Federal Agency for Education
Russian State University
them. Immanuel Kant
Department of Economics of the Firm and Markets
Course work
(in the discipline "Economics of Organizations")
Structure national economy: spheres, sectors, complexes, industries
2nd year students
full-time education in the specialty
"Finance and Credit"
Ivanova K.M.
scientific adviser
senior lecturer, Shchepkova I.V.
Kaliningrad - 2010
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...3
1. The economic essence of the national economy…………………………...4
1.1. The concept and elements of the national economy…………………………..4
1.2. Elements of the national economy……………………………………...6
1.3. Spheres and divisions of the national economy………………………7
2. Methodological foundations for substantiating the structure of the regional economy…….12
2.1. Characteristics of the regional space……………………......…12
2.2. Assessment of the business climate in the region……………………….13
2.3. Analysis of the sectoral structure of the regional economy……………………..18
3. Studying the specifics of the structure of the economy of the Kaliningrad region…….20
2.1. General characteristics of the Kaliningrad region………………….......20
2.2. Assessment of the investment attractiveness of the region….………………23
2.3. Analysis of the branches of specialization of the region……………………………….27
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….34
List of used literature……………………………………………...37
Introduction
The successful development of the national economy of Russia is impossible without its effective structure. The structure of the national economy is of great importance for the balance of the national economy, its effective and sustainable growth. Thus, the success in economic growth of most Western countries is largely due to deep structural changes that ensured the overall dynamism of production and other positive qualitative changes. The rapid growth of production in a number of newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia occurred primarily due to the acceleration of the development of non-traditional industries for these countries, i.e. as a result of a sharp change in the structure of the economy.
The degree of satisfaction of the needs of the population and the realization of its interests depend on the state of the structure of the national economy. Due to the transition of the Russian economy from the administrative-command system to market relations, structural adjustment brought with it structural problems and complexities. These circumstances make the task of studying and transforming the structure of Russia's national economy a priority.
The theory of structure occupies a rather honorable place in economics. Much attention was paid to the problems of the structure of the economy, in particular, by Nobel Prize winners L. Kantorovich, S. Kuznets, V. Leontiev and others. , Vidyapina V.I., Volovik E., Vorsta I., Gukasyan G.M., Patrusheva N.P., Sazhina M.A. development of the structure of the national economy.
The national economy of any country is complex economic system, therefore, its structure (i.e., division into constituent parts) is considered from different levels interacting in the single economic space of the country. IN term paper we will consider the national economy at the regional level.
The regional economy is an integral part of a single national economic complex, so the regional structure must meet the national interests, which are determined by the state regional policy.
The aim of the work is to reveal the essence of the structure of the national economy of the region, to identify the directions of its transformation and state regulation in modern Russia.
This goal required the solution of the following interrelated tasks:
1) to study the economic essence of the national economy, its concept, elements and structure using theoretical foundations;
2) substantiate the structure of the region's economy using methodological foundations;
3) to analyze the structure of the regional economy on the example of the Kaliningrad region.
The subject of study is the relationship and proportion that form the structure of the region's economy, and the specific forms of its manifestation.
The object of the study is the structure and indicators of the development of the region's economy.
The methodological basis of the study was the fundamental concepts of domestic economists who made a significant contribution to the development of the scientific foundations of the structure of the national economy.
The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references.
1. Economic essence of the national economy
1.1. The concept and elements of the national economy
The national economy is a country-wide economic activity structured in sectoral and regional spaces, regulated by an institutional system.
A nation (state), both from a historical and an economic point of view, is an integral part of the world, which has specific properties of an economic, geopolitical and spiritual nature.
Under the economy understand the country's economy, its composition, structure, the relationship of individual elements of this economy. It includes enterprises of various forms of ownership, which must operate taking into account their own interests, the strategic goals of the state and the requirements of the institutional system initiated by it.
As part of the national economy, there are aggregates of enterprises that produce products of a similar economic purpose, using similar technology and resources. Such aggregates are called industries. As a result of sectoral differentiation, certain proportions and relationships are formed between sectoral divisions in the national economy, which are called the sectoral structure of the national economy.
Along with the sectoral structure, the regional structure of the national economic activity- the ratio of various industry divisions by regions of the country, which allows you to determine the ratio of various industry divisions located on the territory of the region, and the ratio of different regions in general gross product industries.
Economic activity is characterized by production costs, the production process and the output of products, the provision of services. Economic activity is carried out in accordance with certain norms and rules adopted in the country and the world community. The totality of formal and informal institutions operating in the country constitutes the institutional system in which any activity, including economic activity, is conducted.
The level of development of the national economy should be assessed by indicators that characterize the degree of use of the national wealth structured by elements to achieve the priority strategic goals of the country's development.
1.2. Elements of the national economy
The national economy of any modern state is a complex economic system, the functioning of which is significantly influenced by a number of interrelated elements.
A person as an economic subject always acts simultaneously in two positions: on the one hand, he is a producer of products and services, and on the other, he is a consumer of goods.
The second element of the national economy is natural nature, that is, the territory of a given country with all natural resources, including land and its subsoil, water and air resources, flora and fauna.
The third element of the national economy is the means of production, with the help of which a person, influencing nature, creates the benefits necessary for people's lives.
An important component of the national economy is infrastructure, which includes a set of institutions that ensure the functioning of production (industrial infrastructure), including banks, communications, information, etc., as well as people's livelihoods (social infrastructure) - residential buildings, cultural objects, education and healthcare.
Finally, one more element economic system serve as commodities, i.e. goods intended to satisfy the final needs of people. These include: food, clothing, cultural and household goods, spiritual values and household items.
1. 3. Spheres and divisions of the national economy
The national economy of any country is a complex economic system, therefore its structure (i.e., division into its constituent parts) is considered from different levels interacting in the country's single economic space. When analyzing the national economy in economic research, such concepts as sphere, industry, complex, sector of the economy are usually used.
Spheres of the national economy
From the point of view of participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large areas: material production and the non-productive sphere.
Material production includes industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, public catering, information and computing services, and other activities in the sphere of material production. The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sphere and the population), health care, physical culture and social Security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, activities of the administrative apparatus.
Branches of the economy
Spheres of economy are subdivided into specialized branches. Industry - a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions), characterized by special conditions production in the system public division labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy.
For example, the sphere of material production includes branches in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created.
The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.
Spheres of the economy
From the point of view of participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large areas: material production and the non-productive sphere.
Material production includes industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, public catering, information and computing services, and other activities in the sphere of material production.
The non-productive sphere includes housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sphere and the population), health care, physical culture and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, and the activities of the administrative apparatus. .
Branches of the economy
Spheres of economy are subdivided into specialized branches. Industry - a group of qualitatively homogeneous economic units (enterprises, organizations, institutions) characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor, homogeneous products and performing a common (specific) function in the national economy.
The sectoral division of the economy is the result of a historical process, the development of the social division of labor.
Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is subdivided into complex industries and types of industries. In the composition of industry, for example, there are more than 15 such large sectors as the electric power industry, the fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, pulp and paper industry, building materials industry, light and food industries and other industries.
Specialized industries are characterized by varying degrees of differentiation of production. The development of society and the economy, the further deepening of the specialization of production leads to the formation of new industries and types of production. Simultaneously with specialization and differentiation, there are processes of cooperation, integration of production, leading to the development of stable production relations between industries, to the creation of mixed industries and intersectoral complexes.
Intersectoral ecomplexes
Intersectoral complex- an integration structure that characterizes the interaction of various industries and their elements, different stages of production and distribution of the product.
Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a separate sector of the economy and between different sectors. In the composition of industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes. The agro-industrial and construction complexes, which unite different branches of the national economy, are distinguished by a more complex structure.
Intersectoral national economic complexes can be conditionally divided into target and functional ones. The selection of target complexes is based on the reproductive principle and the criterion of participation in the creation final product. For example, one can single out the machine-building complex, fuel and energy and agro industrial complex, forest and mineral resource complex, transport complex and etc.
The allocation of functional complexes is based on the principle and criterion of specialization of the complex for a certain function. Here we can single out investment and infrastructure complexes, scientific and technical complex, and to a certain extent, the ecological complex.
On the basis of the division of labor, one can distinguish diversified and single-industry complexes, territorial production complexes, intersectoral scientific and technical complexes.
Sectors of the economy
Under sector is understood as a set institutional units having similar economic goals functions and behavior. These usually include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the public institutions and the outer sector. The enterprise sector is usually subdivided into the financial sector and the non-financial sector. financial enterprises.
Sector of non-financial enterprises unites enterprises engaged in the production of goods and services for profit, and non-profit organizations not pursuing profit-making purposes. Depending on who controls their activities, they, in turn, are divided into state, national, private and foreign non-financial enterprises.
Financial Enterprise Sector covers institutional units engaged in financial intermediation.
The government sector is a collection of legislative, judicial and executive authorities, social security funds and non-profit organizations controlled by them.
The household sector includes mainly consuming units, i.e. households and the enterprises formed by them.
The external sector, or the "rest of the world" sector, is a set of institutional units - non-residents of a given country (i.e. located outside the country) that have economic ties, as well as embassies, consulates, military bases, international organizations located on the territory of this country.
According to the degree of connection with the market in the national economy, the market and non-market sectors are often distinguished.
The market sector covers the production of goods and services intended to be sold on the market at prices that have a significant impact on the demand for these goods or services, as well as the exchange of goods and services by barter, wages in kind and stocks of finished goods.
Non-market sector - the production of products and services intended for use directly by producers or owners of the enterprise, as well as provided to other consumers free of charge or at prices that do not affect demand.
conclusions
1. The national economic complex reflects the economic and social development of society, the deepening of the division of labor, and the integration processes taking place in the world.
2. The economy is divided into various areas and divisions: material production and non-manufacturing, the sector of non-financial and financial corporations, the sector of government institutions and households, the science sector and the "rest of the world".
3. Industry structure reflects the main types of production and economic activities: market and non-market production, industries that produce goods or provide services, mixed industries.
4. The enterprise must be considered in the system of the national economy. The processes taking place in the national economic complex affect all aspects of the enterprise, determine the direction of its further development.
National economic complex of Russia.
Spheres and subdivisions of the economy.
The economy of any country is a single complex of interrelated industries.
The national economic complex has specific sectoral, reproductive, regional and other structural characteristics.
When analyzing the national economy in economic research commonly used concepts such as sphere, industry, sector of the economy.
From the point of view of participation in the creation of the total social product and national income, social production is divided into two large areas: material production and the non-productive sphere.
TO material production include industry, agriculture and forestry, freight transport, communications (serving material production), construction, trade, public catering, information and computing services. TO non-productive sphere include housing and communal services, passenger transport, communications (serving organizations of the non-productive sphere and the population), health care, physical culture and social security, public education, culture and art, science and scientific services, lending and insurance, and the activities of the administrative apparatus.
The sectors of the economy are divided into specialized industries. .
For example, sphere of material production includes industries in which the means of production and consumer goods necessary for the life and development of society are created.
Each of the specialized industries, in turn, is subdivided into complex industries and types of industries. The industry, for example, includes more than 15 such large industries as the electric power industry, the fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, the timber, pulp and paper industries, etc.
Intersectoral complexes arise and develop both within a single sector of the economy, and between different sectors. In the composition of industry, for example, there are fuel and energy, metallurgical, machine-building and other complexes.
Under sector of the economy refers to a set of institutional units that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior. These typically include: the enterprise sector, the household sector, the government sector and the external sector. The enterprise sector is usually subdivided into the financial enterprise sector and the non-financial enterprise sector.
The existing relationships (proportions) between macroeconomic elements are usually called economic structure. Usually, sectoral, reproductive, regional and other types of economic structures are distinguished.
The specificity of structural adjustment in Russia lies in the fact that it is carried out in the conditions of a transformational recession that accompanies any transition from one economic system to another. Structural adjustment is carried out in the context of changing forms and methods of state influence on the economy, a significant reduction public spending and centralized lending.
The main directions of structural adjustment are the curtailment and re-profiling of objectively unnecessary and incapacitated enterprises, slowing down the fall and stabilizing the output of products that are in demand in the domestic and foreign markets; creation of conditions for the revival and development of promising activities that form the real economic potential of the country.
Russia is a country with a developed industry. It accounts for 3/5 of the total gross social product, more than 2/5 of the national income, about 1/2 of the production fixed assets, and, together with construction, approximately 2/5 of the population employed in social production. Industry primarily determines the production and scientific and technical potential, the degree and efficiency of the use of natural, material and labor resources. It serves as the basis for the formation of territorial production complexes.
The national economy is structured according to reproduced and sectoral characteristics.
The reproductive structure involves the division of the social product according to the principle of their functional purpose.
Sectoral structure is the division of the economic system according to the main types of activities. The structure of social production presupposes the existence of national economic proportions. Let's consider them.
General economic proportions reflect quantitative correlations, for example, between accumulation and consumption, between the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods, etc. All of them relate to social reproduction at the macroeconomic level.
Intersectoral proportions are quantitative ratios between various sectors of social production, for example, between the mining and processing industries, between industry and agriculture, etc.
Intra-industry proportions are the quantitative ratios between the individual industries of the industry (for example, lumber harvesting and furniture manufacturing).
Interstate proportions are quantitative ratios between national industries of production of various countries.
Economists of various schools offer their own options for achieving proportionality in the development of the economy. One of the first options was proposed by K. Marx in 1885 in the second volume of Capital in his famous schemes of reproduction.
He proceeded from the fact that there are two divisions in production: the first (I), where the means of production are produced (machine-building products), and the second (II), where consumer goods are created (life support). The need to single out these two divisions is due to the fact that the means of production and commodities perform different functions: the first serve to reproduce the material elements of the productive forces (replacement of equipment), the second - to reproduce the human factor.
Modern social reproduction is more complex and voluminous than that studied by K. Marx. It covers not only material production (I and II subdivisions), but also non-material and military economy, which form the III and IV spheres.
The more ramified and complex connections that now exist between them no longer fit into Marx's scheme.
In modern Western literature (A. Fischer, K. Clark) the theory of "three sectors" is used. This theory is based on the division of all industries national economy into "primary", "secondary" and "tertiary" sectors.
The "primary sector" includes industries associated with the production, extraction and use of natural resources (agriculture, forestry, fisheries).
The "secondary sector" consists of manufacturing industries. The extractive industry is sometimes referred to the first, sometimes to the second sector.
The “tertiary” includes the “service industries” - transport, public services, construction, trade, finance, education, healthcare, the state apparatus, the army, etc.
The organizational and economic structure reflects the relations that develop in the process of organizing the production of a social product. This structure is characterized by a system of proportions between the shares of the social product, created by economic units, which are grouped according to the level of concentration or specialization of production.
From the point of view of the concentration of production, it can be represented by the ratio of the shares of large, medium and small enterprises in sectoral production, GNP or GDP; from the point of view of specialization - the proportion between the shares of specialized or diversified industries, calculated as national economy in general, as well as in the sectoral context. Considered in their unity, both varieties of the organizational and economic structure quite fully characterize the level of technological monopolization of production that has developed in the national economy.
The socio-economic structure characterizes, on the one hand, the contribution of enterprises of various forms of ownership to the production of a social product, on the other hand, the differentiation of incomes of various groups of the population.
Organizational-economic and social structure public product in Russian Federation undergo significant changes in the course of the creation of modern market system. In the pre-reform period, the organizational and economic structure of Russia, compared with countries with a developed market economy, was distinguished by an extremely high concentration of production, and the socio-economic structure was almost undivided dominance. state form ownership and a relatively even distribution of income between various groups population. The deployment of the processes of privatization and demonopolization of production, the development of small business led to a decrease in the level of concentration of production, an increase in the share of the private sector of the economy and an increase in income differentiation.
As a system, the national economy has certain indicators characterizing the level of its development. The identity of the indicators, based on a common method for calculating them, simultaneously allows for international comparisons and the output of aggregate data for the global economy as a whole.
The economic potential reflects the volume, structure, quality and technical level of goods and services produced in it, as well as the material and spiritual values accumulated in the country and abroad. For its complete characterization, a number of indicators are needed, but the main ones are gross domestic product, gross national product and national wealth. For the final definition economic potential it needs to be compared with similar indicators in other countries.
National wealth (NW) is the totality of the country's resources necessary for the production of goods, the provision of services and the livelihoods of people. It includes: non-financial production and non-production assets, financial assets(liabilities), foreign direct investment, durable goods in households. When evaluating the elements of national wealth, both natural and cost indicators are used. Data on national wealth make it possible to assess the economic potential of the country, the level of economic development and the degree of well-being of the population.
national income(ND) - the part of the gross domestic product that remains after deducting the costs of its production, National income can be: a) produced, b) used for consumption and accumulation.
The most universal indicator for assessing the domestic economic potential of any country is the volume of gross domestic product (GDP). According to GDP indicators, it is possible to determine the value of goods and services produced by the national economy and intended for final consumption, accumulation and export.
GDP is calculated in three ways: by production - as the sum of the value added of all branches of material production and the service sector; by distribution - as the sum of public and private consumption, public and private investment, increase or decrease in stocks; by income - as a sum wages employees, all types of profits, rental income, depreciation charges And indirect taxes. All three methods of calculating GDP should give the same result. Dynamism and sustainability economic development countries are determined by another indicator - the average annual GDP growth rate. Complementing the overall picture is the calculation of GDP per capita.
The national economy is the economic system of the country that meets the principles (methodological imperatives) of sovereignty, integrity, sociality, and national orientation. Its characteristics and conditions:
Sovereignty of the nation and state;
Territorial integrity;
Unity of economic space and legal environment;
Common nature of economic institutions (including property);
Availability of a single means of payment and an integral financial system;
development domestic market and stability of foreign economic and geopolitical relations;
Effective guarantees for the independent management and increase of national wealth in the interests of improving the welfare of the nation.
The national economy as a complex system includes a set of organizational, structural, functional, institutional and other subsystems, components, and characteristics.
In organizational terms, it is a set of business entities: organizations, institutions, enterprises, industries, industries, regions, their relationships and relationships.
In structural terms, these are economic complexes: industry, agro-industrial complex (AIC), military-industrial complex (MIC), fuel and energy complex (FEC), construction complex and a number of others.
In functional terms, this is a set of potentials: natural resource, demographic and labor, scientific and innovative, production, environmental, etc.
In institutional terms, it is a set of market institutions and segments of the national market: the market for factors of production, the market for goods and services, foreign exchange market, stock market, the intellectual property market, the housing market and others.
According to the levels of functioning and management, the national economy is divided into the macro level (the economy as a whole), the meso level (industries, regions) and the micro level (enterprises and organizations of the primary production link).
The national economy (national economic complex) of the country is a complex of interrelated industries formed as a result of economic and social development society based on specialization and cooperation of labor, international cooperation with other countries. It includes two large areas: material production and non-production sphere.
The real sector of the national economy is a subdivision of the national economy in which tangible and intangible goods and services are created that can satisfy the needs of the population; the real sector of the economy is economic base that ensures the functioning of the financial sector (carrying out financial, credit and exchange operations).
Talking about structure real sector economy, it is advisable to consider the structure of the entire national economy with the exception of its financial sector. The structure of the national economy (NE) is its internal structure, i.e. the quantitative relationship between its various constituent parts. There are two types of NE structures:
1) economic structures in their truest sense, which characterize the activities of simple and complex units of the national economy;
2) structures forming " environment» economic activity - infrastructure (this includes the non-real sector NE financial sector).
Within the framework of the first type, the following NE structures are studied:
a) reproductive, characterizing the division of the national economy into the main types economic entities: households, enterprises (entrepreneurship), the state;
b) social, which is based on property relations. Here, two large sectors of the national economy are distinguished - public and private, within which their sectors operate: municipal, collective, mixed, individual ...;
c) industry, consisting of two large groups:
- branches of the sphere of material production: industry, agriculture and forestry, construction, transport and communications, trade and Catering, Logistics;
- branches of the non-material (social) sphere: culture, education and science, health care, social protection, management, housing and communal services and public services;
d) territorial or regional, which provides for the division of the national economy into parts according to the territorial principle.
In the Republic of Belarus, the following economic complexes are traditionally distinguished (complex inter-industry systems with a high level of integration of elements), as well as sub-complexes included in them (the structure of the real sector of the NE):
1) industrial complex:
1.1) fuel and energy industry;
1.2) mechanical engineering and metalworking industry;
1.3) metallurgical industry;
1.4) chemical and petrochemical industry;
1.5) timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industry;
1.6) light industry;
2) agro-industrial complex:
2.1) Agriculture;
2.2) food industry;
3) building complex;
4) transport and communications;
5) a complex of socio-cultural sectors;
6) social-consumer complex.
