China on the map of overseas asia. Overseas Asia - population and ethnic composition. Characteristics of the population of Foreign Asia. Asia unites different peoples

And in terms of the number of inhabitants, it is far superior to all other regions. There are 39 sovereign states on the political map of Asia. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, and many cultural values. The vast majority of countries in the region are developing countries. It usually consists of four sub-regions: Central and East Asia, South-East Asia, South Asia, South-West Asia. The countries of East and South-East Asia are included in the Asia-Pacific Region (APR).

Australia also considered in this topic as a country-continent, part of the APR.

1. Territory, borders, position: large differences between countries.

The territory of foreign Asia stretches from north to south for almost 7 thousand km, and from west to east for more than 10 thousand km. China and India are giant countries, most of the rest are fairly large countries. ... But along with this, there are many small countries in Asia, there are also micro-states. ... The borders of most countries run along well-defined natural boundaries. In a number of places, such as in the Himalayas, this creates serious obstacles to economic and other ties.

The EGP of the countries of the region is characterized by three main features.

First, it is neighborly position, which in many ways unites the countries of each of the four subregions of Asia.

Secondly, it is seaside position most countries, providing access to the seas Quiet, Indian and Atlantic Oceans, where the world's most important trade routes pass.

Example. The territory of Vietnam stretches along the coast of the South China Sea in a narrow strip stretching for 1700 km. It is no coincidence that geographers I figuratively call this country "the balcony of Indochina over the Pacific Ocean." Vietnam's main ties with other countries are along sea routes.

Thirdly, it is deep position some countries, which is generally much less profitable.

Example. Mongolia, located inland, is the largest landlocked state in the world. Its relations with other countries are carried out mainly through transport systems Russia and China.

Political Map overseas Asia has recently undergone great changes. Before World War II, 90% of its population lived in colonies and semi-colonies. Now practically all the countries of the region are politically independent states. Nevertheless, overseas Asia is still the arena of many territorial disputes, which from time to time lead to an exacerbation of regional and local conflicts, often accompanied by armed clashes and even protracted wars.

Such territorial disputes exist between Iran and Iraq, Iraq and Kuwait, India and Pakistan, India and China, China (PRC) and Taiwan, Russia and Japan over the Kuril Islands, Greece and Turkey over Cyprus, etc. Korea is divided by demarcation the line to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the Republic of Korea. Despite the creation of a temporary Palestinian autonomy, relations between it and the State of Israel are still far from complete settlement, and the transition to an independent Palestinian state has been postponed more than once.

As in foreign Europe, in foreign Asia, republics predominate, but many countries with a monarchical form of government persist. ... (Exercise 1.)

2. Natural conditions and resources: a region of contrasts.

In general, the region's mineral resources, which form the basis for heavy industry, are very diverse. The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and a number of nonmetallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals prevail within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold (ore) belts. But perhaps the main wealth of the region, which largely determines its role in the international geographic division of labor, is oil.

Example. Although oil and natural gas reserves are explored in most of the countries of South-West Asia, the main fields are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. In addition to large reserves, they are distinguished by very favorable mining and geological conditions for production. ...

Intensive prospecting for oil and natural gas is being carried out on the shelf of the marginal seas of East and South-East Asia - one of the largest and least studied in the world. (Task 2.)

The natural resource prerequisites for the development of agriculture in the region are also very diverse. For most countries, however, there are two main problems.

At first, this is the problem of lack of land resources... The presence of large mountain ranges, desert and semi-desert spaces has a strong impact on the structure of the land fund, limiting the share of agricultural, and especially arable land in it. As a result, the provision of arable land per capita in most countries of the region is only 0.1-0.2 ha, or even less, and as the population grows, it decreases.

Second, uh This is the problem of the rational use of agro-climatic resources. Heat reserves in most of the region ensure the vegetation of plants during the growing season or even all year round. But the moisture resources are distributed extremely unevenly. If in the monsoon climate areas irrigation is used only in winter, in the arid tropics and subtropics of South-West Asia it is necessary throughout the year. In general, in the region, almost all water intake is used for irrigation. Almost 3/4 of the world's irrigated land is located here. In terms of the total area of ​​such lands, India ranks first in the world, China - second.

Irrigation has been known in foreign Asia for over 4 thousand years. Irrigation systems built two millennia ago are still preserved in Iran. In Syria (see Figure 62), Iraq, Typtia, large hydroelectric complexes have been built, which have made it possible to expand the area of ​​irrigated land. And in the countries of the Persian Gulf, mostly expensive desalinated sea water is used for irrigation; usually it is brought to each tree, to each garden bed or flower bed.

In a significant part of the region's territory, natural conditions (deserts, highlands) generally do not allow people to engage in agriculture and forestry. (Assignment 3.)

3. Population: size, reproduction, ethnic and religious composition, location, urbanization.

In terms of population, overseas Asia occupies a non-competitive first place among all large regions of the world: its share in the world population reaches 60%. This is explained by most countries in the region are still in the second stage of demographic transition a, that is, at the stage of the population explosion, although in the 90s. it is clearly on the decline.

A similar demographic situation complicates many economic, social and ecological problems overseas Asia. In addition, according to forecasts, by 2025 the population of the region should increase to 4.6 billion people.

This general conclusion does not exclude significant differences between the individual subregions. In the countries of East Asia, demographic policy has already led to a significant decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth. In Southeast Asia, the rate of such growth also began to gradually decrease. In South Asia, this decline is much slower. And Southwest Asia is still at the epicenter of the population explosion, with some of its countries among the "record-breaking countries." This is largely due to the fact that the Arab countries of this subregion, professing Islam, do not pursue a demographic policy at all. ...

The ethnic composition of the population of foreign Asia is extremely complex: ethnographers believe that more than 1,000 peoples live here, belonging to the most diverse language families and groups. (Task 4.) Among them there are very large and very small peoples scattered in the mountains. Most countries are multinational

Example. More than 150 peoples live in India and Indonesia, in the Philippines - almost 100, in China and Vietnam - about 60, in Iran, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Thailand - more than 30 each.

Foreign Asia is the homeland of all three world religions, as well as many major national and regional religions, which for many centuries and even millennia have had a huge impact on politics, economy, spiritual culture, population reproduction, and customs of peoples. The religion has found wide application in material culture - Muslim mosques, Hindu temples, Buddhist pagodas and monasteries. Even today, its influence on all aspects of people's lives remains very large.

In Muslim countries, religion often strictly regulates the rights and obligations of men and women in society and in the family (separate education in schools and universities, separate work, different premises in public places and private houses), affects marriage (encouraging large families, allowing polygamy, wedding ceremonies), on the daily routine (five times daily prayer - namaz, Friday as a day off), on the diet (Muslim fasting - Ramadan, Eid al-Adha, the ban on alcohol and pork), on clothing (wearing a woman's veil), on the judicial system (Sharia court), the nature of external migrations. ... In most of the Muslim countries of Asia, Islam is declared the state religion; in Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, this is reflected in the official names of the countries.

The complexity of the ethnic and religious composition of a number of Asian countries leads to the emergence of many interethnic and religious conflicts. They are especially strong in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and the Philippines. Most of these conflicts have their roots in colonial and semi-colonial times, and they usually take place under the slogans of separatism.

Example. The Kurds are a people of about 20 million people. But historically, they ended up in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. For a long time now, the leaders of the Kudr national movement have been striving, including by armed means, to create an independent state of Kypdistan.

The distribution of the population in the region is particularly uneven. Here, at one pole, there are very densely populated coastal plains, valleys and river deltas, on the other, extremely sparsely populated deserts and semi-deserts, high mountains, and tropical forests.

Example. Bangladesh ranks 87th in terms of area among the countries of the world, and in terms of population - 7th. The average population density in this low-lying country has already reached 1000 people per 1 km 2. In some areas, it is 2000 people per 1 km 2! And in Mongolia, one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, which is almost three times larger than France in area, there are on average 3 people per 2 km2.

A certain influence on the distribution of the population in the region is exerted by its international migrations.

This applies to the greatest extent to the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf, which, as you already know, have become one of the world's main centers for attracting labor resources. The total number of immigrants from the countries of South and Southeast Asia, as well as North Africa is more than 10 million
human. Almost half of them find work in the largest of these countries - Caydian Arabia, about 1 million are employed in Kuwait. ...

The main areas of activity of labor migrants are oil industry, construction, transport, service sector. In Saudi Arabia, labor migrants make up 60% of all employed, in Kuwait 60%, and in the UAE even 90%. ...

But emigration from countries of foreign Asia to other regions is also significant. These are the Kurds, who are leaving for Europe legally and illegally, and the "brain drain", for example, from India, from the Philippines.

But the main impact on the distribution of the population is exerted by the process of urbanization., which took the form of a "city explosion". Despite the fact that in terms of the share of the urban population, the overwhelming majority of the countries in the region under consideration belong to the category of medium-urbanized, with a very large population, the absolute indicators also turn out to be very high.

Example. Of the 3.15 billion urban residents in the world, nearly 1.5 billion live in overseas Asia. China and India occupy the first and second places in the world, respectively, in terms of the number of city dwellers. Of the 21 "supercities" available in the world, there are 12 in foreign Asia.

With a huge variety of historical, cultural and natural conditions, the cities of Asia, which are often the oldest in the world, are also very diverse. Specific features of the outward appearance are characteristic of the Arab cities of South-West Asia, the cities of India, China, and Japan. And yet, in geographical literature, a selective image has developed Eastern (Asian) city.

Usually it is characterized by a clear division into old and new parts. The busiest place in the old city is the bazaar with its adjacent shopping streets and quarters of artisans who immediately sell their products (see Figure 60). Barbers, scribes work in the open air, peddlers scurry about. The new urban area is dominated by modern multi-storey buildings.

For rural settlement of the region, the village form is most characteristic. Among the Mongols, Afghans, Bedouin Arabs (from the word "badu" - desert) and other peoples, where a nomadic way of life is still preserved, the main type of dwelling is a collapsible yurt or tent.

The prospects for the socio-economic development of overseas Asia are largely associated with the prospects for urbanization and the growth of its cities. (Exercise 5.)

4. An increasing role in the world economy: five centers of economic power.

You already know that if we proceed from the tenfold structure of the world economy, then its five centers are located within the borders of foreign Asia. Among them are three separate countries - China, Japan and India and two groups of countries - new industrial and oil exporting ones.

After the proclamation of the people's republic in 1949, China in its socio-economic development has experienced both ups and downs more than once. But at the end of the 70s. in the country - first in the countryside, and then in the city - a radical economic reform ("gaige") began, based on a combination of planned and market economy. It led to such a rise in the economy that already in 1990, in terms of GDP, China came third in the world after the United States and Japan, and a few years later, having overtaken Japan, took the “second line” in the world economic ranking. In terms of gross industrial production, it surpassed Japan in 2006.

Although China is still at the industrial stage of development and, in terms of per capita economic indicators, lags behind not only the countries of the North, but also of many countries of the South, his impressive socio-economic achievements largely determine the progress of the entire Asia-Pacific region. By 2020, its GDP should quadruple.

Japan, defeated in World War II, emerged from it with a ruined economy. But then she managed not only to restore her economy, but also to radically rebuild it, turning into a world “power number 2”, the only member of the “Big Seven” in Asia. In terms of many important economic indicators, it has taken a leading position in the world economy (see Figure 59). However, the Japanese "economic miracle" gradually faded away, and the pace of the country's socio-economic development slowed down. And at the end of the 90s, the financial (currency) crisis that originated in Southeast Asia had a great negative impact on its economy.

India as one of the key developing countries also plays a large role in the global economy. In the 90s vols. after the start of the economic reform aimed at developing the market economy, its development accelerated. Modern India in terms of industrial production ranks 9th in the world after the countries of the "big seven" and China. It has recently become one of the world's largest information technology centers. However, in terms of per capita indicators, it still lags far behind most countries in the world.

The group of newly industrialized countries in Asia, as you already know, consists of two "echelons". The first of them was customary to include the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong, which, due to their rapid economic leap, began to be called the four "Asian tigers" (or "dragons"). Then their example was followed by three more countries - members of ASEAN, which formed a kind of "second echelon" of the NIS of Asia - Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia.

In the 70-80s, the economies of these countries were restructured along the lines of the Japanese model. A large automotive, oil refining, petrochemical, shipbuilding, and especially electrical and electronic industries arose in them; annually tens of millions of radios, televisions, tape recorders, video recorders are produced here. The production of other mass consumer products - clothing, fabrics, footwear - is also growing rapidly. " Economic miracle These countries can be explained both by the activity of local businessmen and by the fact that TNCs have chosen them as an important area for investing their capital, focusing primarily on the benefits of their EGP and exceptionally hardy, disciplined and at the same time relatively cheap labor. But almost all science-intensive and other products are intended for sale in the markets of Western countries.

Example 1. The Republic of Korea, which was in the middle of the twentieth century. an agrarian country, by the beginning of the I XXI century it took the 2nd place in the world in the production of marine boats and televisions, the 4th - in the production of plastics and synthetic fibers, the 5th - in the production of cars, and the 6th - for steel smelting and power generation at nuclear power plants.

Example 2. The city-state of Singapore (in Sanskrit "lion city") has long been known for its seaport, the largest in the world, which is said to be the western gateway to the East and the eastern gateway to the West. ... But lately it has turned from a trade into an industrial center (oil refining, watercraft construction, electronics and electrical engineering, light industry). It also became one of the largest centers in the world. financial activities, an important tourist destination.

The oil-exporting countries of the Persian Gulf also play an important role in the global economy. Relying on huge revenues from the sale of oil, these countries in a short time made a "leap through the centuries", thanks to which the Persian Gulf zone became one of the important industrial regions with large oil and natural gas production, petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries. In place of medieval adobe towns, modern industrial centers have appeared. Computer-controlled drip irrigation is widely used. Schoolchildren are taught from childhood to work with computers.

Example. Saudi Arabia has long lived off the income from camel breeding, date palm cultivation, and serving Muslim pilgrims. Now the backbone of its economy is oil production, which accounts for 3/4 of its export earnings. In the Arabian Desert, ultra-modern highways, airports, large industrial complexes Al-Jubail and Yanbu, comfortable cities. ... (Task 6.)

Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea stand out among the rest of the countries of foreign Asia in terms of the level of economic development. But there are also countries that are among the least developed in the region. In Southwest Asia, these are Yemen and Afghanistan, in South Asia - Bangladesh, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan, in Southeast Asia - Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia.

5. Agriculture: areas of various specializations.

In most of the countries of overseas Asia, the bulk of the economically active population is employed in agriculture. Of course, this industry has some of the characteristics of the entire region. These include a combination of commodity and consumer economy, landlord land ownership and peasant land use, a sharp predominance of food crops in crops. The common thing is that the food problem in many countries has not yet been resolved. First of all, this applies to the countries of South and Southeast Asia, where tens of millions of people are constantly on the verge of hunger.

Nevertheless, as you understand, on such a vast territory, the most diverse areas of agriculture could not but develop.

The most important of these is the rice-growing region, covering the entire monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia. Annually fertilized by floods of rivers, the deltas and valleys of the Yangtze, Xijiang, Hongxa, Mekonga, Ayeyarwaddy, Ganges and Brahmaputra, lowlands about. Java (see Figure 64), Japan are typical "rice landscapes". For thousands of years, they have been feeding hundreds of millions of people, leading a truly difficult-intensive year-round farming: spring rice is followed by autumn rice, followed by autumn winter rice. ... No wonder they say that rice is grown not only in flooded fields, but also in the palms of peasants. And the delta areas themselves are figuratively called rice bowls or rice baskets.

Example. The main rice granaries of Vietnam, the cultural landscape of which is made up of rectangular checks of rice fields, dams, dams and irrigation canals, are its two "baskets", that is, the Hongxa and Mekong deltas. Here, the peasants harvest two rice crops a year - in May and November.

The higher parts of this region are characterized by the "tea landscapes" of China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka. ...
Due to the lack of grazing land and fodder, commercial livestock raising is underdeveloped; The peasants mainly keep draft animals.

1. General characteristics, a brief history of foreign Asia

Foreign Asia is the largest in terms of population (more than 4 billion people) and the second (after Africa) in area of ​​the region of the world, and it retains this primacy, in essence, throughout the entire existence of human civilization. The area of ​​overseas Asia is 27 million square meters. km, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values ​​and scientific achievements. The region is mainly composed of developing countries.

2. Variety of countries in overseas Asia by area

The region includes countries of different sizes: two of them belong to the giant countries (China, India), there are very large ones (Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Indonesia), the rest are generally referred to as fairly large countries. The boundaries between them run along well-defined natural boundaries.

Features of EGP in Asia:

1. Neighborhood position.
2. Seaside position.
3. The deep position of some countries.

The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, and the third complicates external economic relations.

3. Diversity of countries in overseas Asia by population

Largest countries in Asia by population (2012)
(according to CIA)

4. Diversity of countries overseas Asia by geographic location

Asian countries by geographic location:

1. Seaside (India, Pakistan, Iran, Israel, etc.).
2. Insular (Bahrain, Cyprus, Sri Lanka, etc.).
3. Archipelagos (Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Maldives).
4. Inland (Laos, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, etc.).
5. Peninsular (Republic of Korea, Qatar, Oman, etc.).

5. Diversity of overseas Asian countries in terms of development

The political structure of countries is very diverse.
Monarchies of Overseas Asia (according to wikipedia.org):

• All other countries are republics.
• Developed Asian countries: Japan, Israel, Republic of Korea, Singapore.
• All other countries in the region are developing countries.
• Least developed countries in Asia: Afghanistan, Yemen, Bangladesh, Nepal, Laos, etc.
• The largest volume of GDP is in China, Japan, India, per capita - Qatar, Singapore, UAE, Kuwait.

6. Forms of government and structure of the countries of foreign Asia

By the nature of the administrative-territorial structure, most Asian countries have a unitary structure. The following countries have a federal administrative-territorial structure: India, Malaysia, Pakistan, UAE, Nepal, Iraq.

7. Regions of overseas Asia

Regions of Asia:

1. Southwest.
2. South.
3. South-East.
4. Eastern.
5. Central.

Natural resources of overseas Asia

1. Introduction

The endowment of foreign Asia with resources is determined, first of all, by the variety of relief, location, features of nature and climate.

The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its limits, the greatest amplitude of heights on earth (more than 9000 m) is noted, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, the mineral resources of overseas Asia are very diverse.

2. Mineral resources of overseas Asia

The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and nonmetallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Ores predominate within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, including a copper belt along the Pacific coast. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the international geographical division labor is oil and gas. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most of the countries of Southwest Asia (Mesopotamian trough of the earth's crust). The main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. In addition, large oil and gas fields have been explored in the countries of the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia and Malaysia are especially distinguished by reserves. The countries of Central Asia are also rich in oil and gas (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).

The largest reserves of salts are found in the Dead Sea. The Iranian Highlands have large reserves of sulfur and non-ferrous metals. In general, Asia is one of the main regions in the world in terms of mineral reserves.

Countries with the largest reserves and variety of minerals:

1. China.
2. India.
3. Indonesia.
4. Iran.
5. Kazakhstan.
6. Turkey.
7. Saudi Arabia.

3. Land, agroclimatic resources of foreign Asia

Asia's agroclimatic resources are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are not very suitable for economic activities, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, rather favorable conditions are created for agriculture. Asia contains 70% of the world's irrigated land.

4. Water resources (moisture resources), agroclimatic resources

The countries of East and Southeast Asia, as well as some regions of South Asia have the largest reserves of water resources. At the same time, in the countries of the Persian Gulf, water resources are sorely lacking.

China, India, Indonesia are the most provided with soil resources in terms of general indicators.
The largest reserves of forest resources: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, India.

Population of Overseas Asia

The population of Asia exceeds 4 billion people. Many countries in the region are at the stage of "population explosion".

2. Fertility and mortality (population reproduction)

All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan and some countries in transition, belong to the traditional type of population reproduction. Moreover, many of them are in a state of population explosion. Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing a demographic policy (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such a policy, the rapid growth of the population and its rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, the countries of overseas Asia are experiencing food, social and other difficulties. Among the subregions of Asia, East Asia has moved farthest from the peak of the population boom. Currently, the highest population growth rates are characteristic of the countries of South-West Asia. For example, in Yemen, there are on average almost 5 children per woman.

3. National composition

The ethnic composition of the Asian population is also extremely complex: more than 1,000 peoples live here - from small ethnic groups numbering several hundred people to the largest nations in the world.

The largest peoples of foreign Asia in terms of population (more than 100 million people):

1. Chinese.
2. Hindustans.
3. Bengalis.
4. Japanese.

The peoples of overseas Asia belong to about 15 language families. This linguistic diversity is not found in any other major region of the planet.
The largest language families in overseas Asia by population:

1. Sino-Tibetan.
2. Indo-European.
3. Austronesian.
4. Dravidian.
5. Austro-Asian.

The most ethnolinguistically complex countries: India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia. India and Indonesia are considered the most multinational countries in the world. East and South-West Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, is characterized by a more homogeneous ethnic composition. The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region leads to acute ethnic conflicts.

4. Religious composition

• Foreign Asia is the homeland of all major religions, all three world religions originated here: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam.
• Christianity: Philippines, Georgia, Armenia, a significant proportion of Christians in Kazakhstan, Japan, Lebanon.
• Buddhism: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bhutan, Mongolia.
• Islam: Southwest Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh.
• Among other national religions, it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds.

Lesson presentation:

!? Exercise.

1. The border of Russia.
2. Subregions of Overseas Asia.
3. Republics and monarchies.

On the territory of Asia, there are several dozen countries with different political systems and living standards, with amazing and dissimilar cultures. Russia also partially belongs to Which states does Foreign Asia include? The countries and capitals of this part of the world will be listed in the article.

What is called overseas Asia?

A foreign territory is the part of the world that does not belong to Russia, that is, these are all Asian countries, except for Russia. In geographical literature, foreign Asia is divided into four large regions. So, there are Central, Eastern, Southern and Front (Western). - this is Russian territory, and, naturally, foreign Asia does not belong to it. The countries and capitals of this are absolutely different from each other, they are unique and inimitable.

The table below gives an alphabetical list with the names of the capitals.

Developed countries of overseas Asia and their capitals

Among the most highly developed countries in the world is Singapore (the capital is Singapore). It is a small island country with a high standard of living, which is mainly engaged in the production of electronics for export.

Tokyo), also engaged in the creation of electronic equipment, is among the ten most prosperous countries in the world. Almost all countries of overseas Asia and their capitals are rapidly developing. For example, Qatar, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan are among the five fastest growing (in terms of GDP growth) economies in the world.

Not everyone should be ahead ...

Overseas Asia and their capitals: Bangladesh (capital - Dhaka), Bhutan (capital - Thimphu), Nepal (capital - Kathmandu). These and some other countries cannot boast of either a high standard of living or special achievements in industry. Still, overseas Asia (countries and capitals are listed in the table above) plays an important role in the global economy. The largest financial centers are located in the largest part of the world on the planet: Hong Kong, Taipei, Singapore.

Table 10 - Demographic-socio-economic indicators of the world, Foreign Asia

General economic and geographical characteristics of Asia

Foreign Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of area and population, and it retains this primacy, in essence, throughout the entire existence of human civilization. The area of ​​Foreign Asia is 27 million km 2, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values ​​and scientific achievements. The region is mainly composed of developing countries.

Geographical position. general review

The region includes countries of various sizes: two of them belong to the giant countries, the rest, mainly, to fairly large countries. The boundaries between them run along well-defined natural boundaries. The EGP of Asian countries is determined by their neighboring position, the coastal position of most countries, the in-depth position of some countries. The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, and the third complicates external economic relations. The political structure of the countries is very diverse: Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan, Jordan are constitutional monarchies, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Brunei, Oman are absolute monarchies, the rest of the states are republics.

Natural conditions and resources

The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its limits, the greatest amplitude of heights on earth is noted, both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, the mineral resources of Asia are very diverse. The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and nonmetallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Ores predominate within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the MGRT, is oil. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most of the countries of South-West Asia, but the main fields are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran. Asia's agroclimatic resources are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are not very suitable for economic activities, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases).

Population

The population of Asia is 3.1 billion people. All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan, belong to the 2nd type of population reproduction, and now they are in a state of the so-called "population explosion". Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing a demographic policy (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such a policy, the rapid growth of the population and its rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, it could double in 30 years. Among the subregions of Asia, East Asia has moved farthest from the peak of the population boom. The ethnic composition of the Asian population is also extremely complex: more than 1,000 peoples live here - from small ethnic groups, numbering several hundred people, to the largest nations in the world. The four peoples of the region (Chinese, Hindus, Bengalis and Japanese) each make up over 100 million. The peoples of Asia belong to about 15 language families. There is no such linguistic diversity in any other large region of the planet. The most ethnolinguistically complex countries: India, Sri Lanka, Cyprus. East and South-West Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, is characterized by a more homogeneous ethnic composition. The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region (India. Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iraq, Turkey, etc.) leads to acute interethnic conflicts. Foreign Asia is the homeland of all major religions, all three world religions were born here: Christianity, Buddhism, Muslims. Among other national religions, it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds. The population of foreign Asia is unevenly distributed: the population density ranges from 1 to 800 people. by 1 km 2. In some areas, it reaches 2000 people. per 1 km 2 The growth rate of the region's urban population is so high (3.3%) that this growth has come to be called the "urban explosion". But despite this, in terms of urbanization (34%), Asia Abroad is in the penultimate place among the regions of the world. For rural settlement, the village form is most characteristic.

Farm

The role of overseas Asia as a whole in the world economy has grown significantly in recent decades. But differences in the levels of development and specialization of individual countries are expressed here better than in foreign Europe.

There are 6 groups of countries:

1. Japan - occupies a separate position, as it is the "power number 2" of the Western world, the only member of the G7 in this region. According to many important indicators, it occupies a leading position among the economically developed countries of the West;

2. China and India - also made great strides in economic and social development in a short time. But in terms of per capita indicators, their successes are still small;

3. the newly industrialized countries of Asia - the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, as well as ASEAN members Thailand and Malaysia. The combination of a profitable EGP and cheap labor resources made it possible, with the participation of Western TNCs, to carry out in the 70-80s. restructuring the economy on the Japanese model. But their economies are export-oriented;

4. oil-producing countries - Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and other countries of the Persian Gulf, which thanks to "petrodollars" in a short time managed to go the path of development, which would take them several centuries. Now not only oil production is developing here, but also petrochemistry, metallurgy and other industries;

5. countries with a predominance of mining or light industries in the industrial structure - Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Jordan.

Agriculture

In most Asian countries, the bulk of the EAN is engaged in agriculture. In general, the region is characterized by a combination of commodity and consumer economy, landlord land tenure and peasant land use, a sharp predominance of food crops in crops. The food problem in many countries has not yet been resolved; in South and Southeast Asia, tens of millions of people are on the verge of hunger. In accordance with the distribution of agro-climatic resources, population and traditions, 3 large agricultural regions have developed: the rice-growing region (covering the monsoon sector of East, Southeast and South Asia) combined with tea cultivation in the higher parts; region of subtropical agriculture (Mediterranean coast); the rest of the territory is dominated by the cultivation of wheat, millet, and pasture animal husbandry.

Ecology

As a result of the low culture of farming, the negative anthropogenic impact in foreign Asia is rampant. As a result of intensive mining without environmental protection, extensive agriculture, and an increase in the number of inhabitants, air pollution, depletion of water resources, soil erosion, land alienation, deforestation, and depletion of natural biocenoses occur. Frequent conflicts and wars in the region only exacerbate the situation. For example, the Gulf War led to acid rains, dust storms, massive soot and oil pollution of waters and soils, caused irreparable damage to the fauna and flora of the region. Ecocide is also not less notorious during the American aggression in Vietnam, when forests on an area of ​​about 0.5 million km 2 were deliberately destroyed over the course of several years.

Territory - 9.6 million km 2. Population - 1 billion 222 million people since 1995 Capital - Beijing.

The PRC, the third largest country in the world and the first in terms of population, is located in central and eastern Asia. The state borders on 16 countries, 1/3 of the borders are in the CIS countries. The economic and geographical position of the PRC is very beneficial, since being located along the Pacific coast (15 thousand km), the country has access to the sea from the most remote inland corners through the Yangtze River. The coastal position of the PRC contributes to the development of its economy and foreign economic relations. China is one of the oldest states in the world, which emerged in the XIV century BC, has a very complex history. Due to the obvious benefits of its position, the richness of natural and agro-climatic resources throughout its existence, China has attracted the eyes of various conquerors. Even in ancient times, the country surrounded itself with the partially preserved Great Wall of China. In the last century, China was a pro-colony of England, after being defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The country was divided into spheres of influence between England, France, Germany, Japan and Russia. In 1912, the Republic of China was formed. In 1945, after the defeat of the Japanese invaders with the help of the USSR, the People's Revolution took place. In 1949, the PRC was proclaimed.

Natural conditions and resources

The country is located within the fractured Chinese Precambrian Platform and younger sites. In composition with this, the eastern part is mainly low-lying, and the reserved is elevated and mountainous. Various mineral deposits are associated with various tectonic structures. In terms of their supply, China is one of the leading countries in the world, distinguished primarily by its reserves of coal, ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, rare earth elements, and chemical raw materials. In terms of oil and gas reserves, China is inferior to the leading oil countries of the world, but in terms of oil production, the country is ranked 5th in the world. The main oil fields are located in North and North-East China, basins of inland China. Among the ore deposits, the Anshan iron ore basin, located in Northeast China, rich in coal, stands out. Non-ferrous metal ores are concentrated mainly in the central and southern provinces. The PRC is located in temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic zones, with a sharply continental climate in the west, and monsoon in the east, with a large amount of precipitation (in summer). Such climatic and soil differences create conditions for the development of agriculture: in the west, in arid regions, livestock and irrigated agriculture are mainly developed, in the east, on especially fertile lands of the Great Plain of China, agriculture predominates. The water resources of the PRC are very large, the eastern, more populated and highly developed part of the country is most provided with them. River waters are widely used for irrigation. In addition, China ranks 1st in the world in terms of theoretical hydropower resources, but their use is still very small. The forest resources of China are generally quite large, concentrated mainly in the northeast (taiga coniferous forests) and in the southeast (tropical and subtropical deciduous forests). They are used extensively on the farm.

Population

China is the first country in the world in terms of population (almost 1300 million people, or 20% of all inhabitants of the Earth), and it has been holding the palm for probably many centuries. In the 70s, a demographic policy was launched in the country aimed at reducing the birth rate, since after the formation of the PRC (in the 50s), due to a decrease in mortality and an increase in living standards, the rate of population growth increased very quickly. This policy has borne fruit and now the natural growth in China is even below the world average. China is a young country (under the age of 15 - 1/3 of the population). Differs in the intensity of labor migration, both within the country and abroad. The PRC is a multinational country (there are 56 nationalities), but with a sharp predominance of the Chinese - about 95% of the population. They live mainly in the eastern part of the country, in the west (in most of the territory) there are representatives of other nationalities (Guans, Hui, Uighurs, Tibetans, Mongols, Koreans, Manchurs, etc.). Despite the fact that the PRC is a socialist country, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are professed here (in general, the population is not very religious). On the territory of the country is the world center of Buddhism - Tibet, occupied by China in 1951. Urbanization is developing rapidly in the PRC.

Farm

The PRC is an industrial-agrarian socialist country that has been developing at a very fast pace lately. Economic modernization is proceeding at different rates in different regions of China. In East China, special economic zones(FEZ), using their advantageous seaside location. This strip occupies 1/4 of the country's territory, 1/3 of the population lives here and 2/3 of GNP is produced. The average income per inhabitant is 4 times that of the more backward hinterland. The territorial structure of the country's economy is mainly represented by the existing large industrial centers, agriculture plays an important role, in which most of the economically active population (EAN) is employed. In terms of GDP, China has come to the 2nd place in the world, although in terms of GNP per capita it has not yet reached the world average (about $ 500 per year).

Energy

China is one of the world's leading producers of energy and electricity. The power industry in China is coal (its share in the fuel balance is 75%), oil and gas (mainly artificial) are also used. Most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (3/4), mainly coal-fired. The hydroelectric power station accounts for 1/4 of electricity generated. There are two nuclear power plants, 10 tidal stations, and a geothermal station has been built in Lhasa.

Ferrous metallurgy - based on its own iron ore, coking coal and alloy metals. China ranks first in the world in iron ore production, and second in steel production. The technical level of the industry is low. The largest factories in the country are such as those in Anshan, Shanghai, Broshen, as well as in Bensi, Beijing, Wuhan, Taiyuan, and Chongqing.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. The country has large reserves of raw materials (1/2 of the produced tin, antimony, mercury is exported), but aluminum, copper, lead, zinc are imported. In the north, south and west of China there are mining and processing plants, and in the east - the final stages of production. The main centers of non-ferrous metallurgy are located in the provinces of Liaoning, Yunnan, Hunan, Gansu.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking - occupies 35% in the structure of the industry. A high proportion of the production of equipment for textile industry, electronics, electrical engineering, and the automotive industry are rapidly developing. The structure of manufacturing enterprises is diverse: along with modern high-tech enterprises, handicraft factories are widespread. The leading subsectors are heavy machine building, machine tool building, and transport machine building. The automotive industry (6-7 place in the world), electronics and instrument making are developing rapidly. The predominant part of China's engineering products is produced by the coastal zone (over 60%), and mainly in large cities (the main centers are Shanghai, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, etc.).

Chemical industry. It relies on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemical and plant raw materials. There are two groups of industries: mineral fertilizers, household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Light industry is a traditional and one of the main industries, it uses mostly natural (2/3) raw materials for its own. The leading sub-industry is textile, which provides the country with a leading position in the production and export of fabrics (cotton, silk and others). The sewing, knitwear, leather and footwear subsectors are also developed.

The food industry is extremely important for a country with such a large population, the leading is the processing of grain and oilseeds, the production and processing of pork (2/3 of the volume of the meat industry), tea, tobacco and other food products are developed. As before, the country has developed the production of traditional subsectors: textile and clothing.

Agriculture - provides food for the population, supplies raw materials for the food and light industries. The leading sub-sector of agriculture is crop production (rice is the basis of the Chinese diet). Wheat, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, peanuts, potatoes, yame, taro, cassava are also grown; industrial crops - cotton, sugar cane, tea, sugar beets, tobacco and other vegetables. Livestock remains the least developed sector of agriculture. The basis of livestock breeding is pig breeding. Also developed are vegetable growing, poultry farming, beekeeping, and silkworm breeding. Fisheries play a significant role.

Transport - provides mainly the connection of seaports with the hinterland. 3/4 of all cargo transportation is provided by railway transport. Along with the recent increase in the importance of sea, automobile and aviation, the use of traditional modes of transport remains: horse-drawn, pack, transport carts, bicycle and especially river.

Internal differences. In the early 1980s, in order to improve planning in China, three economic zones were allocated: Eastern, Central and Western. The eastern one is the most developed; the largest industrial centers and agricultural regions are located here. The center is dominated by the production of fuel and energy, chemical products, raw materials and semi-finished products. The western zone is the least developed (animal husbandry, processing of mineral raw materials).

Foreign economic relations. Foreign economic relations have been developing especially widely since the 80-90s, which is associated with the formation of an open economy of the country. The volume of foreign trade is 30% of China's GDP. In exports, the leading place is occupied by labor-intensive products (clothing, toys, footwear, sporting goods, machinery and equipment). Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products and vehicles.

Territory - 3.28 million km 2. Population - 935.5 million people. The capital is Delhi.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Indian subcontinent. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km. India's EGP favors economic development: India is located on sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East. Indian civilization originated in the third millennium BC. NS. For almost two centuries, India was a colony of England. India gained independence in 1947, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic within the British Commonwealth. India is a federal republic of 25 states. Each has its own legislature and government, but with a strong central government.

Natural conditions and resources

The main part of the territory is located within the Indo-Gangetic lowland and the Deccan plateau. India's mineral resources are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the north-east of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, manganese ore deposits; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industry sectors. The minerals of South India are diverse - they are bauxite, chromite, magnesite, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands, ferrous metal ores, coal; in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil. The climate of the country is mainly monsoon subtropical and tropical, in the south it is equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25 ° C, only in winter in the mountains it drops below 0 °. The distribution of precipitation by seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of it falls in the summer, the largest amount is received by the eastern and mountainous regions, the least - by the northwest. Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soil is highly fertile. Forests cover 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs. Rivers in India have great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation.

Population

India is the second largest country in the world in terms of population (after China). The country has very high rates of population reproduction. And although the peak of the "demographic explosion" has already passed in general, the demographic problem has not yet lost its acuteness. India is the most multinational country in the world. Representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups live in it, who are at different stages of socio-economic development and speak different languages. They belong to the Caucasian, Negroid, Australoid races and the Dravidian group. The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate: Hindustans, Marathi, Bengalis, Biharts, etc. The official languages ​​in the country are Hindi and English. More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tensions. The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since for a long time, fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. The average population density is 260 people. by 1 km 2. Despite this high figure, there are now sparsely populated and even deserted areas. The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of big cities and cities-"millionaires" is constantly increasing; in terms of the absolute number of citizens (220 million people), India ranks second in the world. But, nevertheless, most of the population of India lives in crowded villages.

Industry, energy

India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Together with traditional Indian industries (agriculture, light industry), the mining and manufacturing industries are developing. Currently, 29% of GDP is accounted for by industry, 32% - in agriculture, 30% - in the service sector.

Energy. The creation of the energy base in the country began with the creation of hydroelectric power plants, but among the newly built in last years power plants are dominated by thermal power plants. The main source of energy is coal. Nuclear energy is also developing in India - 3 nuclear power plants are operating. Electricity production per capita is still very small.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is a growing industry. The current level is 16 million tons of steel (1993). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the east of the country (Calcutta-Damodar industrial belt), as well as in the states of Bihar, Adhra Pradesh, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is also developed in the east. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxite, stands out.

Mechanical engineering. India produces a variety of products for machine tools, transport engineering (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing intensively. The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Kolkata, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. In terms of the volume of production of the radio-electronic industry, India came in second place in foreign Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, communication facilities.

Chemical industry. In a country with such a role for agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is becoming extremely important. The importance of petrochemicals is also growing.

Light industry is a traditional branch of the economy, the main directions are cotton and jute, as well as sewing. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, 25% are products of the textile and clothing industry.

The food industry is also traditional; it produces products for the domestic and foreign markets. Indian tea is the most widely known in the world.

Transport. Among other developing countries, India's transport is quite developed. In the first place in terms of importance are railway transport in domestic traffic and sea transport in external ones.

Services sector. The largest producer of motion pictures. Second only to the United States. In recent years, the development of software products for the largest US corporations (1st place in the world) has been developed.

Agriculture

India is a land of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. Agriculture employs 3/5 of the EAN in India, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient. 4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production, agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated). The main part of arable land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes. The main industrial crops in India are cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and oilseeds. India has two main agricultural seasons - summer and winter. Sowing of the most important crops (rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer monsoon rains; in winter, wheat, barley, etc. are sown. As a result of several factors, including the "green revolution," India is fully self-sufficient in grain. Livestock is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock. Only milk and animal skins are used, meat is practically not consumed, since the Indians are mostly vegetarians. Fishing is of considerable importance in coastal areas.

Foreign economic relations

India is still weakly involved in MGRT, although international trade is of considerable importance to its economy. The main export items are light industry products, jewelry, agricultural products, medicines, fuel resources; the share of machinery and equipment is growing. The largest trading partners are the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Hong Kong.

Territory - 377.8 thousand sq. km. Population - 125.2 million people (1995). The capital is Tokyo.

Geographical location, general information

Japan is an archipelago country located on four large and almost four thousand small islands stretching in an arc of 3.5 thousand kilometers from northeast to southwest along the eastern coast of Asia. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. The shores of the archipelago are highly indented and form many bays and coves. The seas and ocean washing Japan are of exceptional importance for the country as a source of biological, mineral and energy resources. The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined, first of all, by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, this contributes to the active participation of the country in the international geographical division of labor. During the feudal period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the unfinished bourgeois revolution of 1867-1868, it embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, it became one of the imperialist powers. In the XX century, Japan entered and participated in three major wars (Russo-Japanese and two world wars). After the end of World War II, the armed forces were disbanded and reforms were carried out. In 1947, the emperor lost his power (according to the constitution); now Japan is a constitutional monarchy. The highest body of state power and the only legislative body is parliament.

Natural conditions and resources

The geological basis of the archipelago is underwater mountain ranges. About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with a highly dissected relief of an average height of 1600 - 1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 are active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3 776 m.) Frequent earthquakes and tsunamis. The country is poor in minerals, but coal, lead and zinc ores, oil, sulfur and limestone are mined. The resources of its own deposits are small, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials. Despite the small area, the length of the country in the meridional direction led to the existence on its territory of a unique complex of natural conditions: the island of Hokkaido and northern Honshu are located in the zone of a temperate maritime climate, the rest of Honshu, the islands of Shikoku and Yushu are in the humid subtropical, and Ryukyu is in tropical climate. Japan is in the active monsoon zone. The average annual precipitation ranges from 2 to 4 thousand mm. The soils of Japan are mainly slightly podzolic and peaty, as well as brown forest and red soil. About 2/3 of the territory, mainly mountainous areas, is covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations). Coniferous forests predominate in northern Hokkaido, mixed forests in central Honshu and southern Hokkaido, and subtropical monsoon forests in the south. There are many rivers in Japan, full-flowing, fast and rapids, unsuitable for navigation, but providing a source for hydropower and irrigation. The abundance of rivers, lakes and groundwater has a beneficial effect on the development of industry and agriculture. In the post-war period, environmental problems worsened on the Japanese islands. The adoption and implementation of a number of laws on environmental protection reduces the level of environmental pollution.

Population

Japan is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of population. Japan became the first Asian country to switch from the second to the first type of population reproduction. Now the birth rate is 12%, the death rate is 8%. Life expectancy in the country is the highest in the world (76 years for men and 82 years for women). The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Among other nationalities, the number of Koreans and Chinese is significant. The most common religions are Shinto and Buddhism. The population is unevenly distributed over the area. The average density is 330 people per km 2, but the coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean are among the most densely populated in the world. About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities are millionaires. The largest urban agglomerations are Keikhin. Hanshin and Chuke merge into the Tokyo megalopolis (Takaido) with a population of over 60 million.

Farm

The growth rate of the Japanese economy was one of the highest in the second half of the 20th century. The country has largely undergone a qualitative restructuring of the economy. Japan is in a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by a highly developed industry, but the most growing area is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance, R&D). Although Japan is poor in natural resources and imports raw materials for most industries, it ranks 1-2 in the world in terms of the output of many industries. Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt.

Power engineering. Mainly uses imported raw materials. In the structure of the raw material base, oil is in the lead, the share of natural gas, hydropower and nuclear energy is growing, and the share of coal is decreasing. In the electric power industry, 60% of the capacity comes from thermal power plants and 28% from nuclear power plants, including Fukushima, the most powerful in the world. Hydroelectric power plants are located in cascades on mountain rivers. In terms of hydropower generation, Japan occupies the 5th place in the world. In Japan, resource-poor is actively developing alternative energy sources.

Ferrous metallurgy. In terms of steel production, the country ranks 2nd in the world. The share of Japan in the world market of ferrous metallurgy is 23%. The largest centers operating almost entirely on imported raw materials and fuel are located near Osaka, Tokyo, in Fujiyama.

Non-ferrous metallurgy. Due to the harmful effect on environment the primary smelting of non-ferrous metals is decreasing. Converting plants are located in all major industrial centers.

Mechanical engineering. Provides 40% of industrial production. The main sub-sectors among the many developed in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering. Japan firmly occupies the 1st place in the world in shipbuilding, specializing in the construction of large-capacity tankers and bulk carriers. The main centers of shipbuilding and ship repair are located in the largest ports (Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe). In terms of car production (13 million units per year), Japan also ranks first in the world. The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima. The main enterprises of general mechanical engineering are located within the Pacific industrial belt - complex machine tool building and industrial robots in the Tokyo region, metal-intensive equipment in Osaka, machine tool construction in the Nagai region. The country's share in the world output of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industry is exceptionally large. In terms of the development of the chemical industry, Japan occupies one of the first places in the world. Pulp and paper, light and food industries are also developed in Japan.

Agriculture in Japan remains an important industry, although it provides about 2% of GNP; 6.5% of EAN are employed in the industry. Agricultural production is focused on food production (the country provides 70% of its own needs in it). 13% of the territory is cultivated, in the structure of crop production (it gives 70% of agricultural products). The leading role is played by the cultivation of rice and vegetables, horticulture is developed. Livestock raising is intensively developing (cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Due to the exceptional place of fish and seafood in the diet of the Japanese, the country fishes in all regions of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).

Transport. All types of transport are developed in Japan, with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of the volume of cargo transportation, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place is to sea transport. Role railway transport is shrinking, while air travel is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.

Territorial structure of the economy

For territorial structure the economy is characterized by a combination of two completely different parts. The Pacific belt is the socio-economic core of the country ("front part"). The main industrial areas, ports, transport routes and developed agriculture are located here. The peripheral zone ("rear part") includes areas where timber harvesting, animal husbandry, mining, hydropower, tourism and recreation are most developed. Despite holding regional policy, the smoothing of territorial disparities is rather slow.

External economic relations of Japan.

Japan actively participates in MRI, foreign trade takes a leading place, capital export, production, scientific and technical and other ties are also developed. The share of Japan in world imports is about 1/10. Mainly raw materials and fuel are imported. The country's share in world exports is also more than 1/10. Manufactured goods account for 98% of exports.

Large cities are growing especially rapidly; a collective image of an Asian (eastern) city was formed. ECONOMY Differences in the level of development and specialization of individual countries are expressed in Asia much more clearly than in foreign Europe. Most countries are going through a transitional stage from feudal to capitalist relations. The economy of the newly industrialized countries (NIS) is developing especially rapidly ...

The two regions were not very long lasting and were carried out mainly in the form of political, ideological and military confrontation. The influence of China on the penetration of tea into Central Asia was most likely indirect. First of all, we are talking about trade. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. Chinese tea in the form of pressed tiles was very popular in Central Asian cities. According to Ch. ...

Foreign Asia includes 48 states and is subdivided into 5 sub-regions. The subregions of Overseas Asia are Southwest, South, Southeast, East and Central Asia. What are the features and geographic location of these regions?

general characteristics

The area of ​​Overseas Asia is 32 million square meters. km. All 48 states can be divided into island, inland and coastal. The island states include, for example, Japan, the Maldives, etc., the coastal states - India, South Korea, etc., the inland states - Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, etc.

Rice. 1. Table characteristics of Foreign Asia.

Out of 48 countries, only 4 states can be called economically developed. These are Japan, Singapore, Israel, South Korea. The rest of the countries belong to the group of developing countries.

The climate of Western Asia is diverse. The region is located in the subtropical, equatorial (extreme south) and temperate zones (north of the region).

Western Asia is washed by many bays, seas and oceans. Asia has access to all four oceans: in the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the east - the Pacific Ocean, in the south - the Indian Ocean, and in the west - the Red Sea, which belongs to the Atlantic Ocean basin.

The natural conditions of the regions are very diverse. The main Natural resources- oil (countries of the Persian Gulf), gas (countries of the Persian Gulf, Turkmenistan), coal and iron ore (China, India), non-ferrous metal ores. There is an extremely uneven supply of mineral resources in the region. In most countries, there is a lack of land, and in South-West and Central Asia - water resources.

Industry and agriculture

According to the level of industrial development, 6 groups of countries are distinguished:

TOP-4 articleswho read along with this

• Japan (second in the world in terms of economic potential) has a high level of industrial development. Israel is also developing rapidly.
• China and India stand out for their large scale of production, but lag behind in the production of goods for the share of the population.
• New industrial countries (NIS) (Korea, Singapore). The basis of the economy is the manufacturing industry (including mechanical engineering).
• Oil exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait). The economy is based on oil production.
• Countries with initial industrialization: mining and light industry (Mongolia, Vietnam, etc.)
• Least developed countries (Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Bhutan), where modern industry is almost absent.

Agriculture is represented by three types:

• Growing of rice, tea, sugar cane, etc. (areas with a monsoon climate).
• Subtropical agriculture, which is widespread in Mediterranean countries (fruits, grapes, citrus fruits, olives, wheat).
• Cultivation of cereals, pasture cattle breeding, widespread in dry regions of Central, South, South-West Asia.

Rice. 2. Flooded rice cultivation fields in China.

For all types, cotton is an important crop and is largely exported.

Population of Overseas Asia

4.2 billion people live in the territory of Foreign Asia. 50% of the world's population is concentrated here. The most populous country is China, with a population of 1.4 billion. The population density is extremely uneven: high density in coastal and island states, low - in desert states (for example, Mongolia and Kazakhstan). The region has a very low level of urbanization.

Among the countries, the state with the highest population density is Bangladesh with the capital Dhaka.

Rice. 3. Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

The composition of the population of Overseas Asia is ethnically very complex. More than 1 thousand peoples live on its territory, which belong to different linguistic families. The largest peoples are the Chinese, Japanese, Biharians, Bengalis.

EGP of Overseas Asia

There are positive and negative aspects in the EGP of Foreign Asia. One of the positive features is the coastal location of most of the countries in the region. In addition, there are mineral resources that are diverse and are the basis for the existence of heavy and light industries. Due to the large amount of oil that is produced in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Asia occupies an important place in the world economy.

There are five centers of Overseas Asia:

• China;
• Japan;
• India;
• NIS (newly industrialized countries);
• oil exporting countries).

What have we learned?

Overseas Asia is a large macro-region with five sub-regions. Occupying an area of ​​32 million sq. km, and having 48 states, this territory plays an important role in the world economy. This article for the 11th grade of geography provides brief information about the regions, their geographic location and economic features.

Test by topic

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.4. Total ratings received: 515.