What is a developed country. Developing countries. The group of developed countries belongs

Developing countries are characterized by high achievements in industry and agriculture. The standard of living and other economic indicators (for example, GDP) in such countries is invariably increasing. These include: Nigeria, Mexico, India, Russia, Brazil, China and others. In these countries, free market relations flourish, human rights are guaranteed, socio-economic programs are developing, industrialization and modernization are being developed.

Development can occur both with the use of exports of any products and the removal of trade to the international market and through attracting foreign capital and investment. Governments are trying in every way to achieve income from outside in the form of loans, loans or subsidies.

Countries with a developing economy

Each country is characterized by its development features. Consider those of them that are sometimes called "key" because they have a high human, economic and raw material potential.

• China. Despite the fact that this country is socialist, its economy is considered to be market. Despite the fact that the population of China is aging, and in the near future the shortage of labor is predicted, the country is still among the leading economies of the world. It is rapidly developed by the machine-building sector and the electronics sector. The efficiency of the economy is that the banking system of the country is very stable.
• Brazil. The country is quite high purchasing power, and the state constantly interferes with the economic sphere. Brazil is actively trading in the international market and exports sugar, steel, coffee and other goods to other countries. Since 2015, constant investments have been developing.
• India. In the system of international economic relations, it occupies an important place, which contributes to the influx of foreign capital. Great behavior for development is a large number of able-bodied population, which helps develop all sectors of the economy. India actively exports oil, pharmaceutical goods and textiles. Also develop the tourist sector and software sphere.

Classification of developing economies

All countries are different, and their economies are heterogeneous, so it is difficult to classify them. Conditionally, these types of developing economies can be distinguished as:

• Effective. It is based on the production of high-quality goods, increasing their competitiveness in the international market. Country with such economies - China.
• Industrial. As can be seen from the name, the main focus is directed to the production: machines, steel, various types of raw materials. These countries are actively and efficiently industrialized.
• Slow. Technologies in this species are improved slowly, they are badly competing in the international market.
• Progressive. In such countries, industry and all other areas of life develop gradually. The political situation affects the economic development of the country.

Thus, in the concept of a developing economy, some similar features can be distinguished. In such countries, a variety of ownership is used; Industry and services are developing faster than natural fossil and raw materials; Innovations are used everywhere, modern technologies are being introduced.

Developed against developing countries

Countries are classified in accordance with their economic development. The United Nations classifies countries as developed, developing, newly industrialized or developed countries and countries with economies in transition, such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and the former USSR.

The World Bank classifies the countries in accordance with their per capita income of the GNI: low income (US $ 995 or less) and lower average income ($ 996-395); Like developing countries with high average income (3,946 - $ 12,195); and high incomes (above 11,906 dollars) as developed countries.

The classification of the country depends not only on its income, but also from other factors affecting how their citizens live, as their economy integrate into the global system, as well as expanding and diversifying their export industries.

A developed country is a country that has a high level of industrial development, it basks its economy on technology and production instead of agriculture. Production factors, such as human and natural resources, are fully used, which leads to an increase in production and consumption, which leads to a high level of income per capita. The country with a high index of human development (IRCHP) is considered a developed country. It not only measures the economic development and GDP of the country, but also its education and life expectancy. Citizens of developed countries enjoy free and healthy existence.

The term "developed country" is synonymous with an "industrialized country, a post-industrial country, a more developed country, a developed country and the country of the First World". United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America are just a few of those considered to be developed countries. On the other hand, a developing country is a country with a low level of industrialization. It has a higher birth rate and mortality than developed countries. His infant mortality is also high due to bad nutrition, lack of medical services and small health knowledge.

Citizens of developing countries have a low and medium standard of living, since their per capita income is still developing, and their technological potential is still developing. There is also an unequal distribution of income in developing countries, and their production factors are not fully used. Developing countries are also mentioned as third world countries or least developed countries.

1. A developed country is a country with a high level of industrialization and per capita income, and a developing country is a country that is still in the early stages of industrial development and has low per capita income. 2. Citizens of a developed country enjoy free, healthy and rich in existence, and citizens of developing countries do not. 3. Developed countries are also known as industrialized, advanced and first-world countries, and developing countries are also known as the underdeveloped, the least developed countries and the countries of the Third World. 4. The United States of America, Canada, Switzerland, Belgium and France are examples of developed countries, while 5. India, Malawi, Honduras, Philippines and Rwanda are examples of developing countries. 6. Indicators of infant mortality, fertility and mortality in developing countries are also higher than in developed countries.

Theory of three worlds is a conditional concept.

Today there is no clear division of the territory on this principle, however, there is a ranking of countries according to the level of GDP (the value of the internal national product per resident of the country).

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So, conditionally states are divided into three groups:

1. GDP per person more than 9 thousand US dollars.
2. GDP per person over 6 thousand US dollars.
3. GDP no more than 750 US dollars per person.

The third group includes the countries of the Third World. Wikipedia, referring to the data of Morgan Stanley, argues that now on all developing states accounted for half of world GDP.

History of the term

The division of all countries on the Political and Economic Parties has been proposed by Mao Zedong. To the first world, he attributed to the superpower - the USSR and the USA, the second world was intermediate forces - Europe, Canada, Japan. The third world is all Africa, Latin America and Asia.

There was a Western theory of division into worlds, her author of Alfred owls. On March 5, 1946, a cold confrontation between the United States and the USSR began. Disagreements arose in military, economic, ideological and geopolitical issues. In the Cold War, each side had allies. The Soviet Union collaborated with Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, PRC and other countries.

Many European states, as well as Thailand, Turkey, Japan, Israel, were on the US side. Part of the countries retained neutrality in the Cold War, they were named by the third world or developing countries.

Since 1952, developing began to have a low level of economic development. By the end of the 20th century, some countries of this group were able to make a jump in the economy and overtook developed countries.

Developing countries today

On the terminology of the UN, the third world is called developing states. They have common characteristics in economics, politics and culture. A large role in the formation of unified signs was played by the colonial period.

In these territories, manual production prevailed, after independence, there was a sharp transition to the industrial methods of labor organization. Since the sequence of phases of economic development was absent, the industry of the national economy is developed in no harmonious.

In developing countries, pre-industrial and modern types of production are adjacent. In most countries of the third world, foreign and private investments are practically absent, the state itself has to fulfill the role of an investor to increase the growth rate of the economy. In addition to general characteristics, developing countries have a number of non-permanent signs.

Differences of developing states

In the 21st century, many states of the Third World have the possibility of development due to economic relations with leading countries. West invests in economics, education, medicine, but often in such countries, civil unrest occurs, which inhibits the development of the economy. For many, the question is - whether Russia is a third world country. No, Russia at the moment refers to rapidly developing countries.

List of third world countries

There are several lists of developing states:

List of developing States according to the UN

Unlike the UN, the IMF included in the number of developing CIS countries and Russia, as well as part of European states - Hungary, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Poland, Lithuania. In turn, the World Bank ranks Russia to developed States. Such disagreements again confirm that it is impossible to strictly divide the world for economic signs, all classifications are conditional.

In the XXI century, some states that were previously considered laggards were allocated in a separate subgroup - oil producing. It includes the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain. They became the richest countries of the world, the largest oil exporters, but unidirectional and the unbalance of the economy does not allow them to be developed.

According to the UN classification, the IMF and the World Bank in one group with the richest oil exporters, countries have a negative rate of economic growth - Togo, Ethiopia, Chad and other countries of Africa, Latin America. Up to 90% of their economy is an agricultural sector, which is not able to provide raw materials and food needs of the local market. Such states are combined into a subgroup - underdeveloped.

The largest third subgroup is a state with an average level of development - Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Algeria. Exterior trade is developed here, there is no problem of hunger and poverty. Thanks to the internal resources, these states have great development prospects, but they have large external debt and a significant technological gap with developed countries.

The theory of developing countries will exist in various systems under different names. Lists of states will be updated, since many states will be able to rise to the level of developed, overcoming the backward barrier. Read by reference.

Every year reports and analytical notes are drawn up, which allow us to assess the state of the global economy, the market for the regions. It is a special place in such reports, since analysts are followed by who, where the reform of industries, industry, services, education, army, or the problem of migrants actively passes.

Reports and analytical notes that allow us to evaluate the state of the global economy every year.

The collected information is compared, since one or another organization includes a different number of participating countries, and their development (index) is estimated in different ways. There are general parameters, as well as specific, therefore, there is a need to reduce data that provide international organizations: IMF, UN, WB, etc.

Developed countries on the world map

The UN estimates other aspects:

• Production of essential goods and services.
• Poverty level.
• How does entrepreneurship develop.
• Social insurance system, protection.
• The state of the financial market.
• Position of the banking system.
• Ecological problems.
• Trends in the demographic and social sphere. Birth rate and mortality.
• GDP level.
• The level of investment and lending to projects and various economic sectors.

All these indicators are needed to get a complete and complex picture for each region, to allocate a share of developing and capitalist countries in it, choosing the largest, developed industrial and fairly promising.

Competitive countries of the world

Recently, the IMF experts decided to allocate another type - economically advanced countries. These powers include:

1. East Asian: Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong.
2. Cyprus.
3. North American: Canada and USA.
4. Western European: France, Britain, Italy, Germany.
5. Some and central, who became.

The number of developing countries changes every year. If we consider the economic characteristics of the countries of the world, then the direction of the economy, including the sectoral, the presence of current high-tech areas, the level and quality of life of the population is accepted into account.

Structure of developing countries

Inside countries that develop, you can spend your division. To determine individual groups, criteria are:

• structure of productive forces and production;
• prospects for the development of the economy;
• economic relations within countries and beyond;
• the number of external and internal debts;
• the presence or absence of inflationary growth / fall;
• conditions for the development of transnational corporations;
• the role played by small business in the formation of industries of production and services.

Gold reserves in different countries

These parameters allow you to distinguish several types of countries with an actively developing market and economics:

1. "Asian Tigers" Eastern and Latin America.
2. Large and Asian countries that export oil and other minerals. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya, Iraq, United Arab Emirates are engaged in oil exports. Since each of them has a favorable economic and geographical position, plays an important, practically key role in the energy market of energy resources and carriers, the population of non-heedie, can save funds.
3. Developing countries where high average GDP per capita. For example, in Guatemala or Colombia per person accounts for 1 thousand US dollars.
4. , huge territories, large number of people: India, Indonesia, Pakistan. They develop thanks to investment projects from Europe and America. At the same time, other trends are observed: people live often beyond the poverty line, the GDP level is $ 300 per capita, low rates of industrial development.
5. Poor countries in Africa and Asia, for example, Bangladesh, Benin, Somalia, Ethiopia, Afghanistan. Despite the provision of loans, material and technical assistance, these developing countries are hard to overcome backwardness. The economy has an obvious agricultural nature, prevailing predominance of labor predominates. Communication with the outside world is either absent or developed very weakly.

In 2020, the number of countries that fall into the category "Developing" reached 132. All of them occupy a special place in the economy of the world, are differently related to capitalist countries, the global economic system and the market. Because of this, such states have long formed a multi-way economy, depending on developed and advanced countries.

Look in the video: salaries in different countries of the world.

Characteristic features of developing countries

• The standard of living of the population is very low.
• No middle class. Society is divided into rich and very poor. Revenues of rich many times more than income of ordinary citizens.
• Lack of laws, so investors rarely invest their finances in the economies of countries.
• Poorly developed financial, tax and banking systems.
• The control unit does not work.
• Unemployment is constantly growing, so the population does not have a solid income.
• High birth rate and mortality.
• Small sizes and volumes of the domestic market.
• Dependence on the developed states of the world, which generates constant accumulation of foreign debts.
• The presence of specific socio-economic problems.
• The economy submits ideology, religion and political system.
• Community interests prevail, because of which civil society is either only begins to develop, or is completely undeveloped.

Developing countries have scientific and technical potential, but it is weak, because of which scientific directions, economics, production are practically not developed. At the same time, many states have huge reserves of natural fossils.

Developing countries were released from colonial dependence in the sixties, therefore, in social, economic and political structure, negative factors are still observed:

1. The inability to independently cope with the internal economic problems that the metropolis countries decide before that.
2. There are no democratic institutions, which is why political culture is just beginning to develop. The leaders of the country in their board are not based on various bodies and institutions, but to the army, the police.
3. Corruption and bribery are widely developed.
4. Permanent wars, inter-ethnic conflicts.
5. Formation of a self-insulating economic model of a centralized type. It is not focused on the market and does not take into account the peculiarities of the global economy, its trends and key changes.

Index of coagulation in various countries

In many ways, a similar situation in the countries of the third world is associated with the fact that in the eighties, the Soviet Union and the state of the SEA invested money in the construction of metallurgy and heavy industries. The features of the geographical position of developing countries and their specificity were not taken into account. Therefore, there was an imbalance in them, a complete dependence of economies from developed states appeared.

Kofi Annan, who from 1997 to 2006 by the UN Secretary-General, determined the developed country as a country that gives his citizens to live and enjoy life in a safe environment. Accordingly, for developing countries and their residents, the picture looks somewhat different.

Evaluation of the development of countries by various international organizations of the United Nations, however, did not establish the stringent division rules for countries for "developed" and "developing". These definitions serve only for greater convenience when collecting and processing statistical data and not carry out the assessments of the general historical development of the country or region. The UN developed the human development index - a system that includes several fundamental indicators at once to assess the development of the country. Namely: the standard of living (gross national income, per capita income and other economic indicators), the level of literacy of the population, the level of education and education, the average life expectancy in the country. The United Nations Assessment of the Development of countries is engaged in the IMF (International Monetary Fund). His criteria for assessing the development of the country or region are: per capita income, an extended export range, the level of association with the global financial system. If the lion's share of exports falls on one product name - for example, oil, then this country can no longer receive first places in the IMF rating. The World Bank, created specifically for financial assistance and support to developing countries, divides all states in categories in terms of income with gross national income per capita. Measurements are held in US dollars. Developing countriesNews on developing countries include such giants as quick-growing BRIC countries - Brazil, Russia, India and China. As well as countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, Africa. There are our own classification.
New industrial countries. They have more than 7% per year GDP growth due to cheap chalcila and successful geographical location, modernization of the economy and the use of new technologies. These class include the following countries: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile, Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey, Indonesia, Philippines, South China. For recently Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, together with Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia, began to consider as "developed countries". Thenel-producing countries. GDP per capita of these countries is equal to the GDP of developed countries. But one-sided economy does not allow them to be classified them to developed countries. Namely developed countries. They have an outdated concept of economic development, low GDP, low literacy, high mortality. These countries include most countries in Africa, Oceania and Latin America. Countries with economies in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia), as well as the Baltic countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), it is difficult to attribute both developed and developing countries to developing countries. For them, and several other countries use the term "countries with economies in economics".

In terms of the development of the country of Asia, very different. In this region, Japan is the second (after the USA) on the economic potential of the country of the world. All industries are well developed in the state, but high-tech engineering and metalworking, electronics, car and shipbuilding, chemical industry are leading. For the proportion of the costs of science, Japan occupies a leading place among developed countries. And by the number of scientists, Germany prevails, the United Kingdom, France combined.

The poorest countries of the planet include Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Cambodia

India and China occupy a special place in Asia. These giants have some of the highest levels of economic development in recent decades, and in terms of gross domestic product, the group of world leaders are included in the volume of gross domestic product. And although in terms of GDP per capita, they are still significantly lagging behind the developed states, the achievement of these countries in recent years is impressive.

Third world countries - who are listed and why

Significant development here also acquire high-tech industries, and China, in addition, has its own piloted space program, is the world leader in coal production and iron ore, steel smelting, the production of televisions, and the like.

Significant success recently reached the so-called Asian tigers (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Xiangan (Former Hong Kong), as well as Malaysia

These once backward countries due to successful modernization of their own economies today to the global market. Modern cars, household electronics, clothing and other high-quality products.

Separate group allocated the countries of the Persian Gulf. To this region, together with Russia, there is a lion's share of proven oil and gas reserves. It was the attraction of investments in the oil-gas industry that allowed some of the countries of the Persian Gulf (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar) to approach the most developed states

Agriculture plays a large role in the farm of most Asia countries. Through the huge sizes of Asia and the variety of natural-climatic conditions here, a motley structure of agricultural production was formed here: from reindeer herding and forestry in the north to the cultivation of exotic tropical crops in the south

However, for a large population density, significant mountain arrays and deserts in Asia very acute is the problem of lack of agricultural use of land. In addition, agricultural science and modern appliances are used in agriculture countries in the region. Production is carried out mainly by archaic methods and therefore the effectiveness of its low. Consequently, a number of countries in the region periodically faces the problem of ensuring their own food

Economic and geographical typology of the countries of the modern world

Page 2.

Developing countries can be divided into six subgroups.

The first subgroup is formed by key countries - India, Brazil and Mexico, which have very large natural, human and economic potential and in many ways are leaders of a developing world. These three countries produce almost as many industrial products as all other developing countries are combined. But GDP at the rate of per capita in them is significantly lower than in economically developed countries.

The second subgroup includes some developing countries that have also reached a relatively high level of socio-economic development and having a GDP show-sowing indicator exceeding 1 thousand dollars. Most of all such countries in Latin America (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Venezuela, etc.), but they are also in Asia and North America.

The third subgroup includes new industrial countries (NIS), specializing in a number of labor-intensive industries. In the 80s and 90s. XX century They achieved such a jump that they received the nickname "Asian Tigers". The "First Eshelon" of such countries included the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. The second echelon is usually attributed to Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia.

The fourth subgroup is formed by oil-exporting countries. Thanks to the influx of "Nefedollars", shower GDP reaches from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. These are primarily the countries of the Persian Gulf (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Iran), as well as Libya, Brunei and some other countries.

In the fifth, the largest, subgroup includes most of the "classic" developing countries. These are countries that are lagging in their development, with shower GDP less than 1 thousand dollars. They prevail a rather backward multi-storey economy with strong feudal remnants. Most of all such countries in Africa, but they are also in Asia and Latin America. To this subgroup, the states of the concession development of capitalism can be attributed to the development of tourism (Jamaica, the gods, etc.).

The sixth subgroup is formed about 40 countries (with a total population of 600 million people), which according to the UN classification refer to the least developed countries. They prevail consumer agriculture, almost no manufacturing, 2/3 of the adult population illiterately, and the average GDP is 100-300 dollars a year. To this subgroup relating to countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Afghanistan, Mali, Ethiopia, Haiti, etc.

The inclusion in this two-glued typology of post-socialist countries with economies in transition is certain difficulties. According to its socio-economic indicators, most Eastern European countries and the Baltic countries are definitely related to economically developed. Among the CIS countries there are economically developed, and countries that occupy an intermediate position between developed and developing. China, which has its own characteristics, both in political, and in socio-economic development also occupies the same contradictory situation.

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Developing states at the present stage

The group of developing countries (less developed, underdeveloped) includes states with a market economy and a low level of economic development. Of the 182 member countries of the International Monetary Fund, developing 121. Despite the significant number of these countries, as well as the fact that many of them are characterized by a large population and a huge territory, they account for about 40% of world GDP, a share in world Export 26%.

Represent the periphery of the global economic system. This includes countries in Africa, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region - ATP (except Japan, Australia, New Zealand, "dragons" of Southeast Asia and Asian states of the CIS), Latin American countries and the Caribbean. The subgroups of developing states, in particular, the subgroup of APR countries (Western Asia Plus Iran, China, the countries of Eastern and South Asia are allocated - all other countries in the region), subgroup of Africa (Africa South Sahara mini Nigeria and South Africa - all other African countries for Except Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, Tunisia).

The entire grouping of developing countries is very inhomogeneous. The developing countries are, in particular, such states that are above any developed country (United Arab Emirates, Kuwait or Bahamas). GDP per capita, the volume of social expenditures of the government here corresponds or even exceeds similar indicators of the countries of a large seven. There is an average, with a good level of development of the economic and social infrastructure in the group of developing states, there is a significant number of countries with extremely backward national economy, the majority of the population of which are located for a poverty corresponding to the UN method of one dollar cost per day for each inhabitant. It is also impossible to argue that all of them - the economies of agrarian or agrarian-industrial type.

Over the past decade, emerging markets have become the main engine of the growth of the global economy. According to the HSBC Bank, 19 countries with a developing economy by 2050 will be among the 30 largest economies, and their share in the global economy will exceed the one that countries have to organize economic cooperation and development (OECD).

Developing markets today account for 40% of the global GNP, distracting 37% of global foreign investment.

In 2011, their growth, in contrast to the OECD stagnant countries, continued. China walked around Japan and took the situation of the second economy of the world. The volume of foreign direct investment in India amounted to a record amount of $ 80 billion. Brazilian Petrobras has become one of the world's largest oil company, having received last year during the placement of shares in the record amount of 67 billion US dollars.

An increasing number of transnational companies come to these markets due to the growth of the well-being of the population. In Asia, middle-class representatives already make up 60% in the total population (1.9 billion people). China in 2010 became the main market for the sale of cars, and the richest man of the world - Mexican. Fast economic growth occurs in conditions of weak deficit, low debt level and controlled inflation.

But there is another, more attractive party, attracting companies from OECD countries to countries with developing economies: explosive innovation. Firstly, countries with developing economies are already superior to other countries in terms of development in sectors with high value-added and the use of high technologies, secondly, the company from OECD countries at a large scale to realize innovations from developing economies.

According to the UN, in these countries there are about 21.5 thousand large transnational companies. Some of them, such as Mexican cement company CERNEX, INFOSYS Indian outsourcing company, the Chinese manufacturer of BYD food elements have already become leaders in their sectors. China was the main supplier in the global telecommunication fund market, where Huawei took one row with Swedish Ericsson. In 2008

The developed countries

this company registered more patents than any other company in the world, and in 2009 he ranked second, giving way to Japanese Panasonic.

In the field of telecommunications, there are currently a dozen of the world's leading global companies, companies from developing economies.

Brazilian Embraer made a jump in the production of aircraft by applying a business model developed by others. Indian TATA sells cars by 75% cheaper than their European competitors. The cost of developing medical equipment in Chinese Mindray is 10% cheaper than European companies. The mobile banking services offered by Kenyan Safaricom, as well as Indian TCS and WiPr outsourcing companies change significantly in the market.

Even the digital world has not remained outside the influence of developing economies. Facebook could be Latin American, since one of his creators is a brazilian. According to its market capitalization (45 billion US dollars in 2011), the Chinese Internet company Tencent Holdings is the third in the world. The company's shareholder is the transnational South African company Naspers. Both companies invest in startups, but not in the United States, but in other emerging markets. In 2000, they have invested $ 700 million in Russian Mail.Ru. The Russian company Digital Sky Technologies, which belongs to Mail.Ru, is involved in financing these startups in the United States as Facebook, Zynga and Groupon.

All these transnational companies from developing countries demonstrate not only explosive innovation, but also high calculation, which makes them extremely dangerous competitors. And they quickly gain strength: in 2010, according to American Booz & Company, South Korean Samsung entered the top ten leading global companies in investment indicators in R & D. Israel has created 4 thousand start-up companies, becoming the second in the world by the number of companies that are listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange.

As a result, the Trends of reducing costs for nicks is noticeable in the transnational companies of the OECD countries. In countries with developing economies, there are already open about 100 research centers, mainly in China and India. GE's research center in India is the largest in the world. Cisco has invested a billion US dollars in creating one more. The largest Microsoft Research Center outside the United States is located in Beijing. The number of IBM employees in India exceeds their number in the United States, and 12% of the 30,000 research personnel of German Siemens works in Asia.

In order to understand what speed is the change in the global balance of power, it suffices to say that in 1990 more than 95% of R & D was carried out in developed countries, and in ten years, this share decreased to 76%. Currently, about 40% of the total number of researchers in the world are concentrated in countries with developing economies in countries. According to UNESCO, China, which currently spends more than 100 billion US dollars (2.5% of GDP) on R & D on the number of researchers in the near future will surpass the United States and Europe.

In the coming decade, the country with developing economies will apply not only to the lion's share of global growth, but also become a source of large-scale implementation of cost-effective innovation. By 2020, in the geography of the innovation environment, as well as in the well-being of peoples, there will be a significant change in the balance of power.

11. Post-Socialist states: the main features of socio-economic development. EU member states. Non-EU countries.

Countries with "transition economies" (post-socialist) and socialist countries. Earlier, they were all countries of the socialist camp. The system of countries with economies in transition is quite numerous. This includes 13 countries of Eastern Europe, 15 states of the former USSR, as well as China and Vietnam. In the process of the transition from administrative-team to a market economy, approximately three groups of countries, differing from each other by the starting possibilities of the implementation of reforms, tempo and the nature of their conduct and achieved results were formed.

The first group of countries is represented by Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Slovenia and the Baltic countries. For this group of countries, there is a short-term (according to historical standards) the existence of a planned economy is about 40 years old, and in a less severe version.

The starting capabilities of this group of states were very favorable. The economy has preserved elements of private property and private initiative, the relative balance of the national economy or a small amount of disproportion, the willingness of the population to the adoption of the values \u200b\u200bof the market economy. A relatively fast and successful promotion to a market economy is also due to close economic and historical ties with Western Europe. The reforms were carried out as a result of a combination of evolutionary and radical options, transformations. The mainly evolutionary nature of the reforms is characteristic of Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia. Radical reform methods were used in Poland and at least in the Czech Republic. As a result of the transformation, a single-storey model of the transition economy was formed. There is a relatively fast and successful promotion to a market economy. The economic downturn in most countries of the region amounted to 20-25% of GDP and stretched for the period 1989-1993. In 1994-1995 In the countries of the region, an economic rise has begun. The average annual growth rates of GDP in 1995-1997. Average 3-5%.

In terms of socio-economic development, almost all countries of Central and Eastern Europe belong to the average developing. GDP per capita is: in the Czech Republic - $ 11.9 thousand, Slovakia - 8.7 thousand dollars, Hungary - $ 7.8 thousand, Poland - 7.1 thousand dollars. These countries are two -Reat times inferior to the countries of Western Europe on the average per capita volume of GDP.

The second group is represented by Russia, other CIS member countries, as well as Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, Mongolia. For the former USSR, a long existence of an administrative command system (more than 70 years) in its most severe version is characterized. The economy was characterized by the Mac-Symalizer of the means of production, total regulation of economic activity, the suppression of any attempts by private initiative and private ownership, the extreme degree of monopolization of economic activities. In addition, equalized trends and dependency spread in society. One of the positive results of the Soviet era for all the republics included in the USSR was a relatively high level of labor skill. As a result of the transformation, a single-storey model of the transition economy was formed. Promotion to the market is associated with considerable difficulties and is much slower than in the countries of the first group. Reduced GDP in all countries compared with the indicators in 1990-1991. It was very strong: it hesitated from 30% to 60%. In industrial production, it was from 10% (Uzbekistan) to 80% (Georgia). Stabilization trends in most CIS member countries have strengthened in the second half of the 90s. Since 1997, only Russia, Ukraine and Tajikistan remained in the group of countries where there was no GDP growth. Today, GDP per capita is a little more than $ 5,000 in Russia, Ukraine - more than 2 thousand dollars.

The third group of countries is represented by the countries of East Asia (China, Vietnam). The domination of the planned economy in this region lasted 25-30 years.

The Chinese economy has characterized the extremely low level of development of productive forces, the underdeveloped industry, a very low standard of living of the population (by the time of the origin of the reforms of at least 1/4 of China's population disbanded, lived below the poverty line). However, the transition to the market was facilitated by the fact that the heavy industry and the military-industrial complex made a relatively small share in the economy of this country, facilitating the reorientation of their industry for the needs of the consumer market.

In addition, high labor ethics of the population and the rich Chinese diaspora, which invested in the development of the country's economy played a large positive role. The economic reform in China is counting from December 1978 in the country, the political system with a monopoly of the Communist Party into power is kept in the country of Socialist countries.

The transformation of the economy in the PRC has never been conducted by the methods of "shock therapy". At the same time, China, in contrast to all other countries in transition, managed to avoid a transformational recession. Today in China, the GDP per capita is 4.1 thousand dollars. The share of China in the shaft world product is 10%, against 20% of the United States and 2% of Russia.

Vietnam is still a country with a centrally planned economy, a small, but rapidly growing free market. The state refers to a pear of low income countries - no more than $ 100.

II. Components of the transition process

The main components of the transition process were determined relatively early. They are:

Liberalization. The process of liberation of most prices so that they are determined by free markets, and reduce trade barriers that interrupted communications with the price structure in countries with market economies around the world.

Macroeconomic stabilization. First of all, this is a process with which - after the initial sharp increase in the level of inflation, after the liberalization and release of the depressed demand, inflation is taken under control and is reduced over time. This work requires a disciplined attitude to the state budget and the growth of money supply and loans (that is, disciplines in conducting budget and monetary policies), as well as achieving a sustainable balance of payments.

Reorganization and privatization. The process of creating a viable financial sector and reforming enterprises in these countries so that they can produce goods that could be sold in free markets, and their transfer to private property.

Legal and institutional reform. These reforms are needed to reorient the role of the state in these countries, the establishment of law and order and implement the relevant policy support policy.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that part of these countries in 2004 and 2007 entered the EU and de-Yura these countries began to attribute to developed countries, although de facto they are countries with emerging markets.

Of particular difficulty is the classification of the People's Republic of China, since the construction of capitalism, and therefore market relations, in the PRC occurs under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The Chinese economy represents the symbiosis of the planned socialist economy and free entrepreneurship. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) refers China, as well as India, to developing Asian countries.

For the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Baltic countries and some Balkan countries, it is characterized by an initially higher level of socio-economic development; radical and successful reform ("velvet revolutions"); A pronounced desire to enter the EU. Outsiders in this group are Albania, Bulgaria and Romania. Leaders - Czech Republic and Slovenia.

Former Soviet republics, with the exception of the Baltic countries, since 1993

combined into the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The collapse of the USSR led to the discontinuity of the emerging decades of economic relations between enterprises of the former republics. One-time cancellation of state pricing (in the context of the deficit of goods and services), the spontaneous privatization of the largest export-oriented state enterprises, the introduction of parallel currency (US dollar) and the liberalization of foreign trade activities led to a sharp drop in production. GDP in Russia decreased almost 2 times. Hyperinflation reached 2000% or more per year. There was a sharp drop in the course of the national currency, the deficit of the state budget, a sharp bundle of the population at the absolute impoverishment of its main mass. There was a formation of a oligarchic option of capitalism without creating a middle class. The loans of the IMF and other international organizations were sent to the "Latvia of Hill" in the state budget and unplanned uncontrolled. Financial stabilization due to budget restrictions and policies of restriction or compression of the money supply (increase interest rates) gradually reduced inflation, but had serious social losses (unemployment, the increase in population mortality, street children, etc.). The experience of "shock therapy" showed that in itself the introduction of private property and market relations is not a guarantor of creating an effective economy.

European Union (European Union, EU) - Association of 27 European States Signing the EU Treaty (Maastricht Treaty). EU - Unique International Education: It combines signs of an international organization and the state, but is not formally neither the other. The Union is not a subject of international public law, however, has the authority to participate in international relations and plays them a big role.

Requirements for candidates for entry into the EU

For joining the European Union, the country candidate must comply with Copenhagen criteria. Copenhagen criteria are criteria for the entry of countries to the European Union, which were adopted in June 1993 at a meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen and were confirmed in December 1995 at a meeting of the European Council in Madrid. The criteria require that the state respected by democratic principles, the principles of freedom and respect for human rights, as well as the principle of the legal state (Article 6, Art. 49 of the European Union Treaty). A competitive market economy should be present in the country, and the general rules and EU standards should be recognized, including the commitment to the goals of the political, economic and currency union.

EU member states (27)

Austria, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Republic of Cyprus, Slovakia, United Kingdom, Latvia, Slovenia, Hungary, Lithuania, Finland

Germany, Luxembourg, France, Greece, Malta, Czech Republic, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Ireland, Poland, Estonia

Preferences developing and least developed countries.

In order to promote the economic development of developing and least developed countries, within the framework of the Customs Union, a single system of tariff preferences is applied.

Article 7 of the Agreement on the Unified Customs Tariff Regulation of January 25, 2008 provides for the use of imported customs duties in the amount of 75% of the imports of import customs duties of ETT in relation to the goods imported to the Unified Customs Territory of the Customs Union of goods that simultaneously satisfy the following conditions:

these goods occur from developing user-users of a unified system of tariff preferences of the Customs Union;

these goods are included in the list of goods originating from developing countries and least developed countries in respect of which, when importing to the Unified Customs Territory of the States Parties to the Customs Union, tariff preferences are provided.

In addition, the same article provides for the use of zero rates of import customs duties against goods that:

there are from the least developed countries of users a unified system of tariff preferences of the Customs Union;

included in the list of goods originating from developing countries and least developed countries, in relation to which, when importing into a unified customs territory of the States Parties to the Customs Union, tariff preferences are provided.

The list of developing countries - users of the system of tariff preferences of the Customs Union (includes 102 states), the list of least developed countries - users of the system of tariff preferences of the Customs Union (includes 49 countries in Africa and Asia), as well as a list of goods that occur and imported from developing and least developed countries, with the import of which tariff preferences are provided, approved by the decision of the EurAsEC intergoration of November 27, 2009 No. 18 (given in Annexes 2, 3 and 4, respectively).

The above tariff preferences are provided with the simultaneous compliance with the following rules:

- Rules of direct procurement. According to the rules for determining the country of origin of developing countries in the provision of tariff preferences, within the framework of the general system of preferences between the governments of the CIS participants dated April 12, 1996, the goods are seen as directly purchased if the importer has acquired it from a person registered in the prescribed manner as a subject of entrepreneurial activities in the developing or least developed country on which the tariff preferential regime is distributed;

- Rules of direct shipment. The direct shipment (supplied) is the delivery of goods transported from the developing or least developed country (territory) to which the tariff preferential regime is covered, into the country that provided tariff pre-ferment ^ without transporting through the territory of another state. The goods transported through the territory of one or several countries due to geographical, transport, technical or economic reasons are also answered by the right shipment rule due to geographical, transport, technical or economic reasons, provided that goods in transit countries, incl. With their temporary storage in these countries, are under customs control. These rules also correspond to goods purchased by the importer at exhibitions or fairs, when performing the following conditions:

- the goods were delivered from the territory of the developing or least developed country to which tariff preferential regime applies to the territory of the country of the exhibition or fair and remained under customs control under their implementation;

- Products from the moment they were sent to the exhibition or fair were not used for any other purposes, except for demonstration;

- Goods are imported into the country that provided tariff preferences, in the same condition in which they were set to an exhibition or fair, excluding changes in the state of goods due to natural wear or loss under normal conditions for transportation and storage.

The certificate of origin of goods from the developing country, which is covered by tariff preferential regime, a person moving goods is subject to a declaration certificate about the origin of the goods in the form "A".

The tariff preferential regime does not apply to goods originating from a developing country, which has not provided the names, addresses, prints of the compacts of the competent authorities authorized to assign certificates about the origin of the goods.

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China's development in the last quarter of the twentieth century. and the beginning of the XXI century. It became the most successful period in history and one of the most successful periods in almost five thousand years of history. therefore China Developing or Developed Country actual question.

The whole world knows about the economic miracle of China.

The historical task of the country

Throughout the life of only one generation, the country was able to solve the eternal problem of "heat and satiety" and turn from developing in a developed in the opinion of many. These successes look especially brightly against the background of the bloody civil wars of the beginning of the twentieth century, a long war of resistance to Japanese aggression, wasteful experiments of the 1950s and the tragedy of the "cultural revolution".

The historical task that stood in front of China in the middle of the XIX century was so large and difficult that its decision could not be simple and fast. The main difficulty was the inertia of a continuous millennial history, a ceiling load, lying on the path of change.

Revolutions and war, alternating for most of the twentieth century, could not break the old institutions and at the same time make a constructive contribution to the construction and china's development.

Promotion forward was accompanied by an inevitable rolling back, and rapid jerks led to the destruction of not only achieved in the previous stage, but also the foundation of the state, putting it on the edge of chaos and decay. The search for the form of combining these tasks was the main goal of all Chinese politicians and revolutionaries.

China's problems were not only to find the balance of the old and new, traditional and modern, revolutions and reforms, but also to accurately determine the point not to return, after which the movement will not be reversed, the historical tradition will not be an inevitable return to the past, fraught with the death of ancient civilization and not found its place in the modern world.

For most of the last century, the country balanced on the verge of life and death, first the effects of long-term isolation from the outside world and modernity, and then increasingly energetic attempts to overcome this gap, ruthlessly destroyed the foundations of civilization.

Finding the Way Development

However, the strategic goals of the Chinese state were not exhausted by searching for its path. The development of China was predetermined by the fact that over the Millennium, the country thought herself exclusively in the categories of superiority and speaking as an undeniable leader in East Asian Okumen. She was unacceptable the role of the second plan even on the internationally agreed to the size of the entire planet.

Return to world history and restoring their place in the first row of world powers was another challenge, no less important than the challenge of modernity. In the world of interest to the Chinese loss of their leading role, the loss of civilization identity and meaning of being was identical.

Not only government officials and military, political and cultural elite, but all Chinese society has been convinced that China's development can only be connected with the Great Morning Power and no other.

The desire to enter modernity and establish itself in it as one of the leaders took place through the entire Chinese history of the twentieth century, determining the nature and degree of intensity of all internal processes.
That is why the path that offered the capitalist development, which was strictly fixed in the current world economic and political hierarchy, was rejected by the overwhelming majority of Chinese politicians and intellectuals.

China's problems

In the desire to compensate for the socio-economic backwardness of its country, the first Chinese revolutionaries at the beginning of the twentieth century. The problems of China were solved by introducing an advanced public thought as an integral and critical part of political life, putting functions for the search for strategic development landmarks, before that determined by Confucian submissions and norms.

The People's Revolution of 1949 for many years focused on the ideological nature of the Chinese state, which was soon absolished, ideological dogmas re-strangled live practices and the needs of economic development. By approved in its superiority in the field of ideas, China's problems during the "cultural revolution" were insulated from the outside world.

China's development

China's development in recent decades is inextricably linked with reforms that began after the 3rd plenum of the Central Committee of the CCP of the 11th convocation (1978). However, the preceding reforms of the period and in socio-economic, and in the historical plan was not irrevocably lost time. Despite the political mistakes of the leadership, the country as a whole developed progressively, demonstrating quite high, although the unstable growth rate, slowly, but steadily grew up the well-being of the population, developed industry, agriculture, army, science and technology.

The extraction of rare-earth metals that other countries were not produced due to high laboriousness.

The "cultural revolution" from the point of view of political and social life was a tragedy, but from the point of view of a large historical cycle became an event, finally overcomed by sociocultural inertia and encountered the country from the path of evolutionary inertia, disastrous for its integration into the modern world.

However, the destruction of the old culture was led not only to the elimination of obstacles to the development of China, but also to the elimination of fundamental values \u200b\u200band elementary order, and most importantly, did not close to the achievement of the main goal - the revival of the country as a world power.
To get out of the cycle of revolutions and reforms and go to the new historical stage was not just, first of all, because the socio-political model created in the PRC was kept on the personal authority of the founders of the new Chinese statehood.

Only departure from the political scene of the generation of revolutionary wars could be the beginning of a new development strategy. But who and how could mobilize the Society for holding a new course was not clear, it was not clear that from the old experience transformations the country will take the next stage. The decisive role in the proceeding process was ideology, only upgraded which could begin gradual transformations in other areas.

New political situation in the country

Care from life In 1976, Zhou Egnlay and Mao Zedong created a fundamentally new political situation. The permanent leader of the party and the state, for a quarter of a century, determined the development of the country, left after himself the successor, who did not have any authority nor effective levers of influence on the party, the army and society and was forced to search for a compromise with leading political forces.

The new leadership got a big, albeit poorly organized inheritance.

At the end of 1976, the PRC was a major world power with a territory of 9.563 million square meters. km (3rd place in the world), the population of 930.985 million people (1st place), the volume of GDP $ 151.6277 billion (9th place), which was 2.37% of global GDP, which had nuclear weapons and high international status of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

The years have passed since the formation of the PRD brought certain successes in economic construction, the growth rate was on average 6.5% per year. China's development went unevenly, with large unproductive costs, the structure of the national economy remained unbalanced, some industries lagged behind the advanced world level for decades, hundreds of millions people lived in poverty, on the verge of survival.
Despite the existing problems of China, based on the assessment of its potential, as a whole looked promisingly, however, the development experience, especially the last decade, made a highly problematic quick and successful search for their solution.

The future of China fully depended on the outcome of the political struggle and the ability of the new leadership to solve acute socio-economic problems.

• First of all, it was necessary to displace ideological scholasticity from public life, replacing ideological dogmas with clear, practical objective targets, to make experiment and practice by the main criteria for a new stage of development.
• In addition, for China's development, it was necessary to find and mobilize domestic resources, without which the Renaissance task looked impossible. In addition to the cheap workforce of other substantial resources for modernization in China, it was not, but it was perceived in the Chinese conditions of that time as a lack of expanding the excess population on a weak economic basis.

In 1980, the Chinese seal noted that in terms of GDP China is inferior to the United States by 11.2 times, and the USSR is 7.5 times, and even more in the level of national income per capita.

Choosing a modernization strategy

The decisive role in the choice of modernization strategy at that stage was the outside world, which was still far ahead.
The beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. Since 1975, not foreshadowed global changes. The world joined the era of the military parity of two superpowers, the competition between which the efforts of politicians and the logic of historical development was shifted to the region of the economy.

The positions of the USSR and the United States in the world seemed strong and unshakable, which predetermined the high degree of stability and predictability of international relations. In this, in general, the ordered picture of the world did not fit into the PRC, which, because of its size, military-political and economic potential, could become one of the world's leading players, and only China's internal problems prevented its active foreign policy steps. While the world rushed to the new heights of scientific and technical and economic growth, the ideological doctrine of the People's Republic of China continued to describe it in the concepts of class struggle, confrontation and the revolutionary reorganization, and the "economy" was a swiss word.

A sharp ideological conflict with the USSR pushed China to establish partnerships with the United States, ready to play a Chinese geopolitical card in their own interests.

Despite the ideological restrictions and as a result of a heavy inner struggle in the leadership, China, in the end, went to expand contacts and the establishment of cooperation with the West first in the military, and then in the economic sphere, and gradually began to come out of self-insulation.

World Market Course

Reorientation to the global market, first through the creation of export-oriented industries and special economic zones (FEZ) allowed China to realize its competitive advantages - to combine cheap labor with natural resources and advanced technology of the outside world. Therefore, the question is China a developing or developed country - more refers to a developed. Although the International Monetary Fund (IMF) refers China and India to developing.

Important growth factors, established political stability and birth restriction, which has reduced the demographic burden on the economy. Opening an external world, China returned to world history, becoming part of the global trends of the developed country.