Population density is an indicator of the development of the territory, the intensity economic activity people, territorial structure economy. Population density is formed in the process historical development under influence economic laws social formations, the level of social economic development societies of the natural-geographical environment. The population of the territory is formed in the process of economic development and acts not only as one of the factors contributing to the location of production in a given region, but is also a consequence of the economic development of the country.
The population of territories depends on their natural and economic features. Based on these differences, geographers divide the territory of the neighboring countries and Russia into five zones.
The zone of continuous settlement, or the main strip of settlement, is characterized by a developed network settlements, diversity and maturity of forms of settlement, concentrates the vast majority of large cities and large urban agglomerations, centers of industry. Hence the high population density of the main strip, covering the European part of Russia without the North and the sparsely populated areas of the Caspian lowland, passing through the south of Siberia and the Far East. Here we also include the European republics of the near abroad.
From the north and south, the main strip of settlement is bordered by zones that differ sharply in natural conditions.
The zone of the Far North is characterized by focality of settlement. There is a low population density here, which is explained by the severity of the climate, the scattered settlements, a sparse network railways, a small number of large industrial enterprises.
The arid zone of focal forms of settlement includes vast desert and semi-desert territories to the south of the main zone of settlement, also sparsely populated and also with extreme, although different in nature, conditions. It covers the Northern Caspian, Western Kazakhstan and most of Central Kazakhstan, Northern Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan. These territories are characterized by a production type of agriculture (transhumant-livestock breeding), a developed fuel industry.
The zone of oases and industrial areas was formed at the junction of the mountainous and plain parts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It includes areas with the highest density in the republics of the near abroad rural population, all major Central Asian cities. The national economic basis is characterized by a combination of developed agriculture on irrigated lands and the leading branches of the processing industry, supplemented by the extractive industry. It represents, therefore, the main strip of settlement of the southeastern macroregion (discontinuous in places).
The mountain zone in the extreme south of the near abroad is distinguished by very peculiar forms of settlement: here the outflow of the agricultural population is combined with a certain influx of the population in connection with the following main types of development: industrial, hydropower, recreational.
The entire territory of Russia, with the exception of some areas, is practically populated, but populated extremely unevenly. The average population density is 8.6 people per 1 sq. km. km (in the European part - 29 people per 1 sq. km, and in the Asian - about 2 people per 1 sq. km). The highest population density (which decreases gradually to the north, south and east) is observed in. The highest population density (320 people per 1 sq. km) is in the Moscow region, and the lowest is in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug (0.03 people per 1 sq. km).
Settlement forms and types of settlements
Lives in settlements, which are divided into:
- cities;
- urban-type settlements;
- workers' camps;
- resort villages;
- countryside (villages, villages, auls, villages).
A city in Russia is considered a settlement in which at least 12 thousand people live, provided that 95% of them are workers and employees, as well as members of their families.
An urban-type settlement is considered to be a settlement with a population of at least 3 thousand people and the proportion of unemployed in agriculture is 85%.
Residents of cities and urban-type settlements are considered urban population.
There are over a thousand cities and about 2,200 urban-type settlements in Russia.
Cities are distinguished by functions: industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort cities, etc., as well as by population: small (up to 20 thousand), medium (up to 100 thousand), large (up to 250 thousand), large (up to 500 thousand), the largest (up to 1 million) and millionaire cities.
Millionaire cities : Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm.
Millionaire cities, as well as a number of largest cities, together with adjacent smaller cities, form urban agglomerations . The largest agglomeration of Russia is Moscow (14 million people). Other large agglomerations: Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg.
The next stage of urban development is megalopolises not presented in Russia yet. The Moscow-Vladimir-Nizhniy Novgorod megalopolis is in the formation stage, it is possible to form a megalopolis on the Moscow-St. Petersburg axis.
Rural settlement differs from the urban one in smaller size and specifics, i.e. the nature of the settlement of the rural population differs in natural zones depending on the conditions for economic activity, the customs and traditions of the peoples living in those regions.
In the tundra zone dominated by large permanent settlements along the banks of the rivers, where the inhabitants are engaged in hunting and fishing, which are combined with temporary points where reindeer herders stop when driving herds.
In the northern settlements, medium in size, are also located along the banks of rivers and lakes, since timber is most often rafted along them. The inhabitants of these villages are engaged in logging and on floodplains.
In the southern taiga a network of small settlements is usually confined to the uplands, where small agricultural lands are interspersed with forests and swamps.
In the southern part of the forest zone farming is no longer focal, but selective (up to 40% of the area has been plowed). The network of settlements here is very dense, but the number of inhabitants in them is small (on average 100 inhabitants). This is due to the low fertility of podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils.
In and steppe zones, where the most fertile soils are located - there is continuous agriculture. The network of settlements here is less dense than in, but the settlements themselves are numerous.
in dry and agriculture again acquires the features of a focal type, therefore rural settlements are large and are located in river valleys and near pastures.
In mountainous areas settlement is subject to altitudinal zonality: in the river valleys there are large settlements, whose inhabitants are engaged, and above are small settlements of livestock breeders.
Urbanization in Russia
In Russia, as in most developed countries, paused: ratio of urban to rural residents remained at the level of the 1989 census - 73% (or 106.4 million people) and 27% (or 38.8 million people), respectively.
Most of the urban population of Russia lives in large, largest cities and cities - millionaires. Moreover, almost a fifth of the country's population lives in 13 cities - "millionaires": The number of the two largest cities in Russia was: Moscow - 10.4 million people, - 4.7 million people. The capital of the Russian Federation is one of the 20 largest cities in the world. Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest rates of urbanization (not counting the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg) are: Murmansk region (92%), Magadan region (92%) and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (91%). The lowest rates are Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous District (0%), Koryak Autonomous District (26%), Evenki Autonomous District (33%), Chechen Republic (34%).
Among the regions, the highest rates are (78%), central District(77%), and (76% each). Least urbanized (50%).
Zones of settlement of the population of Russia
According to the density and features of the settlement of people, the prevailing types of settlements and the degree of economic development in Russia, several zones are distinguished.
Main area of settlement
It includes almost the entire European part of Russia, the south of Siberia and the Far East and occupies 34% of the country's territory. Here is a zone of continuous settlement of the country and 93% of its population lives. Within this zone, there is a high population density (50 people per 1 sq km), a large number of large cities, almost the entire manufacturing industry is concentrated and Agriculture(without reindeer husbandry) countries.
Far North zone
It is located to the north of the main settlement zone and includes 64% of the country's territory. Settlement within this zone is focal; individual settlements and their groups are scattered as islands in the vast expanses of tundra and taiga, near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes. The population density here is very low - 0.9 people per sq km and only 11.5 million people live. Currently, there is an outflow of the population from this zone.
arid zone
This zone is located in areas where big cities are formed near deposits, and rural settlements where water comes.
continuous settlement by the species of vast territories. Such a distribution pattern is characteristic, for example, of small ground squirrels in dry steppes and semi-deserts. In these landscapes, their population density is everywhere high. Separate areas unsuitable for life are easily overcome during the resettlement of young animals, and in favorable years temporary settlements appear on them. Here, it is possible to isolate the boundaries between populations only conditionally, between areas with different population densities.
Another example of a continuous distribution of the species is the seven-spotted ladybug. These beetles are found in a wide variety of biotopes and different natural areas. The species is also characterized by pre-winter migrations. The boundaries between populations in such cases are almost not expressed. However, since cohabiting individuals contact each other more often than with representatives of other parts of the range, the population of places remote from each other can be considered different populations.
Within the same species, there can be populations with both well-defined and blurred boundaries (Fig. 95). A well-known pest of grain crops in the south of our country, the turtle bug (Eurygaster integriceps), 2.5–3 months after hatching from eggs and active feeding in the fields, begins flying to the forests of the foothills, tens, and sometimes hundreds of kilometers, where bugs lie until next spring under a layer of tree litter. The range of flights depends on the degree of fatness of individuals, and as a result, bugs from different places mix on the same wintering grounds. The direction of spring dispersal is highly dependent on wind direction, and the bugs do not necessarily return to their breeding grounds. In addition, some of the turtles do not fly far, but winter in the nearest forest belts. Thus, in vast areas there is a constant movement and mixing of individuals, which does not allow one to strictly distinguish between individual populations. Meanwhile, in certain parts of the range, both mountainous and flat, the turtle leads a relatively sedentary lifestyle, making only short flights to the nearest wintering grounds. In such areas, isolated populations appear, which are separate local breeding centers of the pest. Thus, within a species, populations can be represented by groups of different sizes.
Demography- the science of population and its reproduction
Demographic crisis – population decline
Natural population growth - the excess of the number of people born over the number of deaths
Population explosion - a sharp increase in population growth as a result of a sharp decrease in mortality while maintaining a high birth rate
population concentration - the concentration of the population in separate centers, districts.
patchy settlement - on the Far North Russia, which occupies 66% of the country's territory, where only one fifteenth of the Russian population lives - about 10 million people.
Zone of continuous settlement - this is a large part of the ETR, the south of Siberia and the Far East. This is 30% of the territory and 93% of the population of the country.
Population density is the number of people living in 1 square kilometer. Measured in people/km 2
SPN-average population density -quotient from dividing the population by the area of the territory
population reproduction - the process of production of people by people, the process of continuous change of generations.
Vital movement of the population - a set of four processes: fertility, mortality, marriage and divorce
Demographic transition or demographic revolution - the transition from one type of population reproduction to another.
Archetype VN- characteristic of the early stages of human development in the appropriating economy. The population is strictly limited by the resources of the territory. The death rate is almost equal to the birth rate, very slow population growth.
Traditional type HV - associated with agricultural economy. People live "as our fathers and grandfathers lived." Very high birth rate and enough high mortality, especially in childhood. Small natural population growth and low life expectancy: 25 - 35 years.
The modern type of population reproduction – regulation of the number of children in the family, a decrease in mortality, sometimes NPI is negative, i.e. more people die than are born.
Women's emancipation - the abolition of restrictions, the equalization of women in rights with men.
Urbanization – the growth of the share of the urban population, the increasing role of cities and the spread of urban lifestyle.
Population migration - resettlement, displacement of the population.
Emigration - leaving the country.
Immigration - entry into the country.
Re-emigration the return of emigrated people to their former place of residence.
Types of internal migration : 1. irrevocable 2. Refundable: a - seasonal; b - pendulum or daily; c - irregular, for example, on vacation.
Depopulation – population decrease
Non-violent resettlement - voluntary resettlement, migration of people for various reasons.
Forced resettlement - associated with repression, deportation of the population.
Demographic situation - the ratio of births, deaths and migratory mobility that has developed in the region, creating at this time a certain sex and age structure population and its dynamics.
Human Resources - part of the country's population with the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.
Working age in Russia: men aged 16-59; women 16-54 years old
Human Resources - these are people of working age, with the exception of disabled people of groups 1 and 2, plus working pensioners and teenagers.
Economically active population - This is the employed (working) population and the unemployed, actively looking for work.
Labor market - the ratio of demand for labor (entrepreneurs) and its supply (workers).
deficit workers - shortage of workers: the excess of the number of jobs over the number of people willing to work.
Labor productivity - the number of products created per unit of time. Or the amount of time it takes to make a unit of output.
Resettlement: 1-process of settlement of the territory; 2 - the totality of settlements in the given territory
Settlement - a compactly built-up area with the necessary equipment for the life and work of people.
Two main types of settlements : urban and rural
Kinds rural settlements: group - villages, villages, villages, kishlaks, auls; dispersed or point settlement: farms, farms, ranches.
Rural population - people living in rural areas
Agricultural population - people working in agriculture
Functions of settlements - their role, purpose in the life of society
Types of functions of settlements : 1- city services; 2-city-forming: central and special
urban agglomeration - groups of closely located cities united by close ties: labor, cultural, social, industrial and infrastructural.
Cities - millionaires - cities with a net worth of 1 million or more people. There are 15 of them in Russia (nand January 1, 2015):Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd
Megalopolis – coalescence of several urban agglomerations
Gardarika - so called Kievan Rus in the Middle Ages by Europeans for a large number of cities in Russia.
Administrative - territorial division - the system of organization of the state, on the basis of which the bodies of state power and administration function.
Industrialization - the creation of large-scale machine production in all sectors of the economy.
Hierarchy - the arrangement of the parts of the whole in order from highest to lowest.
Infrastructure - a set of services necessary for the normal life of the population.
Assimilation - the merger of one people with another, the absorption of one people by another, while losing the language that was previously spoken by the assimilated peoples.
fertility - the number of people born during the year for every thousand people.
Mortality - the number of people who died during the year out of every thousand people.
Natural population decline - Natural mortality. All people, unfortunately, die sooner or later.
Unnatural population decline - associated with violent death, for example, during war, natural and other disasters.
De-urbanization - the process of migration from cities to suburbs and villages.
