The problems consist in an extremely fast and uneven increase in the population of the Earth from the second half of the XX century.

At the beginning of the agricultural revolution, 10,000 years BC, there were 10 million people on our planet, and at the beginning of the new era -100 - 250 million.

In 1830, the population of the Earth reached 1 billion, in 1930. -2 billion, i.e., it took 100 years to doubted the population. The population of the Earth reached 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion lived on Earth in 1990, 2003 -6.1Mld.

According to UN experts, on July 17, 1999, at 8 h 45 min Greenwich, a six-billion resident of the Earth was born.

In the third world countries, the share of urban population from 1980 to 2000 has doubled. Unboundless and lack of chances to get a job in rural areas pushing millions of unqualified population in the city. The explosive growth of the population of cities is held with the formation of slum areas characterized by unsanitary conditions of life. This type of urbanization is called "slum" or "false urbanization". This process generates very serious problems: housing, sanitary and hygienic, energy, providing cities with water, transport, environmental pollution, etc.

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Introduction

1. Epoch of global problems

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

More than three and a half million years ago, two progenitor of modern humanity left their traces on the sand near the place, which in the United Republic of Tanzania is now called flyoli. On the plain, this pair walked barefoot. Probably the number of their relatives was several hundred or thousands of people, they owned them very primitive tools. Now only an amazing chain of coincidence allows us to study their traces and ask all new and new questions.

Nowadays, the traces left by humanity cannot be noticed. Human activity captures the most remote parts of the planet, each ecosystem - from the simplest to incredibly complex. Our choice and our intervention converts nature, opening extraordinary opportunities and generating terrible dangers to preserve the quality and sustainability of our civilizations, as well as to maintain the most complex natural equilibrium.

Due to a number of reasons, such problems as preventing wars and world nuclear conflict, reliable provision of humanity with energy, raw materials, food, fresh water, the preservation of the natural environment, the economic development of the oceans and the outer space, the management of demographic processes, acquired a global character in the full sense.

Soils or only double the population of the planet Earth before the stabilization of its number will occur? Will the destructive impact of civilization on the environment? The destruction of natural systems and the deteriorating environmental situation pose a threat to national and international security. Can our planet feed all their inhabitants?

Interest in the study of universal global problems is growing from year to year around the world, therefore. In connection with these theme of our work is undoubtedly relevant.

The goal of the work is: to consider the situation for each of the problems under study from three positions: what we have to date; Where, how and why the situation began to worsen and how we can try to change the situation for the better.

1. Examine and analyze literary sources on the topic of research

2. Analyze ways to solve global environmental problems

demographic Population Poverty Natural

1. Epoch of global problems

In front of humanity there are constantly numerous problems that require an urgent solution. Some of them have a local nature of manifestation, others affect major regions of the world.

The development of modern civilization on the threshold of the 21st century goes under the sign of enhancing the global nature of many important processes and phenomena. Increasing the role of world politics and international relations, interconnectedness and scale of global processes in economic, political, social and cultural life, inclusion in international life and communication all major masses of the Earth's population - all this indicates the presence of objective prerequisites for the appearance of such problems in the modern world which have a global, planetary character. They affect the vital interests of all mankind. In turn, the emergence and aggravation of this kind of problems contributes to strengthening the internationalization of many social processes.

Thus, it can be noted that the system of qualitatively new, closely interrelated problems that have received the name of global is increasingly fixed in the public consciousness. The concept of the global problems of humanity is included in the system of scientific knowledge, enters encyclopedia and dictionaries: it is obvious that these problems in one way or another accompanied the process of the formation and development of civilization. And earlier, the food and energy-commodity problems were aggravated at the local level, environmental disasters occurred, and at all times, people suffered from wars and conflicts. For example, the death of Viking settlements in Iceland during a small glacial period scientists are associated with a change in climatic conditions. In Asia for 2 thousand years BC, civilization was killed by the Schumer in Lower Mesopotamia, where because of the salinization of irrigated lands was impossible agriculture. It is difficult to believe that the sandy Syria has once supplied Egypt to the forest that the elephants for their army Hannibal caught in extensive forests of North Africa and so on. Now there is a desert.

Compared to natural processes that have been operating for more than 4.5 billion years of the history of the Earth, the influence of a person was considered relatively insignificant. A person actively changes the earth's surface of only about 40 thousand years. However, its impact as the population grows and the development of the technique became a year from year to be tangible. The scale and acuteness of the problems that were used earlier cannot make any comparison with phenomena and processes characteristic of the end of our century.

Global problems have imagined traditional, and qualitatively new contradictions of social progress, inherent in the modern stage of the development of productive forces, the entire system of world-economic relations. Universal problems grow from local, national problems, but at the same time require no disparate efforts of individual countries for their decision, but joint actions of the global community.

Of the variety of global problems, the following aggregate is particularly distinguished: the prevention of global nuclear conflict and the cessation of the arms race; overcoming the socio-economic retardation of developing countries; Energy-raw, demographic, food problems; environmental protection; Mastering the World Ocean and Peaceful Space Development; Elimination of hazardous diseases.

When studying global problems, it is necessary to take into account both the general patterns of the development of historical processes (general trends in the development of productive forces, including under the influence of the scientific and technical revolution) and the action of social development factors - the rapid growth of the world's population, increasing the mutual influence of states.

Let us turn to the factors associated with the specifics of global economic development, primarily with the scientific and technical revolution that occurs in the world in the world, in which all industrial and non-material production are rebuilt on a scientific basis.

There was a major quality leap in all spheres of human activity - in production, military affairs, in transport, in connection, trade, and so on. Economic activities are currently applied in the territory, once inaccessible to humans in climatic and geographical terms: polar zones, the world ocean, outer space.

Large scale and dynamism of scientific and technical and economic activity in modern conditions and in countries with different levels of development entailed not only positive, but also negative consequences:

Sharp and not always justified an increase in the expenditure of natural resources;

Negative anthropogenic effect on the natural environment, deterioration of the environmental conditions of people's living conditions;

Strengthening unevenness in the levels of socio-economic development between industrialized and developing countries;

Creation of weapons of mass destruction threatening the existence of human civilization.

All this in a considerable extent contributed to the emergence and aggravation of global problems.

In the famous work of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky "a few words about the noosphere" (1944) the following evaluation of the events was given: "... In the history of our planet, the critical moment of a huge value for a person, prepared millions, or rather, billions of years, deeply penetrated into millions Human generations. " Understanding the development of society in an inextricable connection with the development of the biosphere was proposed by Vernadsky, developed the doctrine of the "noosphere", as the natural process of naturally historical human development. He allocated several interrelated processes characterizing the modern stage of human development in general, including the "Formation of humanity as a whole". It is noteworthy that these thoughts were expressed long before humanity was really faced with a whole complex of problems called "global" and forced to talk about the occurrence of a critical, turning point in human history, in the history of the entire Earth's biosphere.

There are various classifications of global problems, but any of them is conditional, since all problems are in close relationships, do not have clear boundaries and intertwined.

For example, in the framework of the generally accepted classification developed in the early 1980s, three main groups allocate.

The first includes problems associated with the main social communities of humanity (preventing the global nuclear catastrophe, overcoming the gap in the levels of socio-economic development between developed and developing countries and others).

To the second - problems concerning human and environmental relations (ecological, energy-raw materials and food, the development of outer space and others).

The third is the problems that record attention on the relationship between man and society (the use of achievements of scientific and technological progress, the elimination of hazardous diseases, improving the health system, the elimination of illiteracy and others).

But according to the typology of B.N. Savchenko stands out five major focal cores: safety, development, preservation of the natural bases of existence, justice, mutual understanding between different cultures. Undoubtedly interesting typology. It is set here a set of elements of a set of global problems: each of them is worth their own aggregate of global changes, their specific media of alternative positions on the choice of strategies for overcoming breaks in the activities caused by these changes.

In this system, an analysis of any of the currently global problems has been analyzed: disarmament, environmental pollution, the growth of the population of the planet and others.

We note the signs inherent in the global problems of humanity and distinguishing them from other problems of even a planetary nature:

The global scale of manifestations that go beyond the framework of one state or group of countries;

Acuity of manifestation;

Complex: all problems are closely intertwined with each other;

Universal essence that makes them understandable and relevant to all countries and peoples;

Feature to predetermine in certain aspects the course of the further history of mankind;

The possibility of solving them is only the efforts of the entire world community, all countries and ethnic groups.

None of the generations faced such a complex of problems. They received official recognition in many United Nations documents (UN).

The range of problems is determined, the question is whether humanity is able to solve these problems, especially the key to prevent the world nuclear catastrophe? Will it be able to overcome the inepending gap between developed and developing countries in the foreseeable future, which threatens to lead to major social shocks and political crises of an international scale? Will it be avoided by the dangers associated with the destructive impact of a person in nature? What way to overcome the shortage of natural resources, first of all energy? How to cope with the deepening disproportion between the rapid growth of the population and the security of food?

Students not always can give comprehensive answers to the questions raised and show ways to solve the world's concerns. The choice and decision-making depends on a very large degree from the socio-ethical and moral and humane norms of society, the goals of its development. Guided only by the tasks of economic order, increasing material production and considering nature only as an object of exploitation and premises of production and livelihoods, humanity puts itself in front of a formidable global catastrophe. It's time to remember that our world is one.

A lot of questions have been delivered to which you just need to find answers. For now there is a threat of irreversible changes in the ecological properties of geosredes,

The threat of violation of the emerging integrity of the world community and the threat of self-destruction of civilization.

It is not by chance that the global problems of humanity "cause increased interest in all countries and peoples, representatives of different community layers, states with different public buildings. The largest international comprehensive research on the problems of the evolution of the nature of the Earth and global changes are unfolded. An increasing number of international and national organizations publish materials about State Environment and Many other problems.

The main goal of all works on globalism is to influence the public consciousness, to show the essence of these problems and the dangers to which they lead to at least somehow compensate for the striking grace of many people, including scientists and political figures.

People tend to strongly change their view on environmental and other problems and become capable of maintaining effective political solutions often only after the occurrence of the crisis. The explosion of a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl in April 1986 turned the threat of a nuclear catastrophe into reality. Scientists are sadly joking: "The world community can solve global problems, but he may not have enough time." However, I want to believe that humanity will still be released on the path of development, providing a harmonious nature of human relations, society and nature.

2. The relationship between population population and environmental status

The current situation on the planet Earth is characterized by almost everywhere with a sharp deterioration in the quality of the environment - air pollution, rivers, lakes, seas; by the litter of various kinds of people's vital activity; Detection and often the complete disappearance of many species of animal and plant peace; Degradation of soils, desertification, forest destruction and other.

The adverse effects of human activity spread to the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere. This conflict between society and nature creates a threat to the emergence of irreversible changes in natural systems, undermining the natural conditions and resources of the existence of the current and future generations of the inhabitants of the planet Earth. The growth of the productive forces of society, the rapid growth of the world's population, urbanization, and stormy scientific and technological progress are a kind of catalysts of these processes.

Great acute environmental situation reached in developed countries (although in recent years due to various environmental measures the situation changes). In major cities with localization of the largest industrial enterprises and transport in small territories, this is expressed, first of all, in the pollution of the atmosphere and has a very big impact on the health of people. Moreover, in the largest cities, the concentration of the population is enormous. Thus, in Moscow, the population density reached 9 thousand people per square kilometer, in New York - almost 10 thousand, Paris - 12 thousand, Tokyo - over 14 thousand people. Sadly known term "smoking" (photochemical fog). The long-range transfer of pollutants in the atmosphere is one of the problems of the northern hemisphere. In 1983, "Convention on Transboundary Air Pollution at large distances entered into force. In 1985, in Helsinki, 20 countries of Europe and Canada signed a protocol on a thirty-percent reduction in sulfur emissions. Rivers, lakes, forests suffer from industrial pollution. For example, Sweden has more than 100 thousand lakes on its territory, of which 18 thousand are "dead", deprived of the life of the lake. The poisoning occurs as a result of entering them through the drains and atmospheric precipitation of a huge amount of chemical compounds.

At the bottom of the famous Lake Geneva, whose water was quite recently used for drinking, more than 70 tons of mercury, cadmium tons, zinc and other heavy metals were found. Such substances are able to cause very serious diseases of people, they have carcinogenic activity and are able to influence the genetic code of a person (cause hereditary diseases). From the destructive influence of the so-called "acid rain" rivers, lakes, soils, vegetation cover and even buildings.

In the 1970s, first paid attention to this phenomenon. In the rivers and lakes of the Scandinavian countries began to die fish. Then, in the United States, Canada, Western Europe, because of acid rains began to dry out forests. Only in Germany, about 50% of forests were injured, in Austria - about 30%, forests were amazed in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and other European countries. Scandinavian countries were strongly injured from the "acid rains", which were generated during the dissolution of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere of the industry of other European countries. Similar phenomena are marked in Canadian forests from contaminants, brought by winds from the United States. Moreover, all this occurs away from cities and industrial centers. The world record in terms of acid rain belongs to the Scottish town of Pete-Lohri, where the rain fell on April 10, 1974, rather resembling a table vinegar than water.

Acid precipitation destroy the facilities from marble and other materials. Historical monuments of Greece and Rome, stood by the Millennium, in recent years they are destroyed right in their eyes. There is a threat of the loss of many architectural monuments in Western Europe in the next 15--20 years. Even the trend towards climate warming on the planet is not a natural phenomenon, but is associated with the contamination of the atmosphere by exhaust gases and waste industrial enterprises ("greenhouse" effect).

It is known that CO 2 (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere, like glass in the greenhouse, passes the radiant energy of the sun, but delays the thermal radiation of the Earth and thereby creates the so-called "greenhouse" effect. And the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere grows (as a result of cutting and burning forests, due to the contamination by its industrial waste and exhaust gases). Emissions of chlorofluorocyerro-dov (CFCs) also contribute to the warming of climate. The influence of human civilization on the climate of the Earth is a sad reality.

In the 80s, the four most warm years of the last century had to (1988 was the hottest), and we are already talking about global climate warming on Globe. As if to confirm the findings of scientists, weather conditions in key areas of the world showed how the living conditions become as a result of the increase in the "greenhouse" effect.

There is no doubt that warming will have an impact on continental and sea ice. The area of \u200b\u200bglaciers will be reduced, and many will disappear. The permafrost area is reduced. The Ice Packs of the Northern Ocean in the next century will be completely destroyed or will replace the thin ice, which will melt in the summer.

As we have already noted, environmental problems cannot be separated from economic problems - and efforts to solve them may be crucial for the fight against the "greenhouse" effect.

Nobody knows exactly what can be the results of the overall warming of the earth climate, but it is clear that it will affect the farming. The warmer climate will significantly reduce the area where you can grow certain cultures, such as wheat. The lands, on which it can hardly be engaged in agriculture (for example, the Sahel in Africa) will suffer most of all. An increase in temperature by 1.5-4.5 ° Celsius will lead to an increase in the seas levels by about 80 centimeters and more. This increase is enough to cover more than 12% of Bangladesh territory. For the coastal strip, a high population density is characterized, and in fact for 50 years under the conditions listed above, water lifting can absorb up to 60 kilometers of sea shores. An assessment of scientific data and a possible course of action for the global community on this issue is necessary.

The most important part of the atmosphere affecting the climate and protecting all living on Earth from the radiation of the Sun is an ozone layer.

Ozone atmosphere absorbs hard ultraviolet radiation. Oxides of nitrogen, heavy metals, as well as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, play an active role in the processes of formation and destruction of ozone.

Blowing into the atmosphere, each chlorof-tongue molecule (freon, CFCs) is 20 thousand times more efficient in keeping heat than carbon dioxide (fuel combustion product). Especially destroyed for ozone molecules free chlorine. Each atom is able to destroy 100 thousand ozone molecules. But freons, which are widely used as solvents for paints and varnishes in various kinds of aerosols, sometimes in the atmosphere, can exist there 100 years.

Observations from artificial satellites of the Earth showed that annually during the month over Antarctic, the amount of atmospheric ozone decreases by 60%. And in total, compared with 1959, the ozone level decreased by 40%. The "hole" in the ozone layer occupies the area equal to the territory of the United States, appears in October and disappears in November (spring in the southern hemisphere), that is, the phenomenon lasts one month. The discoverer "Ozone Hole" is a researcher of the British Arctic service Joseph Charles Farman.

This phenomenon is seriously concerned about the world community. With increasing intensity of ultraviolet radiation, scientists associate an increase in eye diseases and oncological diseases in humans; The occurrence of mutations (ultraviolet destroys DNA molecules, and these are already genetic changes); Negatively affects the conditions of growth of certain types of plants, reduces the productivity of phytoplankton - the main feed of fish and marine organisms.

American scientists calculated the alleged consequences of the ozone drama. There is such an option: if the freon will be thrown into the atmosphere in the current volumes, in a century, it will be sick with a skin cancer of 155 million Americans, of which 3 million will dock, 18 million people will suffer from the cataract; Growing radiation will strike a strong blow to agriculture, fisheries and so on.

Under the blow there will be a person, the world ocean, climate, animal and vegetable world, ecosystems ... Not very brilliant prospects in civilization. In connection with the exacerbation of the situation in 1985, the Vienna Convention was signed, from January 1, 1989, the Montreal Protocol entered into force, limiting the production and use of chemicals damaging the ozone layer. (Both of these documents ratified more than 40 countries of the world, including our state.) Later in 1991 at meetings 81, the country and the European Community agreed to eliminate CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) by 2000.

Population and the environment are in close interdependence, but the relationship between them is complex, diverse and conditioned by concrete circumstances. The method of generalizations relative to the negative effects of population growth for the environment is often misleading. For a long time, demographers have already abandoned such an approach, but in some cases a policy is still carried out, as if such generalizations reflect the real state of affairs.

As the population increases and increased globalization, the most important policy issues are becoming the following: how to use the available land and water resources for the purpose of food for all, how to facilitate economic development and put the end of poverty so that everyone has the opportunity to feed, and at the same time, how to solve The problem of the humanitarian and environmental consequences of industrialization - by the 19th century recipes, or methods of the Soviet bloc, or on the development models of the agribusiness of the 20th century or the problems of the 21st century, for example, global warming, climate change and loss of biological diversity of species.

A sharp deterioration in the environment of the environment means not just empty resource spending; This is a threat to the existence of the most difficult structures ensuring the development of humanity.

For the realization of the relationship between the population and environmental state of the environment requires detailed accounting of methods and forms of interaction of factors, including those such as the presence of abundance, consumption, development of technology and demographic growth, as well as previously ignored or underestimated social problems, for example, role-playing functions and relationships of men and women, political structures and administrative management at all levels.

An all growing understanding of the dependence between the state of the environment, the population of population and the level of social development. With regard to funds and goals, wide mutual understanding has been achieved. For example, development itself is to empower women. Elimination of obstacles that prevent women to implement their economic and political rights is also one of the means of eradicating poverty.

The complex of the most important measures for the development of health and education applies and reproductive health. It is one of the means to achieve the goal of expanding the rights and capabilities of women, but at the same time is one of the human rights and includes the right to choose the size of the family and the right to regulate the birth intervals of children. Achieving equal status of men and women, guarantees of the right to protect reproductive health and ensuring freedom of choosing individuals and marital couples relative to the family size will also contribute to the slowdown in the pace of demographic growth and decline in the future population population.

All countries agree with the appropriateness of the early stabilization of the growth rate of the world's population. Among other things, a slower pace of demographic growth in developing countries will be able to promote the weakening of the load on the environment.

3. Demographic problems and opportunities Trends in the dynamics of the population and fertility

The change in the number, the growth rate and distribution of the population has a wide impact on the state of the environment and for development prospects. A number of demographic shifts in various regions creates new problems and opens up new opportunities.

The level of fertility is highest in the poorest countries, and among the poorest countries in the aforementioned countries. In these countries, the disabilities of poverty contributes to the unsatisfactory state of health services, education and other, especially intended to women. Reproductive health services are not able to satisfy even the existing needs of women who want to prevent or postpone the period of pregnancy, while expected, demand in the coming 20 years will increase by a rapid pace. High maternal mortality rates, and the level of use of contraceptives - low (often below 15 percent of all pairs).

These countries also refer to the number where the degradation of soils and water resources is shown with the greatest acute, as well as the most aggravated food deficit. In some of the environmental terms of abundant, but easily vulnerable zones, known as "hot spots of biological diversity", the growth rate of the population is much higher than the global average of 1.3 percent per year. The growing demand from regions with a higher abundance increases the burden on natural resources in these ecosystems.

A positive point is that the birth rate in developing countries as a whole fell below three children per woman, almost half compared to what happened in 1969, while it is expected that he will continue to decline to 2045- 2050 Reaching 2.17 children per woman. At the same time, the life expectancy in the world increased to an average of 66 years (from 46 years in 1950), and, with the exception of regions with the highest level of HIV / AIDS infection, people have become smaller than the life cycle. Either in history.

AIDS pandemic will have serious demographic consequences. By 2015, the life expectancy in countries with the highest level of infection will be 60 years, which is five years less than it would be in the absence of AIDS.

In some countries, including Mexico and a number of states of Southeast Asia, during the life of the last generation, the birth rate has sharply fell, creating a so-called "demographic bonus" of a numerous generation of 15-24-year-old young people who are ready to enter into labor life, not experiencing pressure From equal to the number of children's generation for their backs. In these countries, it is also possible to expect rapid growth of generation of the elderly, however, the mentioned demographic bonus opens up the opportunity to prepare for their satisfaction of their needs. Countries where the level of fertility is still high and the lifespan increases, such a possibility is deprived. Around the world of young people aged 15 to 24 years old, there are over 1 billion people.

In industrialized countries, the birth rate is currently 1.6 children per woman, which is lower than the level of recovery. The population of these countries will grow rapidly, and some of them can actually be reduced if there is no feeding due to migration. The downward flow trend is firmly rooted. However, the recent surveys conducted in the UK show that the family size in some low-income families is less than the parents wish.

The greatest volumes of consumption take place in industrialized countries, however, as income grow, they rapidly increase everywhere. To ensure sustainable development in the future, measures for energy saving, combating environmental pollution and the restriction of demand for natural resources are fundamentally important. To stabilize the pace of global demographic growth, parallel measures must be taken. Whether in 2050 will reach the population of the planet of a high predicted value of 10.9 billion people, a low value of 7.9 billion or an average value of 9.3 billion, will depend on which choice will be made and what commitments will be adopted in the coming years. The most important two directions are the following: first, ensuring that the right to education and health care, including the protection of reproductive health, has become a reality for all women; And secondly, the elimination of absolute poverty, in which 1.2 billion people living less than $ 1 per day are located. These two goals are closely interrelated, because most of the most absolutely poor are women; Work on achieving one goal will contribute to the achievement of another. An important role in achieving these goals and the creation of sustainable favorable conditions for the emergence of smaller, more healthy families, healthier and better educated children with wider capabilities, as well as for further progress in the field of population and environmental sustainability will be played , and international donors, and civil society and in many cases - the private sector.

Over the past decade, we further learned about the deepening of the environmental impact due to the growth of population, changes in the distribution of population and the implementation of models of unreasonable consumption and production. A serious problem with sustainable development has been clearly clearly manifested. Important stages on this path were the agreements adopted at conferences, which in the 1990s conducted the United Nations. One of these subsequent milests was the United Nations Environment and Development Conference (UNCED), which took place in 1992. In Rio de Janeiro.

The international community recognized the need to integrate environmental protection measures and the rational use of natural resources in the program of action to combat poverty and overcoming a low level of development.

At the Vienna Conference on Human Rights (1993), the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPP, 1994) and the Fourth World Conference on Women (1995), progress was made, which was recognized as the importance of incorporating population problems, expansion The rights and capabilities of women in development programs. The focus of the World Summit for Development (1995) was the development strategies based on how to participate.

Each of these major conferences contributed to the development of a wide range of specific action programs and revision of policies, including the development and implementation of national plans and changes in national policies and priorities. During the consideration of progress in the implementation of each agreement for the five-year period, essential activities for the future were identified. Each step marks a further promotion on the way to implement the idea of \u200b\u200bsustainable development.

At the highest level meeting, devoted to the onset of the new millennium (2000), the heads of state and governments identified priority tasks in the field of development and eradication of poverty. This rapid event contributed to the consolidation of the obligations adopted at the previously held conferences, determined the specific indicators of the progress achieved and formulated the idea of \u200b\u200bwhich changes are necessary to achieve a steady future.

4. Development, Poverty and Environmental Impact

More and more people use more and more resources, and more and more intense than ever in the history of mankind. Abundance consumes energy and creates waste in much large volumes than poverty. The impact of poverty is also destroying for the environment, however, the poor are still at the end of a long causal chain. They, rather, harbing instability than the factors causing.

Demographic growth, an increase in abundance (with increasing consumption, pollution of the environment and waste) and continuing poverty (with the lack of resources and technologies of their use, as well as the absence of potential for changing these conditions) have increasingly greater pressure on the environment.

In many countries, the growth rate of the population in recent years overtakes food production rates. From 1985 to 1995, food production volumes lagged on demographic growth in 64 out of 105 surveyed developing countries, and the worst situation was observed in Africa.

In Australia, Europe and North America there are large existence of food for export and there is probably there is a potential for expanding food production. However, the question of the long-term sustainability of intensive agriculture remains unanswered.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) classifies most of the developing states as "low-income countries and a food deficit." These countries produce an insufficient food in order to feed their own population, and cannot afford sufficient volumes to cover the deficit. In these countries, approximately 800 million people are chronically undernourished, and 2 billion people are deprived of food security.

The potential of food production in many poor countries is undermined by soil degradation, chronic water deficiency, unsatisfactory agricultural engineering and rapid growth of the population. Many agricultural land in all more than Used for growing commercial cultures for export, depriving lands for processing and food products for the nutrition of the poor.

Today, 15 cultures provide 90 percent of food consumption in the world. Three of them - rice, wheat and maize (corn) - are the main food products for two of every three people. The ongoing genetic erosion of wild strains of grain and other cultivated plants threatens further work to improve the quality of major cultures. If you cannot stop or significantly slow down the pace of genetic losses of plants, then by 2025 60,000 plant species or approximately the fourth part of all existing on the planet may be lost.

Threats also turned out to be stocks of fish resources. According to FAO, "fully operated are an object of excessive fishery, depleted or slowly divided in an equal position. On average, more developed, restored "69 percent of commercial marine fish resources.

In order to provide almost 8 billion people who are expected to live on Earth by 2025, and improve their food diet, planet countries in order to prevent hunger will have to double the production of food and improve its distribution. Due to the fact that existing arable land are reduced, the greatest part Production volumes will be provided by increasing yields, not the cultivation of new lands. However, for the cultivation of new high-yielding varieties of crops, special fertilizers and pesticides are required, the use of which can disrupt the ecological balance and cause the emergence of new diseases and pests.

In the interest of achieving food security, the country should reverse the current process of land degradation and water resources. Even the most important countries can maintain the soul resource base - especially the upper layer of soil and fresh water, to increase the productivity of land and yield. It is required to provide responsible administrative governance, leading to the balance of numerous interests, participation of communities (including women who are often managed by local resources), making obligations to achieve food security and cooperation with the international community.

Gap in consumption.

Between industrially developed and developing countries, there is a deepest "gap in consumption". The richest countries of the planet, where 20 percent of the total population of the world have 86 percent of the total private consumption, while the largest 20 percent of the planet population accounts for only 1.3 percent of consumption.

A child born in an industrialized country today will increase the volume of consumption and pollution of the environment during its life more than 30-50 children born in developing countries. The ecological "trail" of richer is much deeper than the poor, and in many cases exceeds the limits of the regenerative ability of the Earth.

Poverty and environment.

Despite the fast-growing wealth, the amount of which is currently estimated at 24 trillion. US dollars per year, approximately 1.2 billion people live less than $ 1 per day. Almost 60 percent of 4.4 billion inhabitants of developing countries are deprived of basic sanitary and hygienic services, almost one-third has no access to clean water, one fourth part does not have a proper dwelling, 20 percent are deprived of access to the services of modern health and 20 percent of children not May afford education above 5 grade.

Globalization undoubtedly contributes to an increase in global wealth and stimulates growth. But it also leads to strengthening inequality in income and environmental degradation. Poverty forces many poor people in the interests of survival more intensively exploit vulnerable natural resources.

Another problem is an amplifying urbanization. Daily from rural areas in the city moves approximately 160,000 people. Currently, almost half of the entire population of the planet lives in urban areas. Many cities in developing countries faced serious problems of the sanitary condition of the environment and deterioration of living conditions, which is due to the accelerated growth, the lack of relevant infrastructure to meet the growing needs, water pollution and the atmosphere and an increase in the volume of household waste over the level they can dispose of.

More and more people come to a common opinion that only an integrated approach to solving the problems of poverty and environmental degradation is able to provide sustainable development. The key to success is to expand the resource base of the poor, in investments in the development of energy and infrastructure, in support of "green" technologies and in the implementation of the relevant pricing policies in relation to such resources as water, electricity and fertilizer.

The poor often spend many hours, collecting fuel and at the same time pay a higher price per unit of energy, while subsidies for electricity act to the benefit of the urban elite.

Growth rural population It does not necessarily cause harm to the environment, however, the lack of land often forces the poor to populate easily angrien zones. Constructive policies, including policies in the field of population, will make it possible to realize most of the opportunities, avoid restrictions and ensure equality.

Only an integrated approach to the fight against poverty and in environmental protection can lead to sustainable development. An important role will be played by regulation at the local level and the use of local experience and knowledge. Of course, attention is fundamental to the opinion of women, on which concern for providing food, water, fuel and other household resources.

Anthropogenic impact on the environment aggravates the severity of natural disasters, and the poor suffer from the consequences. Currently, 25 million people are environmental refugees.

The position of women and the environment.

All over the world, the main concern for the upbringing of children and ensure sufficient resources to meet their needs lies with women. In rural areas of developing countries, women are also the main managers of the main resources of households, namely clean water, fuel for cooking and heating and pet food.

Women make up more than half of the workforce in the world agriculture. They grow a harvest for the family and for sale on the market, while often producing most of the basic foods. In the poorest countries, the planets at the head of the nearly the fourth part of rural households are women.

However, despite the fact that women are a major concern for the rational use of resources, they are often devoid of control functions. National legislation and local customs often refuse to women in the right to execute land ownership and inherit it, which means that they do not have ensuring loans and opportunities to improve living conditions.

Often, women are infringed with respect to other aspects of life, which strengthens the inequality of the situation between men and women. Still characteristic feature Rural life are high fertility and large size of families, although there has been no reason for this. In part, this situation reflects the lack of choice in women in this matter.

The principle of sustainable development requires to recognize and appreciate the numerous aspects in which women's life is intertwined with the realities of the environment. In the interests of acquiring property rights, possession and inheritance, women need legal and social support. They also need access to loans, agricultural education and services in the field of rational use of resources.

Having less wide opportunities in the village, many men migrate, while the burden of family worries and responsibility of women increases, although they can receive money for housing, education and health care.

Urbanization opens up a number of opportunities before women, but also exposes them to certain risks. Pregnancy and childbearing are generally safer in urban areas where there is a higher probability of access to health care services. Urban life also reveals before women wider choices in terms of obtaining education, work and marriage, but life in the city also raises the risk of violence, abuse and exploitation on sexual soil.

Both in urban areas and in rural areas, the choice of family size and intervals of the birth of children, health issues, including reproductive health, education and equal cooperation with men, belong to the circle of solutions that women have to be taken in order to effectively Lead a household and the use of other resources.

Of principled importance is women in making decisions about health and environmental protection. An increasingly extensive experience shows that the services for the protection of reproductive health and the environment in the presence of interaction can produce very positive results, if aimed at solving their own priority communities.

The laws and policies aimed at ensuring the rights and equality of women are also of fundamental importance to the sustainable use and protection of natural resources. Without such support, many women find themselves in a vicious circle of further environmental degradation, poverty, high fertility and limited opportunities.

Currently, women's groups are organizing work on the complete integration of women in political processes so that they can take full-fledged participation in making their lives of political decisions.

Health and environment.

Environmental conditions determinize the state of the health of people and the duration of their lives. There is a close interdependence between the state of the environment and the state of reproductive health.

Environmental conditions largely contribute to the spread of infectious diseases, which in the world there are approximately 20-25 percent of all fatal outcomes. According to the calculations, simply due to the measures of environmental impact it would be possible to prevent 60 percent of the total number of diseases in the world due to sharp respiratory infections, 90 percent - diarrhea, 50 percent - chronic respiratory diseases and 90 percent - malaria.

Dirty water and the associated unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic conditions annually lies with more than 12 million people. The contamination of the atmosphere is the cause of the death of almost 3 million, mainly in developing countries.

Land use changes can have a deep impact on health. Dams and irrigation systems can create favorable conditions for the reproduction of diseases of diseases; Intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers can subjected to the local population at risk of exposure to toxic chemicals.

In densely populated and fast-growing, megapolisms, residents are exposed to atmospheric pollution, whose levels are much higher than the recommended tolerances.

Air pollution in residential premises - Fight from burning firewood, manure, plant waste and coal for cooking and heating adversely affects health approximately 2.5 billion people, mainly women and girls, and, according to estimates, annually carry over 2 , 2 million lives, and more than 98 percent - in developing countries.

Since 1900, almost 100,000 previously non-known chemicals came as a result of industrialization into the environment. The impact that is individually or in combination is most of them on human health have not been studied. Some of these chemicals prohibited in industrialized countries due to their harmful effects are still widely used in developing countries.

Many chemicals fall into the atmosphere, water, soil, food - both in the human body. Penetration begins in the womb of the mother. The connection of some agricultural and industrial chemicals with pathology of pregnancy, developmental delay, morbidity and mortality of newborns and children has been established. The effects of nuclear radiation and heavy metals affects heredity.

Climate change will have a number of influences on health status, for example, will entail a change in risk areas against diseases whose carriers are insects.

The spread of diseases also contribute to migration and trade between countryside and urban zones, and equals between different countries. In the newly populated areas, settlements are unsatisfactory are serviced by medical institutions.

The crisis situation with HIV / AIDS is closely related to the issues of developing a wider nature, including the problems of poverty, not full nutrition, exposure to other infections, inequality of men and women and unreliability of livelihoods. This epidemic, providing a direct destructive impact on the state of health and family, complicates the case of environmental protection, exacerbates the labor problems of agricultural production and exacerbates the burden that women carry in rural areas.

Actions in the interests of ensuring sustainable and equal development.

The definitions of development and understanding of it are changing. Economic development, environmental state, health of men, women and children and social status of women - all these phenomena are intertwined. Development requires improvements in human life, usually achieved by its own efforts; The social status of women directly determines the level of development, and in order to increase their status, women need high-quality reproductive health protection.

Understanding this has found an expression in the documents adopted on the basis of the consensus, which were discussed at the global meetings held in the 1990s. In the center of their participants in 1992, there were environmental and development issues, in 1994 - the problems of population and development, and in 1995. - Issues of social development and ensuring the rights of women.

In 1994, the ICPR recognized the relationship between the slowdown in the demographic growth, a decrease in poverty, the achievement of economic progress, environmental protection and a reduction in unreasonable consumption and production. The conference stressed that providing women's rights, including the right to protect reproductive health, is of fundamental importance to ensure the right of participants themselves for sustainable development and is the most important means of achieving it.

In 1999, a review of the progress made by 185 countries in the implementation of the ICPR action program was established that the formulated goals and approaches were still legitimate, which many governments have changed in their health and population programs for more complete compliance. The principles formulated in the Cairo approach, which since 1994 has increased a number of problems - especially HIV / AIDS, and that the scale of financing was not justified by the hopes expressed in Cairo and did not meet the goals set there, which could not but cause feelings of anxiety. During the review, new benchmarks were delivered and new commitments were adopted.

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Global problems of modern society

Global problems (from Franz. "Global" - universal) arose in the second half of the XX century. Historically, they were preceded by local (local) and regional problems. The term "global problems" himself appeared in the scientific literature in the late 60s of the XX century. Global problems have three signs:

1. They cover all countries;

2. They decision Perhaps the efforts of all mankind, if several countries go, even one big country will shy away from their decision, then humanity will threate a serious danger;

3. The inability to solve any of the global problems will mean either a deep catastrophe for humanity, or even his death. Thus, global problems are the problems of life and death of mankind. Never, mankind was not so powerful in technical and scientific attitude, as now, but never before it stood on the verge of a general catastrophe.

In general, global problems are a complex system that includes three maintenance Groups of interrelated problems. The first group is an intersocial problem, expressing contradictions between countries and groups of countries. The first of the intersocial problems and the most important of all in general global problems at this stage is the problem of saving mira between the leading powers and the prevention of thermo nuclear war. Whatever serious dangers for humanity were accompanied by all other global problems (ecological, demographic, raw materials, etc.) they even in the aggregate of incompatible with disastrous consequences world Thermonuclear war. It can lead not only to the immediate death of many hundreds of millions of people, but also to an irreversible ecological catastrophe. According to experts, even 5% of the current nuclear weapons (in the case of its use) will be enough to cause irreversible environmental consequences: the risen soot from the seashed cities and forests will create an impenetrable screen for sunlight and lead to a drop in the average temperature for dozens of degrees. So even in a tropical belt will come a long polar night. As a result, not only all of humanity will die from such a "nuclear winter", but, apparently, all biological views With the exception of the simplest.

After the collapse of the USSR, the opposition of the West was disappeared - the USSR. The former republics of the USSR returned to the usual capitalist path development And, it would seem, the international climate warmed. But Western countries, keeping the block. NATO, the need in which after the dissolution of the Warsaw bloc disappeared, began to use it in order to dictate his will to the whole rest of the world. By producing in 1999 aggression against Yugoslavia, subjected to the first time after World War II, the bombing of the city in Central Europe, NATO again showed how fragile the world is on earth. Therefore, the prevention of world war still remains the first of global problems.

The second of the intersocial problems is to overcome the gap in the level of economic and cultural development between the developed countries of the West and the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, elimination of millions of people in the last hunger, poverty and illiteracy. More than 75% of the Earth's population lives in low-developed countries, and this huge region serves as a permanent source of social explosions, environmental disasters and epidemics. A special danger emanating from these countries is terrorism and the possibility of using nuclear weapons.

The second group of global problems - problems in the system "Society" system. These include health problems and demographics. Despite the overall on improving living conditions and development Medicines on the planet grows the number of diseases such as alcoholism, drug addiction, malignant tumors, hypertension, AIDS, which threateningly undermine the working capacity of society. In developing countries, millions of people do not have medical care, often arise epidemics. Due to distribution in the environment of chemical and radioactive mutagens, genetic aggravation of the human population increases.

A serious problem on the planet is the "demographic explosion". At the beginning of our era, the number of humanity was about 200 million people, in 1850 - 1 billion, in 1930 - 2 billion, in 1960 - 3 billion, in 1987 - 5 billion, in 1999 - 6 billion people. With modern technologies and agrotechnology, the Earth will allow to contain with the average American food consumption of about 6 billion people. But the growth of the population continues. The severity of the situation is that over 80% of the population growth falls into developing countries, as a result of which their share in the number of world population is growing steadily due to an increase in the developing countries in the growing population growth and the growth of material goods are increasing in the global economy. and politics. In these countries, over 90% of the global number of starving, illiterate, not fully occupied.

Are not in demographic terms of prosperous and developed countries. There is a decrease in fertility, the adoption of the population, the specific weight of pensioners in the total mass of the population and, accordingly, an increase in the cost of their contents. Therefore, demographic policies in developing countries are aimed at reducing the birth rate, and in developed countries - to its increase. In our country, against the background of occurring cataclysms, mortality exceeds fertility, and the population of Russia decreases.

The third group of global problems - problems in the Society - Nature system. These include ecological, raw materials, energy and food problems. On the first of them, which, apparently, in its severity after military problem, is in second place among all global problems. Here, we note that in the foreseeable future, humanity exhausted traditional raw materials and energy sources (coal, oil, gas, uranium, etc.). Intensive technologies deplete soil fertility. In connection with the growth of the population, the average area of \u200b\u200bcrops of grain crops per person decreased over the past 30 years by one third. Since 1984, world grain production (which is used not only in human food, but also serves as feed for meat and dairy cattle) annually increased by only 1% - 2 times slower than the growth of the population. Therefore, the number of starving on the planet does not decrease, but increases.

The list of global problems is not exhausted above. Many scientists belong to them more problems of international terrorism, education, conservation of spiritual culture, etc. Why did global problems arise? The prerequisites for their occurrence include the huge scope of the economic activity of mankind and the colossal increase in its impact on nature. Humanity has become a geological factor that has a negative effect on the biosphere. Another background consists in an increase in the internationalization process of all social activities. If it were not, then problems would remain local. Another prerequisite is the operation of developing countries developed and aggravating the unevenness of the socio-economic and scientific and technical development of various regions of the planet. The immediate cause of global problems was the spontaneity of social development and anarchy of production on the basis of the planet, the chase of transnational corporations for maximum profit to the detriment of the long-term root interests of society as a whole.

Federal Agency for the Education of the GOU VPO All-Russian Correspondence Financial and Economic Institute

TEST

by "philosophy"

topic number 4: "Environmental and demographic problems and ways to solve them"

performed: Gorlated D.Yu.

Faculty: Financial and Credit

Specialty: Bachelor - Economy

lecturer: Boyko V.N.

Kursk - 2012.

Introduction

.Global environmental problems and ways to solve them

.Population and its role in the development of society

.The main environmental and demographic problems of modern Russia and the ways to solve them

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

In the modern world there are a huge number of problems, such as overcoming the backwardness of developing countries, preventing nuclear war, the elimination of hazardous diseases, food and energy problems, environmental pollution and a number of other problems, but in my opinion. A special place among them is a demographic problem. It necessitates the development of almost all global problems of humanity.

Due to the avalanche-like growth of the population on the planet, all new and new problems appear in humanity. Earth several billion years. If this time cut squeeze to one day. It turns out that humanity has no more than a second. Nevertheless, according to the UN estimates, by 2015 about 8 billion people will live on the planet. All of them need water, food, air, energy and place under the sun. But the planet can no longer provide this to every person.

According to scientists' estimates, humanity is currently living at the expense of future generations, which are treated the much worse living conditions, which will inevitably affect the state of their health and social well-being. To avoid this, people need to learn to exist only on "interest" from the fixed capital - nature, without spending the capital itself.

Starting from the twentieth century, this capital is sheltered with steadily increasing rates, and by now the nature of the Earth has been changed so much that global environmental problems have been discussed at the international level. In the ecosystem used, even the latest technologies of rational environmental management do not allow to preserve biodiversity. For this purpose, specially protected natural areas are needed (LCD), in which economic activity is completely prohibited or limited. Square of PAs in Russia is 20 or more times less than in developed countries. And in order to maintain the flora and fauna of our country in the present condition, it is necessary to increase the territory occupied by the PAs, at least 10-15 times.

1. Global environmental problems and ways to solve them

The initial causes of the appeared at the end of the XX century. Global environmental problems were a demographic explosion and simultaneous scientific and technical revolution.

At the same time, the scientific and technological revolution gave humanity with the possession of atomic energy, which, besides the good, led to radioactive pollution of extensive territories. There was reactive high-speed aviation, destroying the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Tens of times increased the number of cars that pollute the exhaust gases atmosphere of cities. In agriculture, in addition to fertilizers, various poisons - pesticides were widely applied, which polluted the surface layer of the entire world ocean.

All this led to many major environmental problems. Global environmental issues have an objective result of the interaction of our civilization and the environment in the Epoch of Industrial Development. The beginning of this era is considered to be 1860, about this time as a result of the rapid development of Euro-American capitalism, there was an exit of the industry to a new level. Global environmental problems are divided into several groups, closely connected with each other:

· demographic problem (negative consequences of population growth in the 20th century);

· energy problem (energy deficit generates the search for new sources and associated with their prey and use pollution);

· food problem (the need to achieve a full-fledged nutritional level of every person sets questions in the field of agriculture and the use of fertilizers);

· the problem of preserving natural resources (raw materials and mineral resources Explores from the Bronze Age, the preservation of the gene pool of mankind and biodiversity, fresh water and oxygen of the atmosphere are limited);

· the problem of protecting the environment and man from the action of harmful substances (the sad facts of mass throwing of whales on the coast, mercury, petroleum, etc. Catastrophes and them caused poisoning).

In the last quarter of the XX century. The sharp warming of the global climate, which in the boreal areas affects the decrease in the number of frosty winters. The average temperature of the surface layer of air over the past 25 years has increased by 0.7 ° C. The temperature of ice-water in the area of \u200b\u200bthe North Pole increased by almost two degrees, as a result of which Ice pickup began.

Now most of the world's climatologists recognize the role of an anthropogenic factor in climate warming. Over the past 10-15 years, many studies and meetings have been conducted, which showed that the rise of the ocean level really occurs, at a rate of 0.6 mm per year, or 6 cm in a century. At the same time, the vertical raising or lowering of coastal lines reaches 20 mm per year.

Currently, the main environmental issues that have arisen under the influence of anthropogenic activities were: a violation of the ozone layer, deforestation and desertification of the territories, the contamination of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, the loss of acid rain, the decrease in biodiversity. In this regard, the widest research and a deep analysis of changes in global ecology, which could help in making cardinal decisions at the highest level in order to reduce damage natural conditions and ensuring a favorable habitat.

2. Population and its role in the development of society

Population is a set of people living on Earth (humanity) or within a specific territory, continent, country, district, city. Unlike the universal term "population", the term "population" is used mostly in the socio-economic characteristics of the population. N. Research Special Science - Demography<#"justify">The question of the role of population in the development of society was paying great attention to Domarxist sociologists and economists. During the occurrence and formation of capitalism, English economists and sociologists tried to find in the growth of population main reason Public Development. They argued that the growth of population, population population is a root cause, the decisive condition for the development of society: the faster the population is growing, the faster the society is developing. At that time, these glances played a progressive role, they were used by the bourgeoisie in its fight against the nobility, against the "unproductive classes". These anti-scientific and reaction glances were particularly persistently preached by the English economist T. Malthus (1766-1834). At the end of the XVIII century, he put forward the theory according to which the population of the Earth grows very quickly - according to the laws of geometric progression, while the production of food and other necessary material goods is developing slower - according to the laws of arithmetic progression.

Supporters of Malthus - Maltusians - believed that wars, mass epidemics and other disasters leading to the reduction of the population are the necessary means of regulating population growth. This discrepancy between the population growth and the number of means of existence, which is supposedly the cause of poverty, hunger, unemployment and other disasters of workers under capitalism, must, in Malthus, regulated through wars, epidemics, marriage restrictions and other population reduction methods.

According to Malthus, "the rich is unable to deliver poor work and food, so the poor in the very essence of things do not have the right to demand work and food from them." Man born in a poor family, in Malthus, an extra person. "There is no place for him on great life. Nature commands him to retire and will not slow down to bring his sentence itself. "

After the Second World War in connection with the accelerated growth of the population, Malthusianism is experimed especially in developing countries. The main idea of \u200b\u200bmost works devoted to the problem of population is the statement that the modern epoch is the era of the "demographic explosion" and that mankind is now threatened not only the thermonuclear war, but also overcrowding. This kind of views, considering demographic phenomena, regardless of the socio-class structure of society, serve as the interests of the monopolistic bourgeoisie. Focusing on demographic matters, they distract the attention of the masses, the progressive forces of society from the actual problems of modernity - from the fight against imperialism and neocolonialism, for the prevention of thermonuclear war.

In an effort to prove that biological, and not social laws, bourgeois scientists, as a rule, refer to a special role that the growth of population plays. From the growth of population, they claim, the state of society depends, and this growth, in turn, is determined by biological reproduction laws. Thus, the vital activity and development of society are subject to subordinate biological laws. Is it true? This question requires specific historical analysis.

The main environmental and demographic problems of modern Russia and the ways to solve them

The demographic problem is the global problem of humanity associated with the continued significant increase in the population of the Earth, ahead of economic welfare growth, resulting in food and other problems that threaten the lives of the population in these countries.

Under the demographic problem can be understood as a decline of the population and overcrowding.

In the first case, this is a situation that develops in a country or region when fertility<#"justify">Overcoming the demographic catastrophe and ensuring the demographic safety of Russia is impossible without the correct definition of a demographic problem, that is, the real causes of supercursion and ultra-low birth and grounds for the demographic perspectives of the country.

Currently, in Russia there are two opposition to each other on the demographic issue of the "Party". Unfortunately, none of them is able to reach a demographic problem.

Some see the causes of the demographic catastrophe in the fact that the government deliberately corrupts the population and directly contributes to the supercursion and breakdown of the family through its socio-economic policy. Hence, they blame power in ethnocide. And in such a position there is a deep meaning. This "party" is that the inaction of the authorities who are not able to at least declare as their priority overcoming the demographic catastrophe is criminal and directly leads to the extinction of the population of our country. However, this "Party" misses the fundamental fact that the beginning of a demographic catastrophe lies in 1964, when the main indicators of the quality of the population began to deteriorate and that even with the most benevolent and caring for the population of the government to stop the demographic catastrophe without adopting paradoxical non-standard and principal New solutions will not succeed.

The opposite "party", on the contrary, does not even see the catastrophe in monstrously high supercursion and, in general, considers the processes of the country's depopulation of normal, i.e. appropriate trends of "developed" countries (or countries "north"). True, this position is that the cardinal changes in the field of demographics in our country largely reflect the global civilization crisis of basic styles and the foundations of vital activity, model arrangement models. But at the same time, this "Party" does not take into account the key circumstance that the global demographic processes themselves are not and cannot be absolute.

Moreover, many philosophers, sociologists, politicians, these processes with a large share of foundation are considered unnatural, abnormal and destructive for humanity, or, at least, are not obvious in their consequences. At the same time, it is argued that the rationing of the organization of life in Russia by faceless global processes is devastating for the Russian millennial history and, ultimately, leads the country to extinction and death.

The real problem lies between these two extremist positions and is that the depopulation of our country reflects the ideological and civilizational "default" of the usual or spontaneous models of the organization of the life of the population both in Russia and in those regions of the world, where the demographic crisis or separate His elements.

Another important aspect of the assessment demographic situation - This is the influx of the population from the outside, migration. An increase in this flow can lead to the fact that even a population increase is visually possible. But it is no longer necessary to talk about the preservation of the national composition of such a population.

Not so long ago, D. Medvedev and the head of the Ministry of Health and Social Development T. Golikova made statements, which should have been that the country came to the birth rate of the Soviet period. Why the criterion taken 1991 is not quite clear, because the fertility decline began for several years. No one, of course, does not argue that the problem is solved and you can safely move towards other matters, no. The Dream of Demographer will always remain a family with three children, at which there is a normal reproduction of the population. At the moment, in our country, we have an average of about 1.3 children. Of course, it will never work so that in each family there would be three children and more, in some more, in some less. Averaged indicator required for the reproduction of the population can be considered 2.2 children per woman.

Now the reserve of the state can recognize the generation of citizens born in 85-89 years in the past century, when the USSR reached the indicators of 2.4-2.5 children per woman. Under this generation and all numerous programs are created, funds are distinguished. It is impossible to say that young people aged 20-23 years are now very much burning with the desire to start family, children.

Most of them now have clear objectives imposed by the pro-Western model of behavior, the basis of which is to obtain decent education and promising work. The younger generation is ready to work in full force, ensure itself, but to enter the psychological level of the desire to create a family, children are quite difficult for them due to the above problems. But, anyway, the introduction of this generation in the "demographic race" is inevitable by virtue of its number. But then the generation of 93 - 95 years will come, when the birth rate was extremely low.

In 2010-2015, the country is waiting for not only possible demographic failure, which can still be avoided, but also the problem of the number of citizens in working age, which is no longer possible due to the mistakes of the past.

The country's extinction has an unconditional spiritual and semantic nature. This means that a civilization crisis is behind the demographic problem in Russia and it is necessary to begin to start solving the problem.

Demographic catastrophe is not fatal. It is based on the population identification layer Russian Federation And losing them from the original optimistic worldview, which build basic values. These destruction are historical and can be overcome only on the paths of creativity of the new worldview, based on the thousand-year traditions - an unwriting worldview.

A new worldview, on the one hand, cannot be built on consumerism. In a society where the main value is consumption, there is no need for children and the value of the family and several children, since children reduce consumption and advocate.

In such a worldview, Russian traditionalism is expressed, the basis of Russian culture and history, which are associated with the cultivation of the universal universal scale of human dignity in the form of such recognized and multinational phenomena as Russian literature, Russian poetry, Russian song, Russian music, Russian pedagogy, Russian architecture and Russian commander art.

The implementation of the principle of personality is possible through the establishment of a special kind of civilization - the personality civilization, where all the material and social conditions of life will be focused on the increase and protection of the dignity of the individual.

In the civilization of the personality, the life of each person as a person's carrier becomes a universal and absolute value. The same applies to the life of every Russian people.

Children are needed by a country that has a clear image of the future and a perspective place for each person in this future. From here, the main tool for solving a demographic problem is the organization of a decisive ultra-strength development of the country. From this point of view, the leadership of the Russian Federation has only two possible scenarios of action.

The first scenario is to consolidate for Russia and further the position of the raw material appendage of cost-effective countries. According to this scenario, the demographic catastrophe is not in the extinction of the population of Russia, but in the fact that it goes slowly, low rates. In the export-oriented raw materials of Russia, even today's shrinking population is redundant and, in accordance with the requirements of the raw material economy, should be reduced at least 2 times.

The second scenario is to restore the country as a global power, which is able to be the leader in solving a number of common global problems. According to the second scenario, it is necessary to ultimately create a new national industrial system, which should provide the Russian population of the world quality of life.

To implement the second scenario in the Russian Federation, positive demographic growth is necessary in the form of a significant increase in the number of people - at least 8-10 percent every decade and improving the quality of the Russian population, i.e. General level of universal abilities, preparedness for mastering the most modern knowledge in the full required volume, world level of qualifications in key professional areas (engineering, pedagogy, medicine, military affair, city planning, regional development, science, management, etc.).

Ultimately, the country's development is based on the integration of science, education and industry (triad of development) in several key areas of development requiring priority investments from the state and creating conditions for private investment. Determined development requires an organization strategic planningwhich will rely on demographic calculations - first of all, on the use of approximately 70 million qualified and healthy people in Russia in the coming years - and conducting relevant budget policies.

Determining development can be implemented primarily by its own, and not recently arrived at the permanent residence population. The subject of development is always the people.

The future of Russia should be built with the whole population and through the inclusion in the development of the entire population, including the future, since development is a long-term process requiring planning, at a minimum, for one or two decades.

Conclusion

According to the current estimates, with the current state of agricultural machinery and agronomic science on existing agricultural land, food can be made enough to feed 10 billion people. If we consider that the population of the Earth is 2 times less than this figure and that hundreds of millions of people in various, and above all developing, countries are starving or live on the verge of hunger, then this is the result of the fact that in capitalist society highly developed productive forces are not used in the capitalist society Measure And the reason is in the domination of private property and the publicly appropriate social strictly. Moreover, the so-called excess population is not the result of too rapid population growth, and a consequence of a certain form of organization of society. It is known, for example, that in the leading capitalist countries - the United States, Germany, England, Japan, France, etc., is constantly a huge army of unemployed. The classics of Marxism-Leninism showed that unemployment is determined not by the biological laws of reproduction of people, but the peculiarities of the capitalist system.

In the context of developing socialism, issues related to the growth of population should be solved on a scientific basis, taking into account the objective needs of society. Improving the production base of production, the introduction of new high-tech technologies and caused by this change in the social structure nominate a number of new problems on the fore. To their number, first of all belong to ensuring the workforce of rapidly developing and weakly populated areas of the country, the creation of the system professional retraining Personnels released during the radical economic reform, the creation of a employment system for workable population, etc. Stimulating population growth, as well as its regulation, in the context of our society should be carried out on the basis of the highest democratic principles of social justice and humanism.

Consequently, the answer to the question of how modern demographic explosion is influenced by the relationship between nature and society and how it can be avoided by its dangerous consequences, it should be noticed not in the laws of biology, but in the objective laws of the development and functioning of society.

global ecological demographic

Bibliography

1.Ivin A.A. Basics of social philosophy. - M., 2006.

2.Society and Natural Wednesday / D. Ed. V.P. Gavrilov. - M.: Science, 2006.

.Pekhov A.P. Biology with the basics of ecology. - M.: Science, 2006.

.Philosophy: Textbook for universities / ed. Prof. V.N. Lavrinenko, prof. V.P. Rodnikov. - 3-4 ed., Pass. And add. - M., 2004, 2008.

.http://diamat.narod.ru/content.html

Global global problems: social, environmental, demographic, food.

PLAN

Introduction 3.

1. Global problems of modernity: Essence, Role and Economic Aspects 5

2. Environmental problems of world economy 9

3. The main characteristics of the demographic problem 15

4. The problem of overcoming poverty and backwardness 17

5. World Food Problem 20

Conclusion 26.

List of references 29

Introduction

The globalization of economic activities led to the fact that the problems of which the world community began to speak at the end of the 60s and early 70s to the mechanism of world economy. These problems were called global, and the term "globalism" as a specific direction of international economic research was introduced into scientific use.

Most studies converge in the fact that, despite all the variety of global problems, they have a common specificity that allocates them against the background of other problems of the global economy. Such a specificity of global problems is that they have a number of general features:

· Wear a global character, that is, affect the interests and fates of all (or at least the majority) of humanity;

· Threatens humanity to seriously regress in terms of living and the further development of productive forces (or even the death of human civilization as such);

· We need urgent and urgent decision;

· Interrelated among themselves;

· Require the joint actions of the entire world community for their solutions.

Based on these signs, the global began to include the following problems of the world economy: overcoming poverty and backwardness; peace, disarmament, preventing the global nuclear war (the problems of peace and demilitarization); Food; ecological; demographic.

As human civilization develops, new global problems may arise and already arise. Thus, the discharge of global began to attribute the problem of mastering and using the resources of the World Ocean, as well as the problem of mastering and using space.

Changes that occurred in the 70s - 80s and especially in the 90s, allow us to talk about changing priorities in global problems. If in the 60s - 70s. The main thing was the problem of preventing the global nuclear war, now in first place some experts put an environmental problem, others - a demographic problem, and the third - the problem of poverty and backwardness.

The issue of establishing the priority of global problems is not only scientific, but also important practical importance. According to estimates conducted in various research centers, the annual costs of humanity on solving global problems should be at least 1 trillion dollars, that is, about 2.5% of world GDP in the late 90s., Calculated for purchasing power parity. From here, the rating of one or another problem is becoming more important and financing its solution in accordance with the rating.

The main purpose of this is term paper - explore the main aspects of global problems of world economy. The work consists of five sections in which the problem is consistently studied.

1. Global problems of modernity: Essence, Role and Economic Aspects

Any field of activity in its development faces common or more private tasks and problems. Human economic activity is no exception. In terms of level and scope, however, such problems are different. They are manifested in different ways and in the economy. Some, affecting the mostly interests of direct participants, are solved by the subjects of economic relations themselves: entrepreneurs, enterprises; Others require one or another state participation; Third people suggest interstate actions.

At the same time, there are such problems of the development of society that relate to all and every world community, that is, is universal. This is the first principal characteristic of problems called global.

But due to the scale, long-term and degree of impact, overcoming such problems requires enormous forces and means that do not have any individual countries and even groups of countries - it is necessary to attract a variety of (including material, financial, labor, technological, spiritual, spiritual, Intellectual, information) resources. In other words, any of the global problems have the most serious economic aspects that cause the impossibility of solving them without uniting resources, primarily the material and financial, global community.

Attracting cumulative funds of many or all countries, international organizations, international economic cooperation - the second principal feature of the problems of humanity considered as global.

It should be emphasized that the composition of global problems, their role and place in certain stages of the development of society are changed. It is not by chance that their list in some studies, publications, and even in textbooks does not coincide. Many global problems that meet these features and natural factors caused and exist for a very long time: natural disasters, meteorite rains, magnetic storms, etc. But in significant extent, the global problems of modernity - the result of the entire previous human activity.

In the name of profits, including by reducing costs, the natural medium was disturbed, natural wealth was predicted, and natural wealth were predicted, huge funds were gratified in unproductive, antihuman purposes. At the same time, the emergence and aggravation of global problems is the result of not only mercenary and thoughtless actions, but, to a significant extent, the inevitable logical consequence of the development of society as a whole, including acceleration and expansion of its economic activities.

In a certain degree gain negative impact Global problems on all parties to life and activity, difficulties in their decision at the present stage and in the future, are associated with elevated economic growth rates based on predominantly intensive factors and, as not contradictory, scientific and technological progress. The particularly indicated trend is manifested in expanding the set and increasing the scale of unresolved socio-economic problems that acquire a global nature.

The exceptional difficulty and volume of tasks and the limited means to solve global problems require the reasonable determination of their composition and priorities of actions.

In certain publications of recent years, it is called from 3 to 20 global problems of modernity. Most authors and we share this point of view, allocate four main global problems: - environmental; - disarmament, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and preventing the nuclear war; demographic; - Nature (raw material, energy, food).

The global problems also include problems: use of the resources of the sea and the seabed; space development; Overcoming the economic backwardness of underdeveloped countries and poverty in the world, ensuring human rights, the creation and development of the global computer system of information, etc.

The place, the role and scope of individual global problems do not remain unchanged. Currently, it is almost unanimously, the first recognizes an environmental problem, although even recently, not without political reasons, the disarmament and prevention of the nuclear war was considered. By virtue of exceptional scope, degree of influence and consequences for humanity, the diversity of components included, the special economic difficulties of the solution, this problem has acquired new qualitative characteristics.

The growth of the population of the Earth, the intensification of the use of natural resources, the production of natural wealth, pollution and depletion of the habitat leads to indigenous changes in the living conditions of humanity and the state of the near-empty space. Ecology has grown into the first global problem having unprecedented economic aspects. It is essential that it is characterized by a steady trend towards exacerbation.

There are changes in both global problems: some of their constituents lose their former importance, the role of others increases, new ones. Thus, in the demographic problem there were new tasks related to the significant expansion of the international migration of the population, labor resources, etc.

At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize the close relationship of global issues among themselves. The leading growth of population compared with agricultural production in many developing countries predetermines the sharpness of the food problem. To its decision, developed countries with food resources are forced to connect, as well as international organizations developing and implementing special programs Aid.

It should be noted that the assessment of individual global problems and attitudes towards them in countries and in the world community are ambiguous, especially since the positions of economic aspects, finding sources of resources to overcome them. The author does not put the task of a detailed consideration of each of the global problems - this is a separate, big topic. Only on the example of some, in our opinion the main of them, the impact of global problems on the formation of world economy and the role of the latter in their decision are considered.

For the first time on the emergence and growing global problems, attention was drawn at the beginning of the 70s. In the well-known materials of the Roman Club. It is not by chance that the issues of infection and violation of the environment, ecology, their consequences for humanity have been put forward at first place. At the same time, it was proposed to focus on the weakening of the negative impact of economic activity, the dynamics of population, primarily a restrictive, differentiated economic growth regulating regions.

Now it has become an obvious urgent need to implement coordinated large-scale actions of the entire world community, taking into account the planetary catastrophic nature of the problem for the current, and for future generations. It is replenished with new components (the danger of nuclear waste and their burials; reinforced, massive impact on the life and health of people; unfavorable sustainable changes in the earth's climate due to systematic increasing destruction of the atmospheric environment, etc.), covering almost all countries and territories.

2. Environmental problems of world economy

The second half of the twentieth century. - This is the time unprecedented economic development rates. However, it became increasingly carried out without proper accounting for the ability of the environment, permissible economic loads on it, the potential capacity of the biosphere.

Describing the general state of the environment, scientists from different countries typically use such definitions as "degradation of the global economic system", "destruction of natural livelihood systems", etc. Many write about the growing global environmental crisis, which in certain regions has already received the most distinct forms.

Conditionally, the whole problem of degradation of the global environmental system can be divided into two components: the degradation of the environment as a result of irrational nature management and pollution by its waste of human activity.

It is not necessary to talk about some of the quantitative parameters of the environmental situation unparalleled with previous periods. The XX century brought the destruction of more than 1/4 of the treated lands and 2/3 of forests to humanity. According to experts, in 2000, industrial waste will reach 10 billion tons., Eccentricated in 30 years by 2.5 times. Pollution of water will increase during the same time more than 10 times.

According to forecasts, the average annual temperature on Earth will rise to the middle of the XXI century by 1.5-4.5 degrees, and the World Ocean level by 2010 - by 1.4-2.2 m. By the way, this aspect has not yet found a wide Discussions in the environment of specialists, in any case on the pages of specialized literature, in terms of future ports.

These data confirm the exceptional scale of the environmental problem, its importance for this and future world civilization, difficult to assess the enormous amount of funds necessary to overcome and reduce it negative consequences. We are talking about national and international expenses. Almost annual costs only for the protection of nature in the last 30th anniversary of the 20th century were: in 1970 - 40 billion dollars., In 1980 - 75, and in 1990 - about 150 billion dollars. In 2000, they had 250 billion dollars., What corresponds to approximately 0.8% of world GDP. Meanwhile, the cost of damage caused by the environment (and here it does not make damage to health, incidence growth, etc., and even more so loss in the future) is 4-6% of GDP only in developed countries.

From the given data, it can be concluded: the main negative environmental indicators for few years have increased no less than an order of magnitude, while the costs of environmental goals increased only by 3.5 times and this gap has recently increased steadily. The issue of resources has another important aspect, predetermining the need and importance international cooperation In overcoming an ecological threat. If developed countries, as a state of the economy, can allocate large funds for environmental purposes, then developing and countries with economies in transition, in particular Russia, have no such opportunity, exacerbating their own and global environmental situation.

Meanwhile, the first in these groups of countries becomes especially acute: accelerated demographic growth in the Third World Declares the extended consumption of natural resources, environmental pollution. Now the volume of harmful emissions into the atmosphere is, according to some estimates, 22 billion tons. in year. Of these, almost half falls on North America and more than 1/3 of Western Europe and Japan. If the medium-sized carbon dioxide emission is taken for 100, then in the countries of the West, it was 72, in the countries of the transition economy - 186, and in developing - 153. In developing countries, the emission of CO2 for each GDP dollar is one and a half times higher than in countries transition economy and 4 times than in the industrial countries of the West.

According to UN experts, the "contribution" of developing countries in atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide will increase from the present 28 to 40% by the middle of the XXI century. Similar and many other pollution of the habitat (soil, air and water space) are usually not limited to national limits, but affect the nearby and not rarely more distant countries. As a result, there is no simple economic and legal problem of identifying the causes and sources of cross-border pollution of space, determining the responsibility for it, the procedure and methods of compensation for damage. In other words, even in such cases requires an international solution to the relevant issues. Moreover, it concerns the environmental threats affecting many countries, the entire world community.

It's not by chance that, in 1983, the UN World Environment and Development Commission was established within the framework of the UN, and in 1992 a representative conference was held in Rio de Janeiro (UNCED) for development and the environment, indicating the tasks of the world community In this area in the adopted document: "Agenda for the XXI Century". The main theses of the specified document are reduced to the following:

· All the attention and efforts of the global community must be addressed to people who have full right to health and fruitful activities in harmony with nature;

· The mandatory component of the process of human development, all life activity is environmental protection;

· The problems of maintaining the environment should be determined by the interests of this and future generations;

· Sustainable development of countries and the entire world community cannot be provided without changing production and consumption methods.

The impact on the development of the environmental situation has three main components:

· Society (population, its composition and distribution, level and living conditions);

· Life activity in the economic and household sphere;

· Environmental environment, on the one hand, as an object of life, on the other, as an important factor in the last and human existence at all.

It is obvious that modern environmental problems are not only technological, economic, legal and moral, but also political. This emphasizes the need for international cooperation in the creation and provision of economic and legal, organizational and institutional conditions for solving environmental and other global problems, mechanisms for the implementation of relevant measures and monitoring their implementation. It is impossible, moreover, not to take into account that the necessary environmental restrictions are often contrary to the national interests of individual countries.

In a market economy, the main levels of solving environmental problems (enterprise, the state, international or supranational structures) are not fully docked, their interests are far from always coincide. Purely market principles are unacceptable to solve a global environmental problem, as, by the way, and other global problems. Almost at all levels, state and international regulation with the use of direct administrative (prohibitions, restrictions, standards and standards, mandatory examination and permits, sanctions) and indirect (payments and fines, special taxes and fees, environmental funds).

This is complemented by economic regulatory measures, including: selling rights (quotas) for pollution of nature, subsidies, preferential loans and target loans for environmental protection activities, tax breaks and incentive tariffs to enterprises and structures providing environmental cleanliness of products, their economic activities, Promotion of accelerated depreciation of ecotechnics, etc.

Conference in Rio de Janeiro, a subsequent period of further exacerbation of environmental problems, serious natural disasters of recently predetermined the concentration of the efforts of individual countries and the global community to ensure national and international environmental safety.

This should be facilitated by:

· Awareness of the special complexity and acute, exceptional scale and global nature of the environmental problem;

· Sequential implementation at all levels of adequate economic and financial, legal, institutional, personnel, psychological and political measures to solve it;

· Ensuring the structural restructuring of the economy with orientation on environmental safety;

· Establishing the actual responsibility of all nature users for violating environmental legislation and international agreements on relevant issues;

· Establishing systematic monitoring and monitoring of the state of the natural environment; creation and maintenance of a specially protected biosphere fund;

· Organization of mandatory, including international, independent examination of objects of potential environmental hazards;

· Creation of an effective legal environment for ensuring environmental protection;

· Formation of an effective system of environmental education and training in this area.

But the implementation of these tasks requires consolidation of resources both at the national and internationally. It was these issues that the International Conference under the auspices of the UN, which took place on Dec was devoted. 1997 in Kyoto with the participation of more than 120 countries. The practical measures and recommendations on the involvement of individual countries have been discussed here for solving the most acute environmental problems, in particular, the level of deductions for these purposes in groups of countries (EU) and in some countries. "Kyoto Treaty" prepared by the conference participants provided for measures to reduce the greenhouse effect with, in particular, the establishment of carbon dioxide emission limits for individual countries, which would reduce such emissions by 2010 by 7% against the current level.

Countries stacked in these limits could sell part of their quotas to other countries exceeding them. Thus, it was necessary to start the international economic mechanism for limiting the harmful effects on the environment. Not for all these issues has been achieved complete agreement. Nevertheless, the world community intends consistently and coordinated to deal with the solution of this priority global problem of modernity.

3. Main characteristics of the demographic problem

Very serious demographic problem. The increase in the population of the world and the scale of production in combination with the irrational consumption structures lies between the more severe burden on the life-supporting potential of the biosphere. The average annual growth rate of the world's population in 1993-2010. It is estimated at 1.38%, 8 while in the previous twenty years the pace was 1.8%.

In developed industrial countries, population practically does not increase, and in a number of European countries, the indigenous population is even reduced. According to forecasts, the growth rate of the population in industrialized countries will be in 1995-2020. 0.43% (in the period 1996 - 2000, the growth was approximately 0.58%). In developing countries, where almost 4.5 billion people live., The number of residents in the period 1995-2020. will grow at a rate of 1.94% per year (in 1995-2000 - 2.16%). For many forecasts, the population of the world will grow from 5 billion. In the mid-90s. Up to 7 billion. In 2010, the population of developing countries will amount to about 78% of the total population of the world.

Economic factors contributed to the growth of the population on Earth: proportional to the growth of the working-age population. This is natural for the period of extensive economic growth. Currently, there is a sharp increase in anthropogenic impact on the biosphere. Achieving 7 billion border almost twice the anthropogenic pressure on the planet, even subject to the introduction of resource-saving technologies. Although in some analyzes it is indicated that alleged population growth in developing countries is not the main threat of the biosphere stability, because the four fifths of the population, and these are developing countries, consume less than 20% of all resources and pollute the environment four times less than developed countries. A single population growth in the United States seems to have a greater threat than two percentage in developing countries. One billion Population of India has the same influence on the biosphere as 50 million Americans.

In order to explain the growth processes of the world's population, the concept of a demographic transition was developed. According to this concept, in the traditional society, fertility and mortality of high, and the population is growing slowly. The demographic transition begins almost simultaneously with the formation of industrial society. Transition from traditional to modern type Reproduction (low birth rate - low mortality - low natural increase) ended in Industrial Western Europe and North America in the 50s. The twentieth century, and in the last quarter of a century, he began in a number of developing countries and regions (China, Southeast Asia, Latin America).

In the first phase, a decrease in mortality (due to improving nutrition quality and health) is faster than a decrease in the birth rate, and the result of which the natural increase in population increases dramatically. In this phase, the "demographic explosion".

In the second phase, mortality continues to decline, but the birth rate falls even faster, as a result of which the population growth is gradually slowed down.

For the third phase, a slowdown in the birth rate is characterized by some increase in mortality, so the natural increase is maintained at a low level. The completion of this phase is currently close to industrialized countries.

Finally, in the fourth phase, the mortality rates and fertility becomes almost the same, and the process of demographic stabilization ends.

The process of demographic transition will be expected to last about 2100, when the population number will be stabilized at the level of 10.5 billion people.

4. The problem of overcoming poverty and backwardness

In the modern world, poverty and backwardness are characteristic, first of all, for developing countries, where almost 2/3 of the population of the Earth live. Therefore, this global problem is often called the problem of overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

For most these countries, especially the least developed, typical of strong backwardness, judging by the level of their socio-economic development. As a result, many of these countries are characterized by terrifying poverty. Thus, 1/4 of the population of Brazil, 1/3 of the inhabitants of Nigeria, 1/2 of the population of India consume goods and services in less than $ 1 per day (by purchasing power parity). For comparison, in Russia those in the first half of the 90s. It was less than 2%.

As a result, about 800 million people suffer from malnutrition in the world. In addition, a significant part of the poor people are illiterate. Thus, the share of illiterate among the population over 15 years of age is 17% in Brazil, in Nigeria - about 43% and in India - approximately 48%.

The huge scales of poverty and retardation are in doubt whether it is possible to talk about the normal development and progress of human society when most of the inhabitants of the planet turns out to be a feature of a worthy human existence. The problem is exacerbated by the achievements of global scientific and technological progress "bypass bypass" many educational countries, their colossal labor resources are small, and these countries themselves are not actively involved in world economic life.

It would be extremely unreasonably not to see the dangers that arise from the preservation of such a situation in many developing countries. So, it forms a negative attitude towards an existing order in the world in a wide public consciousness in these countries. This is expressed in various ideas about the responsibility of developed countries for the situation in developing countries, as well as in the requirements of the redistribution of income in the global economy, some "equalized" on a global scale (for example, the movement of developing countries for the establishment of a new international economic order).

The growth of social tensions due to the exacerbation of the problem of the backwardness pushes various groups of the population and the ruling circles of developing countries to find the internal and external perpetrators of such a plight, which is manifested in increasing the number and depth of conflicts in the developing world, including ethnic, religious, territorial. So, according to the Stockholm International Institute for Peace Research (SIPRI) in the second half of the 90s. There have been more than 150 conflicts of various origin in the world. Given the trend towards the expansion of the "Club" of nuclear powers at the expense of developing countries, it is impossible to predict all possible catastrophicism of this development of events.

Most economists agree that the development of effective national development strategies based on domestic economic resources on the basis of an integrated approach is decisive in solving the problem of poverty and retardation. With this approach as prerequisites for creating a modern economy and achieving sustainable economic growth, not only industrialization and post-industrialization, liberalization of economic life and the transformation of agricultural relations, but also education reform, improvement of the health system, mitigate inequality, conducting rational demographic policies, stimulating problems solving Employment.

However, many developing countries (especially the least developed) cannot completely change their position without international assistance to solving the problem of backwardness.

It is carried out primarily on the line of so-called official development assistance from developed countries in the form of financial resources. For the poorest countries (namely, they are the main recipients of this assistance) official development assistance is more than 3% in relation to their GDP, in the number of tropical countries - even more than 5%, although in the calculation of each inhabitant of this region 26 dollars a year (1996).

Even greater opportunities to overcome backwardness provide attracted foreign private investments - direct and portfolio, as well as bank loans. The influx of these financial resources to developing countries is growing particularly quickly and is currently the basis for external financing of third world countries. According to the IMF, in the 90s. A clean influx of all financial resources (that is, less payments on them) in developing countries amounted to from 114 to 229 billion dollars annually. However, the effectiveness of all these financial flows is often coming down to no corrupt and simple theft, rather widespread in developing countries, as well as the inefficiency of the use of the obtained funds.

5. World Food Problem

The global food problem is called one of the main unresolved problems of the XX century. Over the past 50 years, there will be significant progress in food production - the number of malnutrition and starving almost twice. At the same time, a considerable part of the world's population still feels food deficit. The number of people in need exceeds 800 million people, i.e. The absolute shortage of food (by calories) is experiencing every seventh.

The problem of food deficiency is most acute in many developing countries (there are a number of post-socialist states on the UN statisticians). In particular, among the most inevitable countries where the average shower consumption of food for energy value is less than 2000 kcal per day and continues to decline, Mongolia.

At the same time, in a number of developing countries, the level of consumption per capita currently exceeds 3000 kal per day, i.e. Located at a completely acceptable level. This category includes, in particular, Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Morocco, Mexico, Syria and Turkey.

Other the most important aspect Food problem is imbalance of nutrition. So, for modern Russia is characteristic not so much a decrease in the energy value of food consumed (during the 90s. - from 2500 to 2300 kcal per day), how much deterioration structure of the power supply. In other words, the shower consumption of the most important types of food is significantly lower than medical standards recommended for full nutrition, and continues to shrink. In 1997, the consumption of meat and meat products based on one person was 50 kg (at a rate of 81 kg), milk and dairy products - 229 kg (norm 392 kg), vegetable oil - 7.9 kg (norm - 13 kg), Sugar - 33 kg (rate of 40.7 kg). The greatest sharp of the food problem in Russia acquired in the 90s. Due to the sharp decline in the life level of the main part of the population and the fall in agricultural production by more than 1.5 times.

The world production of agricultural products is constrained due to the limited land, both in both developed and in developing countries. This is associated with a high level of urbanization, the need to preserve forest arrays, limited water resources. Most acute food deficit problem stands before the poorest countrieswho are not able to allocate significant funds for importing food.

Despite the fact that the main part of food is consumed where it is manufactured, international trade in food is carried out very intense. The volume of global food exports is more than $ 300 billion per year.

The main participants of international food trade are developed countries, primarily the United States, France, the Netherlands, Germany. This group of countries accounts for about 60% of world exports and imports. Approximately one third of the purchases and food sales fall on countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The share of countries with transition is insignificant and is less than 5%.

Russia is a large net importer of food and raw materials for its production, annually purchasing these goods worth more than $ 10 billion (primarily meat and meat products, sugar, grain, and milk and dairy products).

International trade in grain products is most actively conducted, as well as (to a lesser extent) meat and dairy goods and sugar. The main suppliers of grain are US, Canada, the EU (mainly France), Argentina and Australia. They account for 9/10 world exports of wheat and stern grain

Countries - the leading food exporters are simultaneously its large buyers. So, the United States, ensuring that the key positions in the supply of strategic food raw materials are imported in large quantities of fruits and vegetables, coffee, cocoa, tea, spices and a number of other goods. In 1996, food exports by the United States amounted to 47 billion dollars, and imports - $ 22 billion.

The system of international trade in agricultural products, including food, is currently undergoing indigenous changes. The need to implement reforms in the indicated sphere was caused by the growth of state support and protectionism in many countries, especially developed.

The conducted high domestic price support policy has led to overproduction of a number of agricultural goods and widespread export subsidies and restrictions on imports, which in turn complicated interstate relations in the foreign economic sphere. The lack of rules agreed at the international level and procedures was repeatedly a reason for the occurrence of contradictions, fraught with a sufficient stability of international trade and the emergence of trade wars.

The main "battles" was deployed between the EU and the United States, which, due to sales issues, practiced large-scale use of subsidies in the supply of their grain to foreign markets. These actions cause active opposition by Canada, Australia and other smaller exporters, whose financial position does not allow to apply subsidies in large sizes. In general, in developed countries, the level of support for agriculture in the period 1986-1991. ranged from 42 to 47%. The cumulative cash equivalent of subsidies to manufacturers, calculated on the OECD methodology, approached $ 180 billion (to date, it decreased by $ 30 billion).

Russia, as a future WTO member, will obviously face problems marked above. At the same time, the Russian Federation has fairly wide opportunities for restructuring the structure of production and foreign trade in agricultural products.

The most difficult problem for Russia is the future change in the forms of state support for agriculture, especially considering its current crisis state. To date, direct payments to the manufacturers of agricultural products, as well as subsidies to consumers (mainly on milk and bakery products) almost come to not. At the same time, it is obvious that Russia, in the example of the United States and Western Europe, it is necessary to transfer the emphasis in the implementation of APK support for the development of infrastructure in rural areas, environmental protection, quality control and sanitary control, the intensification of scientific research in the agricultural sphere and the field of state regulation of the food market in the country.

Entry into WTO also imposes obligations on Russia with regard to the transition from non-tariff measures for regulating food imports to the tariff and subsequent decrease in customs duties. Meanwhile, the levels of Russian duties did not always provide sufficiently effective protection of the domestic producer. As a result, despite the overall decline in food consumption in the country, the share of import continued to remain high, and the implementation of Russian food products decreased.

The financial crisis, which began on August 17, 1998, identified new trends in the Russian foreign trade Food. A sharp change in the ruble exchange rate towards the dollar led to a decrease in the purchasing power of the population and reduce demand for imported food.

At the same time, the issue of opening the markets of WTO member countries for Russian agricultural products gives a new sound due to the crisis. Climatic conditions In Russia, it is possible to establish the release of goods that can find demand in the world market (this market, although it is saturated in a rather severe degree, still has enough niche). Such goods include, in particular, high-quality wheat, rye, food oats, sunflower. The restructuring of the structure of agricultural production in Russia based on the needs of the global market involves the active development of production with a distinct export orientation.

In addition to the WTO, another important organization where the prospects for the global food situation are determined, is FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN). Currently, this organization in the activities of which Russia participates as a permanent observer, and the world community as a whole pays serious attention to the prospects for solving food problems in needy countries, including in countries with economies in transition. If earlier (in the 70s - 80s) most important role Food aid was given up, so far the emphasis has shifted to promote the development of national agriculture. The main form of assistance to the agrarian sector from both FAO and the largest donor countries (USA and EU member states) is the financing of specific projects focused on improving agriculture. For these purposes, in particular, part of the FAO budget is consumed, which is 1 billion dollars. Technical assistance is also provided, including training for agriculture, providing expert advice, exercising expert assessments, etc.

Examples of real support for the development of national agriculture by FAO is the spread of new high-yielding varieties of cultures in needy countries, transferring them to achievements in the field of biotechnology, development and assistance in the implementation of food production expansion projects, the construction of infrastructure facilities in rural areas.

Many international experts agree that food production in the world in the next 20 years will be able to generally meet the demand of the population on food, even if the population of the planet will increase by 80 million people annually. In this case, food demand in developed countries, where he and so high enough will remain about modern level (Changes will affect mainly the structure of consumption and product quality). At the same time, the effort of the world community to solve the food problem will lead to a real increase in food consumption in countries where its shortage is observed, i.e. in a number of countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, as well as Eastern Europe.

Conclusion

A special set of such specific features as a global nature, the development of humanity, urgency and urgency, interconnectedness and the need to take action from the entire world community have made it possible to allocate the following problems in the category of global: overcoming poverty and backwardness, peace and demilitarization, food, environmental , demographic.

World economic and political development in the 70s - 90s. It has brought an understanding that a set of global problems is not something not subject to change. Over time, the filling and understanding of old global problems changes, recognizes the emergence of new, developing into global.

Currently, it is recognized that in addition to purely economic, global problems have a colossal political impact on the lives of modern civilization and, being closely intertwined, in their decision requires a cohesion of the efforts of all mankind.

Development of the modern world economy, the transition to the post-industrial development stage makes adjustments to the priority of global problems. From this they do not become less important, but humanity is limited in its financial capabilities, which it can allocate to solve global problems. This deterrent may well be overcome by the path of finding political solutions to the problem and manifestation of the political will of individual states to establish effective international cooperation in solving global problems.

The World Food Problem continues to be pretty acute, despite serious progress in the field of food production. The number of needy exceeds 800 million people.

In many countries, there is a high level of state support for the production and export of food, as well as import restrictions. The reform of international trade in agricultural products will lead to the weakening of protectionism in this area, however, the population of importers, including Russia, may face the rise in price of major food products. At that time, the Russian Federation has ample opportunities for optimal inclusion in the new world trade in agricultural products.

The international community pays more attention to expanding food problems in needy countries, including countries with economies in transition. The main importance is attached to the implementation of specific projects aimed at an increase in agricultural production. Such assistance is provided both on bilateral and on a multilateral basis (primarily on FAO channels). It is assumed that as a result of these efforts in the next 20 years, the population of the planet as a whole will be able to satisfy the demand for food, even if its number will increase by 80 million people annually.

In modern conditions, the world was on the verge of an environmental planetary catastrophe.

There are several major environmental pollutants directly related to the development of human civilization.

All sober-minded humanity (both industrialists and consumers) came to the conclusion about the need to stop the thoughtless, unrestrained economic growth and the environmental opportunities for further living on Earth.

The main idea of \u200b\u200bmodernity is to give the opportunity and the current, and future generations of people without well-minded and healthy living on Earth.

The demographic problem in the modern world has two aspects. Firstly, this is a demographic explosion in a number of developing countries and regions, which, "depreciating" accumulation, impedes economic growth and perpetuating the economic, social, cultural retardation of these countries. Secondly, the narrowed reproduction of the population in developed countries and depopulation in a number of post-socialist countries lead to the demographic aging of their population and in the future can block the economic development of these countries.

According to the concept of demographic transition, an increase in economic development is ultimately leading to a slowdown in population growth. This trend was completely manifested in developed and post-socialist countries and has a noticeable effect on demographic processes in a number of developing countries. In the second half of the 21st century, the population of the Earth is stabilized at about 10.5 billion people, so the overpopulation of the global economy (but not separate countries) does not threaten.

As for demographic aging of the population in developed and post-socialist countries, this process can be slowed down in modern conditions, but do not stop. The solution of this problem is associated with a significant increase in the efficiency of the economy.

List of used literature

1. World Economy: Textbook / Ed. prof. A.S. Bulatova. - M.: Lawyer, 2002 - 734 p.

2. World Economy: Textbook for universities. / Ed. Lomakina V.K. - M.: Uniti, 2000 - 727 p.

3. Spiridonov I.A. World economy. Tutorial. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. - 652c.

4. Protasov O.G. Global problems of humanity // Ecology and economics, №11, 2003, P.9-11.

5. Kraschinnikov P.V. 21 century - century hope? // Ecological Vestnik, №1, 2004, p.3-4.