Wars are different: religious, civil, cold, etc. But sometimes the instigators of military conflicts, ignoring noble goals, seek only to personal careers.
The desire to ensure its own economy access to the necessary natural resources pushes the state to unleashing wars on completely far-fiscal grounds. As the looming reserves of raw materials expire, countries have to fight for new sources, and not always as a tool of such a struggle are common sense and diplomacy.
We present the nine most famous military conflicts unleashed due to resources.
Revolution in America and confrontation of Great Britain and France
vestiffinance.ru.
During the struggle of America for independence against the British Crown in the XVIII century, France provided active support to the new Light. IN this caseIf the American people sought to free themselves from British dependence, then France with her fleet helped exclusively from mercenary motives, seeking to close trading tracks and routes. France was interested in agriculture, which traded from America before London was previously controlled.
Battle of Plesi (India)
badnews.org.ru.
The battle of Plesi, or at the Balashi, became a significant battle off the coast of the Bhagirathi River in West Bengal. On June 23, 1757, British troops caused a crushing defeat of the troops of Bengal Navaba Siraj Ud-Daula, on the side of which France performed. As a result, the British took control of the entire raw material base of India and trading routes.
Civil War in America
territa.ru.
Officially, civil war in America was motivated by the struggle for the liberation of the country from slavery. However, do not forget that it is slavery to lay the production of cotton and most other products agriculture. The investigation of the civil war was a sharp shortage of cotton in Europe
Soviet-Finnish war
militaryLib.com.
One of the versions of the unleashing of hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland in the first half of the 20th century was the need for the USSR in significant reserves of nickel for the needs of the defense industry. Finland meanwhile just possessed the field in Petsamo; By the way, with the name of this particular area, one of the largest battles are connected during the conflict time - the battle of Petsamo.
Attack of the Japanese Army on Pearl Harbor
jew-observer.com
Although the attack of the Japanese air force on the American fleet in Pearl Harbor and cannot be called war, but it was this event that served as a starting point for the United States in participating in World War II. However, it was hardly Japan sought to push the states in this way, but the goal could be the desire to completely destroy the advanced US Navy forces. Thus, in Tokyo, under the patronage of Berlin, they sought control over the extensive stocks of hydrocarbons in Southeast Asia, as well as over ore deposits and food supplies.
The Great Patriotic War
1TV.ru.
It is not necessary to try to enter the tragic years of World War II and the greater the most great domestic in the framework of the simple theory of struggle for resources. Nevertheless, the desire of fascist Germany to take control of oil fields soviet Russia, Significant Sowing Squares, as well as mines and many other assets of our Motherland in no case will not be discounted.
Iraq's invasion in Kuwait
shorouq.livejournal.com
In 1990, a military conflict occurred, which today remains one of the most controversial in newest Story. Iraqi regime Saddam Hussein made an invasion of Kuwait, accusing the last in theft of oil. Under a completely contrived pretext, Baghdad sought to seize the oil deposits of the neighboring state, destroy oil industry Kuwait himself, to achieve a jump in the price of "Black Gold" and "One Hand" to pay all his huge debt, accumulated during the war with Iran. Subsequently, the United States was connected to the conflict of Iraq and Kuwait, the share of whose interest in stable oil supplies was not questioned.
Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
fondsk.ru.
In the waters of the South China Sea, the extremely tense situation is still maintained, and the basis of disputes is, as always, oil. The chief participant in the conflict remains China, which declares its rights to the controversial islands; Japan, Taiwan and Vietnam are against Beijing in this matter. Taking into account the declared rights, China has no smaller oil reserves than Saudi ArabiaSo the PRC position in this case is quite understandable. But how will the conflict end, is unknown. Military and political experts in recent years have increasingly indicated the active buildings of China's military grouping in the waters of the South China Sea.
Disputes for Falkland
izvestia.ru.
Falkland islands have become for today another stumbling block in the dispute over oil. Argentina claims that these territories belong to her, while the UK is confident in the opposite. In 2010, the British industrialists started drilling well off the coast of one of the islands, and the old conflict, which already led to military intervention, continued with a new force.
In 2030, Russia colonizes the moon: the cosmonauts will build a lunar base and a laboratory, and long-haul lunaries will explore the lunar surface. Such quite recently were the plans of Roskosmos (they, however, had to adjust). President Vladimir Putin, who in 2030 will be 78 years old, may be departed from active activities, and maybe it will go to the fourth (in a row) presidential term. The Russians by that time will be 5 million less, the economy will be more, but not much. What will be the position of Russia in the international arena?
Unpredictability obviously became an integral part of the Russian image of action in the world. The trend towards the tightening and militarization of foreign policy is just as obvious. For this rigidity there is a desire to revise the principles of the European security architecture and turn Russia into a power with which everyone should be considered.
The second - and equally significant - the basis of the decisive foreign policy of Russia is the need for a new legitimation of Putin's regime in the domestic context. Economic growth, which once served as the support of Putin's legitimacy, stopped and will never be so intense. Putin seeks to distract attention from economic problems And make their new support Russian militarism. To a certain extent, the confrontation with the West meets the interests of the Kremlin; The existence of a hostile configured world serves as an excellent pretext for decisive actions in foreign policy and to strengthen control in the inner situation.
The good news is that Russia, in our opinion, is not looking for a full-fledged military confrontation with the West. Russia is ready for medium-level conflicts, serious enough to serve as distractions from domestic Russian affairs and lever to achieve high international status, but not representing the risks and expenses related to a full-scale war. The bad news is that errors and misferences are inevitable and the voltage is unlikely to subscribe, unless the Kremlin finds an alternative model of legitimacy.
In the new report of the European Council on international relations, an attempt was made to understand how Russia and its (and European) neighbors will develop up to 2030, the method is to extrapolate today's trends. This is not an attempt to predict the future. The only thing we can be confident about 2030 is in a huge number of unforeseen events. The task of our study is to emphasize the current trends and their logical consequences. Some of the trends allocated by us are.
1. Internal problems will increase, and the Kremlin will play a map of conflicts.
Since Putin became president in 2000, an unwritten public contract with Russians assumed a continuous improvement in the quality of life. For eight years, Russians received an incredibly fast economic growth based on high oil prices. Middle earnings Jumped from $ 60 in 1999. Approximately $ 940 in 2013 (Data of the report of Cyril Rogov "Will Putinomic Survive?"). According to World BankIn 2002, a quarter of Russians lived below the poverty line, and after 10 years - only about 10% of the population of Russia.
But today this public contract breaks down. The Russian economy will come out of the negative growth period for two years, but growth, according to the calculations of the Economist Intelligence Unit, will hold on 1% per year. By 2030, Russia in the size of the economy moves to five steps below, becoming the 15th in the world. According to the UN, the population of Russia will decrease by that time by 5 million to 139 million people.
Sanctions will play some role in this reduction. But the main Russian problems are structural. Russia did not conduct modernization and diversification and is unlikely to take this in the near future. Corruption, negligence of the rule of law and failures in the management of the influx of investments. To change this, you need painful measures that the Kremlin will not accept, especially considering the presidential election 2018. Putin showed that it is not interested economic issues. Even if the price of oil returns to the levels of $ 50-60 per barrel, improvements in the quality of life, similar to the improvement in the 2000s, the Russians should not wait.
The Kremlin solves this problem, seeking to make the support of legitimacy nationalism and adventurism in foreign policy. Little victorious wars, such as in Crimea and Syria, give legitimacy, distract attention from the economy and draw a picture of Russia's return to the status of the Great Power for the population. But they should remain low-budget - as Syrian, who, according to Putin himself, was carried out for funds previously laid down in the budget of the Ministry of Defense for conducting exercises and combat training in 2015 "distracting" of war are not obliged to be truly combat. Russian pseudo-man with Turkey is an example of "non-war war."
2. Russia will even rely on force.
Based on the experience gained in Georgia, Ukraine and Syria, Moscow realized how effective the tool of foreign policy is military Strength. Moscow was also convinced of how reluctant the West goes to the opposition, not to mention the response use of force. Today's leaders of the Kremlin are generally better able to act with a tough than with the help of "soft power", which in Russia in any case is a bit. Despite the fact that Russia is experiencing difficulties with the continuation of the modernization of the armed forces, the accumulated power is enough to create an advantage in relation to most states of the region.
Russia will increase the possibilities of deployment of the expeditionary forces, but this potential will be limited to the post-Soviet space and those regions of the Middle East and North Africa, where Russia has connections, Syria, Libya, possibly, Egypt.
Russian armed forces will continue to focus on NATO and the region. Given the inbox costs and the real risk of nuclear confrontation, Russia is unlikely to strive for a full-fledged war with the West. But the Kremlin, despite this, is interested in sending signals about readiness for large-scale escalation. The danger is that the miscalculations and unforeseen situations can quickly grow into a military confrontation.
What are the potential opportunities for "budgetary" mid-level conflicts in the eastern part of Europe?
Baltic Sea. The likelihood that Russia will risk checking NATO mutual obligations for strength, is small. Most likely, the actions will be made that "do not reach" to the threshold of the military confrontation of the head of the head of the NATO. The continuation of confrontational actions by Russia will only lead to strengthening the support of Sweden and Finland to NATO by civil society These countries.
Balkans. For two recent years Moscow built a strategic alliance with Serbia and strengthened its support to the Republic of Serbian. This project is both budgetary, and promising from the point of view of "hybrid" hostile actions that prevent the implementation of the EU objectives in the region.
Central Asia. The inheritance crisis of power in any of the states of the region can provoke ethnic conflicts and force Russia to intervene. Another possibility: the justification of military intervention by Russia can serve as the threat of the appearance of jihadists in the region.
3. The main goal of Russia will remain Eastern Europe.
Russia will continue to attempt to establish control over the closest neighbors. Obedient neighbors are presented by the key condition for the safety of Russia and the condition for restoring the status of the Great Power. The maximum program is a ring of friendly states, obedient Moscow. The minimum program is dysfunctional states managed by corrupt elites that are not able to carry out reforms, nor join NATO and the EU and thereby contemplated by Moscow.
Today, Moscow provided a high level of dependence for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus. This dependence, however, is not absolute. Moscow will continue to pursue its "minimalist" goals in Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, without humiliating with the loss of "friendly feelings" by the population of these countries. Moscow will continue to use various methods in achieving these goals: political pressure, regional institutions (CSTO, EurAsEC), hybrid hostile actions, information attacks, cyberatics.
Moscow will not be able to implement a maximum program in Ukraine, the conflict in the Donbas will be frozen. This will reduce the stress, but will create an unstable situation in the region. Today, the strategy is to use Minsk agreements to promote Donbass rebans to Ukrainian politics. "Hot" hostilities will also be continued for the sake of pressure on Kiev, burning Ukrainian resources and reduce readiness to fight.
Conclusion. Europe can make extremely small in order to somehow help in resolving the economic problems of Russia. Modernization russian economy Must initiate Russians. As soon as the time to weaken the sanctions, the purpose of this step should be an attempt to make the voices of Russian reformers heard.
Europe should strengthen its deterrent means, but it faces a security dilemma. The hard answer will play on the arm of the Kremlin: the strengthening of tension will force the West to take Russia seriously and build it into the very quality that she herself wishes, along the way, fueling the narrative of the hostile world surrounding Russia.
The dialogue remains extremely important, but it must be built true. If the current medium-level conflict background is preserved, open communication channels with Moscow will be necessary to avoid fatal miscalculations. The Western Policy should ensure the retention of those red lines whose intersection can translate conflicts from the average level to higher. It is necessary to create promotions for any actions leading to reduction in tension.
The West should relate to the sovereignty of Eastern European countries seriously. But this attitude will be a challenge to local elites, which need to be put pressure for the sake of transforming patronal political systems into full-fledged democracy. The most difficult for Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova is to overcome themselves and conduct reforms, and not overcome Russia. They cannot take a European development trajectory as something of granted. The EU should be much frankly in respect of the goals with which he determines its support. The possibilities of Europe to support reforms in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus are extremely limited, although Europe should be ready to ensure such support and rapprochement with these countries if they will take appropriate reforms. Europe, however, should ensure diplomatic support to strengthen the sovereignty of these countries in determining their accessories to alliances - and political and in the field of security.
The structure of the country's mobilization potential includes human and material resources that the state can attract for mobilization deployment in the event of a military situation. But at the basis of the basis, in the base, so to speak, it is the human resources, the people themselves, because without people neither the machine will not shoot, neither the tanks will not go, nor the most modern plants in the rear will earn. What is the situation with human resources in Russia in the case of force majeure?
The minimum level of the state's mobilization potential for peacetime, under which the number of personnel of the armed forces is directly understood, is 0.5-1% of the total population of the state. With this indicator armed forces able to fully function and develop, while ensuring the external security of the state.
Now the population of Russia is 143,975,923 people. The number of the army is 1 million 200 thousand, which is approximately 0.8% of its population, that is, for peacetime, the number of Russian Armed Forces is adequate.
It is believed that in the case of the start of large-scale hostilities, the necessary level of the mobilization potential of the state is estimated from 10 to 20%.
By the beginning of 1945, the Red Army had 11,365,000 people in its composition at the USSR population somewhere 170,548,000. What was about 7% of the country's total population. And at the same time effective fighting on one front against a very strong enemy.
If it were hypothetically, the second or third front of our other probable opponents (Japan, Turkey) or allies would be opened in the back, then mobilization would have to bring up to 20%.
To date, 10-20% of the country's population is an army in an amount of 14,000,000 to about 28.000,000 people.
These 14.000.000-30.000.000 people ideally should be healthy, suitable for military service - Category "A" or by military service with minor restrictions - category "B" with young people. As a last resort, in wartime, the category "B" category is allowed - limited to military service.
As can be seen from the graph, a group of theoretically combat-ready men from 20 to 60 years is 27% of the population of Russia.
It must be borne in mind that for example now, when the appeal of young people from 18 to 28 years old, approximately 22-30% of recruits are not suitable for military service in peacetime (these are "in" and "d"), that is somewhere 1/4 partb It is clear that many who cannot serve in peacetime will be suitable to serve in the military, but in the 2nd echelon, as well as most of the women.
Data What percentage is fully not suitable for military service - the category "D", unfortunately I did not find it. With an increase in the age of recruits, the percentage of category "in" and "d" will grow.
The number of women in the army can be taking up to 10% of the total number of personnel of the Sun, it will add 2-3%. That is, if all men are from 20 to 60% plus another 10% of women from this number will go to the front, the mobilization potential of Russia can reach 30% of its population. But it is ideal, provided that the rear will remain only old men, women and children.
In practical plan, it is advisable to complete the most young and healthy young people from 20 to 39 years old, which make up 14.7% and partially 40-50 sterns, which will give another 2-3% at best, plus 1.5% of women. If among young men from 20 to 39 years old will not be category "D", which is unlikely. Total 14,7 + 3 + 1,5 \u003d maximum 19,2% .
And less young, often already with chronic diseasesBut reached a large personal professionalism average-age men will be more useful in the rear than on the front, especially if their age is closer to 50-60 years.
In reality, consider that the rear will not be able to provide needs military economyif all able-bodied men pick up to the front, as well as given that organizations such as militia, explosions and the Ministry of Emergency Situations will also need recruits for the protection of law enforcement and stability within the country, that Russia's mobilization potential can cover the lower limit of 10% of the country's population, but it is not capable of covering the upper 20%.
This can be said, not so much quantitative how much is a high-quality point. To calculate more accurately need more accurate statistical data.
In the Middle East, a new bloody conflict is brewing. This news will not be any sensation for you, since this region has long been disfigured by wars and revolutions. The history of the potential conflict of banal to disgrace is a struggle for resources. In 2010, American oil company Noble Energy I found an oil and gas field on the shelf in the Mediterranean Sea, whose resources, as Americans calculated, are 453 billion cubic meters. First time, Lebanon and Israel, due to disputes about the borders, were sufficiently detained to the "section of the woven wealth." But everything changed in January 2017, when the Government of Lebanon issued a license for exploration of the field (block 9) of the Franco-Russian company Total. Although representatives of Total stated that they will lead work at a distance of at least 25 km from the border with Israel, the Defense Minister A. Lieberman called the fact of issuing a license to develop a provocative deposit, and the consent of such companies as Total to start production of gas at the Lebanese shelf "Big An error ", since" block 9 "belongs to Israel. And after the government with the "smile" reacted to his words, Lieberman began to threaten the war between Lebanon and Israel. When the glow of passions reached the limit to Beirut, Hell pressed the head of American diplomacy Rex Tillerson. But instead of softening the heat, he stated that he accused of all the problems of Lebanon "Hezbolla". What the leader of the Hassan's movement said that if the Council of Defense Lebanon decides to destroy Israeli oil plants, then Hezbolla is ready to fulfill the order. The situation complicates the fact that Lebanon by inviting Total enlisted support in the face of Russia, France and Iran, and Israel, in turn, turned to his big brother from North America, which is not called Canada. The developing situation can potentially lead to a new big war. In the event of the beginning of the fighting, energy control will already be the main goalThis conflict will raise the issue of control over the Middle East. The importance of the deposit unit 9 for Lebanon with Israel is difficult to overestimate. Never before they did not receive such opportunities. And the government of both countries is ready to "barth" anyone. For example, in September last year, the Israeli military held a number of exercises that imitated a clash with Hezbollah, including the imitation of the seizure of southern Lebanon. A history with the transfer of the US Embassy in Israel in Jerusalem only pulled oil into the fire. Apparently realizing that Palestine and Hamas tribal there are no opportunities and resources to resist Israel, so the latter found another opponent. Objectively remains only one country, able to keep the situation from the explosion. A country by sending one of its largest energy companies in Lebanon and planning to conclude an interstate agreement on military cooperation with this country - Russia.
Economy of war - The economic industry, which deals with the defense industry and military affairs. Military economy - one of the training disciplines that studies patterns in economic support military industry and is the main part of all military science.
Economy during the war - this is economic activities Countries during military operations. Features - Translation of the country's economy to "military rails", active production of military equipment and supply of the needs of the army, the direct impact of the country's economic policy, the maximum use of natural and economic Resources For military purposes.
Economy during the warAs a rule, it is characterized by an increase in production in the industrial sphere on the one hand and damage for agriculture on the other. Against the employment of enterprises and people in the military sector there is a sharp deficit of various goods, including food.
Essence of the economy of war
Development economic potential Directly associated with the strengthening of the military position of the state, its ability, to quickly respond to aggression and rebuild the economy to cover the needs of the armed forces at any time (both peaceful and military).
The essence of the military economy is to form a powerful defense industry in the country, activating production capacity, determining the geographical location of defense enterprises, as well as the establishment of connections between them for the full functioning of all "branches". Military economy works for the development of new technologies in the field of military production, preparation energy resources, the development of the main spheres of the country's life (energy, agriculture, state communications, transport, and so on).
In peacetime military economy There is a par with civilian. This means that military enterprises can produce the very different products - both military and domestic purposes. For example, in the field of military support, the factory can produce military and civilian clothes and shoes.
Economy of warobeys the market, which determines its dependence on demand and suggestions. But on a par with this, military enterprises always have one large customer - a military organization system responsible for the country's defense capability.
The economy of war and its structure
During the war, the economy of the participating countries adapts to the current situation and is directed solely on covering the needs of the defenders of the country. In particular, the functional structure of the war economy can be divided into three conditional sectors:
1. Production military products.
2. Production special Toolsnecessary for the further production of military products.
3. Production of the necessary equipment DLA people who work in the military sector.
Such a structure is distinguished by the military economy from other directions of economic activity in ordinary life. During the war, the country produces almost the entire range of military products, which is used by the army, both for hostilities and for peaceful purposes.
All goods of military production can be divided into several groups:
1. Weapons for fighting, equipment for armed confrontation, as well as special combat techniques. Such production is the basis for achieving victory in the war.
2. Products that are necessary for the personnel of the army and ensure its livelihoods. This can include objects of uniforms, equipment, medical preparations, food, and so on. A special place is occupied by means of conducting armed confrontation. Their production requires attraction of people having high qualifications, as well as providing maximum production facilities.
Even in peacetime, the tendency to increase the range of military goods remains in force. Each strong country should be ready to attack, which stimulates the "backstage" arms race. At the same time, the name of military products, the number and quality of the manufactured technique is constantly changing. The worst thing is that an active rice of nuclear weapons is being conducted, which today is only gaining momentum.
In many countries of the world, on the background of life in peaceful conditions, a tendency to reduce the number of armed forces, reducing military spending budgets, a decrease in the volume of products produced by military purposes is noted. Special attention It is paid to the development of more technological arms capable of withstanding the enemy with minimal use of human resources.
Laws of the economy of war
From the very beginning of the hostilities, the economic activity of the country is sent only to the military rod. At the same time, the final result of the war largely depends on the compliance with the main laws:
1. In war, wins the one who has more modern species Weapons and military equipment. The difference in weapons efficiency often provides a decisive role in the issue of the winner. History showed that in most cases the army with effective and more modern weapons won their opponents. F. Engels came to this conclusion. He argued that the manufacturer of more efficient instruments of violence wins in the war. And here just main role Military economy is playing and its coherence.
2. The second law is the law of production in the surplus economy. The essence is simple. In the economy of war, a certain part of the budget should be allocated to strengthen the country's defense capability. It is important to rebuild the economy in such a way that the strengthening of defense is not to the detriment of the production of military goods, that is, weapons and combat vehicles.
3. Another law is a qualitative relationship of various sectors of the economy. His meaning is compliance with quantitative quality proportions. If the scale of production of any products increases, then similar changes should occur in the remaining sectors. The deadlines for the implementation of this law may be different, but the faster the economy is rebuilt and the relationship is being implemented, the more effective the fighting and the more chances of winning.
USSR economy during World War II
To achieve victory in the War of the USSR, it was necessary to attach truly titanic efforts, both in the field of economics and relatively human resources. Engineers, peasants, workers, designers and other specialists - all worked on the decision of one major task. Only full mobilization allowed to provide a complete and unconditional defeat of fascist Germany.
Before the beginning of the war, the USSR economy was one of the largest. First place in Europe for the extraction of "black gold", the development of new industries, the first place for the extraction of synthetic caisic, ore and margnasa. For that period, the share of the USSR in the global economy ( industrial production) Massed almost 10%.
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Reducing economic potential, transferring several thousand enterprises in the eastern part of the country, great destruction in national economy And huge human sacrifices - all this led to a strong reduction in production in the country. By the end of 1941, GDP will decrease almost twice. In such conditions, the leadership of the USSR had to take tough measures to strengthen the rear and massively mobilize people. The civilian population was literally "snatched" from a peaceful life and sent to the front.
In 1942, mass mobilization among rural residents began. At the same time they took absolutely all - including adolescents and women. Already by the end of 1942, more than 60% of women were involved in the field of agriculture. An acute problem of personnel qualifications arose. In those enterprises that were transferred, no more than a third of specialists and workers remained.
In 1941, the implementation of training plans began and training. For a short period, almost 4.5 million people were prepared. But despite these efforts, the number of people involved in production still decreased. In 1940, about 34 million people worked at the factories. While in 1942 this figure decreased to a level of 18.5 million.
The main task was to complete the ensuing the army of military equipment, outfit, weapons. The release of combat aircraft, new types of tank machines, new ammunition was activated. The engineer joined every effort to ensure the army of the highest quality and capable technique. But this still lacked. At the end of 1941, the needs of the fleet and the army were only 70% satisfied. The main problem was the sharp shortage of steel, which was needed for the production of aircraft and military equipment.
Due to the transfer of many plants, it was necessary to change the production technology in many enterprises. At the same time, the presenter took over the Urals, where almost all the defense sector of the country concentrated. Due to the loss of Donbass, an acute coal shortage appeared.
Serious damage during the Second World War suffered agriculture. The volume of grain harvesting by the end of 1941 decreased sharply. The main suppliers of products were the southeast and eastern regions of the country. In particular, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Volga region and Others took the lead role. Already by 1942, the Titanic efforts of the USSR made it possible to establish an effective economy of war, where everything worked efficiently and simply. Already in 1943, a sharp increase in production began.
The same period can be characterized as a turning point for state budget Countries, cargo turnover in the transport sector, product spheres. In 1943, the active re-equipment of the fleet and the army began, new weapons and technique appeared. The army includes new artillery images, weapons, aviation, armor.
1944 - the climax of the entire military economy of the country. The heavy industry level reached unprecedented heights. At the same time, the increase in capacity was due to the restoration of the old and construction of new factories in those areas that were exempted from fascist Germany. Already in 1943 it was possible to significantly increase the volume of agricultural products, the turnover was established, investments increased.
Eastern regions of the USSR played one of the main roles in the production. The production of metal in the southern and central part has been established. In 1945, the melting results began to grow almost twice, if compared with 1943. The production of non-ferrous metals, steel, rolled products increased, coal mining increased.
But, despite some success in industry, the losses in the war were colossal - more than one and a half thousand cities were destroyed, tens of thousands of villages were destroyed, more than a thousand mines were dismissed, more than three thousand factories and factories were exploded, about 65 yachyach kilometers kilometers destroyed . All this is not counting the huge loss of human resources.
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