between managers and subordinates). The role of labor in the development of man and society is not only in the creation of material and spiritual values, but also in the fact that in the process of labor, the person himself reveals his abilities, acquires useful skills, replenishes and enriches knowledge. The creative nature of labor is expressed in the emergence of new ideas, progressive technologies, more advanced and high-performance workers, new types of products, materials, energy, which, in turn, lead to the development of needs.

In the process of labor, people join social and labor relations, interacting with each other. Socio-labor relations make it possible to determine social significance, role, place, social position of the individual and group.

Sociology of labor is the study of the functioning and social aspects of the market in the field of labor. In a narrow sense, labor sociology means the behavior of employers and employees in response to the action of economic and social incentives for labor. The subject of sociology of labor as a special sociological theory is the structure and mechanism of socio-labor relations, as well as social processes and phenomena in the field of labor.

The purpose of labor sociology is a study of social phenomena, processes, the development of recommendations for their settlement and management, forecasting and planning aimed at creating favorable conditions for the functioning of society, a collective, group, a separate individual in the field of labor and achieving the most complete implementation on this basis. and the optimal combination of their interests.

Objectives of labor sociology:

Study and optimization social Structure societies, labor organization (team).

Analysis of the labor market as a regulator of optimal and rational mobility of labor resources.

Search for ways to optimal realization of the employment potential of a modern worker.

Search for ways of optimal combination of moral and material incentives and improving the relationship to work in the conditions of the market.

Studying the causes and development of a system of measures to prevent and resolve labor disputes, conflicts.

Determining an effective system of social guarantees that protect workers.

In a different way, it can be said that the tasks of labor sociology are reduced to the development of methods and techniques for the use of social factors in the interests of solving primar of the most important socio-economic problems of society and personality. In general, the sociology of labor is intended, on the one hand, to expand knowledge of actually existing activities, on the other hand, to facilitate the establishment of new connections and processes in the field of labor. Labor activity is always woven into specific socio-economic conditions, associated with certain socio-professional groups, localized in time and space. Therefore, sociology is studying social shapes and working conditions, its social organization (collective, individual, family, forced, voluntary). It is extremely important to know the mechanisms of inclusion of a person into labor activity, that is, value orientations, motives, satisfaction with labor and much more.

To date, labor sociology is the most developed part of domestic sociological science. This affected the formation of certain economic specialties. For example, in 1987, in universities, the specialty "Economics of Labor" was transformed into an "economy and sociology of labor", which indicated recognition of the fact that without social knowledge, without sociology, an effective management process in the labor collective was already incredible.

The nature of labor determines the technical and economic content, public form, socio-economic quality of labor, social differences: social status, social status, material well-being, use of free time, etc. Minister, Academician, teacher, accountant, worker, builder, rural The mechanic, cleaner - the basis of social and professional differences between representatives of these professions is primarily the nature of labor.

It is clear that with any study social problems Labor in society as a whole or in a separate production team primarily takes into account the nature of labor, both cumulative and individual. Labor content determines specific labor activities, functional duties, degree of physical and intellectual stress, sanitary and hygienic conditions and many other characteristics. Work workers on the assembly conveyor, railwayIn aviation, state farm, construction has a different content. Labor content is largely determined by professional qualifications, personal characteristics of a particular employee, even otherwise, equal characteristics, let's say, the technical equipment of the workplace.

When conducting sociological research of the maintenance of labor, such gradations can be used as manual, mechanized and automated labor. If you go further, then stand out: simple manual and complex manual work, based on long-term training and skill of the employee, simple mechanized and complex mechanized work, simple automated and complex automated work.

The content of labor largely predetermines the personality attitude of the person to the work performed. If among workers engaged in complex automated labor, express their satisfaction with the work performed up to 100 percent of respondents, then among those working on semi-automatic and assembly conveyors - only the fifth part. On large machine-building factories, the selection of workers for assembly conveyors is a serious social problem.

The specifics of our country are a large number of repairmen. In industry for the maintenance of equipment, which is operated by decades and is obsolete, not only morally, but also physically, it has to keep millions of repairmen. The manufacture of spare parts and repair of tractors is occupied by more people, and is used four times more production capacity than for the release of new tractors.

We allocated only the most basic characteristics of labor content, which are taken into account in the sociological study of social problems of labor, labor activity. Of course, it is necessary to take into account the discrepancy between the content of labor and the level of qualifications of employees. The main trend is the backlog of the professional qualifications, the quality of labor resources on the specific content of labor. In real conditions, the level of employee qualifications is overestimated. With a shortage of frames, any head, wanting to keep employees, oversleys their real qualifications in order to have a reason to pay a higher salary. This problem concerns not only physical workers, but also mental labor. However, there are other situations where in extreme conditions of the North, the qualification level is significantly higher than the content of the work being performed. People owning several specialties have great opportunities for professional interchangeability and, as a rule, performing the necessary work. In modern conditions, two main factors most fully characterize the content of labor. Firstly, the ratio of physical and mental loads in the process of labor. The higher the proportion of mental labor, the higher, the richer the content of labor, the more he is attractive for the employee, the greater satisfaction from the work performed, with other things being equal. Secondly, the ratio of executive and administrative functions. The higher the professional qualifications, the greater the need to participate in the development of management decisions. The art of management is to help the performers choose the desired solution. Especially important delegation of part of managerial functions.

Socialessencelabor

Labor is the root cause of man's development. The person is obliged to work in the separation of functions between the upper and lower limbs, the development of speech, gradually turning the animal's brain in the developed brain of a person, in improving the senses. In the process of labor, a person expanded the circle of perceptions and ideas, his labor actions gradually began to wear a conscious character.

Thus, the concept of "labor" is not only an economic, but also a sociological category that has a decisive importance in the characterization of society as a whole and its individual individuals.

Performing labor functions, people interact, enter into relations with each other, and it is labor that the primary category in which all the variety of specific social phenomena and relationships are concluded.

Public work is general Base, the source of all social phenomena. It changes the position different groups employees, their social qualities, in which the essence of labor is manifested as a basic social process. The most fully social essence of labor is revealed in the categories of the "nature of labor" and "Labor content".

The nature of social labor is determined by the way the working force is connected with the means of production, the form of ownership of the means of production. In primitive society, the primitiveness of labor guns, excluded the possibility of the struggle of primitive people with nature forces and predatory animals alone, has determined the need for collective labor, community ownership of the means of production and products of labor, so labor was public in nature, labor was absent.

The development of public division of labor and the expansion of exchange led to the fact that public property for the means of production gave way to private property, collective work - individual, private, generic system to class society. The commodity production has emerged and developed, which has reached a universal nature during capitalism, when labor has become a commodity. The labor producers embodied in the product acquired a dual character, speaking on the one hand, as a work in a certain form, as a specific work that creates a consumer value, on the other hand, as the cost of human force in general, regardless of its concrete form, as an abstract work that creates the cost of goods . In society, where private property is dominated by means of production, the dual character of labor embodied in the product reflects the contradiction between the private and social labor of commodity producers. Private property on the means of production disconnects people, makes the work of a separate producer of its private business. Each commodity produce is working separately from others. The labor of individual workers is not agreed and not linked to the scale of the whole society, but the public division of labor means the presence of a comprehensive relationship between manufacturers who work on each other, therefore the work of a separate producer is essentially social labor.

Based on the social essence of labor, as a process for a person and society, sociology allocates three main aspects of its essence.

First, it studies the social laws of the interaction of people with the means and objects of labor.

Secondly, it explores the complex of relations of a separate person and the team to work, its nature, content, and working conditions, material interest, labor content, relationship in the team, the meaning of labor as a whole and so on.

Thirdly, considers the labor team as a social organization, that is, a special system of relations, which forms a set of positions, roles, values, connections between his employees. Here, within the framework of labor sociology, diverse problems are studied regarding the structure of a labor collective, relationship between its members, including managers and subordinate, socio-psychological climate, which have conflicts and their resolution paths.

It is important to note those social processes that flow in groups in the implementation of socio-labor relations. The most important among them are: 1) the labor itself as a basic social process; 2) integrative processes (education, functioning and development of labor collectives, stimulating labor activity); 3) value-orientational processes related to the formation of interests, values, social norms among various groups of workers; 4) social mobility processes (labor movements of social groups and individual workers).

The main categories in labor sociology are: conditions, organization, types, content and nature of labor, attitude to it, satisfaction with labor, socio-psychological climate of the team and the like. Studying these and other categories, it is necessary to take into account that the natural need for society is not in action "just to work", but in the consumer value of the labor process as a creator of public wealth and progress, the method of satisfying public and personal needs, formation and improving each specific Personality.

An important role in human activity is played by incentives and motives of labor activity. Under incentives, we mean meaningful motivations caused by the action of objective factors. Labor incentives are the stronger than in more than The results of human activity will satisfy the set of existing needs.

Studying the social essence of labor, industrial sociology (20-30s of the 20th century), a social and labor relations considered an important object of analysis of work. Thus, the well-known American sociologist Frederick Herzberg allocated the three most important approaches to the study and regulation of the production behavior of workers.

The first approach, called the name of scientific management, was based on the theory of American engineer Fred Taylor developed at the beginning of the 20th century. According to his theory, human efficiency increases when implementing the work of the scientific organization of labor. Working operations in order to save movements and simplify labor functions, a piece progressive and premium wage system, a system of bonuses (large premiums received once or twice a year for achieving success), assembly conveyors caused a significant increase in interest in efficient labor and increase its Performance. Elements of the scientific organization of labor developed by F. Taylor are successfully applied in modern production.

The beginning of the second approach to the regulation of production relations was putting, the American scientist Elton Mayo, making the conclusion that the decisive influence on an increase in production is not material and material, and human, moral and psychological relations.

Mao makes emphasis, firstly, on the fact that a person is social, his behavior is formed and determined by group behavior; Secondly, the rigid hierarchy of subordination and bureaucratic organization reduce labor and social activity, prevents the disclosure of creative human potential; Thirdly, leaders should focus more on people, and not on products. This is the key to social stability and the individual satisfaction with its work. This approach received the name of the management of human relations and lay down the basis of the development of industrial sociology in the West.

Maintenanceelementspublicproduced:materialandspiritualproduction

Labor - the eternal, natural and main condition of human life, her alpha and Omega. In a broad sense, words in difficulty understand not only the activities of people in the production of material goods, but also to create spiritual values.

The initial basis of life is social production. Before practicing science, art, politics and love, people must have a minimum of money for life: the roof over his head, clothes, food. And therefore, if we want to touch the complex club of public relations, reveal economic relations, social processes and determine the focus, trends in their movement, we first need to consider social production as a source of all well-being.

Production is not the only factor that determines the wealth of countries and peoples. On the economic development Natural resources, climate, natural fertility of land accumulated by people knowledge and experience, population population and other factors. However, a certain result, society can only be obtained if uses the effect embedded in these factors in the production process. Under production it is understood as the process of human impact on objects and forces of nature and adapting them to the satisfaction of those or other needs. It interacts three components: human labor, labor objects and equipment.

Under the workforce means a combination of physical and spiritual abilities, which the body has and which are implemented during the work process. With the development of social production, the nature and maintenance of labor is changed. In the early stages of the development of society, the physical abilities of man to work played the main role. As production develops, especially in the context of the modern scientific and technical revolution, more and higher requirements are imposed on human mental abilities, to its intellectual level, scientific and technical education, qualifications and other qualities.

Public production is, first of all, human production. But this does not mean that social production is the amount of production, which includes both human production. The whole system of social production in the unity of it component parts (material, spiritual and social) is subordinate to the production of man.

Material production is based on the basis of public, for without the production of material conditions and means of life, the life behavior itself is impossible. But besides the material production, the public includes spiritual production, the production of consumption, the production of people and the production of the entire system of social relations, which in their aggregate constitute the social "fabric" of society. They serve the production and reproduction of a person as vertices in this peculiar hierarchy.

Conclusion

Thus, labor is the most important condition for life as a separate individual and society as a whole, any organization, enterprise.

The transition to market relations in our country has changed a lot in the public organization of labor. As the experience shows, the main thing in such changes is change in the priority of interests and incentives for labor. Market relations Support the priority hierarchy of such interests: the most important personal interests. If they are implemented, then collective interests will be implemented accordingly.

The recognition of personal interests is the most important in modern conditions is the recognition of the importance and significance of the problems of motivating work, stimulating labor, as well as the need to increase the status of an employee in a system of social and labor relations.

Listused Literature

1. Dikareva A.N., Mirskaya M.I. Sociology of labor. - M., Higher School, 1989.

2.Dryakhlov N.I. Sociology of labor. - M., Moscow University Publishing House, 1995.

3.Mala Soviet Encyclopedia. Third publication. Volume 9. -M: 1960

4.Shetnerina V.V. Sociology of labor. - M., Moscow University Publishing House, 1993.

5.Stnerbina V.V. Sociology of labor. - M., Moscow University Publishing House, 1993.

6.O.O.V. Romashov, Sociology of Labor. - M.: "Gardariki", 1999

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Labor is one of the four main factors of production: conscious, generally accepted human activity, requiring applications for efforts, work. Labor is a fundamental anthropological category.

So, in classic Hinduism, the correct execution of someone's custom duty, or Dharma, was the main religious responsibility of the individual. In other cultures, labor is less directly related to religion, but everywhere the concept of work is considered as an internally inherent part of human life. Characteristic of labor in modern society is combined with a special development in the field of values. So, M. Weber in the work "Protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism" showed what happens with the religious concept of "calling" at the beginning of the modernist era. In Catholicism, the concept of "calling" is referred to classes to which the individual, as expected, is designed by God. In comparison with them, other types of work were "proficient", i.e., with a smaller moral value. In the Protestant interpretation, any legitimate occupation is a vocation. This fundamental seriousness in the perception of labor is still relevant. Communication of ideological development with understanding of labor in modern society Paradoxical: while the industrial revolution makes it more difficult to clear the value of labor, leads to fragmentation of work, there is a deeply rooted idea that labor is the basis of the identification and moral dignity of the individual.

FROM economic and social point of viewwork is any socially useful human activity, with physiological- This is a neuropsychotic process, occurring due to accumulation in the body of potential energy. Consequently, labor is considered as a process caring between man and nature, in which a person will mediate its activities, regulates and controls the metabolism and nature. Thus, the restriction of the concept of labor is that the work is called only human activity. The second limitation is associated with the concept of public utility, it is very conditional: labor is not criminal activity. it sociologicalaspect of the concept of labor.

IN psychophysiological aspect of labor processthere is a suitable, productive consumption of the physical and nervous energy of a person. With this approach, every type of labor is characterized by:

? psychophysiological content (work of senses, muscles, thinking processes);
? The conditions in which labor activity is carried out.

Academician S. G. Strumilin, who applied in 1921 an analytical assessment of labor on various factors (creative principle in labor, the attractiveness of labor, the nature of physiological functions, responsibility), believed that a person carries out three main functions: energy, managerial and performers.

Labor is the expedient activity of people aimed at the creation of material and cultural values. Labor is the basis and indispensable condition for the life of people. Impacting the environment, changing and adapting it to its needs, people not only provide their existence, but also create conditions for the development and progress of society.

Labor and work - not equal ideas, not identical. Labor is a public phenomenon, he is inherent only to a person. How the life of a person is outside of society is impossible, so it can not work without a person and out of society. Work- Physical concept, it can be carried out both by man, and animals, and the car. Labor is measured by working time, work - kilograms, pieces. Most often in the literature of recent years, it is difficult to understand any mental and physical effort, undertaken in part or entirely to achieve any result, not counting the satisfaction obtained directly from the work itself.

TO labor subjects: Earth and its subsoil, flora and fauna, raw materials, semi-finished products and components, facilities of industrial and non-production work and services, energy, material and information flows.

Obligatory labor elements are labor and means of production.

Work force- This is a combination of physical andthe spiritual abilities of the person who are used in the process of labor. Workforce - the main, main productive power of society. Means of productionconsist of labor items and warehouses. Labor objects- These are the products of nature, which in the process of labor are subject to one or another changes and turn into consumer value. If labor objects form the material base of the product, then they are called basic materials, and if they contribute to the labor process itself or give the main material new properties, then the auxiliary materials. The subjects of labor in a broad sense include all that is sought, is produced, processed, formed, i.e. Material resources, scientific knowledge.

Farm products- These are the tools of production, with which a person affects the objects of labor and modifies them. It includes the tools of labor and workplace. On the labor efficiencythe aggregate of properties and parameters of labor, properly adapted to person or a team as a subject of labor. In case of inconsistency of the psycho-physiological characteristics of the person and the parameters of labor, the safe mode of operation is disturbed, the fatigue of the employee increases. The parameters of labor instruments depend on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the financial capabilities of the enterprise for the acquisition of new products, as well as on its investment activity.

SAMI general scheme structural components of labor can be reflected as follows (Fig. 2.1).

Alienation of labor- It is a relationship between the subject of labor and any social function of labor, developing as a result of the rupture of their initial unity, leading to the depletion of the nature of the subject of labor and the reincarnation of the alienated function, as well as the process of breaking this unity itself.

Fig. 2.1.

Many concept of alienation of labor to one degree or another are associated with the development of this concept K. Marx. The alienation generated by industrialization was also one of the main topics of E. Durkheim's research, which developed the concept of anomy, reflecting the growth of individualism and disintegration. M. Weber stressed the problem of alienation in the formalization of the social organization, its bureaucratization. The theorists of the Frankfurt sociological school have developed a Weber's theory of rationalization, they considered the alienation of labor by the attribute and satellite of rationalization. During this period, the concept of alienation was noticeable influence Neofreedism. Learn more about the alienation of labor was wrote by E. Fromm in the work "to have or be". IN modern concepts The problem of overcoming the alienation of labor through creativity is considered, while the emphasis was placed on overcoming the alienation from labor products (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1

The ratio of instinctive activities, labor and creativity *

Ending

*Based on the book: Inomertsev V. L. Outside of economic society. M.: Academia; Science, 1998.640 p.

Labor process- Phenomenon is complex and multidimensional. The main forms of its manifestation are the costs of human energy, the interaction of the employee with the means of production (subjects and the means of labor) and the production interaction of workers with each other both horizontally (the ratio of participation in a single labor process) and vertically (the relationship between the head and subordinate) . The role of labor in the development of man and society is manifested in the fact that in the labor process not only material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bare created, intended to meet the needs of people, but also develop workers who acquire skills, reveal their abilities, replenish and enrich knowledge. The creative nature of labor is expressed in the emergence of new ideas, progressive technologies, more advanced and high-performance workers, new products, materials, energy, which in turn lead to the development of needs.

Thus, in the process of employment, it is not only produced by goods, services are provided, cultural values \u200b\u200bare created, but also new needs appear with the desires of their subsequent satisfaction. The sociological aspect of the study is to consider the labor as a system of social relations, in determining its influence on society.

Labor plays an extremely important role in the development of human society and each of its member. Thanks to the work of many thousands of generations of people, the enormous potential of productive forces, colossal public wealth, has formed modern civilization. Further progress of human society is impossible without the development of production and labor.

At all times, labor was and remains an essential production factor, a type of human activity.

Activity- This is an internal (mental) and external (physical) activity of a person regulated by the Conscious goal.

Objectives of employmentthere may be the production of consumer goods and services or means necessary for their production. The objectives may be the production of energy, media, ideological products, as well as the actions of management and organizational technologies. At the same time, it does not matter whether the product produced is needed to meet his own needs. The objectives of the work is asked by a person by society, so in nature it is public: the needs of society are formed, determine, direct and regulate.

Under labor conditionsit is understood as the combination of elements of the production environment that influence the functional state of a person, its performance, health, all parties to its development, and above all on the attitude towards work and its effectiveness. Working conditions are formed in the production process and are determined by the type and level of technology, technology and organization of production.

There are socio-economic and industrial working conditions.

Socio-economic working conditionsall that affects the level of employee training to participate in labor, to restore the labor force (the level of education and the possibility of obtaining it, the possibility of a full-fledged rest, the terms of life). Production conditions of labor- these are all elements of the production environment that affect the employee in the process of labor, on his health andperformance, relating to work.

Labor subjectthere may be a separate worker or team. Since labor and objects of labor creates a person, it is the main component of labor as a system.

Consequently, labor is a social phenomenon. In the process of labor, a certain system of socio-labor relations is being formed, which are a rod of public relations at any level (national economy, region, enterprise, individuals). This is the social characteristic of labor. But the basis of labor is also psychological, and physiological processes, therefore, the study of the activities and functions of a person plays an important role in solving problems of increasing its effectiveness. Hence another definition of the concept of "work".

Labor is the process of spending nervous (mental) and muscular (physical) energy of a person, as a result of which consumer costs are being created for the life and development of society.

This characteristic of labor is closely related to its performance. Reducing the cost of energy for the implementation of the unit of work is identical to the growth of productivity and on the contrary, and the energy consumption depends on various industrial and personal factors.

In the framework of labor also allocate various aspects:

? economic (employment of the population, labor market, labor productivity, organization and rationing of labor, payment and material incentives, planning, analysis and accounting of labor);
? Technical and technological (technical and technological equipment, electrical and energy transport, safety);
? social (content, attractiveness, prestige and motivation, social partnership);
? psychophysiological (heaviness, tensions, sanitary and hygienic working conditions);
? Legal (legislative regulation of labor relations, relations in the labor market).

Such division is very conditional, as labor problems combine at the same time different aspects, appear in unity or are in close dependence.