The growing importance of tourism is characteristic of the 20th - early 21st centuries. Its role comes down not only to influencing the economy, but - most importantly - to recognizing the need to develop ties between peoples different countries peace and for mutual knowledge of their history, culture, traditions. Tourism has become an ambassador of friendship in international relations.
Modern tourist flows are formed under the influence of factors reaching the history of ancient eras. This is explained by man’s desire to understand the world around him, to establish trade, economic, cultural and other ties with neighboring peoples. The first signs of tourism are observed in ancient times and are closely related to travel as the main means of knowledge environment.
For many centuries the population was static. It was mainly characterized by attachment to the land, Agriculture. As centuries passed, the need for new territories to live in grew. To search for them, entire tribes went on world travels, meeting little-known peoples who differed in language, culture, and traditions. Some of the travelers described these features, and the materials were then used to strengthen ties between peoples. Among the medieval travelers who described the culture and life, for example, of the peoples of the East, a famous navigator, a Venetian merchant of the 13th century, stood out. Marco Polo. The materials he collected served as the basis for drawing up geographical maps.
The end of the 15th - second half of the 18th century. - the era of great geographical discoveries, which contributed to the further development of trade and navigation. The centralized monarchies of Europe equipped expeditions to conquer new overseas territories. All this marked an increase in the mobility of the world's population. So, travelers for many centuries set out on the road not for pleasure, but to achieve some goal. Traveling for pleasure became popular only when regular passenger transportation appeared, food and accommodation facilities were organized, and the activities of travelers (XVII century), when the elements of obvious risk and everyday obstacles, which for centuries had been the main obstacle on the way of travelers, disappeared.
After the First Industrial Revolution (at the end of the 19th century), travel became more popular, but mainly among the wealthy. However, we note that people were constantly moving. They were associated with wars and other political events, with pilgrimages to holy places, job searches, and education. However, the volume of these trips was insignificant.
The large-scale growth of tourism is associated with the further development of the world economy, market relations and the classic components of demand: free time, money and consumer preferences.
Most modern tourism researchers identify four main stages (stages) of its development 1, although their timing may differ slightly. Thus, the English scientists Yu. Likorish and K. Jenkins associate the first of the four stages with a long period that covers ancient times up to the 18th century, and Ukrainian researchers. Belikov, L. Ustimenko and I. Afanasyev continue it almost until the middle of the 19th century, or more precisely, until 1841. In our opinion, its upper limit coincides with the period of the development of the First Industrial Revolution, which entailed tangible changes in the social life of mankind - the emergence of the steam engine and its practical application.
So, let's name the four main stages (stages) in the history of tourism development.
First - from ancient times to the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century. This is the beginning stage of the development of world tourism.
Second - beginning of the 19th century. until the end of the First World War - the period of formation of organized tourism.
Third - from 1918 r. until the end of World War II - the stage of industrialization of tourism.
Fourth - from 1945 to the present day. Associated with the massive development of tourism and the process of globalization.
Many researchers first stage The stage of the beginning of tourism is most often associated with the development of trade relations between individual cities, countries, and regions 2. The greatest traders of antiquity were the Phoenicians, who successfully used ships to build sea routes to unknown countries, sailing along the western shores of Europe and Africa.
A special period in the history of mankind is associated with the ancient Greek traveler, scientist, father of history Herodotus (around 485 - around 425 AD), who described the countries of the Middle East, the Scythian steppes of the Black Sea region (V century AD .). After Herodotus, Pi-fey made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the world, traveling around the shores of Western and Northern Europe in 330 before the birth of Christ, wrote these countries for the Greeks. For the first time he called England Albion (White Island).
The mobility of the Greeks reached a high level during the heyday of city-states, in particular Athens, Delphi, Epidauri, and Olympia. Starting from 776 AD. e., annually on Olympic Games sports fans and art fans flocked not only from Hellas, but also from other European countries. The construction of the first specialized buildings that could accommodate athletes and spectators also dates back to this period. The military campaigns of Alexander the Great in the 4th century were of great importance for understanding the world. to n. e.
The ancient Greek geographer Strabo (63 AD - 20 AD) did a lot to understand the world. His famous “Geography” in 17 books became a noticeable step in understanding the world, countries, and individual peoples. Claudius Ptolemy supplemented previous geographers with new knowledge of the world.
After the Roman conquest of Greece, a direct path opened to places that were already considered the center of world culture in those days. The Romans studied the Greek language, philosophy, recognized cultural monuments, as well as visiting places with warm mineral waters and organized comfort in the regions of Campania and Etruria, Herculaneum. During the Roman Empire, state courts arose along the roads, where couriers and civil servants of Rome were accommodated for rest. During such trips, the Romans already used road guides.
Religious pilgrimage spread in the early Middle Ages. On the way to holy places, pilgrims used monasteries, churches, and inns for rest. The most famous centers of religious tourism in the Holy Land were Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, the monasteries of Quelushi, Lourdes, as well as the Muslim shrine - Mecca, etc.
Arab travelers of the UP-11th centuries significantly expanded their knowledge of the world. The most famous was the merchant from Basra - Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries of the world and left interesting memories.
Marine discoveries in the 8th-9th centuries made a significant contribution to the knowledge of geographical space. northern peoples, in particular the Normans, who during their campaigns simultaneously captured coastal cities, settlements, and captured merchant ships. on our lands they were called Varangians.
During the era of Kievan Rus, the contacts of our ancestors with the countries were especially close Western Europe and Byzantium, which influenced the fateful decision to adopt Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine. This helped, through the mediation of clergy, translators, and artisans, to maintain close ties with Byzantium and with many other European countries.
In the Middle Ages, mass movements of people were observed during the campaigns of Christ. This made it possible not only to conquer new territories, but also to explore them, expand sales markets, and purchase new goods. Detailed descriptions These countries and peoples were left by such famous travelers as Afanasy Nikitin and the already mentioned Marco Polo.
An important milestone in the development of tourism was the use of mineral waters and mud for medicinal purposes; their use since ancient times is evidenced by archaeological excavations and descriptions in the Bible, for example, about the use of the sacred Lake Benares near Jerusalem for medicinal purposes. In Ancient Egypt, the healing properties of mineral waters were used by priests, which increased the wealth of local temples. Somewhat later, sacred springs, lakes and even rivers were used for treatment and pilgrimage (India, Ancient China, Persia).
“We can talk about recreational and tourism activities in the modern sense of the word,” notes V. Matsola, “only in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. In these countries, special centers with valuable natural recreational resources were formed, which provided a wide range of recreational services: swimming, drinking, hot baths, rubbing, treatment, household services, etc. "8 Hot springs on the island were especially popular in Ancient Greece. Evbel, where special buildings were erected for their use. Here their owners rented houses to newcomers for treatment for an appropriate fee.
In Ancient Rome, wonderful places for healing were the resorts of Baia, Aqua Albula, the seaside climatic area of Senzio, as well as Fr. Capri is south of mainland Italy, and to this day is considered one of the most privileged tourist centers in Europe.
In ancient times, popular centers were located on the present-day Beilya Erkulans and Sinjarz Bay in Romania, Aquincula (Budapest) and Lake. Balaton in Hungary, Varajinske Toplice (Croatia), Dobrna (Slovenia), Varna in Bulgaria, Wiesbaden in Germany, Baden in Switzerland, Bath in Great Britain, Aix-les-Bains in France, etc.*
Healing mineral springs and local climatic conditions skillfully used on the American continent, in particular by the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in South America. During the era of the Byzantine Empire, some areas on the shores and islands of the Marmara and Aegean Seas, as well as the shores of the Bosphorus Strait, were used for therapeutic and health purposes. In the XII century. Mineral springs in France and Italy gained wide popularity. In the XIV century. The resort of Carlsbad (now Karlovy Vary) arose. At this time, the resort of Baden-Baden in southwestern Germany became popular.
With the birth of resorts, a regime of medical procedures was established. From the middle of the 16th century. Carlsbad introduced a patient tax for the first time. At the beginning of the 17th century. In France, there already existed a resort infrastructure created to supervise resorts and their operation. Similar institutions arose in Great Britain and Switzerland 5 .
In the same period (late 17th century), the term “tourist” appeared in the French lexicon. They were called representatives of the privileged nobility who, out of curiosity, visited foreign countries. Interest in Italy, the ancient monuments of Rome, Florence and other cities especially increased. With the discovery of Pompeii (19th century), Italy became the leading tourist country in Europe.
The development of tourism accelerated significantly in the 18th century, when seaside resorts emerged, creating a fashion for swimming in sea water. The first large hotels at such resorts were known in Great Britain, and subsequently in France and other countries. At first, the wealthiest visitors vacationed at seaside resorts. With the growth of prosperity, representatives of the middle class became clients of such establishments. Mass travel for personal pleasure began at the end of the 18th century. early XIX century.
So, travel carried out before the end of the 18th century cannot be considered tourism in the modern sense. they should be considered as the beginning stage of modern tourism.
Second stage which is also called the railway era" is associated with the first explosion of great demand for travel and its impact on social habits and the economy of countries. The increase in the speed of travel by steamships and trains, as well as the increase in the population and its financial and economic opportunities, created a noticeable tourism market. travel, and with them, tourist centers with travel trade, agents, tour operators who offered organized tours, tour packages and even travel literature. At first glance, little has changed today, but the coordination of transport plans and tourism policies was limited or limited. , rather, imperfect.
The first passenger railway opened in England in 1830. According to researchers, in particular the English authors Y. Likorish and K. Jenkins, already in 1841 T. Cook introduced railway the first package tour, taking a mass walk (570 people) from Leicester to Loughborough. He actively started a new line of business. The merit of T. Cook was that he began organizing all components of the trip - transport, accommodation, service at the place of stay, creating a real tourist product and satisfying specific market demand. He invented an essential service - a travel package. The invention of an enterprising Englishman began to be implemented all over the world, but primarily in the 40-50s of the 19th century. - in industrialized European countries.
T. Cook radically changed the attitude towards travel - from necessary, sometimes distant, often associated with finding work or for the purpose of education, to organized entertainment and a new understanding of leisure itself. Contemporaries valued him not only for the science of organizing tourism, but also for his advertising activities, for the tourist guides he issued. He was the first to organize international trips (tours) from England to mainland Europe, in particular to the World Exhibition in Paris (1851), and from 1856 to other European countries. From 1865, T. Cook began using ships for cruise trips of English tourists to North America, in particular SPIA. In 1882, the first trip around the world was carried out.
In 1867, he took a five-month voyage to the holy places (Palestine) together with Mark Twain, probably the first cruise on the Mediterranean Sea. The cost of such a trip for a passenger was $1,200. At that time it was a huge sum, which only representatives of the rich segments of the population could pay 6 .
The expansion of demand for tourism services is associated not only with an increase in the standard of living of the population, but also with the development of railway transport, shipping, communications, production machinery, the spread of advertising and services.
Organized travel stimulated the construction of large hotels in cities near train stations and at popular resorts. The demand for tourism services stimulated the development of resorts, which were based on the use of mineral springs and mud. This happened until trips to the sea caused the rapid growth of Mediterranean centers such as Nice, Cannes in France, etc.
Hotel companies at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. They began to build not individual buildings, but hotel chains, providing holidaymakers with organized food, medical services, etc.
The development of tourism was significantly influenced by amateur tourist clubs and societies that appeared in the second half of the 19th century. They developed routes, taking care to provide tourists with the necessary comfort. The first such club arose in Great Britain (1857 p.), subsequently - in Austria (1862 p.), Italy, Switzerland (1863 p.), Germany (1869) and in other countries of Europe and the world. Advertising and marketing activities have contributed to increasing the attractiveness of tourist and health centers. Thus, in Monte Carlo in 1914, a rally was opened to intensify off-season tourism and entertainment activities. In turn, hotel companies organized an exhibition of old brands of cars. This happened primarily in London and Brighton.
Transatlantic travel since the 60s of the 19th century. began to be called Grand Tours, were motivated by knowledge cultural heritage, curiosity of the population. The number of trips to the American continent gradually increased, in particular to its northern countries. This was the reason for the founding of the new company Wells Fango, Movement of passengers from Great Britain and Europe to America along with migrants in 1910 - 1914 pp. exceeded 1 million people annually 7 .
So, during the second stage of tourism development, serious changes took place in the very essence of travel: traveling for a specific purpose turned into traveling for pleasure or playing sports or hobbies. This new trend has spread to most countries in Europe. High quality advertising brochures, brochures and guides. Writers who dedicated their works to travel played a positive role.
In fact, modern tourism in form and content appeared on the eve of the First World War. Intensive development of tourism in the 19th century. led to the establishment in 1898 of the International League of Tourist Associations, headquartered in Luxembourg, which in 1919 was transformed into an international tourism alliance that still exists and unites more than 140 countries around the world.
Third (interwar) period relatively short; it lasted from 1918 to 1945. It is also called the stage of industrialization of tourism. This period had the most flaw - it was hit by the main world recessions (crises) of the 30s. After the First World War, tourism recovered relatively quickly, although the war did not pass without a trace. It brought the expected changes, which resulted in interest in peace and mutual understanding between peoples, increased activity in the movement for the emancipation of women, and the like. Second important factor On the way to the development of tourism there were technical improvements, accelerated by wartime needs. Thus, cars and buses became more efficient, thanks to which tour operators could provide more comfortable and cheaper transport for tourist needs. Aviation has become a practical means of delivery. This was the beginning of the era of mobility and communications, which significantly influenced the development of tourism in all countries of the world.
In general, travel was associated mainly with state transport. IN post-war years air traffic grew. For example, in 1938, 220 thousand passengers were recorded in Great Britain, of which 95 thousand were sent to mainland Europe. A third of British holidaymakers traveled by coach. The craving for new types of recreation continued. Camping and traveling by car with trailers became increasingly popular in Western Europe, youth tourist camps were spreading, and the social aspect of tourism and recreation with the assistance of national states was intensifying (recreation itself was still limited in time - from one to two weeks a year). Thus, in 1939 in Great Britain, out of 18 million workers, 11 million enjoyed government support. This was the period of formation of social tourism.
The number of foreign trips involving representatives of the middle class also gradually increased. This is observed in Europe and America. Experts assess the mentioned period of tourism development as a rehearsal for the takeoff of tourism after the Second World War. After all, as already mentioned, the global crisis of the 30s had a decisive impact on limiting the development of tourism and reducing the volume of transatlantic transportation. This was especially evident in Germany and Italy. Among the European countries, they had or did not have the greatest economic difficulties. The events also affected Great Britain. If in 1930 there were 1.8 million people traveling from England to Austria, and almost 1 million in Switzerland, then during the crisis these flows decreased by half or even more. Tourism suffered an even more significant blow during World War II. But the path to revolutionary changes in the development of tourism, despite the global crisis and the Second world war, has already been defined. Travel and recreation for millions of people on the planet have become integral part their lives.
The fourth period - the stage of mass travel - begins in 1945 and continues to this day. At this stage it is implemented scientific and technological revolution, which was realized by an increase in the well-being of all segments of the population, an increase in income and free time, which influenced the lifestyle and behavior of people. The scale of these changes turned out to be enormous.
The massive growth in travel first began in developed countries peace. This was facilitated by the development of communications, transport and other forms of communications, in particular television, which strengthened the economic factors of tourism development, as well as the population’s interest in the attractions of foreign countries. The situation has developed that foreign trips in developed countries outweighed interest in domestic tourism products or recreation at home.
Overall, the population of the world's rich countries has become significantly more mobile thanks to an increase in the number of cars - from 100 million in 1970 to 650 million in the first five years of the 21st century. Moreover, private cars account for almost 4/5 ground transport. The private car has become the most important means of travel to vacation spots - 58% of the total number transported 8.
Railway and public transport(bus) at this stage of tourism development, in particular in developed countries, have lost their decisive role, but the transportation of tourists on regular flights by air has increased. Since the second half of the 80s of the XX century. transportation on irregular flights (charter services) appeared. They accounted for up to 1/6 of the total transportation of vacationers by air in the world and more than 50% on European flights 9 .
The rapid and large-scale development of air passenger transport after the war was facilitated by the revolutionary introduction of multi-seat aircraft and the high efficiency of equipment, which led to a significant reduction in flight times and lower real prices. Charter flights were intensively used by tour operators in European countries. The scale of expansion of tourist transport by air, according to the WTO, already in the mid-90s reached almost 600 million people, and in 1960 there were only 69 million. In general, the volume of tourist arrivals from 1950 to 2008 increased almost by 35 times, amounting to 924 million people in 2008. Moreover, the largest share came from Europe, which amounted to 66.4% and 52.8% of the total volume of international arrivals, respectively. With the expansion of the overall volume of travel, tourist flows have changed their direction. First, long-distance travel grew faster than short-distance travel. Secondly, tourist trips from northern industrial cities to the sunny southern shores began to take place en masse. Most tourist flows during the 50s of the XX century. They became specialized in nature. Cultural and educational travel has increased significantly. Sports tourism, trips to visit friends, acquaintances, and relatives (sentimental tourism) have developed.
In the late 1980s, the mass movement from the cold northern latitudes to the hot southern beaches of the Mediterranean weakened somewhat, in particular to Spain. This happened due to changes in demand. But from the southern countries - Spain, Italy and others, a significant share of the increase in tourists in Europe came from traveling to cooler northern European countries. At the same time, reliable air traffic in the world has contributed to the redistribution of international flows for the benefit primarily of the Asia-Pacific macroregion. If their share in 1980 of the total number of arrivals in the world was 8.3%, 1990 - 12.8, 2000 - 16.0, 2005 - 19.3, then in 2008 - 20 .3% 10.
The noticeable growth rate of tourist flows could not be achieved without heavy capital investments aimed at developing new tourist areas, mainly in the European Mediterranean, the Caribbean region of Central America, and the countries of East and Southeast Asia. Some of these recreation and health centers by the sea were built in an urban style, that is, with high-rise buildings, experienced many problems. First of all, this is a conflict with the quality of the environment and the “green” movement. However, the expansion of business related to business tourism, including conference tourism, indicates an increase in demand for such hotel complexes in world tourist centers. The high efficiency of business tourism has made this market segment of services profitable, and therefore stable and promising.
We also note that the development of tourism is directly affected by global recessions. For example, the first so-called energy crisis in the post-war period (1974) influenced a significant decrease in transatlantic travel to Europe. Fortunately, the revival of travel has occurred in a fairly short period. During the second recession (1981), there was a significant economic downturn, which affected overall tourist arrivals. So in 1982, compared to the previous year, the number of international tourists in the world decreased by 1.7 million, and the average annual growth rate in the 80s was more than 3 million people.
The economic crisis of 1991 is associated with the Gulf War. It had a significant impact on certain structural changes in the world economy: there was a decline in the manufacturing industry, and this led to an increase in unemployment, therefore, negatively affecting the growth of tourism, in particular in Europe. Overall, the 1990s were a period of stable growth rates, from 439.5 million international tourists in 1990 to 639.6 million in 1999. 11
The global economic crisis, which began in the second half of 2008, does not yet give us reason to consider its consequences, but it is quite clear that its impact on the development of tourism in the world will be negative.
In recent decades, traditional group trips outside of their own country in Europe and North America have begun to be carried out en masse using their own cars. This led to a decrease in the duration of travel (to a maximum of five nights), but a new trend emerged - the frequency of outings and trips increased. This improved, that is, benefited, seasonality in tourism. Since then (late 80s of the 20th century), seasonality in many countries that receive tourist flows began to be viewed not as an invincible economic problem, but as a marketing problem.
In general, during the first half of the fourth period of tourism development, there was an extensive increase in recreation, the number of tourism enterprises and the volume of services they provide. Since the 80s, on the one hand, mass conveyor tourism (as V. Saprunova calls it), has been transformed into mass differentiated tourism, which is due to the diversity of needs and motivations of tourists, that is, the spread of highly specialized segments in tourist demand, the variety of services offered, expressed specialization of tourism services 12. With another sides new factors began to influence the development of mass tourism - quality of services, economic condition environment and even the political situation. So, at the last stage of the fourth period of tourism development, there was a transition from the producer market to the consumer market of services, which requires their flexibility to satisfy not only the needs of the elite and middle class, but also the low-income population.
Tourism, as a social, economic and industrial phenomenon, has a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. The following periods are mainly distinguished:
- - tourism until the end of the 18th century - the prehistory of tourism;
- - tourism of the early XIX - early XX centuries. - elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;
- - tourism of the early 20th century. - before the First World War - the beginning of the formation of social tourism;
- - tourism after the First World War, the modern stage - mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.
Prehistory of tourism - the period of tourism development until the beginning of the 19th century. includes the following stages of development:
- - ancient tourism - when the main motives for travel were education, pilgrimage, trade, treatment, sport competitions;
- - tourism of the Middle Ages - when the main motives for travel were: religious tourism, education, aristocratic relations;
- - tourism of new times - when the main trends in recreation were determined by the industrial revolution.
It is generally accepted that tourist travel began at a time when travel lost its commercial significance. The first migrations of this kind included journeys of a religious nature, which in ancient Egypt were noted already in the fourth millennium BC. Subsequently, tourist trips of the Egyptians were associated with travel to cities, artificial lakes, and the pyramids under construction aroused considerable interest. However, the lack of a dense network of good roads, places to sleep and food, which appeared only in ancient Greece and Rome, made the first journeys difficult. Tourism at that time was not a source of income.
The importance of the road network was appreciated only by the Persians, who developed a communications system throughout their country that was often superior to even later known Roman roads. The best of them included the royal roads that connected Babylon, Susa and Ekbatan with the surrounding area. Every few miles along these roads there were taverns, food and rest stations, etc.
The services provided there were paid at rates that were the same for both rich and poor. The heyday of ancient tourism was associated mainly with ancient Greece and Rome. In these states great weight was given economic side travel.
Another form of tourist travel was trips to healing areas. At mineral springs, or near holy places, facilities similar to modern sanatoriums were erected, and medical places were famous for their great comfort of services and a variety of entertainment. In addition to places of treatment, the Romans willingly spent time in the mountains and by the sea. Already in ancient Rome, there was a bi-seasonal nature of tourist trips, and winter trips were not as widespread as summer trips.
The Middle Ages were characterized by a significant slowdown in tourist traffic. The emergence of many new states with an unstable internal situation caused the creation of political barriers that were previously unknown. Only in the 7th and 8th centuries. n. BC, active travel for religious purposes was resumed. In later periods, this form of travel acquired significant proportions and for many centuries played a significant role in the structure of tourist traffic.
Along with travel for religious purposes, there was an increasing number of trips of a political nature, especially those undertaken by official envoys of heads of state. The development of science and the associated organization of universities led, starting from the 13th century, to the emergence of student travel in Europe.
Migrations associated with religious worship and university centers constituted a decisive majority in the overall structure of tourist traffic in the period from the late Middle Ages to modern history. In the 17th century, a form of “pure tourism” appeared in Europe, which included people traveling for the purpose of knowledge, treatment or recreation. The origin of tourism as a social phenomenon dates back to the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries, when school students began to take walks in nature. But close to modern tourism, as a form of recreation and entertainment, originated about 150 years ago. The world's first travel company was opened by Thomas Cook at the beginning of the 19th century. However, it took almost another 150 years for tourism to develop into a powerful, well-organized movement.
INTRODUCTION.
Recently, tourism has developed significantly and has become a massive socio-economic phenomenon on an international scale. Its rapid development is facilitated by the expansion of political, economic, scientific and cultural ties between states and peoples of the world. The massive development of tourism allows millions of people to expand their knowledge of the history of their Fatherland and other countries, to get acquainted with the sights, culture, and traditions of a particular country. Tourism is a term that does not have roots or origins in the Russian language, but came from other language systems, in particular from the French language.
From an economic point of view, tourism is a special type of consumption by tourists of material goods, services and goods, which is distinguished as a separate branch of the economy, providing tourists with everything they need: vehicles, food facilities, accommodation, cultural and social services, entertainment events. Thus, tourism is one of the most promising industries national economy(in some countries).
Travel and tourism are two inextricably linked concepts that describe a certain way of human activity. This is recreation, passive or active entertainment, sports, knowledge of the surrounding world, trade, science, treatment, etc. However, there is always a characteristic action that defines and separates the journey itself from other areas of activity, the temporary movement of a person to another area or country, different from his usual location or residence.
Travel is a term denoting the movement of people in space and time, regardless of its purpose.
For the centuries-old history of travel, geographical discoveries, industrial development of new territories, expansion of the world economic ties Numerous scientific literary materials, reports and diaries were collected. They played an invaluable role in the accumulation of human knowledge in various fields of science, culture, and technology. Many people have a need to see new areas and countries, to get acquainted with the life and customs of their people. All this caused the emergence of a special form of travel tourism.
The process of intensifying economic ties increased the mobility of the population, accompanied by the construction of roads, comfortable hotels, restaurants, the creation of recreation areas, treatment, the study of historical and cultural attractions, etc. With the advent of regular passenger transport, a network of catering establishments and accommodation, many of the elements of risk and difficulty that had been associated with travel for many centuries were eliminated. However, tourism was available mainly to representatives of the propertied classes, who made expensive trips for recreation, treatment and entertainment.
The emergence of tourism became possible as a result of fundamental changes in the nature of social production, the development of means of transport and communication, and the establishment of world economic relations in various spheres. Tourism has its own history of development.
History of tourism is a science that studies travel (hikes, excursions), starting from the simplest, most elementary in ancient times to the present day.
BACKGROUND OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD TOURISM.
Background of tourism the period of tourism development until the beginning of the 19th century. includes the following stages of development: ancient tourism when the main motives for travel were education, pilgrimage, trade, treatment, sports competitions; tourism of the Middle Ages when the main motives for travel were: religious tourism, education, aristocratic relations; tourism of modern times when the main trends in recreation were determined by the industrial revolution.
It is generally accepted that tourist travel began at a time when travel lost its commercial significance. The first migrations of this kind included journeys of a religious nature, which were noted in ancient Egypt as early as the 4th millennium BC. Subsequently, tourist trips of the Egyptians were associated with travel to cities, artificial lakes, and the pyramids under construction aroused considerable interest. However, the lack of a dense network of good roads, places to sleep and food, which appeared only in ancient Greece and Rome, made the first journeys difficult. Tourism at that time was not a source of income.
The importance of the road network was appreciated only by the Persians, who developed a communications system throughout their country that was often superior to even later known Roman roads. The best of them included the royal roads that connected Babylon, Susa and Ekbatan with the surrounding area. Every 30 miles on these roads there were taverns, food and rest stations, etc. The services provided there were paid at rates that were the same for both rich and poor.
The heyday of ancient tourism was associated mainly with ancient Greece and Rome. In these states, great weight was given to the economic side of travel. Both the Greeks and the Romans often undertook very long journeys, and the Greeks, due to the poor development of the road network, made them mainly by sea.
Travel for religious purposes was also widespread in those days. The most famous were trips to Olympia associated with the holiday in honor of Zeus, which took place every 4 years, starting from the 7th century. BC.
Another form of tourist travel was trips to healing areas. At mineral springs, or near holy places, facilities similar to modern sanatoriums were erected, and medical places were famous for their great comfort of services and a variety of entertainment. In addition to places of treatment, the Romans willingly spent time in the mountains and by the sea. Already in ancient Rome, there was a two-season nature of tourist trips, and winter trips were not as widespread as summer trips.
The Middle Ages were characterized by a significant slowdown in tourist traffic. The emergence of many new states with an unstable internal situation caused the creation of political barriers that were previously unknown. Only in the 7th and 8th centuries. AD active travel for religious purposes was resumed. In later periods, this form of travel acquired significant proportions and for many centuries played a significant role in the structure of tourist traffic.
Along with travel for religious purposes, there was an increasing number of trips of a political nature, especially those undertaken by official envoys of heads of state. The development of science and the associated organization of universities led, starting from the 13th century, to the emergence of student travel in Europe.
Migrations associated with religious worship and university centers constituted a decisive majority in the overall structure of tourist traffic in the period from the late Middle Ages to modern history.
In the 17th century In Europe, a form of “pure tourism” appears, which included people traveling for the purpose of knowledge, treatment or recreation.
The origin of tourism as a social phenomenon dates back to the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, when school students began to take walks in nature. But close to modern tourism, as a form of recreation and entertainment, originated about 150 years ago.
THE ORIGIN OF TRAVEL ELEMENTS.
As evidenced by the research of archaeologists and historians, already in ancient times, primitive man was characterized by regular migration. The constant search for food forced a person to make long journeys and navigate the terrain well. At the same time, people followed certain paths, often using paths made by wild herd animals. This is due to hunting for them.
Almost all primitive tribes and nationalities had a widespread custom of mutual visits. various groups belonging to the same or different tribes. Such visits are a common occurrence among Australians. The Eskimos, despite all the difficulties of communication in Arctic conditions, constantly made very long journeys to visit their friends. These mutual travels and treats played a huge role in the development of culture in primitive times, being ways and means of cultural exchange. Visits were often timed to coincide with a time when a given group had an abundance of food: the ripening season of fruits, the time of catching fish, harvesting, etc.
JOURNEY IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
If a person in a primitive society had only some land-owning ideas about the surrounding area, then the ancient peoples, who entered into complete economic development in the era of slave society, were already making attempts to systematize geographical knowledge about the part of the Earth known to them and explain what was happening in nature. This can be judged from the information that has reached us about wanderings, journeys, and campaigns.
Egyptian papyri indicate that the ancient Egyptians made long journeys. For example, during the reign of Pharaoh Assa, in an era more than 60 centuries distant from us, the Egyptian military leader Urdudu sailed to the distant country of Punt. Another Egyptian traveler, Kirkuf, having gone to the southern countries, reached the “Land of the Happy,” which was located further than Punt, from where he brought back a dwarf, the sight of whom “instilled joy and love in the heart of the pharaoh.”
The Chinese began making maps from prehistoric times. Even before our era, there was a special bureau for the production of cartographic surveys in China. Moreover, the ancient Chinese had geographical literature, including a book of rivers, a book about seas and mountains, a book on
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
Sochi State University
Faculty of Tourism and Service
Accepted for protection:
Head department_________________
"_______" ______________2013
Course work
on the topic: Characteristics and significance of travel in the Ancient World in ancient Rome and Greece
Specialty 100200 “Hotel Management”
Completed by: Ermakova D.D.
Student of group 13-GD-2
Scientific supervisor: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the department. UTTS
Samsonenko T.A
Introduction.
Chapter 1. Travel characteristics.
1 Types of travel in the Ancient World.
2 Travels in the Ancient World
Chapter 2. Hiking and pilgrimage in the Ancient World.
1 Pilgrimage and Crusades.
2 Trade routes Ancient World.
Conclusion.
Introduction
The need for movement and travel arose among people in ancient times. The process of human cognition of the world around us is associated with travel. The ancient peoples, who entered the era of slave society, were already trying to systematize their existing geographical knowledge. The need to establish trade relations and discover new lands forced people to go on long journeys. Since ancient times, many people have gone on journeys to explore the world and discover new territories, with trade, diplomatic, military, religious and other missions. All these travelers needed certain services from the local population in terms of accommodation, food, etc. The need for acquaintance with new, diverse phenomena of life, related to internal motivation, has been one of the natural character traits of a person since the primitive era. Travel and tourism go hand in hand related concepts, they describe a certain type of human activity. Travel can be either individual or group. During travel, there is a movement of people united by a certain common goal. Sometimes traveling becomes a way of life. The movements of primitive people, therefore, had multiple motivations; they were characteristic feature their way of life. It can be stated that the life of primitive people without travel would have been simply impossible. Travel played a huge role in the formation and development of both local civilizations of antiquity and world civilization as a whole.
Chapter 1. Travel characteristics
1 Types of travel in the ancient world
Tourism is a type of human activity whose history begins long before the emergence of a civilized society. The beginning of the history of travel cannot be dated not only by a year, but also by a century. The need to move arose among our ancestors in ancient times. There is no doubt that acquaintance with the surrounding area began when primitive man was forced to move from one place to another in search of food. With the advent of cattle breeding, primitive man became interested in the most suitable pastures, and to find them, he made long journeys, laying paths and memorizing them.
With the development of intergroup communication, familiar routes of communication between villages are created. Water sources have long played an important role; the route across land was preferably laid through them. Primitive people were the first to use a method of transportation on water, adapting trees floating on the water, then a bark boat served as a means of transportation. Eskimos invent leather boats. In primitive times the sail was invented. But at the highest level was the art of making boats among the peoples of Oceania.
Almost all primitive tribes had a widespread custom of mutual visits to neighboring tribes. Such visits were common among Australians and Eskimos. Ancient people were able to navigate in any environment. They did not get lost in the virgin forests of the tropics and the vast expanses of the steppes, on the endless snowy plains of the north and on the immense expanse of water. Some peoples created the first route maps, applying them to the bark or skin. The inhabitants of Oceania used the stars to orient themselves to the sea.
Navigation established contacts between countries. Gold, ivory, stone and earthenware products, etc. were brought from travels.
The origin of religious tourism took place in Ancient India. It was here that the founder of Buddhism, Buddha, traveled throughout northern India for 45 years. After the Buddha's death, the body was cremated and the ashes were divided among his followers. These remains became the first relics to which numerous pilgrims flocked.
During the heyday of the city-states of Greece, tourism centers of sorts emerged. So, the Greeks came to Olympia from all over Hellas as spectators or participants in the Olympic Games, that is, it was sports tourism. To travel abroad, residents of Athens and Sparta had to have a kind of foreign passport - sorraghis.
TO special type travels must be attributed to the Great Greek Colonization. Balneology and medical tourism originated in Ancient Greece. The Greeks greatly valued warm healing waters. There were many known springs where baths, perfectly equipped for treatment and relaxation, were built near mountain springs.
Pilgrimage was also very common in Ancient Greece. The famous Temple of Apollo at Delphi was especially frequently visited.
Thus, life itself forced primitive peoples to be experienced pathfinders and travelers, obliging them to know the geography of the surrounding lands. Travel was possible thanks to the presence of excellent roads. Roman roads were built according to all the rules of engineering. Bridges and viaducts were built to overcome water barriers. There were special road maps indicating stations where one could stop for the night. A characteristic feature of each station was a tavern.
The primitive collective, living in a clearly defined territory, rarely violated its borders - this could lead to clashes with other tribes, whose territory it invaded. The migration of primitive people was a common phenomenon. Relocations were necessary. Climatic changes were, as a rule, very long-lasting: the advance of glaciers or interglacial periods lasted tens and hundreds of thousands of years. They brought a gradual change in flora and fauna. But there could also be fleeting cataclysms, such as earthquakes, that forced people to leave this territory. But migration was influenced not least by anthropogenic factors. Getting to know new territories was important for hunters who had to track down animals. Obviously, the hunters had to move significantly away from their camps. In order for other members of the tribe to help them carry or cut up the prey, the first maps began to be created. “Cartography” existed everywhere. Of course, the maps were not perfect. These first maps were made on the ground using stones, shell rock, fragments of wood and bone, and sometimes even bird feathers. They marked safe paths, convenient passages, fords, watering places, pastures, burrows and resting places for animals. When fishing entered the lives of our ancestors, they were able not only to master the rivers, but on rather fragile boats they managed to go out to the open sea, hunting deep-sea fish, sea animals, and even such giants as whales.
The fact that the development of the world's oceans began in the primitive era is confirmed by the facts of human settlement of the island archipelagos of the Pacific Ocean and Australia at the turn of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the primitive era, the first “trade” routes began to be established. Intermediary trade was actively developing. Thus, some items were found more than 1000 km from the place where they were made. The places of growth or extraction of a particular product were often clearly localized. It could be diorite, which was used to make axes; ocher - for body painting; Picheri - a plant from the leaves of which a drug was produced, etc.
The figure of the traveling “trader” was considered inviolable. Australian “merchants” had special “messenger rods” by which they could be easily recognized.
Since the Neolithic, they have become more active exchange transactions. Long before the third happens social division.
1.2 Travel in the Ancient World
The theory of evolution leads us to the fact that in order to survive and preserve his gene pool in a changing and not always hospitable and comfortable world, a person was forced to be “on the march” for quite a considerable time, to migrate. And the settlement of people all over the planet is a brilliant confirmation of this.
Queen Hatshepsut also equipped sea expeditions. This journey across the Red Sea was 2000 km. Ships were always placed in the burial chambers of the pharaoh. Thus, in the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, a ship 43.4 m long was discovered. Later, due to a lack of wood, only models of ships began to be made. Sea voyages were integral part life of ancient China. The Chinese knew the geography of their country and neighboring lands quite well. In China there was a special bureau for the production of cartographic surveys. They knew well the properties of the magnetic needle. The Chinese are also credited with inventing the steering wheel. The great Chinese philosopher Confucius spent more than 13 years as a traveling teacher. The geographical culture of China was at a high stage of development for that time. Developing cartography since ancient times, the Chinese made maps on silk. Ancient China even had three-dimensional maps. It was here that toys appeared, which became the prototype of modern balloons. These were hollow eggshells into which warm air was pumped. It seems that hot air balloon travel owes its origin to Ancient China. Some of the best sailors of antiquity were the Phoenicians (the state of Phenicia was located in the Eastern Mediterranean and had numerous trade and economic ties with other states). The Phoenicians built large, durable ships, which for a long time were leaders in the Mediterranean Sea in terms of their seaworthiness. Overland trade routes within the country were supplied with buildings for resting caravans, and parts of these caravanserais were fortified. Sea voyages in Ancient Greece have been taking place since time immemorial, which is reflected in myths. One of the first learned travelers was Herodotus, who traveled around Greece, Southern Italy, Asia Minor, Babylonia, Egypt, Persia, and visited most of the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the Crimea. Herodotus described his numerous travels across different lands in 9 books, each of which was named after one of the muses. In his famous work “History,” for which he received the honorary title “Father of History,” he described not only the history of many peoples of the Old World, but also preserved priceless ethnographic examples for posterity. Herodotus described the rite of brotherhood among the Scythians, in which fraternities mixed their blood into a cup of wine and drank. Thus, it was not for nothing that the tireless traveler Herodotus gained fame as the first Greek tourist. Speaking about the travels of the Hellenistic era, we should mention the eastern campaign of Alexander the Great, which lasted almost 10 years. Thanks to this campaign, the Greeks became acquainted with previously unknown peoples, their culture, way of life, and traditions. This marked the beginning of museology. With money sent by Alexander the Great, his teacher Aristotle founded a natural science museum.
The beginning of the Middle Ages was marked by the “great migration of peoples.” In addition, economic and cultural ties between different countries continued to develop. This was greatly facilitated by the trips of writers, travelers, diplomats and merchants. However, the main motivating force that made people travel was military campaigns, trade and pilgrimage.
Pilgrimage became widespread in the Middle Ages. The journey of pilgrims to Palestine began in the 3rd-4th centuries. In the 4th century. pilgrimage to the Holy Land became a mass phenomenon. The motivation for the pilgrimage varied. The knightly Order of the Hospitallers provided a special “service” for pilgrims. Their task was to help sick pilgrims and merchants and protect them from robbery. Gradually, the Hospitallers created a network of hotels in the cities and towns of the Holy Land and throughout the Middle East.
Then came the era of the Crusades in the Middle East, which lasted from the end of the 11th to the end of the 12th century, but turned out to be extremely fragile and short-lived. The consequences and results of these colossal mass European migrations to the Middle East region are varied. First of all, thanks to these campaigns, Europe was able to get acquainted with the achievements of science and culture of the Arab world. European scientists have significantly enriched their knowledge in the field of exact sciences. The general understanding of the world has expanded.
The food has become more varied. Europeans began to cultivate previously unknown rice, buckwheat, apricots, and lemons. The Crusades were not only of general historical interest, but also educational. For the first time, Western Europeans rose from their seats in large numbers, as a result of which they became acquainted with unknown peoples and countries. They partially adopted their morals and customs, and partially conveyed to them their concepts and views.
From the point of view of geographical discoveries, the Crusader movement was of great importance. It led to European connections with the Arab world, and Europeans learned a lot about geography from the Arabs. The Crusades provided a significant boost to overland travel, promoting trade. It was the strengthening of trade ties that helped improve the maps. The growth of trade also led to new achievements in the field of navigation. Thus, islands located off the coast of Africa were discovered in the Atlantic Ocean.
The further development of travel is associated with the Mongol conquests. At the beginning of the 13th century. The Mongol-Tatars created a huge empire from the Danube to the Pacific Ocean, conquering Rus', passing through Poland, Silesia, Moravia, and stopping at the borders of Italy. As a result of these conquests, extensive, relatively safe routes through eastern Europe and Asia were created, which merchants began to use.
Venetian and Genoese merchants, who had achieved trading power in the Mediterranean in the 13th century, could not remain indifferent to the explorations undertaken by daring travelers in Central Asia, India and China. They understood that in the interests of trade it was necessary to explore new countries. One of the most famous travelers of this period was the Venetian Marco Polo. Almost 7 centuries have passed since Marco Polo told in his book about what he saw and heard over many years of wandering from Europe through the countries of the Middle East, Central Asia, Kazakhstan and East Turkestan to China, through many regions of China and back to Europe by sea through the South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf.
The books of Marco Polo occupy an exceptional place among the works of medieval travelers and geographers. They provide a wealth of new information about both East, South and West Asia. This book served as one of the guides for compiling geographical maps of Asia and played a major role in the history of great discoveries.
Speaking about travel to the Middle Ages, one cannot ignore the “walk” of the Russian merchant Afanasy Nikitin to India. He visited the countries of Western Asia 200 years after Marco Polo and visited the interior regions of India, where no European had set foot before him. He outlined his observations in records known as “Walking across the Three Seas” - the Caspian, Black and Arabian. Nikitin was one of the first to describe Indian nature, life and customs of the Indian population.
Thus, in the 10th - 14th centuries. Hiking and travel were further developed. They were carried out by Russians, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, and during the Crusades by many representatives of European nations. In connection with the adoption of Christianity in Rus', a stream of Russian pilgrims poured into Palestine to the holy places. Hiking and travel 10th - 14th centuries. undoubtedly paved the way for the Age of Discovery. Back at the beginning of the 15th century. In a number of coastal countries of Europe, a desire for long-distance voyages appeared, the purpose of which was to open a direct sea route to India. Columbus also set this goal for himself. However, he marked the beginning of the discovery of another continent - South America and the isthmuses of Central America. They discovered all the Greater Antilles - Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica and Puerto Rico, the central part of the Bahamas Archipelago, most of the Lesser Antilles and a number of small islands in the Caribbean Sea. The discovery of continental America, begun by Columbus, was completed by the great Russian navigators Chirikov and Bering.
The discovery of the sea route to India belongs to Vasco da Gama. He rounded the African coast and headed northeast towards the shores of India. For this discovery, after his arrival, he received the hereditary title of “Don”, as well as the title of “Admiral of the Indian Sea”.
Then attempts were made to find a strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, and thus complete the work begun by Columbus: to reach the shores of East Asia by the western route. A new plan for a large expedition to search for the southwestern passage to the Pacific Ocean and reach Asia by the western route was proposed by Ferdinand Magellan. As a result, he managed to reach the strait, later named after him. Thus, the great navigator Magellan completed the work begun by Columbus: he reached the Asian continent by the western route, opening a new sea route from Europe to Asia. This was the first circumnavigation in human history; it irrefutably proved the spherical shape of the earth and the inseparability of the oceans washing the land.
Great geographical discoveries contributed to the development of international diplomatic and cultural ties, the formation of permanent water and land routes between continents, which later became tourist routes.
Chapter 2. Hiking and pilgrimage in the Ancient World
1 Pilgrimage and Crusades
travel ancient world pilgrimage
The patrons of wanderers and travelers in the Middle Ages were the Magi: Balthazar, Melchior and Caspar, who in their time made an unprecedented, truly sacred journey, who came to worship the Infant Jesus who appeared in the world. During the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, sailors and missionaries asked for their intercession and help. They began to be revered by Christians from the 2nd - 3rd centuries.
Pilgrimage became widespread in the Middle Ages. The pilgrims' journeys to Palestine began already in the 3rd - 4th centuries. Under Emperor Constantine, temples were built in Jerusalem, in particular over the Tomb of Jesus. Constantine's mother, Queen Helena, in her old age undertook a journey to Jerusalem, where she contributed to the discovery of the Tree of the Holy Cross in one of the caves, not far from Golgotha. The names of such famous pilgrims as St. Porfiry, who later became Bishop of Gaza; Eusebius of Cremona; St. Jerome, who studied the Holy Scriptures in Bethlehem, St. Paula and her daughter Eustachia from the famous Gracchi family, who are buried near the birthplace of Jesus Christ.
In the 4th century. pilgrimage to the Holy Land has become such a widespread phenomenon that even among the pilgrims themselves it has often begun to be perceived simply as “foreign tourism.” This required the introduction of restrictions on this type wanderings on the part of the church. The speeches of St. on this occasion are known. Gregory of Nyssa, who pointed out the abuses and dangers of pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Since the 9th century. pilgrimage began to be imposed in the form of public punishment and a means of atonement. In 868, the noble and wealthy Breton Frotmond, who had killed his uncle and one of his brothers, was sentenced to a three-time “journey” to the Holy Land to receive full atonement for his sins. The Roman prefect Censius, who insulted the pope himself in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore by capturing him in the altar and imprisoning him, was forced to beg forgiveness for himself at the foot of the Holy Sepulcher. The chronicles are replete with similar stories.
In the 11th century The Catholic Church replaced church repentance with pilgrimage. Those who sinned were condemned to leave their fatherland and had to wander, like Cain. But this form of repentance was fully consistent with the active and restless nature of the Western European peoples.
It should be noted that pilgrimage has existed and been encouraged by all religions since ancient times. It is one of the aspects of the internal motivation of tourism and is close to the most natural feelings of a person, coupled with a religious impulse. In the Middle Ages, there was no country in Europe that did not have “its own” martyr or apostle, to whom people turned for help and support. Already in the early Middle Ages, pilgrimages to holy relics were widespread. According to Gregory of Tours, “a huge crowd of people gathered around the grave of St. Nicetius, like a swarm of bees. Some grabbed pieces of wax, others a little dust, some pulled out a few threads from the blanket on the grave or stalks of grass brought by pilgrims to the foot of the tomb.” But there were not enough relics of saints for veneration, and dividing them into parts was not yet practiced. Long journeys were made to many European countries to retrieve the relics.
The pilgrims held St. in great honor. Hilary in Poitiers, St. Martial in Limoges, St. Sernin in Toulouse, St. Denis in Paris, St. Remy in Reims, St. Martin in Tours, whom people came to worship from 200 km or more away. Over time, the tombs of bishops become objects of worship for pilgrims. The pilgrimage of the founder of the Frankish state Clovis to the monastery of Saint-Martin in Tours in 498 is known.
Many wandering monks appeared who moved from one monastery to another, avoiding control in every possible way. “Local” pilgrimage centers include Gargano, famous for the miracles of St. Michael, or Cassino, famous St. Benedict. There were also shrines on the Iberian Peninsula, occupied by the Moors, where pilgrims from Europe also went. Of course, they tried to atone for their sins through pilgrimage. To the most famous Western European pilgrims of the 11th century. include Fulk of Anjou, accused of both the murder of his wife and other crimes, who visited the Holy Land three times; Robert of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, at whose command his brother Richard was killed. Robert, arriving in Jerusalem, saw a large crowd of wanderers in front of the city gates, waiting for a kind rich man who would pay a fee for them, which would give them access to the shrines. Legend claims that he paid for all the pilgrims. In 1054, Bishop Lytberg of Camberay led a pilgrimage of more than 3,000 people from Flanders and Picardy. But almost all of his “army of God” died in Bulgaria from hunger, and the survivors were attacked by Muslims. Ten years later, an even larger detachment from the German lands also set off from the banks of the Rhine. They reached Palestine, where the Patriarch of Jerusalem gave them a solemn welcome to the sounds of kettledrums. The era of the Crusades and the mass pilgrimages of Christians to the Holy Land that preceded it are the most massive “journeys” of the Middle Ages. Representatives of almost all social strata took part in them. Numerous memoirs, scientific and research literature make it possible to evaluate these processes and understand the significance of this phenomenon from the point of view of the history of the origin and development of tourism and various “service services” in Europe during this period.
2 Trade routes of the Ancient World
The circulation of goods and commercial life in medieval Europe did not die out, although Christianity, preaching evangelical poverty, treated it with contempt. John Chrysostom directly said that “the trade of a merchant is displeasing to God.” This theme was also developed by Thomas Aquinas, arguing that “trade has something shameful in itself,” however, fully realizing its necessity. Over time, in the 12th century, the profession of a merchant was morally rehabilitated by the Genoese archbishop in his “Golden Legend”, where he likened Christ himself to a merchant who sails on the ship of the cross in order to enable people to exchange earthly, transitory things for eternal ones. Merchants tried to give preference to waterways: both sea and river. This was due to numerous taxes in all major cities, as well as countless fees - for crossing the bridge and crossing the ford, for raising dust, for road repairs, etc. Maritime trade relations were so well established that when the Irish missionary Columbanus at the beginning of the 7th century. needed to return to his homeland from Nantes, he did not have any problems with sea transport.
In addition to carts, stretchers (seat chairs) continued to be used for travel. They were resorted to mainly by sick travelers, as well as by those who preferred this, undoubtedly more expensive, but comfortable method of transportation, to riding a horse. For long journeys, they were harnessed to one horse in front and behind. In this case, the driver walked with a whip near the stretcher. Wealth and social origin were manifested in this case in the elegant decorations of the sedan chair and expensive curtains and pillows. The crews, due to their extremely limited use, were subject to few changes. Until the 16th century. travelers rode either on horseback or on special stretchers drawn by horses. By decree of Philip the Fair (1294), only women of princely origin and their immediate circle had the right to use carriages. And therefore, even in the 15th century. the use of a crew was perceived as a luxury and was rare.
Merchants, military leaders, ambassadors, as well as traveling rich people, when traveling long distances, used itineraries - road guides compiled on the basis of hand-drawn maps with illustrations.
Regular road traffic in the early Middle Ages existed in Southern Europe thanks to Roman roads, which began their second life when they began to be restored in the 6th century. At that time, new, initially barbarian, kingdoms appeared on the map of Europe. It should be noted that a characteristic feature of the entire Middle Ages was the obligation - of both townspeople and peasants - to maintain order on those roads, as well as bridges, that were located on their territories. They had to repair and pave them. As Christianity spread, such work began to be considered a charitable deed.
In the Middle Ages, almost all travel, one way or another, bore the tinge of pilgrimage and missionary work. But there were also travelers who were driven on the road by a “thirst for adventure.” These include Benjamin of Tudela, who lived in the 12th century and can rightfully be considered the first European traveler to visit the countries of the East and describe them.
During the Middle Ages, medical tourism was also developed.
The city of Aachen, which can be considered the capital of the state of Charlemagne, was located on the site of a privileged thermal resort, where noble Romans and Celts still rested and were treated. The miraculous properties of these waters were associated with the influence of the god Grann. Charlemagne, like his father Pepin III, loved to visit this place. Charles erected his royal palace ensemble next to the thermal baths. The ensemble represented the pinnacle of architectural thought of that period.
Byzantium did not lag behind in solving these problems. The best roads of the empire were in the Balkans. They surrounded all the mountain ranges. The roads went through Trieste along the Danube to the Black Sea and further to Constantinople. Caravanserais were built everywhere on these main roads, where travelers could rest, eat food, and carry out any activities. trading operations. In Europe they were called shelters, hospitals, and hospices. As a rule, they were located, like a kind of “boundary posts,” at a distance of a day’s travel from each other. They resembled large barns; light entered them through loopholes made instead of windows. People were placed on platforms located around a covered courtyard, and horses were tied to these platforms. This way, everyone could see their animal and not worry about it being stolen.
The special importance of Constantinople in the life of Byzantium, the wide interest in its history and sights, and the needs of numerous travelers visiting the capital of the empire, caused the appearance of a number of guidebooks.
For the most part, the guidebooks were not of a very high standard, giving scattered historical and topographical information about the capital. One of them, “Brief Historical Review,” dates back to the 8th century. A more detailed guidebook “Fatherland Constantinople” was compiled at the turn of the 10th-11th centuries. It consisted of three parts. The first told the actual history of the emergence of the city and individual urban areas, the second gave the topographical structure of Constantinople, and the third told about the main attractions of the capital - city monuments, palaces of both the emperor and private individuals, baths, hospitals, monasteries, churches, etc. Separately, the construction and consecration of the Church of St. Sophia was described. The structure of this work was very similar to modern guidebooks. And in addition to the detailed and accurate topography of the city, “Fatherland Constantinople” was based on a very wide range of sources. It used the works of Procopius of Caesarea, John Lydas, Patriarch Photius, chroniclers of the 8th-9th centuries. and etc.
There were many travelers, but the roads were not at all safe. Gangs of robbers could rob anyone, including pilgrims. Even knights, and sometimes more noble lords, engaged in robbery: counts and barons, who were “interested” in rich merchant caravans. Travelers outside the city most often found shelter and protection in monasteries. Here they could always get a piece of bread, a safe place to sleep and a blessing for their further journey. From the XIV-XV centuries. Gostiny dvors existed in all cities of any size. Travelers could stay here for a reasonable fee. In addition, many taverns had rooms for travelers.
Another type of travel was characteristic of the Middle Ages: internal colonization. This phenomenon was characteristic of many regions of Europe, but it manifested itself especially clearly in the Iberian Peninsula.
One of the Christian shrines located in Galicia was the tomb of St. James (Santiago). It attracted pilgrims literally from all over Europe: from Italian, French and German lands. The inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula called all newcomers from Western Europe Franks. Along the path of pilgrims' advance - and they, having passed through the four ridges of the Pyrenees, followed through the Basque lands, Cantabria, Asturias, before ending up in Galicia, where the tomb of the Apostle was located - new settlements began to arise and old ones to expand.
Spanish king Sancho of Navarre in the 10th century. ordered the construction of numerous shelters for travelers. In the next century, the king of Navarre and Aragon, Sancho Ramirez, exempts pilgrims from all types of duties in the first cities after the Pyrenees passes - Jaca and Pamplona. To attract new settlers from the pilgrims, many settlements began to receive various benefits and privileges. In the 11th century shelters - albergerias and hospitals, where pilgrims and those accompanying them could not only relax, but also receive medical care, exchange money, appear throughout the pilgrims’ route through Spanish lands. At albergerias and hospitals, cemeteries for pilgrims began to appear, maintained at public expense. Shelters on mountain roads obliged their caretakers to ring bells during snowfall or fog, showing wanderers the way to their accommodation; if necessary, they also had to act as guides. The positions of caretakers soon became scarce, since they were very highly paid, and their owners received various benefits for such an important, necessary and dangerous service, and some were even elevated to the dignity of nobility.
But in addition to pilgrims, simply foreign settlers, in particular traders, were also attracted here. They often received benefits for the monopoly supply of bread and wine to pilgrims; all residents became free, regardless of their previous condition, and could have movable and real estate.
Regular contacts with foreigners were not only trade and economic, but also scientific and educational in nature. “Travel for knowledge” became a characteristic feature of the Middle Ages.
The Great Silk Road - an ancient trade route from Europe to China through the oases of Central Asia, the Near and Middle East - existed since the 2nd century. BC e. The name of the trade route was given by the transported goods - along this road, Europeans received silk from China, and, accordingly, European goods arrived in China - wool, gold.
The logistics of ancient caravan trade were clearly developed: at the beginning of the journey from Europe to China, goods were transported on carts, carts, and horses; after the Pamirs they loaded onto camels, moving from oasis to oasis on average 20 km per day. The merchants also took with them goods from their last place of stay and sold them along the way.
Travelers of that time - merchants - highly appreciated the “entrepreneurial climate” of distant China. Thus, the Arab traveler Ibn Battuta (1304-1377) wrote: “...China is the safest and the best place in the world for the traveler. A traveler alone can make the journey in nine months and not be afraid of anything, even if he is loaded with treasures. At each station there is a hotel, which is looked after by a special officer with a detachment of foot and horse soldiers.”
In the XIII-XIV centuries. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo traveled along this route, leaving written evidence about this.
Nowadays, most of the roads of the Great Silk Road have modern communication routes - railways and roads.
Conclusion
Travel, and tourism is considered one of its varieties, has accompanied man throughout his entire history. As society improved, types of travel became more sophisticated, varied and comfortable. We can talk about tourism in its modern sense since the emergence of the first civilizations. It is obvious that already during the time of Sargon the Great in Mesopotamia or during the reign of the pharaonic dynasties of the Old Kingdom, part of the population belonging to the ruling elite could afford “temporary trips (travels) ... from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional and business, sporting, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary stay.” Studying the genesis of tourism helps to better assimilate certain fundamental historical milestones. And the progressive development of tourism is included as a necessary component in the world historical process. It can be stated that at various stages of history, travel and tourism played a colossal progressive role in the development of human society as a whole, both stimulating science, the development of means of transport, trade, diplomacy, and having a generally positive impact on people.
These days it is impossible to imagine any Big City without tourists, both foreign and domestic. The tourism industry has covered not only Europe, but also most countries in America, Asia, Africa, Australia and even Antarctica. Tourists descend underground (spelunkers, diggers), conquer more and more mountain peaks, and even began to fly into space. All any large rivers, water areas of all oceans are also included in the tourist area..
Travel has become so firmly established in the life of modern society that it has become an integral part of it, becoming a way of life. And no matter what motivation a person has when going on a trip, he will always encounter something new and unexpected for himself. And it’s not for nothing that there is an aphorism that “rest is a change in activity.” It is perfectly applicable to tourism, since the basis of any voyage is the need to get maximum pleasure and relaxation from it (even if it is a change in activity). Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that as long as a person exists, while he works, creating an anthropogenic habitat for himself, he will need rest, one of the varieties of which is travel.
But tourism is not only a natural, and now a taken-for-granted, part of the life of any society, it is also the “driver” of the development of this society. It has a significant beneficial effect on economic development, improves and social structure society, creating new jobs and thereby fighting, in particular, unemployment. There is every reason to say that world tourism has enormous potential. New technologies - both in the tourism industry and in adjacent areas of the economy - will contribute to the further progressive development of both travel and society as a whole.
We must not forget about such an important component of tourism as strengthening political stability. Tourism can only develop in peaceful conditions. Wars, any political conflicts, civil disagreements, as well as economic crises and depressions, hinder its development. It is no coincidence that one of the main provisions of the Peaceful Traveler's Creed, adopted at a conference in Vancouver in 1988, was proclaimed: “Offer the hand of friendship to everyone I meet.”
Tourism (both national and international) is a product of long-term historical development. The prerequisites for its appearance lie in ancient times.
As is known in the history of tourism development, we distinguish four stages:
until the beginning of the 19th century- background of tourism;
early 19th century-beginning of the 20th century- elite tourism, the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services;
beginning of the 20th century-before the start of World War II- the beginning of the formation of social tourism;
after the second world war-modern stage- mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.
This periodization is based on the following criteria: technical and economic prerequisites; social preconditions; target functions of tourism at different stages of development.
Let us briefly consider the features of tourism development at each stage.
The first stage - the background of tourism
Modern tourism is a phenomenon, on the one hand, since it became widespread only after the Second World War; on the other hand, tourism has deep historical roots, because travel has been known to mankind since ancient times. Already in ancient times, the peoples of the Mediterranean had geographical descriptions that gave general ideas about neighboring territories.
In ancient times, the main motives for travel were trade, educational purposes, pilgrimage, and treatment.
To develop exchange and trade relations, reliable and detailed information about countries, their populations and customs was required. The Phoenicians went to the open sea on large and durable ships. Paving routes to unknown lands, they went beyond the Mediterranean basin and sailed along the western shores of Europe and Africa.
In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists went on long journeys (Herodotus - V century BC) and researchers from other countries (Pytheas - IV century BC).
We can say that sports trips also originated in Ancient Greece: every year thousands of athletes, sports fans and art lovers flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other Mediterranean countries. The construction of special large houses, in which athletes and spectators could accommodate and relax, also dates back to this period.
The geographical data accumulated by the beginning of our era about various countries was most fully presented by Strabo (63 BC - 20 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD).
Great mobility was characteristic of the population of Ancient Rome. Often, for a Roman from a wealthy family, a trip to Greece was associated with the need to supplement his education. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, travel to Greece began to acquire an entertaining nature. Particularly willing to visit places with warm mineral springs. The movement of wealthy travelers required appropriate organization of their vacation.
As early as the first century BC, state inns arose in the Roman Empire, located at a distance of one day's ride on horseback from each other. They were located in cities and on the main roads along which couriers and government officials passed from Rome, all the way to Asia Minor and Gaul.
A huge contribution to the further expansion of human knowledge of the surrounding world also belongs to Arab travelers of the 7th-11th centuries, among whom the most famous merchant from Basra, Suleiman, who visited China, India and other countries.
In the Middle Ages, the religious factor of travel intensified - the worship of the shrines of Christianity and Islam. However, despite the different purposes of hikes and travels, they all objectively expanded human geographical knowledge. The most massive movement of people in Europe was associated with the crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and the merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Following them, priests and pilgrims moved to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the dispossessed.
The Renaissance and Enlightenment era weakened religious motives and strengthened the individual character and educational focus of travel. Representatives of privileged classes made trips to healing springs in the Middle Ages. Young nobles often went on a kind of “grand tour” of Europe before entering the field of professional or political activity. In England, for example, the route of such a trip began in London and led to France from long stay in Paris, then to Italy: Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome. The return route ran through Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. As the social position of the third estate strengthened, its representatives in the 18th century - early 19th century increasingly undertook similar educational tours.
However, despite the different purposes of campaigns and travel, they all objectively expanded the geographical and scientific knowledge of man. The preconditions were created for great geographical discoveries of the late 15th century - the second half of the 17th century. The number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map has been steadily decreasing. Detailed descriptions of visible rivers, seas, continents and countries were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco de Gama, and Christopher Columbus.
Summary: The distinctive characteristics of travel until the middle of the 19th century were: the primitiveness of the means of transportation; the fact that travel was not a goal, but a necessary condition and a means to achieve the goal itself, such as: trading, expanding educational horizons, treatment, pilgrimage. All travelers had in common that they belonged to a minority that occupied a privileged position in society.
