Complex maintenance of individuals by the bank. The concept of a comprehensive banking agreement. Service system

Banking services individuals Represents one of the main activities of the Commercial Bank, which is aimed at meeting the needs of the Bank's customer - an individual.

Individual banking services individuals are represented by a wide range of a wide variety of banking products that are offered in the market different ways - From classic traditional to modern, which allows banks to compete in this segment, improving the quality of service.

The structure of banking services of individuals includes banking services that the Bank provides individuals. They include classic banking services: issuance of loans, making money into their contribution; settlement and cash services, as well as related - Rent banking cells and safes, metal accounts, investment projects etc. Retail-oriented banks offer a line of retail products focused on various social categories of customers (youth, VIP clients, retirees); on various financial situations (recipients salary projects); as well as a different level of customer income.

The principles of banking services of individuals are:

Publicity services - services are offered an unlimited circle of individuals on the same conditions. As a rule, accompanied by the conclusion typical treatyFounded by banking rules. However, this does not mean that the Bank cannot develop a product line for individual layers and categories of the population, the mainstream is the focus on an indefinite circle of individuals;

Law - Provision banking services Individuals are made in compliance with civil and banking legislation, as well as banking rules developed in this bank. It is important to disseminate the legislation on the protection of consumer rights in the banking services of individuals;

Information openness - the bank actively attracts physical clients persons to conclude relevant treaties through advertising and other PR technologies;

Information security - the Bank is responsible for information received from the client under the legislation on bank secrecy; For the funds received - according to the rules of bank deposits insurance, etc. one

Competitiveness issues have always been acutely in front of credit institutions, since it was necessary to have attracted funds at such a price so that the depositors were satisfied with the amount of incremental capital, and the bank received a planned margin. Thus, the issue of price ratios of attracted and posted resources was the first point for bank management. In addition, banks are forced to put up with the development of non-counseling competition, especially in the market legal entities.

The principle of customer focus assumes the orientation of the bank not on its product as such, but on the real needs of customers. At the same time, banks refuse to impose services and emphasize the maximum satisfaction of customers' needs. This implies a clear setting of the Bank's goals, the formation of ways and ways to achieve them and develop specific measures to implement plans in the framework of the graduation of existing and potential client groups.

Credit organization credit institutions should be considered as a customer relationship management tool aimed at obtaining sustainable profits in the long term and based on three criteria: key competence, targeted clients and equality of positions. At the same time, the bank's customer focus in modern business Determines its ability to extract additional profits through a deep understanding and effective satisfaction of customer needs. In this regard, customer focus should be one of the most significant competitive advantages and allow the Bank to achieve more external results in its activities.

A set of measures to implement the concept of customer focus includes two levels:

Corporate, including organizational structure, business processes, technology, standards, IT infrastructure, Public Relations (PR), Government Relations (GR), etc.;

Individual (level of a specific employee), including the selection and training of personnel 1.

The main focus of the Bank's activities in the implementation of a customer-oriented approach is to organize customer service with the provision of a full range of services aimed at meeting customer needs. Therefore, high-quality customer service in many areas of activity becomes the main competitive advantage of any modern company, including the bank. An analysis of modern scientific views on the problem made it possible to allocate several principles of organizing customer service in a modern customer-oriented credit organization:

Sufficient awareness of customers about the credit organization and its services;

Comfortable and customer-oriented service;

Comfortable service conditions;

Qualified staff.

The main role in the provision of services to customers is aware of the awareness of the client about the bank, its activities and the types of services it provides. No matter how much resources are spent on improving service, these costs will pay off only if the existing and potential customers are well aware of the bank's tasks.

In addition, customers need to be constantly informed about the services offered and regularly remind of the possibility of using them. Correctly outlined and brought to the attention of the client, information largely prevents the need to circulate the client for additional explanations.

Thus, under the customer orientation of the Bank, it should be understood as a system of management measures of a credit institution, which provides its customers with support and implementation of requirements on a special algorithm for interaction with the client, as well as solving the task of attracting, holding customers and the development of the client base 1.

Analysis of regulatory legal support banking

services of individuals allowed to draw the following conclusions:

Banking legislation strictly determines the list banking operationsimplemented with individuals;

In order to ensure the guarantees of the return of deposits and increasing the confidence of individuals to the banking system in Russian Federation The deposit insurance system has been created, the improvement of which is the priority area of \u200b\u200bthe Bank of Russia in the field of banking legislation;

Banking legislation represents the use of a wide list of species of settlements by individuals.

In maintenance by banks of individuals important role Play many factors. These include

Competitive: competitiveness of price conditions according to banking products and services provided; the level of the bank margin on products that makes it possible to provide it cost-effective for a credit institution;

Legal: the presence of licenses and permits for the credit institution with individuals; the presence or absence of legislative restrictions on individual operations with individuals; Restrictions on currency operations and operation of the interstrup on capital;

Social: availability of a wide network of sales points; Convenience of the bank's sales points for the Bank's customers; technology level and automation of business processes in customer service;

Image: Positive Business Reputation of the Credit Organization; The presence of various marketing activities aimed at promoting banking products 1.

When working with individuals and individuals, any bank inevitably carries various risks. The following is classification bank risks With comprehensive banking services of individuals in relation to the activities of the Bank for external and internal, as well as the main factors affecting the risk level in comprehensive banking services of individuals.

Currently, in many banks, the integrated service system has gained widespread. Under such a system, the combination of elements in relations and connections with each other on a commercial basis and ensures full and / or partial satisfaction of the needs of the Bank's customers (individuals) in the provision of banking products and services through a single information, regulatory and legal system.

Thus, the banking services of individuals allows them in the context of the development of social economic relations Not only to decide to receive banking profit from performing operations, but to develop economic relations based on a certain structure within specific principles in the implementation of certain functions.

The most early as a mixed contract in the banking sector

you can recognize named in paragraph 1 of Art. 850 GK RF lending contract

bank account (Sometimes called "overdraft" (from the English Overdraft - over the limit, i.e. excess of the amount on the account)) 1, which includes elements (bank account and credit). In accordance with this Treaty, the Bank pays the requirements of the creditors of its client (the account holder speaking at the same time as a borrower) within the limits of the limit contract even in the absence of funds on his account or great amountthan that that is listed on his account (i.e., "credits the account"). Arbitration arbitrage practice acknowledged an agreement on the exchange of goods to the equivalent services at the cost of the service is not a member agreement, but a mixed contract, since it contains elements of contract sales and paid provision Services.

In Russia, the moment came when the quality of the purchased product suits, and its accompaniment is not always. The confirmation of this is the results of a Russian marketing study conducted in 2010 - already at that time in 70% of cases the reason for the refusal was the unsatisfactory level of service every year this percentage is growing and, according to the end of 2012, it approached 80% (according to the magazine "Expert"). In conditions of constantly growing competition, the cost of attracting customers, such concepts as "consumer loyalty" and "service level" become inseparable.

Currently, the development of science and practice allows you to develop and implement in practice complex programs loyalty.

In banking practice, the following types of banking services are included in comprehensive banking services:

Bank account agreement - an individual of the bank account of an individual, concluded between the Bank and the Client under the comprehensive service agreement, on the terms of integrated service, and in accordance with the Customer's application for the opening of the bank account of the relevant type;

The bank deposit agreement is a contract deposit agreement concluded between the Bank and the Client under the Complex Service Agreement, under the integrated service and in accordance with the Customer's application for the opening of the relevant type of bank deposit;

The contract for the provision and use of banking settlement cards is a contract for the provision and use of banking settlement cards, concluded between the Bank and the Client as part of an integrated service agreement, on the terms of the rules for the provision and use of banking settlement cards in accordance with the Customer's application for opening a bank account and the provision of a banking settlement card ;

Agreement on the provision of SMS-banking services - a contract for the provision of SMS-banking system, concluded between the Bank and the client under the integrated service agreement on integrated service and in accordance with the Customer's application for connecting to the SMS-Banking system ;

Customer service contract in the Internet Bank remote access system is an agreement for providing services for the Internet-Bank remote access system, concluded between the bank and the client under the comprehensive service agreement and in accordance with the Customer's application for connecting to the remote access system " Internet bank";

Customer service contract in the Mobile Bank system is a contract for the provision of remote access system "Mobile Bank", concluded between the Bank and the Client as part of an integrated service agreement and in the Customer's application for connecting to the Mobile Bank system (in OJSC Bank Moscow ") 1.

In another bank (PJSC "Minbank") comprehensive banking customer service includes providing the following banking products / services:

Maintaining and opening current accounts

Maps: maintenance and release

Deposits: Service and Release

Service and opening term deposits With system

Remote financial and service with the use of the Telebank system.

In Roselkhozbank, comprehensive banking services implies maintenance of bank card holders, which offer the following services in the complex:

The ability to pay for purchases, receiving cash in ATMs of Rosselkhozbank and third-party banks, to pay for service providers of mobile communications, cable and satellite television, Internet service providers; telecommunication services, pay utility payments;

Transfers by cards;

Remote banking services;

Internet bank for mobile devices;

SMS notifications;

Opening deposits using a card;

The ability to receive information about the state of your card and deposit accounts, payment cards using remote service channels - ATMs and remote banking systems of individuals.

In Promsvyazbank OJSC, the comprehensive service contract simplifies the procedures for the interaction of the client with the Bank: Reduces the number of documents of the documents and provides customers with the possibility of remote design of products and services of the Bank by remote access channels: PSB-Retail Internet Bank, mobile Bank, ATMs, contact center.

As part of the comprehensive service agreement, the client is absolutely free to receive a debit card of the MasterCard Unembossed instant release and access to the PSB-Retail Internet Bank.

One of the advantages of this card is the ability to list interest on the deposit and shoot them at any time convenient for you in ATM (without binding to the operation of the bank's departments); Convenient service consumer credit In the case of its design (obtaining a loan / repayment of monthly payments using a map).

The map gives the right to use all the privileges and benefits of the Map of the Promsvyazbank card, incl. discounts when paying for goods in stores - partners. Maintenance card for free during the entire validity period of the card (4 years). Also, the Bank often holds profitable shares for customer holders of bank cards.

In the future, within the framework of the concluded comprehensive service agreement, the client will be able to receive various banking products and services, incl. The opening of new contributions is remotely with an increased interest rate, without visiting the branches of the bank.

Thus, a comprehensive banking agreement is an accessory agreement to the specified types of contracts between the bank and its client.

Undoubted advantages of comprehensive banking services are:

The ability to make a receipt of the service at any point of sale of the bank without binding to the point of sale that has concluded a comprehensive banking service agreement;

Reduction of paper turnover;

Unlimited agreement of comprehensive banking services;

Decline in temporary costs for service;

The ability to conclude an agreement once and further receive services provided for by the Treaty on the basis of the application: opening / accounting; release universal maps; Connecting / maintaining an account for the remote access system "Internet Bank Light", "Internet Bank Pro", "Bank-Client"; Conclusion of an unlimited number of deposit contracts on standard (except interest rate) conditions.

To conclude a comprehensive bank service agreement, a client, as a rule, can contact any branch of the Bank serving legal entities and provide:

Application for the service under the comprehensive banking service agreement indicating the selected service;

Package of documents stipulated by the list of documents for opening a bank account.

The current client appeals to the point of sale at the place of service of the previously open current account.

1. The client is a legal entity extract to confirm the absence of changes in documents from the EGRUL. If there are changes, the client provides confirmation of changes to the documents.

2. To the previously concluded (up to date of commissioning of a comprehensive banking service), the bank account / service contract / service contract / corporate accounting contract Bank and the Client are an additional maintenance agreement with a bank account / remote access system / corporate account agreement On the terms of the concluded comprehensive banking service agreement.

A comprehensive banking service is most often a framework agreement. In accordance with Article 429.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Framework Agreement (Agreement with Open Conditions) recognizes a contract that determines the general conditions of the obligatory relationship of the Parties that can be specified and refined by the Parties by entering into separate contracts, submitting applications of one of the parties or otherwise on the basis of either Framework agreement.

1. The framework contract is a contract. This definition causes many questions. According to Article 420. Civil Code The Russian Federation is a contract to the agreement of two or several persons about establishing, changing or termination civil rights and duties.

At the same time, the framework agreement itself may not entail the establishment of obligational relations between themselves, until the appropriate relationships are specified by the parties in applications, confirmations, etc.

In this regard, many questions arise, such as:

Does this mean that all the provisions of the chapters on contracts, transactions and obligations should be applied to the Framework Agreement?

Obviously, due to the specifics of the framework agreement - no. Then the next challdorm question arises: which of these provisions are subject to use, and which is not?

What are the subject and the essential conditions of the framework agreement, as all contracts have it?

Without the conclusion of a separate agreement, a framework agreement specifizing the main obligations of the parties, whether other provisions of the framework contract are protected, such as confidentiality, protection of personal data or guarantees and assurances, an arbitration reservation?

From our point of view, such separate conditions acquire the legal effect since the conclusion of the framework agreement and therefore should be protected.

There are some other questions.

For example, according to Article 7 of the Federal Law of 07.08.2001 N 115- FZ "On Counteracting Legalization (Laundering) of Revenues received by criminal, and financing terrorism" (hereinafter referred to as a law on countering) banks should conduct customer identification and periodically update information about it Client. According to Article 3 of the Council of Conversion of the Client - a natural or legal person who is on the service of an organization that carries out transactions with cash or other property. In this regard, it is not clear whether the presence of a framework agreement is that the person is in the bank maintenance, or not, since all the conditions of the obligatory legal relations are not formulated.

In connection with the Framework Agreement, it is also worth remembering the recent judicial practice regarding the case of Unicreditbank and derivative financial instruments.

In this case, the court supported the termination of a framework agreement on the general conditions of making transactions with non-estimated derivatives financial instrumentsAlthough there was a specific Swip agreement containing an obligation. The courts decided that at the time of the statement of termination of the Company's agreement did not exist in an unfulfilled obligation to the Bank, as well as the Bank before the Company. The court decided that in the absence of an unfulfilled obligation during the period of action, before the next payment, the party was entitled to unilaterally To declare the termination of the agreement, which is provided for in paragraph 12.3 of the Agreement.

These solutions met the response of misunderstanding from the business community. This shows that earlier, and currently there are problems with understanding and interpreting the being and applying a framework contract.

2. The Framework Agreement determines the general conditions that can be specified and refined by concluding individual contracts, submitting applications or otherwise. Ways to clarify the obligations, specifications, confirmations, applications, other documents decorated by Parties.

Parties can coordinate that such concretizing documents must be signed by both parties or are sent to one side in favor of another. If the party received did not respond within a certain period, it is believed that the specific document is adopted and entered into force (paragraph 2 of Art. 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), if the appropriate rule is established in the contract between the parties. That is, the concretization of the conditions of the framework agreement can be carried out not only by the Agreement of the Parties, but also through unilateral specifying documents.

Of the above definition, it also follows that only the document that does not contain all the conditions required for a particular contract is considered to be the framework agreement.

For example, the Russian ISDA (General Agreement on Urgent Transactions on financial markets) is a fractional agreement, since specific conditions are consistent with the parties in confirmation.

Agreement about credit line Maybe like being a framework contract, and not be it. If the parties stated all the essential terms of the loan agreement in the credit line agreement, it is not a fractional agreement. If all such conditions are not described in the contract, the credit line agreement is a fractional agreement.

Should not be called a framework agreement and agreements that are not specified by any condition, but it can be determined on the basis of market practices. For example, a loan agreement on which the percentage is not defined. In this case, Article 809 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is applied, which enshrines that "in the absence of a period of interest in the contract, their size is determined by the existing lendence of the lender, and if the lender is a legal entity, at the place of its location bank interest (refinancing rate) on the day of payment of the borrower of the amount of debt or its respective part. "

3. The framework of the contract applies to the relations of the parties, not a settled separate contract. Previously, judicial practice adhered to a different approach - if the documents did not have a reference to the framework agreement, it was not applied.

From June 1, 2015, the practice has changed and, unless otherwise indicated in certain agreements or does not follow the obligation, the provisions of the framework agreements concluded between the parties 1 apply to the relations of the parties.

In this regard, the parties should be careful in their relationships, and in the presence of framework contracts between them specify in each new document, whether such a framework agreement is applied to it or not. Otherwise, there are situations that in the inconsistency of the relations of the parties will be regulated by the framework agreement, although the parties did not have such an intention.

4. The new provisions of the GC do not answer the question of which has an advantage in the event of a contradiction of the framework agreement and a specific contract.

Due to the fact that the concretizing contract is a special regulation and is later, it must have a priority in case of inconsistency of the provisions before the Framework Agreement. At the same time, the parties can establish a different priority in their agreements.

5. Do not confuse a framework agreement with a preliminary contract. As article 429 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation enshrines, according to a preliminary agreement, the parties undertake to conclude an agreement on the transfer of property, the performance of work or the provision of services (the main contract) under the conditions provided for by the preliminary contract.

The preliminary contract is in the form established for the main contract, and if the form of the main contract is not established, then in writing. Failure to comply with the rules on the form of a preliminary contract entails his insignificance.

I.e preliminary agreement Speaks about the contract, which will separately be concluded in the future, and the framework agreement itself will be part of the future concretization contract.

In other words, the framework agreement determines the general conditions of cooperation of the parties calculated, as a rule, for a long period. Conducting separate contracts within the framework of this cooperation or simply submitting relevant applications, which, for example, determine the amount of goods and delivery times, the parties conclude an agreement to which the General Conditions contained in the Framework Agreement will be applied if otherwise not specified in individual agreements or does not follow From the creature obligations.

By virtue of the Agreement on the provision of an option to conclude an agreement (an option for the conclusion of the contract), one party through the urgent offer provides the other party to conclude one or more contracts under the conditions provided for by the option.

Option for concluding a contract is provided for a fee or other counter-provision, unless otherwise provided by agreement. The other party has the right to conclude an agreement by accepting such an offer in the manner, on time and on the conditions that are provided for by the option. The option for the conclusion of the contract may be provided that the acceptance is possible only when the condition determined by this option is occurring, including one of the parties-dependent. The option for entering into an agreement should contain conditions to determine the subject and other substantive conditions of the contract to be conclusion. An option to conclude a contract may be included in another agreement, unless otherwise follows from the being of such an agreement.

According to the Optional Agreement, one party under the conditions stipulated by this Treaty is entitled to require the term from the contract from the other side of the accomplishment of actions provided for by the Optional Agreement, including to pay funds, transfer or accept property.

If the control party does not apply the requirement for a specified period, the Optional Agreement is terminated.

As a rule, for the right to declare the requirement for an optional contract, the Party shall pay provided for by such a contract monetary sumwhich, too, as a rule, is not refundable when the Optional Treaty terminates.

It would seem that there should be no significant risks in connection with the conclusion of a frame (organizational) contract from the parties, it should not arise, especially considering the indication in paragraph 1 of Art. 429.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation that the framework agreement may be specified not only by the Agreement of the Parties, but also on the basis of one-sided applications. This is significantly for practice, since it is often a general agreement on the opening of the credit line, in fact, it is based on such a model: on the "hard" framework agreement, the Bank obliges to issue loans if such a borrower will require. That is, the bank assumes a kind of commitment to demand, and the final formation of the obligation on a specific loan is not at the additional agreement of the parties, but according to the borrower's unilateral application, the party has a second-day right to claim as much as it needs (usually in the framework established in the Framework limits). The economic logic of this model leads to the fact that in banking practice, the Bank often agrees to such an agreement only, provided that it will be guaranteed a certain income, regardless of whether the borrower is requested credit funds Or not 1.

The permissibility of the contract to be provided with one of the parties to the right to one-sided definition of the conditions missing in the contract is recognized in the right of many countries and acts of unification of contractual law. And it's good that Art. 429.1 Civil Code of the Russian Federation creates a regulatory platform for the very existence of such an idea. This small volume in terms of volume, of course, is too concise and does not solve some associated issues. For example, it would be desirable to mention the need to exercise in good faith in the implementation of such secondar law when nottening the clear borders of the discretion of a management person, and also note that the Agreement may provide for a certain fee for the permitting of such secondary law.

It is quite justified to agree with the proposal to fix the general model of the framework (organizational) contract in part of the first Civil Code of the Russian Federation. However, such a definition of a framework agreement requires clarification. Firstly, Summing up the framework contract under the model of an agreement with open conditions will mean that any contract can be considered a framework, since any agreement allows its concretization in the subsequent, and this, of course, is not so. In other words, the specificity of the framework contract is not sufficiently reflected. The normatively fixed definition more corresponds to the institution of the "Agreement with deliberately open conditions" - such a contract in which all the essential conditions are agreed, but the parties directly indicate that in the future they want to supplement their contract (coordinating, for example, delivery schedule after a specific date).

But perhaps, the qualifying signs (specifics) of the contract with the open conditions in this part are subject to expansion interpretation and still assume that the framework agreement can be concluded on the model of the contract with the open conditions, since the parties of the Framework Agreement leave "open" space that should be the subject of future agreements of the Parties; As a result, the relations of the parties become more mobile and operational. However, is it justified?

Of course, you can see an obvious logical connection of these contractual definitions: each framework is initially an agreement with deliberately open conditions. At the same time, not every contract with open conditions is considered a framework.

It is important to clarify that by virtue of the contract with the open conditions of another contract (other contracts), this agreement implies only the clarification of its conditions in the subsequent. In this regard, it seems that the framework agreement implies a conclusion in the future not individual agreements, but the coordination of the open conditions of the already concluded contract reflecting the main, most stable rights and obligations of the parties, but not all parameters of contractual obligations. In such a way, the framework is equal to the contract with open conditions.

Describing a framework agreement as a separate contractual model, it is supposed to indicate the regularity and repeatedness of future contractual relations of the Parties. Thus, the framework agreement is labeled. While the contract with the open conditions will be recognized as such, even if the replenishment of inconsistent conditions will take place in the future only once.

It seems the right judgment of S.Yu. Morozova, which defines a framework agreement as an agreement of two or more persons aimed at a systematic organization in future other contractual obligations (local contracts), as a rule, between the same persons by determining the most general conditions their conclusions (execution) 1.

Secondly, paragraph 2 of Art. 429.1 calls a framework agreement with a legally significant transaction, regardless of which conditions in it are not agreed. In paragraph 7.8 of the section V of the Concept Development of Civil Law Development of the Russian Federation, the framework agreement is defined as a concluded and fully actual agreement.

In contrast to the preliminary framework, this is not an agreement that generates an unconditional obligation to conclude an agreement, but a prisoner agreement, whose specific conditions are subject to clarification in the future.

Watching a special subject in the framework (organizational) contract, it should be recognized as independent and requires separation from follow-up. In other words, this is quite a "mature" contract. It cannot be recognized as notionless only because some conditions will appear later. The fact of the conclusion of the framework (organizational) agreement generates special relations between the participants, only externally resembers classical obligations. It is not at all that it does not bother rights and obligations. For example, the duties of the Bank issuing a loan on agreed conditions under the General Agreement on the opening of the credit line. And we do not see obstacles to believe that measures of responsibility may apply for non-fulfillment of this obligation.

(Universal sanction as a compensation of losses is valid here without a special mention of the framework of the framework agreement).

Thus, the existence of this contract does not depend on the fact that subsequently the parties did not reach agreement on such a condition or the third person did not define it if only there is a different means to make this condition defined. The General Agreement has all the qualities of the transaction, since it is a legitimate volitional action of its participants, aimed at a well-defined legal result - the acquisition of the right of the requirements of the counterparty of the execution of local agreements under the terms of the General Agreement is committed in a certain form and has its own content.

At the conclusion of the General Agreement on the opening of the credit line, there is a two-level system of contractual relations, consisting of a "main contract" (General Agreement on the opening of the credit line), in which the framework of future economic relations of the Parties is built, and independent "local contracts" (loan agreements) aimed at On the execution of the framework contract. Thus, the framework (main) contract and the contract, the following, with all their genetic and other communication, should be assessed as independent legal phenomena. But at the same time, they form a single comprehensive system: Frame (main) contract, in itself, is not self-sufficient without local; Local contracts are the "development of the dynamics" of the framework (main) contract.

It seems that in the General Agreement on the opening of the credit line should be formulated by the obligation of the Parties to enter into loan agreements in the future. It is necessary to immediately recognize that this duty is somewhat controversial. L.G. Efimova notes that the answer to the question must or there is no part of the framework agreement to conclude contractual contracts depends in many respects from the specific conditions of the basic contract. It follows from this that it would be more correct to speak not about the duties of the parties to enter into future contractual relations, but about the need for them to conclude such contracts. In this sense, the framework agreement is always associated with the conclusion of applications in the future, but in most cases it does not oblige their parties to conclude 1.

What benefits for participants in credit legal relations is such a "framework" agreement? First, a considerable extent is reduced by the cost of time for the preparation and signing of local (credit) agreements, as subsequently the issue is reduced only to the specifics of certain conditions, it makes it much easier and intensifies the loan process.

Secondly, the framework lending mode also provides an opportunity to optimize interest payments through the fact that the borrower pays only actually used money and only for the time to which they were used.

Thirdly, the borrower has the right to receive a loan more than once in a certain amount specifically provided in the Agreement, and then when it will be needed, parts, but within the framework of the established limit.

Fourthly, this agreement does not oblige the borrower to take advantage of the unconditional right to receive a loan within the framework of a coherent debt limit - it can take advantage of this right, partly or not to use at all. What is important, the borrower appears confidence in the future, because he clearly understands that thanks to such a fractional agreement will receive funds in the amount agreed by the Bank.

As a result, the participants in long property (credit) relations are abandoned by all terms of the contract with the organizational property and are unchanged for the whole flow of homogeneous property (credit) relations of the parties.

The General Agreement on the opening of the credit line determines only the "General conditions" of the legal relations of the Parties, based on this, it can be attributed to the Organizational Treaties. The immediate goal of such a framework (organizational) contract is to organize and streamline the flow of homogeneous property relations between the same participants in credit relations. MA Egorova notes that "special types of dynamic organizational relations are obligations from preliminary, framework and optional agreements aimed at the emergence of other mandatory relations.

The model of the framework agreement, in the sense that in it is invested in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, allows it to organize as a "internal" relationship, i.e. Those that will be covered by the terms of the most framework agreement (for example, when clarifying its conditions with one-sided requests or otherwise, on the basis of either the framework of the framework agreement), as well as the "external" relations that will be as a result of the conclusion of independent contracts.

It can be argued that the General Agreement on the opening of the credit line, being a framework (organizational) contract in the field of lending, should contain two groups of conditions: 1) Conditions for the organization of the conclusion of local (credit) contracts within the credit line; 2) Conditions that are common to each loan agreement, which will be concluded. For example, in paragraph 1.2 of the General Agreement on the provision of a credit line of July 19, 2007 N 116 concluded between OJSC Novosibirsk Municipal Bank and the Limited Liability Company "Energo-Resource", it is envisaged that the General (Frame) Agreement determines general principles the relationship between the parties and some terms of the loan obligation (limit, debt, interest size), while each transmission agreement is a separate credit contractwhich parties agreed on the issuance of specific loan amounts for specific terms under the conditions stipulated by the General Agreement.

The main conditions of the General Agreement on the opening of the credit line in literature, judicial and business practice include the general terms of lending, the condition for the extradition and (or) debt of the borrower, the condition of interest paid for the actually provided credit, as well as the procedure for payment 1, The condition for paying a special remuneration to the borrower for lending on conditions

credit line, the term of the General Agreement on the opening

credit line, condition on the procedure for granting a loan for each

additional agreement.

So, the comprehensive banking service agreement is a mixed agreement, which, by agreement between the Client and the Bank, include the conditions of certain types of banking services known to civil law and banking practice. As a rule, a comprehensive banking service contract is to the Model Rules approved in the Bank by joining them in full or some of them, which predetermines it legal nature as contracts of mixed type, attachment and framework ..

Banking services is very popular today in the population. More and more citizens and organizations appeal to banks, while not necessarily being businessmen. So what types of services provide banks today?

What is bank

The bank considers a credit institution that takes possession of money and gives them to use for a fee (credit). This is a legal entity that has its own property obligations to counterparties, clients and the state.

The activities of banks are aimed primarily for profit, i.e. it is commerce. It does not matter here, a public or private bank is discussed. Who offers standard banking services? Sberbank. He is typical commercial Bankdespite the ownership of the state.

Bank of Russia, or Central Bank, is a regulator, supervisory body, outstanding licenses and controlling by banks and credit organizations of non-banking type of financial legislation. Banking services is not its primary task. Yes, he serves only commercial structures. A citizen or legal entity cannot just open an account in the Central Bank, as in any other similar institution.

Service system

In all regions of the country, in all settlements There are branches of banks. Where people live a little, mostly work state organizationsdesigned to provide minimum list banking services.

If we consider the services of certain banks, then, in general, their proposals do not differ among themselves. Another thing is that under the guise of one service can be offered several, for example, a credit card is issued with the registration of a salary. Thus, banking has become somewhat voluntarily forced.

Approximate list of services

• Lending.
• Release payment cards.
• Opening accounts.
• One-time transfers of funds between individuals.
• Storage money on deposits.
• Country-cash services for entrepreneurs and legal entities).
• Taking payments from the population (utilities, fines, taxes).

His nuances have banking services of legal entities and individuals.

Thus, banks provide a wide range of services. On the level of quality it is difficult to say: branches of even one institution may differ significantly in terms of service, which is shown by numerous customer reviews. What to talk about different organizations.

Credit Service

Lending is the most well-known scope of banks. Loans are provided in monetary form for specific purposes or without any. Often they ask for evidence of the direction of money for the stated goals.

Even decorated credit cards. The proposed limit with time can increase if the client does not violate the terms of the contract. For the removal of money from a card through an ATM charge is charged. The rate on the card loan is 2 times higher in comparison with the loan issued in cash.

Least rate in mortgage lendingHowever, there you have to pay the first contribution of 30% of the value of the object, which is underestimated by the Bank's appraisers.

Take mortgage loan burdens the duty to insure itself and real estate. In addition, the client who wants to issue a mortgage is forced to pay for many more services that he does not suspect, turning to the bank. All spending completely fall on his shoulders.

Release payment cards

Payment cards - tool access to banking services. For example, with the help of the card, money from an ATM is removed. There is no need to visit the bank branch to get cash from your account. Payment card It makes it possible to pay in institutions, stores, pharmacies without using cash if such an opportunity is provided.

Cards are issued mainly to obtain salary, pensions, social payments, as a tool for managing borrowed funds. Everyone got used to the fact that they are always registered, but it is not. On plastic can be present only the number and date determining the life of its use.

Wanted to have name map. With personal photo and an additional service package, the amount according to the price list is pre-brought. The price of such a debit card can reach several thousand rubles per year.

Additional bonuses are offered, such as the refund of the funds from the special account to those who pay the card in the affiliate network. Privileges can be the most different.

Established edition debit cards. They are stored only by the personal funds of the owners, they are issued for a fee or without it, the only thing that is paid by the client is a commission for removing funds or replenishment of a cash account through the terminal, but it is minimal. Practiced issuing multiple cards to manage one account.

Opening accounts

The account opens to managing the bank's customer's funds: money is credited to it, written off, and are also issued in the presence of payment orders according to the account holder orders. Banking services of individuals, as a rule, provides for the issuance of a map when opening an account. Without it, it is possible, but the card without an account is not.

If the account opens to the organization, the corporate card is possible.

By the way! For opening an account, the fee is taken, the exception is loan through which it quenches credit debt. Charging Commission B. this case will be illegal.

Open the bill to the physical person is much easier than the organization. In the bank you will need to present additional package documents will be asked to fill the paper, provide a sample signature, etc.

The opening of accounts is included in integrated banking services and organizations, and individuals.

One-time transfers between individuals

If there is a need to translate funds, without opening accounts, the bank will gladly provide the service. As in all other cases, the Bank's employee will ask to provide the passport details of the sender and the recipient.

The transfer rate can be from several hours to several days. If the money is translated from the card to the card, then the Client-Bank system will hold a procedure in seconds when it comes to intrabank translation.

The output is the use of a terminal through which you can make funds to the account almost instantly, knowing the details or number plastic card Recipient.

All translations between legal entities are defined if there are invoices. The "client-bank" is actively used, but without a paper payment order can not do.

Storage of cash and things in the bank

Deposit, or bank deposit (so more correctly) - transfer of money for a period and percentage stipulated in the agreement.

Two options are offered:

• money is returned not previously set dates;
• the contribution is returned at any time with the incredible interest payments.

If the deposit agreement is terminated, concluded according to the first version, the bank will not pay interest during the time until the money was at the disposal of the bank.

Banks provide deposit cells for the storage of values \u200b\u200bfor a fee according to the contract.

Settlement and cash services

It is a range of services, starting with opening an account, issuing a map and conduct a client's account operation.

Legal entities open an account regardless of the kind of activity, entrepreneurs are exclusively at their own request. True, some of them make it forcing tax law, so on. Legal entities, in some cases, working with IP without a settlement account are deprived of some benefits.

Here the conditions for banking services differ only in price - from several hundred rubles per month to several thousand.

What is included in the RKO?

• Opening an account.
• Card issuance.
• Translations to counterparties, payment of taxes, account holder costs.
• Storage of funds.
• Issuance of EDS for account management: remote banking services on the Internet opens through it.

The IP formally has the right to take money directly from his account, in practice, a simple debit account opens, to which money intended for removal is translated.

RTO is paid or in advance, or it provides for removal of funds monthly. Sometimes one of the conditions is the permanent amount of the agreed amount on the balance sheet.

Taking payments from the population

In each bank, it is proposed to pay for the services of the most different kind, starting from communal services And ending with one-time shopping. How are payments? Via:

• terminals;
• aTMs;
• cash transactions;
• through the Internet.

Immediately and takes a fee for banking services. Prices can not be called the same, because even one bank in different regions is conducting different policies in terms of remuneration for its services.

The terminal replaces the usual cashier. In the interface, you need to find the desired service, enter details (account number, full name of the account holder) and insert bills into the receiving device.

How to pay through an ATM? The card is inserted, the service is selected, the amount is given to the transfer amount - and the client receives a paper check. It is also issued when using the terminal.

Some organizations providing services via the Internet offer to pay for their goods or services through payment cards. The Card number is entered in the field, the phone is given, and the money is written off the card. Confirmation is given by sending SMS to the specified number.

Similarly, the payment system of taxes, fines: through personal Area Online tax Service or bank. Requisites are filled out, confirmation is given by SMS messages.

Payment through the cashier is no longer so popular: time is spent on filling the receipts, orders.

Payments with the help of a terminal, ATMs are allowed only to individuals, i.e. the entrepreneur has the right to spend money in such a way only personal needs. Customs related to business are drawn up according to the rules of cash service.

Internet banking

It is a bank account maintenance by using Internet technologies.

The client gives a login, a long-term password that access your personal account - electronic version Services. It contains information about the status of the account or accounts (if there are several of them), the amount of available funds and what operations were carried out.

Remote banking services allows you to manage your money without leaving at home, or even being in another country.

Now, without visiting the Bank's office, you can issue a map by submitting an application via the Internet. She, together with a copy of the contract, is sent by the client by mail or courier. Account replenishment is provided through terminals or ATMs, including other banks.

Banking contract

Whenever that requires the letter of the law, the operations are carried out on the basis of an agreement between the client and the bank. The banking service agreement for each service is concluded separately. Full set Services are provided in the framework of comprehensive services for a single contract.

The agreement is in writing, the violation of the form leads to the invalidity of the document.

The client has the right to refuse maintenance at any time at his own discretion. The loan has the right to refuse only one who has no debt to the bank.

Most often offered typical document. You can first read the organization's website.

In general, the first to introduce the practice of signing comprehensive banking contracts (DCBO) such major players of the banking market as Sberbank, MDM Bank and Promsvyazbank. It happened about two years ago. Today, the number of banks using such contracts is constantly growing, and the Binbank already includes them, " Russian credit", Benifit-Bank," Orange "," Ugra ", SMP Bank," Periov ", KapitalBank and others.

In the discoverer of applications for accession - Sberbank - the client at the opening of the deposit is submitted common formAnd can also sign a universal banking service agreement (FMB). To do this, he must have a ruble international map of Sberbank. If the client does not have such a map, the ruble account is issued in Sberbank and the Maestro Momentum card is issued, for which the customer does not need to pay. If the client wants, he will later be able to change this card to international.

MDM Bank goes a little different way in this matter. So, opening the contribution to this bank, the client signs an application for the opening of the deposit and the contract of the term bank deposit. But in the contract with the bank, it will be necessary to have an item according to which the urgent banking contribution is exclusively under the contract of comprehensive banking services, and therefore it will be its inseparable part. That is, through the acceptance of the offer of the client's office, the bank actually attracts it to the system of comprehensive banking services.

The Bank "Yugra" concludes an agreement with its clients on the opening of the contribution through the signing of an agreement of the term bank deposit. In this bank, such an agreement acts as an application for the opening of the deposit and includes all the rules for posting contributions to private clients.

Such a situation arises in Binbank, but only provided that you have never previously applied to this bank. So, when opening any product in this bank you will need to sign an agreement responsible for the design and use of this product by you, as well as an application form for accession to the terms of comprehensive banking service agreement (DCBO). This measure is explained by the facilities for the client: after all, such an agreement is placed within one page and contains all the most significant items related to working with a banking institution. Concerning for more informationconcerning DCBO's conditions, the bank offers to familiarize themselves with them on the bank's website, or asking the printout conditions in the Bank's office.

Fighting banking bureaucracy

Employees of banking institutions argue that use in banking activities Comprehensive service contracts and accession contracts makes it possible to use much less paper, and therefore saving money and level bureaucracy. These conclusions about DKBO employees are made by comparing the signing of this agreement with the signing of ordinary contracts for opening banking products. Also, credit organizations note that the conclusion of DKBO allows the bank to not waste time and means in such situations as a loan prolongation or the enrollment of gift funds on the client's promotional contribution.

So, the Bank "Ugra" in its contract invites the client to agree with one rather interesting point, which first appeared in the agreement in November 2014. This paragraph emphasizes that the Client joins the rules for posting by individuals by the banking deposits of this bank and to the conditions of the term banking contribution for individuals. At the same time, the client at this point requests the Bank to open him the relevant account, to enroll the amount of the contribution and its further maintenance in accordance with the tariffs, the rules and conditions of the bank.

According to the employees of the Ugra Bank, adding such an item to the contract allows you to significantly increase the speed of customer service by the Bank, as well as simplify the contract form itself for its best understanding of the contributor. All the essential terms of the contract, which were previously told in a large number of items, are now united in a separate unit and therefore are more visual. As for the detailed presentation of all rules, conditions and service tariffs by a banking organization, now you can read either in a special section on the site banking organizationor in printed form in the bank branch.

The Director of the Binbank Retail Product Development Department is positive about the introduction of such practices in banks. He also tells that today in Binbank and others large banks Russia when working with clients actively use integrated service agreements. Binbank himself first used such an agreement in June 2014, and its use significantly reduced the bank's costs to print documents and changing the forms of existing contracts. So, when there are changes in legislation related to bank products, banks had to change the forms of contracts for each of their products. For example, if there are 30 pieces, it was necessary to redo 30 options for contracts, and this is quite expensive for the bank. With the introduction unified form For all products, the bank can save their means, which means, to install more profitable terms and tariffs.

The head of the department of deposit and settlement products of Promsvyazbank, says that the contract of joining them appeared back in October 2009. Its discovery then led to a large number of benefits for both the bank itself and for his clients. Thus, a credit institution that uses such a contract reduces the time of registration of all securities, and therefore the total working time with each of the clients. At the same time, bank employees appear time to explain to customers the conditions of the contribution and inform it about all its features. Also, the Bank saves on paper, printing only an application for the opening of the contribution and confirmation of its placement instead of 10 pages of the contract. The image of the Bank as a whole is improved by introducing a more efficient and technological system of working with clients.

As for the advantages of this type of contract for the client, it can save his personal time due to faster paperwork. It is also much easier to understand the process of understanding the deposit conditions: if earlier the client had to read a variety of contract items placed on several sheets, now it should understand only the content of one sheet with the conditions. It is also convenient that for all deposits of the bank, the placement conditions are the same, and you can easily familiarize yourself with them.

Legal population

Managers of banks are recognized that the comprehensive banking service agreement and an application for accession cause customers a lot of questions. And the main issue is whether such contracts have legal force.

Dmitry Shileev, Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Ugra Bank, argues that investors should not have any doubts about the legal force of such contracts, as they are absolutely correct and do not infringe the interests of individuals.

So, in accordance with Article 836 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contract for opening a contribution is considered to be concluded if it meets the requirements established in banking practice, and is concluded in writing. That is, in order to make sure legal power document, you only need to know whether such a form of the contract is standard for this institution. If so, then there is no reason for doubt in its correctness.

Also, the client should not fear that the bank will unilaterally be able to significantly change the deposit conditions towards the deterioration for the depositor. Such actions are prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation, in particular, Article 29 federal Law "On banks and banking activities", in which it is forbidden to reduce the placement of the deposit in the bank and reduce the interest rate on it.

In accordance with this article, the Bank may change the conditions only after changing the contribution by the Depositors himself or after its prolongation. This is due to the fact that such a contribution is considered re-placed, and therefore new.

Also, customers often doubt that banks can significantly change during the action of the deposit. banking commissions Or establish new additional payments.

However, the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Ugra Bank draws the attention of customers to the fact that in the same 29 article of the Russian Law "On Banks and Banking Activities" indicates the illegal nature of such actions of the Bank. That is, on this occasion, it is also not worth worrying.

What is the trick?

Submarine stones of this Agreement may be in full rules for placing deposits for this bank, which are not disclosed in FMB. Bank employees It will offer you to familiarize yourself with them on the bank's website or in his office. You can ask to provide you with printing rules, appealing to the 836th article of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but it is difficult to rely on it because of its ambiguity. So, besides the fact that it is indicated in it the rule of concluding a contract exclusively in writing, it has even clarification that the Bank has the right to submit any document to conclude a contract with the client. As mentioned above, the main thing is that it is used in the banking practice of this organization.

Also, some banks in their contracts can register the ability to change the rules with the tacit consent of the client. So, the Bank "Periov" prescribes in its deposit Treaty The fact that the consent of the client with the new Rules of the Bank is its inaction, that is, the failure to submit a written refusal to changes or statements to terminate the contract. This item is very convenient for the bank and does not actually go against the legislation of the Russian Federation.

But senior lawyer legal company Konstantin Galin, "Nectors, Saveliev and Partners" argues that even such a type of contract cannot infringe the Bank's Rights of the Bank. He reminds that in accordance with Article 310 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Bank does not have the right to unilaterally change any contribution conditions. This rule concerns not only changes made to a single contract on deposits, but also it applies to changes in standard deposit rules. This is possible because the standard rules are actually for the contributor part of the contribution agreement.

As for the rights of investors about changing the rules and general conditions of deposits, they can do this, but they are unlikely to achieve the bank of the bank. Real strength to change the rules of deposits, only really large depositors have. A small contributor has real chances only when appealing the discriminatory requirements of the Bank, which are directed exclusively to it and do not apply to other depositors.

It is also worth noting that all deposits of large banks with new form Contracts are insured by the Deposit Insurance Agency. But despite this, and even taking into account all the points presented above, it is better to progress when signing this type of contracts. This can be done like this: when making a deposit or at the time of making funds to the account, require all documents relating to the contribution and keep them until the end of its term. So you will protect yourself from all risks and will not once again worry about changing its conditions.

DKO in the bank - what is it? We understand that it is included in the comprehensive banking service of legal entities.

What is a comprehensive service contract

A comprehensive service agreement of legal entities in a bank or DCO is a type of contract between the client and the bank, which consists of rules, statements and tariffs. To conclude a contract, the client must write an application for accession to the rules of integrated service in two copies. The bank then transmits one copy to the client with marks on the conclusion of the CBO treaty, and one leaves himself. The document begins to act from the date when the bank has signed a statement.

According to the rules of the contract, customers can connect the necessary services to the bank themselves. Each Bank has its own services. Treaty of the Bank "URALSIB" includes:

• opening and maintenance of settlement accounts;
• remote banking services using the Client-Bank system;
• money transfer services for bank cards employees of the company;
• sMS messages about operations that pass on account.

If the company wants to include bank products that are not in comprehensive service, then it is necessary to conclude an additional agreement.

Conclude a comprehensive banking service agreement can be both individuals and legal entities, individual entrepreneurs And freelancers who have an IP.

Complex bank service rules

The rules of comprehensive banking services are the rules of the bank to which the client joins when the application for comprehensive services is written. Each Bank has its own rules, you need to clarify what operations are included in comprehensive service. Article 428 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation regulations are registered to compile an accession agreement.

According to the Rules of the Bank, the company is obliged to comply with the terms of the contract, for example:

• provide bank necessary information and documents, for example, if the company changed his head or was to move to another office;
• send documents if the bank has suspicion of the company's accounts under the Law 115 of the Federal Law "On Countering Legalization (Laundering) of Revenues received by criminal means and financing terrorism";
• paying for the services of the Tariff Bank, which were specified in the contract when signing the application.

The Bank also has commitments to the company:

• the bank must maintain in secret information about the operations on the Company's accounts;
• work with the company within russian legislation and contract CBO.

Application for comprehensive banking services

To get comprehensive banking services, you need to fill out an accommodation application. The application issues a bank. The document needs to write company data, for example:

• the full name of the company;
• address;
• position of the head;
• surname, first name, patronymic of the head;
• OGRN Company;
• Inn company.

The bank has the right to refuse the client to open an account if:

• the client did not submit the documents that the Bank are needed;
• the company is missing at the address that is specified in the documents;
• the bank suspects a client in revenue laundering, in obtaining money by criminal way or in sponsoring terrorism.

Documents in a bank for integrated banking services

To conclude a comprehensive banking service agreement, legal entities must be provided to the bank's documents. If the bank has suspicions in the dishonesty of the company, the bank may request additional documents.

In each bank, its list of documents, but there are basic, without which no bank will open an account:

• company Charter;
• certificate of state registration;
• certificate of making an entry in the register;
• certificate of registration with the tax authority;
• decision or extract from the decision on the election of the head;
• Passport and Inn leader;
• passports of employees who will be engaged in the company's accounts;
• ownership or lease agreement, where the company is located.

Tariffs for integrated banking services

Tariffs are a system for which the client pays for the banks of the bank. The bank itself decides, for which service and how much money will pay the client, for example:

• for the opening and maintenance of the current account;
• for the assurance of documents to open the current account;
• for receiving money to the current account;
• for cash withdrawal.

To obtain comprehensive banking services for legal entities, you need to contact the bank, write a statement and collect documents. The bank will consider the application. If the company is honest, then the bank will begin to cooperate with it.

The system of integrated customer service is widespread among commercial banks.

Note 1.

The integrated service system is a combination of elements that are in relations with each other based on a commercial basis, and which provides complete satisfaction of the needs of the Bank's customers in the provision of bank products and services through a single information, regulatory and legal system.

Factors affecting the development of integrated service

The development of a system of integrated banking services is influenced by the factors that can be divided into external and internal.

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of these factors:

Internal factors.

Benefits:

1. An increase in the experience of integrated banking services;
2. Work on new banking products and their introduction;
3. Consideration of new risk prevention methods;

Disadvantages:

1. Overestimated interest rates on loans and, on the contrary, low rates on deposits;
2. High probability of credit risks;
3. Low level of openness of information for the banking services market;
4. Lack of highly qualified bank staff.

Benefits:

1. The ability to carry out deposit insurance;
2. Bureau formation credit stories;
3. Stability of economic development;
4. High speed response of the bank on the dynamics of demand for its services and products.

Disadvantages:

1. Flawlessness of the system of regulatory regulation;
2. Insufficient development of the Bureau of credit stories, due to the recent appearance;
3. The impossibility of insurance against credit risks;
4. Hard economic standards from the Central Bank;
5. High inflation;
6. Insufficient development banking system.

Note 2.

The implementation of integrated banking services is accompanied by high competitiveness on which: pricing policy, ways to promote products and services, quality of banks.

Factors affecting the possibility of comprehensive maintenance

Also, there are factors that affect the possibility of a commercial bank to carry out comprehensive maintenance of individuals:

1. Financial. Prices for certain services and goods must have competitiveness in relation to the same services and products of other banks.
2. Legal. Credit organisation Must have the necessary licenses for the implementation of certain services included in the comprehensive service. Also, it is necessary to legislative permission to carry out certain types of services.
3. Organizational. For optimal work, the Bank should have a wide network of branches, offices, as well as the location of these points should be convenient for customers.
4. Image. The bank must have a positive business reputation in the banking services market. Also, it is necessary to promote their goods and services to the population, and it depends on the proper segment of the market.

Customer classification for integrated service

When implementing integrated maintenance of individuals, they also allocate their classification:

Depending on the need and interest of the client in this form of service:

• Customers who carry out only one-time operations;
• Customers who repeatedly use the services of a commercial bank;
• Customers category VIP.

Depending on the level of income received by customers:

• Lower class. The ability to meet basic needs;
• Middle class. Revenues obtained by this group of the population allow investing, as well as investments;
• Upper class. This includes customers with a high level of income.

Complex maintenance risk factors

Factors that affect the emergence of risks during comprehensive banking services:

1. Economic. In this case, the role plays the level of inflation, the level of customer income, the degree of unemployment, the system of taxation of citizens and the other.
2. Political. Position of the country at the economy level, the level of support by the state of the banking system, etc.
3. Legal. Relevance regulatory framework, Stiffness level of legislation rate, etc.
4. Social. The degree of equipment in the population of knowledge relating to the economy and banking sphere, the level of public confidence in the economy, the state and banks, and so on.