Economy of Hungary
Hungary - a state with rapidly developing economies, market transformations in it are almost completed. Advantages: Stopping by 1998, Hungary opened for foreign direct investment. Effective tax system. Reduced bureaucracy. From the late 90s. Stable growth based on exports. Developed industrial production, especially in new modernized firms. Fully convertible currency since mid-2001 declining inflation.
Weaknesses: insufficient energy production. Gap in domestic development, oriental rural areas Do not receive sufficient financing. Large difference in income of the population. Insufficient money laundering control. Hungary is located in the Black OECD list.
Hungary basically exports engineering products and other industrial products.
The main partner in foreign trade is Germany (more than a quarter of Hungary trade in 2006).
September 19, 2006 Folk unrest in Budapest in connection with the publication of the statements of the Prime Minister on the deplorable state of the economy.
The largest bank of Hungary - OTP Bank.. Currency - Hungarian Forint.
For two decades, after the end of World War II, Hungary has turned from a predominantly agrarian country into an industrial-agricultural country. In 1968, Hungary began to carry out an economic reform, known as the "New Economic Mechanism" title. Industrial and agricultural enterprises were provided with large autonomy in the production and decision-making and sales issues; Trade with Western countries has significantly expanded; Domestic prices have come closed more with prices in world markets, and people gave broad freedom to engage in all kinds of small private business.
In 1990, Hungary began a transition to free market economy. Some important economic measures were adopted in the early 1990s, but the main reforms began in 1995, when the Finance Minister Layos Brojok presented his radical program.
The new government has begun to introduce a market economy by reducing the share of state ownership, increasing the share of foreign capital in investments and removing obstacles to liberate the market and introducing open competition. By 1994, the share of the private sector in the inner gross product increased to 45%, and foreign direct investment increased from 200 million to $ 5 billion. However, a sharp transition caused a significant budget deficit and put many on the line of survival. In 1995, after the introduction of the reforms of the driver, the promotion of Hungary on the way to a market economy scored the pace. The growth of foreign investments was continued, which constituted half of all foreign investments in the countries of the former Eastern bloc. In 1995, more than $ 4 billion were sent to Hungary. Direct foreign investment (FDI), in 1996 and 1997 $ 3.6 billion were invested.
Hungary - Industrial-agricultural state. There is a fairly developed infrastructure, a relatively high level of education, qualifications, social mobility and innovative susceptibility of the population. The most important natural resources of Hungary are fertile lands and water resources. More than half of the land of the country - arable, climate also favors the development of agriculture. The deposits of energy fossils are relatively modest. High-quality stone coal is mined in commot, brown coal in the northern mountains (near the ladies) and in Transdanubia. Previously produced coal satisfied all national energy requests, now coal covers no more third part of the country's needs. The most significant mineral resources with which the country has bauxites (one of the richest deposits in Europe), manganese ores (mountain bacon), copper and zinc ores. Leading ore, uranium, molybdenum, dolomite, kaolin are mining. Since Hungary seeks to reduce its dependence on oil imports, the priority direction in the development of energy is obtained atomic power plants.
For 10 months of 2002 industrial production increased by 1.8% compared with the previous year. The most significant increase (2.6%) was observed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe processing industry. The increase in production is obtained by exports. The export of goods manufactured by industry increased by 4.5%, and the internal implementation decreased by 0.1%. The leading role in the growth of export sales of industrial production was played by mechanical engineering. The chemical industry turned out to be the most competitive among traditional industrial sectors: by the mid-1990s. Its production growth was 25%. New promising industries appeared: the production of telecommunications and automotive equipment.
In the first 10 months of 2002, a rapid growth is observed in the construction industry. Production in the construction industry increased by 21.5% compared with the previous year. The main role among the subproduces was played by the growth of the underground and assembly construction. Significant investments were carried out in the infrastructure of transport and communications, as well as municipal communal networks, there was an acceleration of the construction of industrial and trading facilities and shopping centers. While in the early 1990s, a decisive share in the construction industry was large state-owned enterprises, since 1994, more than 60% of production have been available on companies in domestic joint-stock ownership. Share foreign capital In the construction industry exceeded 1/3, and in the production of building materials production is 70%.
One of the most important and most effective industries of the Hungarian economy - tourism, which is about 10% of GDP. The material base of tourism is more than 140 thousand seats in the objects of accommodation of various categories. The tourism employs about 300 thousand people, which is about 7% of the active population. In 2001, revenues from tourism amounted to 4.4 billion euros, and the balance amounted to +2.9 billion euros. Hungary takes over 30.7 million foreign guests, and for 11 months of 2002 - 29.4 million, more than half of which tourists. The average duration of stay of foreign tourists in the country is 3-4 days. Moscow has been working a bureau of the Tourism Communist Partner of the Hungarian Republic (at the embassy).
In Hungary, it is grown: wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower, onions, cucumbers, peppers. The production of wine is developed, basically produced table wines, popular Hungarian Tokay wine (from the slopes of the Tokai mountain). The industry has been developed for the processing of agricultural products: vegetable canned food, compotes, juices, canned meat. Compared to the previous year in 10 months of 2002, the sale of agricultural products decreased by 5%. The livestock livestock increased by 3.5%, and the livestock of pigs and birds decreased by 11.1%, respectively, and 6.5%. The sale of crop and horticultural products has decreased. At the same time, the sale of fruits increased - by 13.8%, and grapes and wines - decreased by 5.4%. 2.6% increased export of the food industry.
More than half of national income gives foreign trade. More than 2/3 exports on EU countries: Germany, Austria, Italy, Netherlands. Export composition: Mechanical Engineering products 51.9%, Other industrial products 32.7%, Food and food industry products 10.5%, Raw materials 2.9%, Energy and electricity 1.9%. Mechanical Engineering Products 46.5%, Other Industrial Goods 40.2%, Energy and Electricity 6.6%, Food and Food Industry Products 3.7%, Raw Materials 3.0% The volume of internal trade increased in 10 months of 2002 by 11.4%. During the year, the growth rate declined. In total retail The greatest share (31.4%) made up food products.
The volume of foreign direct investment in 2001 2.4 billion euros. The amount of foreign direct investment together with loans provided by investors for joint ventures (SP) and the material contribution to the constituent capital of the joint venture by the beginning of 2002 approached 28 billion euros, and the number of enterprises with foreign capital exceeds 26 thousand. At the end of 2001, 2340 Euro foreign investment accounted for per capita in Hungary. 45 of the 50 largest multinational world companies are already present in the Hungarian market. They create one-third of Hungary GDP and use 43% of the workforce occupied in industry. Most capital came from Germany, the United States of America, France, Austria and Holland, and weighing investors are Israel, Switzerland and Italy. The largest capital investments were implemented in the field of communication, electric power industry, heat, gas and water supply, the processing industry. Significant investments of foreign capital were carried out in the financial and banking sectors.
On December 12, 1990, an agreement was signed between the Government of the Hungarian Republic and the Government of the RSFSR on trade and economic relations, which created a modern framework for cooperation between the two countries. This agreement defined market conditions Trade, such as, calculation in the SLE, the application of the price of the world market, as well as the promotion of authorized government agencies Trade development implemented by public and private sector organizations.
In 1999, Hungary introduced new restrictions on imports from Russia and created conditions aimed at crowding out Russian goods from the Hungarian market. Last year, Russian exports to Hungary decreased by 21%, and supplies from Hungary to Russia by 33%. In the first two months of this year, compared with the previous year, mutual supplies continued to decrease, while Hungarian exports to Russia decreased by 70%. Products from Russia in Hungary are subject to the highest customs duties and fees. So, the Russian metal products is practically ousted from the Hungarian market. From the new year an additional 30% of duty on nitrogen fertilizers from the Russian Federation has been introduced.
Russian exports consists almost entirely of energy and commodity products, and food and consumer goods prevail in Hungarian.
In Hungary, after changing the public building, a significant increase in the number of economic societies and other private entities took place from year to year. Currently in the country only 800,000 economic organizations. In Hungary, economic societies, cooperatives, private entrepreneurs, as well as the Hungarian subsidiaries of entrepreneurs of foreign location, enjoy the right to conduct entrepreneurship. Among the current economic organizations of 96.5% are micro-uniforms with a number of less than 10 people, the share of small entities is 2.7%, medium-sized businesses of 0.6%, while large enterprises are only 0.2%.
Currently there are several types of commercial organizations: a complete partnership (PT), a commercial partnership (CT), a limited liability company (LLC) and joint-stock company (AO). After signing the constituent document, watched by the departmental permissions necessary to start the work, commercial organization begins its existence from the date of registration in the judicial authority (which carries out registration and supervision of the activities of commercial and non-Profit Organizations) At the location of the company. In parallel with this, the organization should register in tax authority and in the organ social insurance.
Of all the forms of commercial and non-commercial organizations in 2001, CT (47%) are most popular, LLC is followed by LLC (40.4%), while JSC represents only 1.1%. Of the total number of registered organizations, 96.6% are microenterprises (with the number of workers less than 10 people), the share of small enterprises (from 10 to 50) is 3.4%, medium (from 50 to 200) 0.9%. Large enterprises (more than 200) constitute only 0.1%.
From February 1, 1999 in Hungary individual entrepreneurs may not only be domestic individualsBut also citizens of EU member countries. The local administration on the basis of relevant documentation and the necessary departmental permits issues the applicant a certificate of individual entrepreneurship. Provides it to the current account number of social insurance, tax and statistical codes.
Credit and Monetary System of Hungary
In Hungary since 1987, a two-level banking system began to operate: the Hungarian National Bank (VNB) exercises emission and credit Policy, general monitoring of the financial market, and authorized financial institutions credited directly economic entities.
In 1991-1994 The government program of banking consolidation was implemented, aimed at improving the crisis state of most banks and an increase in their assets, the improvement of the loan portfolio. Since 1995, sales of stakes of consolidated banks with solid Western financial institutions began. By 1998, the privatization of Hungarian banks was almost over. The level of presence of foreign capital in the banking system is 63%.
The Hungarian system of credit institutions by 2000 consisted of 43 banks (90.3% of all financial and credit operations), 226 savings cooperatives (5.6%), 9 specialized financial institutions (3.6%) and 4 housing and savings boxes (0.5%).
The degree of concentration of banks in Hungary is high enough: the first six banks in the aggregate has almost 60% of the banking system assets.
System state finance Structural consists of four subsystems: the central government (central level), local governments (local level), isolated state Funds, social insurance bodies.
In 1998-2001 The overall level of the budget deficit of the central government consistently decreased from 4.8 to 3.3% of GDP. In 2002, a sharp splash was followed - up to 9.6% of GDP caused by a government change and large-scale increase social payments.
Profitable part state budget At the same time amounted to 17.8 billion dollars, of which about 80% - tax receipts (taxes, excise taxes, duties). Measures to improve the efficiency of the private sector led to a reduction in the degree of centralization of budget revenues: the proportion of state budget revenues in GDP in 1994-2002. decreased from 52.5 to 27%.
Basic place B. tax receipts Budget occupies total tax from turnover (analog russian VAT), whose share is 39%, income tax (24% of revenues), consumer tax and excise tax (19%), tax on entrepreneurial profit (referred to as corporate tax) - 10%.
In Hungary, the treasury system of budget execution is applied, i.e. All the funds necessary for state institutions come and spent with the so-called. Unified Treasury Account. The technical work on the implementation of funding for the central budget leads the Hungarian State Treasury.
In addition, the divisions of Hungarian financial system Also are State supervision per financial organizations (Activities are related to the monitoring of legislation by the participants of the stock and foreign exchange markets), a set of banking and financial institutions, organizations providing non-state management services financial markets (stock and commodity exchanges, central settlement center, brokerage and dealer firms, etc.), insurance companies and pension funds.
All functions related to the management of public debt (including currency and formation components) performs a specially created public debt management center (CHD). The task of a gradual transition to the practice of attracting foreign loans to finance obligations to external debt to the issue of state bonds nominated in national currency is forints.
The gross domestic product increase in 2005 amounted to (by malicious data) 4.1% against 4.6% in 2004.
Hungarian transport
Hungary has a well-developed network of transport communications. The length of the general use of more than 30 thousand km, 90% of them have a hard coating. Railways - 7.9 thousand km. The length of the inland waterways is 1.6 thousand km. The main river port is Budapest. Water transport is especially important for the carriage of heavy loads, such as iron ore and coal. Excluding the coldest part of the winter, Danube is shipping all over in Hungary, and Tisa to Solnoka.
Internal airlocks are not implemented, there is a network of small airfields for receiving small aviation. Ferieceed International Airport is located near Budapest.
The transit role of the country is also important. Through the territory of Hungary, the Friendship-I pipelines (from Ukraine), Friendship-II (from Slovakia) and Adria (from Croatia), Gas pipelines "Brotherhood" (from Ukraine) and Baumgartner-Gyor (from Austria ); The total length of pipelines is 7.2 thousand km. The construction of high-speed motorways is actively underway in the framework of the country of the so-called. Helsinki transport corridors: In 2002, 60% of the Hungarian sections of "corridors" have already complied with the established European requirements.
Total freight turnover 26.9 billion TCM (2002). Structure by type of transport: automotive - 51%, rail - 30%, pipeline - 15%, water - 3%. Structure in the direction of transportation: international - 60%, internal - 40%. Water and air transport in domestic freight transportation are practically not used. Passenger traffic on long-distance transportation of 785 million people, at intracity - 2.8 billion people. (2002).
Agriculture of Hungary
The main agrarian districts of the country are on the plains of the central and eastern parts of Hungary. The soil of Hungary is generally fertile and favorable for the development of agriculture, but in their composition and fertility differ greatly. The dominant type is chestnut and podzolic soils that cover 2/5 of the country. About 25% of Hungary Square is occupied by chernozem. These soils are distributed in a significant part of Alfeld. Hungarian black sooths feature a powerful humus horizon, a weak alkaline reaction, high fertility.
In 1990, the process of restructuring and privatization of agriculture began. The landowners were returned to their property, many cooperatives were dissolved, and their lands were privatized. Gradually, the transition to a mixed system consisting of private and family farms, land associations and reorganized cooperatives based on equity property and market-oriented production. Already in 1995, only about 30.6% of suitable lands were cultivated by cooperatives, 17.6% were in state ownership, the rest of the land belonged to individuals and enterprises.
Despite the strong drought in the early 1990s and the difficulties associated with the transition to a market economy, agricultural products continued to remain an important export item.
The agricultural policy of the government is aimed at strengthening the role of agriculture in the economy, especially in the traditional sectors for Hungary: the production of corn, wheat, meat, vegetables, fruits, wine.
In the structure of agricultural production, the proportion of crop and animal husbandry is about equal.
Crops are represented mainly by grain farms, as well as vegetable growing and gardening (including viticulture). Grapes in Hungary grows almost everywhere, the wines of 14 wine-growing regions, located in their majority at the foot of the Middle Age. Hungary is famous for its excellent quality of its whites ("Tokai", "Bad-Song") and the Red ("Egribiquer") of the Wine. It is enough to note, for example, the famous Tokay wines "ASU" and "norportini", which were still taken out as follows: "Tokay wine - king of wines and wine kings."
Under grain and grain, 62.6% of the sowing space occurred, under technical - 13%, under vegetables - 2.9%, under the feed - 19.1%. Among them: Wheat, corn, technical crops (sugar beets, sunflower), hemp. A developed in Hungary and fruit growing, climate is favorable for the cultivation of apples, apricot, peaches, plums, pears, cherries, etc. In the northeast, the famous apple variety "Jonathan" is grown. Large arrays of apple ordeal gardens spread out in Mezhda Danube and Tisi, as well as in the southwest. The Hungarian apricots grown throughout the country are well known in Europe, especially in the Danube and Tisces. The main areas of cultivation of peaches are the Prijalaton Mediterranean, the surroundings of Budapest.
Livestock provides more than 60% of the internal incomes of agriculture. The most developed pig breeding, breeding of cattle of meat and dairy directions, poultry farming. Hungary is a major exporter of chickens, geese, ducks, indeek. The needs of the domestic market also satisfy the sheepship and breeding of fish in artificial reservoirs. Hungary is one of the main manufacturers of honey in Europe.
Fish ponds supplied by fry from incubators occupy more than 25,300 hectares, i.e. 0.3% of the country. Fish for commercial purposes is also caught in the Danube and on Lake Balaton. In 1992, the total fish catch, primarily Karpov, was 20,000 tons.
Hungary gradually restored its forests, which in 1998 covered the area of \u200b\u200bmore than 1.6 million hectares, i.e. 17% of the country. Every year, the country imports a large number of timber.
Despite the sustainable positive trends in the development of agriculture, the volume of production here in 2001 amounted to only 72% of the 1990 level. In addition, the integration with the EU significantly strengthened competition in the sale of agricultural products in the domestic, Western European and other markets.
Industry of Hungary
Country of hotness natural resourcesBut it has favorable agro-climatic and recreational conditions, it is advantageous geographically.
The only minerals discovered in significant quantities are bauxites mined near Lake Balaton in 1983 Hungary was the seventh manufacturer of bauxite - it was produced by 2.9 million tons. However, by the end of the 1990s, many mines were closed, and Bokuxite production decreased to about 1 million tons - compared with 1.7 million tons in 1992
The main mineral of Hungary - coal. Completed mainly brown coal and lignites. Mining is carried out in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cities of Tatabania, Roads, Shalgatarean, Diendies, Ozd, Miskolc. Also in the mountains of swords mined stone coal. In the Miskolts region (in the northeast) there are deposits of iron ore. Hungary also has metal reserves such as iron, gallium, molybdenum, copper, zinc, gold, manganese. Hungary miners a small amount of oil and natural gas from the well in the Segeda basin and the hall area in the south-west of the country. In 1998, 3.5 million tons of oil and 4.7 billion cubic meters were produced here. m natural gas. Manganese and iron ore are being developed. In Hungary there is a Uranium Ore, but all information about its extraction is classified.
The industry has the most developed manufacturing industries (90.6% of GDP) the leading industry of the manufacturing industry - mechanical engineering, including:
Automotive construction (Ikarus plant in Budapest and Texfeherwar - the largest bus manufacturer in Europe).
Production of locomotives, ships, cranes.
Electrical and electronic industry (including the production of communications, computing equipment, medical equipment and appliances (Budapest, Temkesfehemar)).
Stankostroita (Budapest, Miskolc, Estergom).
Production of agricultural machinery and equipment for light and food industry.
Electrical products, electronics, engines, diesel locomotives, motorcycles, buses, river ships, industrial equipment, TVs and radio receivers, household appliances and others. There are companies in black and non-ferrous metallurgy.
In the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, develops rubber industry, occupies an important place. different kinds plastics synthetic materials. A relatively high level has reached pharmaceutical production (15% of the cost of industrial products). With long traditions, this industry relies on a powerful research base, with which more efficient means of combating various diseases are constantly being developed.
Significant food industry: large meat and canning enterprises. From the light industry industries are the most developed sewing, leather-shoe, knitted. Hungarian fabrics, ready-made clothing, shoes, furniture, as well as the products of meat processing and canning industry enjoy well-known fame in many countries of the world.
The food industry relies almost completely to the domestic raw material base, the individual light industry industries need significant imports of raw materials and semi-finished products. Hungary imports cotton, wool, flax, crude skin, wood, cellulose.
After the decline of the late 1990s. Stabilizes production in metallurgy and working almost exclusively on Davalic raw materials light industry. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually folded.
The Hungarian industry is quite dependent on the state of the global market: more than half (52%) of all industrial production goes to export. Large enterprises are exported - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employed up to 50 and to 300 people, respectively).
In addition, handicrafts received widespread in Hungary :: embroidery, ceramics, curtains, wooden toys, dolls, wicker baskets, porcelain, goose fluff.
Energy of Hungary
The energy needs of the country are less than 50% are provided by their own resources. Oil and natural gas are imported from Russia transit through Ukraine. There is an Adriatic oil pipeline from the port of Rijeka in Croatia. Natural gas in the country also comes from Romanian Transylvania.
In 1997, from the total volume of Hungary's consumed energy, about 69.3% was obtained from hydrocarbon sources, 12.6% of coal, 10.1% of nuclear energy, 7% of exported electricity, 1.0% of wood.
In 1983, a nuclear power plant was entered into operation, on the Danube, south of Budapest. The 4,968 megawatts of electricity were produced in 1997 in 1997, providing approximately 38% of the energy consumed in the country as a whole.
Foreign Economic Communications of Hungary
The characteristic feature of the economy of Hungary is a high degree of openness and participation in the international division of labor. Foreign trade has a positive dynamics, but chronically passive. So exports in 2002 - $ 34.3 billion, imports - $ 37.6 billion.
In the commodity structure of exports in 1998-2002. Products with a high value added: Machinery and equipment groups (57-59%; mainly means of communication, equipment for processing sound, automated data processing systems, household and industrial electrical appliances) and "Processed products" (29-31% ). The products of the agrarian sector occupied 7-8% of exports.
The main contingent of imports also amounted to "Machines and equipment" (50-52%) and "Processed products" (35-38%). The share of energy in imports is 6-8%, and the Russian energy carriers account for 70% of all energy supply to Hungary.
More than 90% of Hungarian exports were sent to European states in 2002 from there 75% of imports were reported. The largest trading partners are Germany, Austria, Italy, and the EU share reaches 72%. Russia ranks 8th among trading partners.
With America, it is preferred to conduct business here, with all the attractiveness of trade and economic cooperation with it, as they see in the overseas economy, the main factor in uncertainty and instability for the entire world economy. Hungary's connections are developing dynamically with neighboring countries, while high rates are projected by Hungarian experts mainly in relations with Poland and Slovenia.
Favorable entrepreneurial climate in the country, quite high position in the ranking international agencies Attract foreign capital. By the end of 2002, 24.5 billion dollars were accumulated. Foreign investment (3rd place in Eastern Europe after Poland and the Czech Republic). For comparison: in the 2nd half of the 1990s. The influx of foreign capital investments was only about $ 2.0 billion annually. 70% of investments are associated with the acquisition of privatized enterprises, 30% - the construction of turnkey enterprises.
Foreign trade relations are carried out not only at the state-formal level, but also at the level of business circles. In this regard, an example of business Russian-Hungarian cooperation is indicative. In 2004, according to the Ministry of Economy of the Hungarian Republic, Russian-Hungarian turnover trading House It should come close to $ 10 million. Fifteen years ago, one of the leading countries of CEV - Hungary strengthened the economy of the eastern unit with electronics, optics, medical equipment, pharmaceutical preparations and buses "Ikarus" - 11 thousand per year.
Not one decade, the political and economic ties of Hungary and the USSR strengthened the "Friendship" gas pipeline and the Mir Energy System. Meanwhile, the country with the highest standard of living in Eastern Europe and developed industrial infrastructure has significant potential not only for the development of joint business with Russia, but also to integrate the interests of neighboring states seeking trading with us.
The decision of these tasks took over Moscow businessmen, establishing the Russian-Hungarian trading house "G.K.-3000" Vladimir Cherepanov in Budapest (in the past, the head of the major Moscow engineering plant), founder and cEO CJSC PSCOVESPROM and "SIDEVYLESPROM", engaged in deep processing of wood on export standards. Annual production is about 25 thousand cubic meters of sawn timber.
In Hungary from the Pskov region exported boards, handling, garden houses. The Russian-Hungarian trading house (85% of the Russian and 15% of the Hungarian capital) began activities with the organization of permanent exhibitions of industrial and agricultural products: Russian - in Budapest and Hungarian - in Pskov.
When choosing the exhibition platform, Pskov preferred among several cities as a cross-border cooperation zone, the center of crossing transit highways.
Exhibitions are designed to promote products from regions and republics of the North-West Federal District. Already expressed the desire to be exhibitors in Budapest Pskov plants of mechanical drives, ADS, Pskovcabel, Sewing factory "Slavyanka". Hungarian entrepreneurs want to see in Budapest products of Novgorod, Vologda, Petrozavodskiy, Kaliningrad enterprises. A similar interest was expressed by businessmen Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Austria - countries bordering Hungary.
Hungarian textiles and shoes, pharmacists and instrumentation, winemakers and manufacturers of canned vegetables are sent to the permanent exhibition in Pskov.
Attraction to the Budapest exposition of the Union of Entrepreneurs and the Union of Artisans of Hungary will give a chance to the North-West industrialists to check the competitiveness of their goods before Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization, and to someone to enter the Eastern European market, without waiting for the tightening of WTO export conditions.
Socio-economic reforms of Hungary
Economic policy leadership in the country in last years aims to deepen market transformations, fixing the trends of economic growth, expanding the geography of foreign economic relations and integration into European economic structures. It is based on the legislative protection of all types of ownership, and private, including privatization and widely attracting foreign investment. The share of the private sector in the country's economy exceeded 75%, and in terms of foreign investment, Hungary is a leader among the countries of Central, Southeast and Eastern Europe. The most significant investors are US, Germany, Austria.
In 2000-2001 The government failed to implement plans to reduce inflation. By the end of 2001, this figure was about 8%, and the separation of society, a rather low increase in real incomes of the population (according to the results of 2001, only 1.9% are fraught with growth of social tensions.
Nevertheless, in recent years, Hungary has been able to provide relatively high rates of economic growth. If in the early 1990s. - in the period of changing the public economic System - GDP has been steadily reduced, then since 1995, its stable growth is noted.
Hungary is characterized by a comparative smoothness of social contrasts, although the property bundle increases.
System of social benefits is rebuilt on the principle of need. The main objectives of reform are the reduction of the burden of the state budget and a decrease in the volume of the shadow economy. However, the started transition to insurance financing Health care is accompanied by a reduction in hospitals and medical staff, revising the compensation system for drugs and the expansion of the nomenclature of paid services.
As for the pension system, its goal is to transition to a mixed pension system involving the introduction of insurance principles for all elements of pension provision and improving the personal responsibility of the future pensioner for the accumulation of pension contributions.
Thus, the pension system of Hungary combines the principles of distribution and accumulative systems and includes three elements: basic pensions paid within the framework of social insurance, based on the principle: one year of labor experience is 1% paid pension; Mandatory pension insuranceinvolving the deduction of 8% of earnings; Voluntary pension insurance in about 250 non-state pension funds.
Hungarian tourism
One of the most dynamically growing industries of the Hungarian economy is a tourism sphere. Tourist infrastructure (hotels, catering points, beach, wellness, entertainment complexes, pools, hunting houses, fishing grounds, etc.) is focused on visitors with different sufficiency. In recent years, the state has allocated 29.3 billion at the development of resort tourism. (120 million euros). In addition, the state announced tenders for the construction of thermal waterpores and wellness centers. In addition to the development permit, private firms received subsidies and adding their subsidies own funds In the amount of 39.7 billion odds, invested only 89 billionfor. In the construction of 11 new hotels and modernization of 13 hotels.
Hungary annually takes from 10 to 30 million foreign tourists. Currency revenue From tourism is about $ 3.4 billion in a year. The increase in the number of foreign tourists who visited Hungary is primarily due to the emergence of cheap "discount" Western airlines in the Hungarian market, as well as an increase in the level of services, the development of natural, architectural and medical and health facilities. In the first place in numbers foreign citizensAttending Hungary, stands Romania, then follow Slovakia, Austria, Serbia and Montenegro, Germany and Ukraine. In addition, the influx of tourists from Asia countries increased (by 22.6%) and America
A small country in Eastern Europe is widely known for its tough policies in relation to migrants from the countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The economy of Hungary largely depends on the work of transnational corporations. More than 50% GDP Countries It is produced in enterprises with foreign capital, which is significantly higher than the generally recognized optimal level of 30%.
general information
Hungary is a continental state in Eastern Europe, with a population of about 10 million people (89th place in the world) and 93 sq. Km (109th place). It does not have access to the sea. Most of the population (54.5%) confesses Catholicism, the second largest community of Protestants-Calvinists -15.9%. By ethnic composition Practically monofamic, Hungarians are 92.3%, the Hungarian language to be 95% of the population.
In form state Device is a unitary parliamentary republic. The legislature is the National Assembly, which is elected by citizens of the country for 4 years. Parliament elects the president who performs predominantly executive functions. Executive functions, including the management of the economy of Hungary, are carried out by Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers.
"Gulyash-Communism"
The country adopted Christianity in the 1000 year of our era and for a long time confronted by the Turkish expansion of the Ottoman Empire to Europe. For several centuries, a small Christian kingdom had resistant to a huge Muslim empire. After that, the country became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which broke out according to the results of the First World War. After the Second World War, he fell into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union. In 1956, only Military intervention of Moscow stopped care from a socialist camp.
Liberalization of the economic system began in 1968. When enterprises and people gave freedom to do business. To the question of which economy in Hungary, then "Gulyash-Communism" was answered, so called socialism, which began to build under Yanosh Cadar. In 1990, the country for the first time in post-war history conducted multiparty elections and finally started the transition to a free market economy. In 1999, the country entered the North Atlantic bloc, and in five years she was admitted to the European Union.
Economy Review
Hungary has almost completed the transition from a centralized planned economy to a free market economy. However, in recent decades, the government has become more actively interfere with the management of the economy. Budapest used unorthodox economic policies to increase the level of consumption of household products. The funds invested in projects to stimulate the growth of the Hungarian economy were also quite effective.
The country's per capita income has reached about two thirds of the average in the European Union. Minimum size The wage established by the state in 2018 is 137 thousand forints.
The economy of the country largely depends on the export that has reached about $ 101 billion. The largest trading partner is Germany, then the United States and Romania are coming. The main export positions are industrial equipment and goods, food, raw materials.
Some indicators
Refers to the type of post-industrial states with the predominant services sector (64.8%), the export-oriented industry takes 31.3%, and highly developed agriculture - 3.9%. Hungary is a country with a transition economy in which market reforms are almost completed. The country has a well-developed infrastructure, a relatively high level of education and qualifications of employees. The population has good social mobility and susceptibility to innovation.
In accordance with statistics, the economy of Hungary with GDP in the amount of $ 120.12 billion in 2017 is located on the 56th place in the world. GDP per capita PPP is $ 28254.76 (49th place). Despite the fact that the country is part of the European Union, the National currency is the Hungarian Forint.
Key industry industry
The main sectors of the economy of Hungary are the high-tech industry, agriculture and services, especially tourism.
The highly developed industry (mechanical engineering, the production of communications, measuring instruments, machines) gives the main part of export products. Created with the assistance of the Soviet Union, material and energy-intensive production is gradually decreasing. So, "Ikarus", once the largest production of buses in Europe, has decreased to a small bus market. Thanks to a good investment climate, a lot of modern plants of global corporations are built in the country, including Audi Automobile Plants, Suzuki and General Motors, Electrotechnical - Samsung, Philips and General Electric.
From socialist times, the pharmaceutical and chemical industry works well. The country has developed metallurgical production, especially aluminum, which works on local raw materials. In the energy sector, the country tends to reduce its dependence on imports of petroleum products, therefore develops the nuclear industry and renewable energy sources.
Other industries
Thanks to good climatic conditionsThe country is famous for its agricultural products. Since 1990, privatization and restructuring of the industry began. The ownership of land was returned, many cooperatives were dissolved, and their lands were privatized. Now in agriculture, both private and family farms are working and cooperative farms and land associations. Most of the arable land is in private property.
Wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower, various vegetables, including onions, cucumbers, pepper, are grown. Developed wine manufacturing is known for its dining facilities, especially popular in Europe Hungarian Tokay wine (from the slopes of the Tokai Mountain).
Many countries of the world comes products for enterprises for processing agricultural products: compotes, juices, vegetable and canned meat. The Hungarian "Globus" from Soviet times is one of the few brands preserved in the country since the "Gulash-Communism". The company takes more than a third of the local market for canned vegetable products. True, on russian market The presence of products is slightly.
International tourism is one of the leading industries of the Hungary economy, it generates to 10% of GDP. A stable economic and political situation made a branch very attractive to foreign investment.
Natural resources
The most important natural resources of the country are fertile arable land and water resources. More than half of the Hungarian lands are arable. Which together with a mild climate and extensive reservoirs create excellent conditions for agriculture.
The country is experiencing a shortage of energy, whose deposits are relatively few. High-quality stone coal is mined in the commot region, brown coal near the lads in the northern mountains and in the Transdanubia region. Previously produced local coal satisfied fully requests from the country in energy. In connection with the development of industry, currently it provides no more than third part of the economy of Hungary.
The most significant mineral resource Countries are bauxites, one of the best European deposits is located on its territory. Raw materials are recycled by the Hungarian Metallurgical Industry. Manganese ores are mined in the mountains of the Bakon. In addition, copper, lead, zinc and uranium ore are mining. Mined in relatively minor quantities of molybdenum, dolomite, kaolin.
Strengths
The main advantage of Hungary is good investment climatewho contributed to a wide influx of foreign direct investment. A fairly effective tax system has been built in the country, bureaucratic procedures are significantly reduced.
The economy of Hungary, fixing by the end of the 90s, demonstrates a stable growth based on stimulating foreign trade. Has well developed industrial production, especially in new modern companies and branches of transnational corporations. National currency Fully converted since 2001. Inflation is at an acceptable level and is consistently reduced.
Weak sides
The weaknesses of the transition economy of Hungary include insufficient energy production. Strong differentiation of regions in terms of development, when the eastern, mostly agricultural, territories do not receive sufficient investments.
In addition, there is a significant difference in the technical equipment of enterprises with foreign participation And purely Hungarian. The country has a significant difference in the level of income of the population. The country is located in the "black list" OECD due to poor control of money laundering. If we talk about the weaknesses of the economy of Hungary briefly, then this is, above all, the legacy of socialism.
Transition to a market economy
After the destruction of the socialist camp at the end of the 20th century, the Hungarian economy has experienced a significant drop due to the decline in exports and termination of financial assistance from the former Soviet Union. The country has begun fundamental economic reforms, which included the privatization of most state-owned enterprises, reducing social costs and reorienting trade with Western countries.
The measures taken stimulated growth, attracting foreign investment and the decline in national debt obligations. The transition from centralized to the market economy was strongly affected at the standard of living of the population. The living conditions in the early years have deteriorated significantly against the background of strong inflation. The gradual improvement occurred when reforms achieved success, and the growth of exports increased significantly. The economic policy of the first decades allowed the country to join in 2004 to the European Union.
Due to the crisis in the global economy, Hungary in 2008 - 2009 suffered significant losses due to a decrease in demand in the global market and compressing internal consumption. The country had to resort to the financial assistance of the IMF and the EU.
New Economic Policy
Starting in 2010, the government retreated from many market economic reforms and adopted a more populist approach to the management of the economy of Hungary. The new Prime Minister Victor Orban made a greater participation of the state in key industries, through state procurements, Changes in legislation and regulation.
In 2011, private pension funds were nationalized, which contributed to a decrease in public debt and budget deficit to an acceptable level (below 3% of GDP). Insofar as pension contributions began to gather state pension Fund. but state debt It remained high enough compared to other countries of Eastern Europe.
Nationalization and deprivatization
In 2014, the state bought the Bank "Budapest" from the American financial and industrial group GE, thus the government provided the share of Hungarian capital in banking sector in the amount of more than 50%. Orban considers it necessary to bring this figure to 60% in order to sell banks to local entrepreneurs. What should ensure the independence of the monetary system.
The government has taken other steps to deprivatize and nationalize in key industries, including the purchase of a package of shares of the largest Hungarian oil and gas company MOL, redemption E.ON Földgáz Storage and E.on Földgáz Trade wholesale sale Natural gas and many others. Probably, if we talk about modern economy Hungary briefly, it is now "goulash-capitalism."
Economy is currently
Real GDP growth in recent years has been sustainable due to an increase in EU funding, higher demand for Hungarian goods in the European market and restoring the internal consumption of households. In 2018, the growth of the country's economy by 4.3% is predicted, last year it accounted for 3.8%. The increase was due to the preliminary investment of projects financed by the EU.
The government has begun to implement a six-year-old plan for a phased increase in the minimum wage and salary level in the public sector. It is planned to reduce taxes on food products and services. Income tax Also will be reduced to 15% from the current 16%.
Territory - 9.3 thousand km
Population - 10.6 million people
Capital - Budapest
Geographical location, natural resources
Hungary - State in Eastern Europe, located in the middlenay lowland. Hungary - Presidential Republic.
Hungary borders with Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, the countries of the former Yugoslavia, Austria. In the West to the country's borders, the Alps approach, and from the north and east - the Carpathians.
The relief is a weak-pointed, flat, is determined by the extensive plains of the average flow of the Danube and its large tributaries. Mountains make up less than 1% of the territory. The eastern part of the country is generally lower than West.
Hungary does not have the wealth of minerals. The main deposits are located mainly in hilly and mountainous areas. Coal, oil, gas is mined in the country, but their importance, as well as most ore deposits, is slightly.
Hungary stands out in the reserves of manganese ore, bauxite and raw materials for the production of building materials. The country provides himself on 2/3 mineral raw materials and 1/2 - energy.
The climate of the country is moderately continental, with a sufficient amount of precipitation (250 - 1000 mm). This, along with good security with water resources, creates an excellent basis for agriculture.
Forests occupy about 18% of the area, mostly these mountain areas.
Population of Hungia
For the post-war period, the population of Hungary has grown by more than 16% of the early 90s. Xx in. amounted to about 10.6 million people. The average population density is 115 people per 1 km 2.
A significant part of Hungarians lives outside the state, which is associated with the historical features of the formation of its borders. In ethnically, the country is quite homogeneous. National minorities (Gypsies, Germans, Slovaks, etc.) make up less than 5%.
The level of urbanization now reached 60%, although Hungary before the Second World War was mainly an agrarian country.
Economy of Hungary
Made for the post-war period of jerks in economic and social development led to the formation of a new industrial-agricultural appearance of the country. GNP per capita in the early 90s. amounted to 2.6 thousand dollars.
Hungary occupies one of the leading places in the world for the production of per capita of electrical measuring instruments, buses, plant protection products, drugs, shoes, aluminum products. Even more impressively the successes of agriculture look (this applies to the average per capita production of the main agricultural products: grains and meat, wheat, corn, etc.).
These achievements have become possible due to the structural restructuring of the economy (reduction in the specific gravity of agriculture), the intensification of production. As a result, in the early 1990s, the share of agriculture in GNP Hungary decreased to 16%, and the share of industry increased to 35%; The share of services accounts for about 16%.
The development of the Hungary Industry was based in 1950 - 70s. To a greater degree in deepening cooperation with the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe. The main place among the industries of the Hungarian industry belongs to mechanical engineering, it accounts for about 25% GNP, the light and food industry give together about 30% GNP. Less importance is metallurgy. Hungarian pharmaceuticals has great traditions and is known all over the world.
Agriculture of Hungary before the war differed low level Performance, but as a result of industrialization of agriculture in the 60s - 90s. The growth rates of the agrarian sector were among the highest in the world. The volume of agricultural products from 1960 to 1990. Doubleded, the country has become a major exporter of agricultural raw materials and food products. The main cultures in Hungary are wheat, corn, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables and fruits, grapes. According to the yield of grain Hungary, all countries of Eastern Europe were ahead.
Foreign economic relations
Among the essential features of the Hungarian economy, it should be noted a high degree of its participation in the IHR. About 35% of products manufactured are exported, in a number of industries, this share is 50% (in the aluminum industry, pharmaceutical, instrument making, a number of agricultural and food industries).
During 1970-2018. Industry of Hungary B. current prices Rose by $ 30.9 billion (at 15.5 times) to 33.0 billion dollars; The change occurred in -0.14 billion dollars due to the fall in the population number of 0.68 million, as well as by 31.0 billion dollars due to the growth of the industry per capita by 3,200.7 dollars. The average annual increase in industry of Hungary amounted to $ 0.64 billion or 5.9%. The average annual increase in the industry of Hungary in permanent prices was at the level of 2.3%. The share in the world decreased by 0.031%. The share in Europe rose by 0.36%. The minimum of industry was in 1970 (2.1 billion dollars). The maximum industry was in 2008 (34.0 billion dollars).
During 1970-2018 The industry per capita in Hungary increased by $ 3,200.7 (at 16.6 times) to $ 3,405.5 dollars. The average annual increase in industry in the current prices is 66.7 dollars or 6.0%.
The change in industry of Hungary is described by a linear correlation-regression model: Y \u003d 0.66x-1 295.5, where Y - calculation Industry of Hungary, X - year. Correlation coefficient \u003d 0.918. Determination coefficient \u003d 0.843.
Industry of Hungary, 1970-2008 (height)
For 1970-2008 Industry of Hungary in current prices increased by $ 31.9 billion (at 16.0 times) to 34.0 billion dollars; The change occurred on -0.078 billion dollars due to the fall in the population of 0.38 million, as well as 32.0 billion dollars due to the growth of the industry per capita by $ 3,200.9. The average annual increase in industry of Hungary was at the level of 0.84 billion dollars or 7.6%. The average annual increase in the industry of Hungary in permanent prices was 2.7%. The share in the world grew by 0.024%. The share in Europe rose by 0.33%.
For 1970-2008 The industry in Hungary has increased by 3,200.9 dollars (16.6 times) to $ 3,405.7. The average annual increase in industry in the current prices amounted to 84.2 dollars or 7.7%.
Industry of Hungary, 2008-2018 (Fall)
For the period 2008-2018 Industry of Hungary at current prices decreased by $ 1.0 billion (by 3%) to 33.0 billion dollars; The change occurred on -1.0 billion dollars due to the fall in the population number of 0.30 million, as well as to -0.0019 billion dollars due to the fall of the industry per capita by $ 0.19. The average annual increase in industry of Hungary amounted to -0.10 billion or -0.31%. The average annual increase in the industry of Hungary in permanent prices amounted to 0.71%. The share in the world decreased by 0.054%. The share in Europe increased by 0.027%.
During 2008-2018 The industry per capita in Hungary rose by $ 0.19 (at 0.0056%) to $ 3,405.5 dollars. The average annual increase in industry per capita in current prices is -0.019 dollars or -0.0006%.
Industry of Hungary, 1970
Industry of Hungary In 1970, amounted to 2.1 billion dollars, occupied the 40th place in the world and was at the level of the Philippines industry ($ 2.2 billion), Colombia industry (2.2 billion dollars), Industry of North Korea (2.0 billion dollars). The share of industries of Hungary in the world was 0.21%.
In 1970, amounted to $ 204.7, held the 60th place in the world and was at the level of the industry per capita in Jamaica ($ 217.8), the industry per capita in Guyana (216.2 dollars), a per capita industry in Oman (211.1 dollars), industry per capita in Aruba (207.4 dollars), industry per capita in Gong Kong (202.2 dollars), per capita industry in Angola (194.8 dollars). The per capita industry in Hungary was less than the per capita industry in the world (274.1 dollars) by 69.4 dollars.
Comparison of industry of Hungary and neighbors in 1970. The industrial industry of Hungary was less than the Romanian industry (6.0 billion dollars) by 64.3%, the industry of Austria (5.0 billion dollars) by 57.6%. The per capita industry in Hungary was less than the per capita industry in Austria (666.6 dollars) by 69.3%, the industry per capita in Romania ($ 289.7) by 29.3%.
Comparison of industry of Hungary and leaders in 1970. Industry of Hungary was less than the US industry ($ 288.7 billion) by 99.3%, the USSR industry ($ 164.8 billion) by 98.7%, the Industry of Japan (80.8 billion) by 97.4%, the German industry (77.4 billion $ 97.3%, UK industry (41.4 billion dollars) by 94.9%. The per capita industry in Hungary was less than industry per capita in the United States (1,377.4 dollars) by 85.1%, per capita industry in Germany (985.6 dollars) by 79.2%, per capita industry in Japan (770.2 dollars) on 73.4%, per capita industry in the UK (744.2 dollars) by 72.5%, the per capita industry in the USSR (679.8 dollars) by 69.9%.
Potential industry of Hungary in 1970. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in the United States (1,377.4 dollars), Hungary industry would be $ 14.3 billion, which is 6.7 times the actual level. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level, as an industry per capita in Austria (666.6 dollars), a better neighbor, the industry of Hungary would be $ 6.9 billion, which is 3.3 times the actual level. With the industry index per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in Europe (632.1 dollars), Hungary industry would be $ 6.6 billion, which is 3.1 times more actual levels. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in Eastern Europe (587.1 dollars), Hungary industry would be 6.1 billion dollars, which is 2.9 times more actual levels. With a per capita industry at the same level as a per capita industry in the world (274.1 dollars), Hungary industry would be $ 2.8 billion, which is 33.9% more than the actual level.
Industry of Hungary, 2008
Industry of Hungary In 2008, it was 34.0 billion dollars, occupied the 57nd place in the world. The share of industries of Hungary in the world was 0.23%.
Industry per capita in Hungary In 2008, it was equal to $ 3,405.7, held the 49th place in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Malaysia (3,606.3 dollars), the industry per capita in Portugal (3,573.1 dollars), a per capita industry in Greece (3 486.0 dollars), a per capita industry in East Timor (3,454.6 dollars), a per capita industry in Azerbaijan ($ 3,252.7), a per capita industry in Estonia ($ 3,08.6). The per capita industry in Hungary was more than industry per capita in the world (2,150.3 dollars) by 1,255.4 dollars.
Comparison of industry of Hungary and neighbors in 2008. The industrial industry of Hungary was more than the industry of Slovakia (24.0 billion dollars) at 41.6%, the Industry of Croatia ($ 11.5 billion) at 3.0 times, industry Serbia ($ 9.2 billion) at 3.7 times, but was less than Industry Austria (89.4 billion dollars) at 61.9%, Romania industry ($ 54.5 billion) by 37.5%, industry of Ukraine ($ 46.5 billion) by 26.9%. The per capita industry in Hungary was larger than industry per capita in Croatia ($ 2,648.9) by 28.6%, the industry per capita in Romania ($ 2,616.5) by 30.2%, per capita industry in Serbia (1,256.3 dollars ) 2.7 times, the industry per capita in Ukraine (1,007.7 dollars) 3.4 times, but was less than industry per capita in Austria (10,721.1 dollars) by 68.2%, the industry per capita in Slovakia (4,449.7 dollars ) by 23.5%.
Comparison of industry of Hungary and leaders in 2008. The industry of Hungary was less than the US industry ($ 2,471.6 billion) by 98.6%, China industry ($ 1,895.7 billion) by 98.2%, the Industry of Japan ($ 1,205.7 billion) by 97.2%, German industry ($ 867.4 billion) by 96.1%, Italy industry (434.9 billion dollars) by 92.2%. The per capita industry in Hungary was larger than the industry per capita in China ($ 1,409.9) 2.4 times, but was less than industry per capita in Germany (10,691.3 dollars) by 68.1%, the industry per capita in Japan (9,379.1 dollars) by 63.7%, per capita industry in the United States (8,147.0 dollars) by 58.2%, the per capita industry in Italy (7,308.2 dollars) by 53.4%.
The potential of the industry of Hungary in 2008. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level, as the industry per capita in Austria (10,721.1 dollars), the best neighbor, the industry of Hungary would be 107.1 billion dollars, which is 3.1 times more actual level. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in Germany (10,691.3 dollars), Hungarian industry would be $ 106.8 billion, which is 3.1 times more actual level. With the industry index per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in Europe (5,713.2 dollars), Hungary industry would be 57.1 billion dollars, which is 67.8% more actual levels.
Industry, Hungary, 2018
Industry of Hungary In 2018, it was equal to $ 33.0 billion, ranked 56 in the world. The share of industries of Hungary in the world was 0.18%.
Industry per capita in Hungary In 2018, it was $ 3,405.5, ranked 49th in the world and was at the level of industry per capita in Portugal ($ 3,639.7), the industry per capita in Lithuania ($ 3,579.7), a per capita industry in Turkmenistan (3,413.9 Dollars), the industry per capita in Poland (3,64.4 dollars), the industry per capita in Gabon (3,348.4 dollars), a per capita industry in China ($ 3,59.7). The per capita industry in Hungary was more than industry per capita in the world (2,420.7 dollars) by $ 984.7.
Comparison of industry of Hungary and neighbors in 2018. The industrial industry of Hungary was more than industry of Ukraine ($ 27.4 billion) by 20.3%, industry of Slovakia (24.4 billion dollars) by 35.2%, industry Serbia ($ 10.6 billion) at 3.1 times, Industry Croatia (9.9 billion $ 3.3 times, but was less than the industry of Austria (90.1 billion dollars) by 63.4%, Romania industry ($ 56.4 billion) by 41.5%. The per capita industry in Hungary was larger than the per capita industry in Romania ($ 2,881.8) by 18.2%, the industry per capita in Croatia ($ 2,200.5) by 43.7%, the industry per capita in Serbia (1,516.9 dollars ) 2.2 times, the industry per capita in Ukraine (623.3 dollars) at 5.5 times, but was less than the per capita industry in Austria (10 291.1 dollars) by 66.9%, the industry per capita in Slovakia (4,477.1 dollars) by 23.9%.
Comparison of industry of Hungary and leaders in 2018. The industry of Hungary was less than China's industry ($ 4,612.5 billion) by 99.3%, US industry ($ 3,050.0 billion) at 98.9%, Industry of Japan (1,133.3 billion) by 97.1%, German industry (904.1 billion dollars) by 96.4%, India industry (542.2 billion dollars) by 93.9%. The industry per capita in Hungary was larger than industry per capita in China ($ 3,59.7) at 4.5%, the industry per capita in India (400.5 dollars) at 8.5 times, but was less than industry per capita in Germany ($ 10,986.5) by 69%, the per capita industry in the United States (9,333.8 dollars) by 63.5%, the industry per capita in Japan (8,910.5 dollars) by 61.8%.
Industry potential of Hungary in 2018. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level as the per capita industry in Germany (10,986.5 dollars), Hungary industry would be $ 106.4 billion, which is 3.2 times the actual level. With an indicator of the industry per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in Austria (10 291.1 dollars), the best neighbor, the Hungarian industry would be $ 99.7 billion, which is 3.0 times the actual level. With the industry index per capita at the same level as the industry per capita in Europe (5,300.5 dollars), Hungary industry would be $ 51.4 billion, which is 55.6% more actual level.
| year | industry, billion dollars | industry per capita, dollars | industry, billion dollars | industry growth,% | industry share in the economy,% | share of Hungary,% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| current prices | permanent prices 1970. | in the world | in Europe | in Eastern Europe | ||||
| 1970 | 2.1 | 204.7 | 2.1 | 36.1 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 1.1 | |
| 1971 | 2.3 | 223.1 | 2.3 | 7.0 | 35.7 | 0.21 | 0.48 | 1.1 |
| 1972 | 2.7 | 262.3 | 2.4 | 6.3 | 36.2 | 0.22 | 0.49 | 1.2 |
| 1973 | 3.5 | 331.5 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 36.4 | 0.22 | 0.50 | 1.3 |
| 1974 | 4.1 | 387.8 | 2.8 | 8.3 | 36.9 | 0.22 | 0.53 | 1.4 |
| 1975 | 4.7 | 449.8 | 3.0 | 7.2 | 37.7 | 0.24 | 0.55 | 1.5 |
| 1976 | 5.3 | 496.8 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 37.4 | 0.25 | 0.60 | 1.7 |
| 1977 | 5.9 | 552.3 | 3.4 | 6.7 | 37.2 | 0.24 | 0.60 | 1.7 |
| 1978 | 6.9 | 642.7 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 37.4 | 0.24 | 0.59 | 1.8 |
| 1979 | 7.9 | 735.8 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 38.1 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 1.9 |
| 1980 | 7.7 | 715.4 | 3.6 | -2.9 | 35.0 | 0.21 | 0.51 | 1.8 |
| 1981 | 8.1 | 749.7 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 35.4 | 0.22 | 0.60 | 1.9 |
| 1982 | 8.2 | 760.6 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 35.3 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 1.8 |
| 1983 | 7.4 | 690.7 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 35.1 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 1.7 |
| 1984 | 7.1 | 667.6 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 34.8 | 0.19 | 0.58 | 1.8 |
| 1985 | 7.3 | 686.4 | 4.0 | -2.8 | 34.6 | 0.19 | 0.58 | 1.9 |
| 1986 | 8.2 | 779.8 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 33.1 | 0.20 | 0.55 | 2.3 |
| 1987 | 8.9 | 852.1 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 33.4 | 0.19 | 0.52 | 2.5 |
| 1988 | 8.9 | 852.0 | 4.2 | -1.2 | 31.5 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 2.7 |
| 1989 | 9.0 | 865.8 | 4.1 | -1.8 | 31.2 | 0.17 | 0.49 | 2.7 |
| 1990 | 9.2 | 883.7 | 3.8 | -6.6 | 28.4 | 0.16 | 0.43 | 2.7 |
| 1991 | 8.6 | 825.9 | 3.2 | -17.4 | 27.6 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 2.6 |
| 1992 | 8.7 | 841.2 | 3.0 | -6.1 | 25.9 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 3.0 |
| 1993 | 8.6 | 830.2 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 24.8 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 3.5 |
| 1994 | 9.0 | 873.4 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 23.9 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 4.0 |
| 1995 | 10.0 | 968.4 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 25.5 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 4.7 |
| 1996 | 10.0 | 970.9 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 25.2 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 4.6 |
| 1997 | 11.2 | 1 083.0 | 3.9 | 10.7 | 27.3 | 0.15 | 0.52 | 5.0 |
| 1998 | 11.6 | 1 129.6 | 4.1 | 6.5 | 27.7 | 0.17 | 0.54 | 6.2 |
| 1999 | 11.4 | 1 109.7 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 27.0 | 0.16 | 0.55 | 7.4 |
| 2000 | 10.7 | 1 046.5 | 4.5 | 3.5 | 26.6 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 6.3 |
| 2001 | 12.0 | 1 179.4 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 25.9 | 0.17 | 0.61 | 6.5 |
| 2002 | 14.7 | 1 442.1 | 4.8 | 5.3 | 25.0 | 0.20 | 0.70 | 7.3 |
| 2003 | 18.4 | 1 817.1 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 25.2 | 0.22 | 0.74 | 7.6 |
| 2004 | 23.1 | 2 281.9 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 26.0 | 0.24 | 0.80 | 6.9 |
| 2005 | 25.0 | 2 483.4 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 25.8 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 5.9 |
| 2006 | 26.0 | 2 585.6 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 25.9 | 0.23 | 0.78 | 5.0 |
| 2007 | 31.4 | 3 131.3 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 26.1 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 4.8 |
| 2008 | 34.0 | 3 405.7 | 5.9 | -4.3 | 25.1 | 0.23 | 0.81 | 4.3 |
| 2009 | 27.4 | 2 749.5 | 5.0 | -14.5 | 24.7 | 0.21 | 0.80 | 4.6 |
| 2010 | 28.6 | 2 876.5 | 5.4 | 7.9 | 25.7 | 0.19 | 0.79 | 4.1 |
| 2011 | 30.7 | 3 096.7 | 5.4 | -0.14 | 25.6 | 0.18 | 0.76 | 3.7 |
| 2012 | 28.0 | 2 834.4 | 5.3 | -1.8 | 26.0 | 0.16 | 0.72 | 3.4 |
| 2013 | 29.3 | 2 975.4 | 5.2 | -2.2 | 25.6 | 0.17 | 0.73 | 3.5 |
| 2014 | 31.2 | 3 175.8 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 26.3 | 0.18 | 0.78 | 3.9 |
| 2015 | 28.5 | 2 914.0 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 27.2 | 0.18 | 0.83 | 4.6 |
| 2016 | 28.8 | 2 955.4 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 26.7 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 4.8 |
| 2017 | 31.1 | 3 196.7 | 6.3 | 3.3 | 26.0 | 0.18 | 0.85 | 4.4 |
| 2018 | 33.0 | 3 405.5 | 6.3 | 0.74 | 24.8 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 4.3 |
Hungary - The new post-socialist country of Central Europe with the economy in which the basic market principles have already been established. Modern level Economic I. social Development Hungary experts consider one of the highest among Central and South-Eastern European countries. The Hungarian economy is largely focused on the European Union. In early 2000, the conjuncture in EU countries contributed to the accelerated economic growth and in Hungary: in the first quarter of GDP increased by 6.6% compared to the same period 1999. Antended by the end of 2000. The slowdown in the economic growth in the European Union played defining The role in reducing growth rates and in Hungary.
Nevertheless, in general, in 2000, Hungary managed to retain one of the leading places among the countries of the region in terms of economic growth (5.3% at an average rate of increase in Central European countries about 4.2%).
The forced inflow of foreign capital led to the root restructuring of the structure of the Hungarian economy. In recent years, an industrial-agrarian structure of the Western European type economy has been formed: industry and construction provide more than 30% of manufactured GDP, agriculture is about 5%, and the service area is 65%.
The current monetary and financial situation of Hungary is quite strong and sustainable. Despite the significant deterioration for the country, the conditions of foreign trade, under admissible limits, it is possible to maintain the shortage of foreign trade and balance of payments of the country.
The degree of liberalization of the foreign trade regime implemented in Hungary is estimated by the WTO Secretariat is mainly positive, although it is noted relatively high average level Customs duties used by Hungary as part of the greatest favored regime.
Industry of Hungary
The country is rich in natural resources, but has favorable agro-climatic and recreational conditions, it is advantageous geographically.
The only minerals discovered in significant quantities are bauxites mined near Lake Balaton in 1983 Hungary was the seventh manufacturer of bauxite - it was produced by 2.9 million tons. However, by the end of the 1990s, many mines were closed, and Bokuxite production decreased to about 1 million tons - compared with 1.7 million tons in 1992
The main mineral of Hungary - coal. Completed mainly brown coal and lignites. Mining is carried out in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cities of Tatabania, Roads, Shalgatarean, Diendies, Ozd, Miskolc. Also in the mountains of swords mined stone coal. In the Miskolts region (in the northeast) there are deposits of iron ore. Hungary also has metal reserves such as iron, gallium, molybdenum, copper, zinc, gold, manganese. Hungary miners a small amount of oil and natural gas from the well in the Segeda basin and the hall area in the south-west of the country. In 1998, 3.5 million tons of oil and 4.7 billion cubic meters were produced here. m natural gas. Manganese and iron ore are being developed. In Hungary there is a Uranium Ore, but all information about its extraction is classified.
The industry has the most developed manufacturing industries (90.6% of GDP) the leading industry of the manufacturing industry - mechanical engineering, including:
- automotive construction (Ikarus plant in Budapest and Texfeherwar - the largest bus manufacturer in Europe).
- Production of locomotives, ships, cranes.
- Electrical and electronic industry (including the production of communications, computing equipment, medical equipment and appliances (Budapest, Temkesfehemar)).
- Stankostroita (Budapest, Miskolc, Estergom).
- Production of agricultural machinery and equipment for light and food industry.
Electrical products, electronics, engines, diesel locomotives, motorcycles, buses, river ships, industrial equipment, televisions and radio receivers, household appliances, etc. There are companies in black and non-ferrous metallurgy.
In the chemical industry, the production of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, organic synthesis products, develops rubber industry, various types of plastics, synthetic materials develops. A relatively high level has reached pharmaceutical production (15% of the cost of industrial products). With long traditions, this industry relies on a powerful research base, with which more efficient means of combating various diseases are constantly being developed.
Significant food industry: large meat and canning enterprises. From the light industry industries are the most developed sewing, leather-shoe, knitted. Hungarian fabrics, ready-made clothing, shoes, furniture, as well as the products of meat processing and canning industry enjoy well-known fame in many countries of the world.
The food industry relies almost completely to the domestic raw material base, the individual light industry industries need significant imports of raw materials and semi-finished products. Hungary imports cotton, wool, flax, crude skin, wood, cellulose.
After the decline of the late 1990s. Stabilizes production in metallurgy and working almost exclusively on the Davalic raw materials of the light industry. The share of energy and water supply is 8.9%. In the extractive industries, production is gradually folded.
The Hungarian industry is quite dependent on the state of the global market: more than half (52%) of all industrial production goes to export. Large enterprises are exported - depending on the industry - 60-80% of their products. The needs of the domestic market are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises (the number of employed up to 50 and to 300 people, respectively).
In addition, handicrafts received widespread in Hungary :: embroidery, ceramics, curtains, wooden toys, dolls, wicker baskets, porcelain, goose fluff.
