What is an asset and. What are the assets of the enterprise in simple words. See what "Asset" is in other dictionaries

The assets of organizations are economic assets at the disposal of enterprises in any form. They are managed by the company and obtained as a result of previous events of its economic life... The assets of the organization are the funds that the company will use to make a profit. Let's consider them in detail below.

Signs

The upcoming economic benefits are the potential for the funds available to the firm, either indirectly or directly to ensure the flow of money. There are a number of signs by which resources act as assets of organizations. These are properties that provide the following capabilities:

Use alone or in combination with other means in the process of creating products for sale, providing services, performing work.
Exchange for other resources.
Use to pay off debts.
Distributions between the participants of the economic company.

Classification

There are two categories into which the assets of organizations are divided. These are fixed and circulating assets. The first are the property values of the company, which are repeatedly involved in production activities. The organization's asset value is transferred in portions to the original product price. In accounting, such funds include property, term useful exploitation which is more than 12 months. Moreover, their price is more than 10 thousand rubles. organizations are:

Specifications

Fixed assets include the means of labor that are used in the production process, the provision of services or the performance of work for a period exceeding 1 year. These assets have been involved in the work of the organization for a long time. At the same time, they retain their natural shape. The value of assets is transferred to products as they are depreciated (in parts).

Intangible assets are also objects of continuous use. At the same time, they do not have a physical basis, but they have a value estimate and generate income.

Intangible assets include intellectual property, organizational costs, business reputation. Profitable investments name part of the property, premises, structures, equipment and other values that have material and material expression. They are provided by the enterprise for temporary operation for a fee. Capital investments are the costs of the company for the production of construction and installation work, the purchase of equipment, inventory, tools, and so on. organizations represent the company's investment in securities issued by the government (bonds, for example) or other economic actors... These funds also include loans provided to other firms. Investments can be made for more than a year. In this case, they act as long-term assets. Also, the company can invest for a short period of time. In such a situation, these funds are considered as short-term assets. All these categories are reflected in the balance sheet in the first section.

Working capital

They are called property involved in economic activity, changing their original material form. They are consumed during the 1st production cycle. Their cost is also transferred to the original price of the product. However, circulating assets transfer it at a time.

Composition

The working capital of the enterprise includes:

The refinery includes basic and auxiliary materials and raw materials, purchased semi-finished products, containers, spare parts, waste, fuels, household accessories, inventory, animals for fattening and growing. Cash forms the equity capital of the organization. They accumulate in cash at the cash desk, as well as at settlement and other bank accounts... The organization's equity capital can be spent on various needs. In the composition of the settlement funds there are various. It is made up of unpaid amounts of buyers, etc. are reflected in the balance sheet in the second section.

Efficiency in the use of funds

Information about the allocation of resources is reflected in the asset of the balance sheet. A separate article is kept for each category of funds. According to the information reflected, it is possible to determine the changes to which the company's equity capital has undergone, what share of funds falls on real estate or working resources and so on. The analysis of indicators for the enterprise is of key importance. First of all, it is necessary to determine the efficiency of the use of assets, their degree of influence on the value of the entire business. Along with this, the head of the company must have information about the real price of each tool. Their combined value will make it possible to assess the potential of the company, its property complex.

Analysis methods

Studying the structure of assets, horizontal and vertical valuation methods are used. The latter allows you to identify trends in changes in those articles that have a positive effect on strengthening the position of the enterprise in the market, or vice versa, have a negative impact. consists in the formation of tables. In them, the absolute indicators of the balance are supplemented by relative values - the rates of decline / growth. Usually, the basis values for adjacent periods are taken into account. This allows not only to analyze the dynamics of indicators, but also to predict them. Vertical analysis, in turn, is necessary, since relative values, to a certain extent, smooth out the negative impact of information processes that can significantly distort absolute values. Both of these methods complement each other. In this regard, in practice, tables are often built according to which not only the structure, but also the dynamics of individual indicators is characterized.

Conclusion

The organization uses the assets at its disposal to achieve various goals and objectives. In particular, resources are used in the production of products, the production of works, the provision of services aimed at meeting the needs of consumers who are ready to pay for the benefits received. Accordingly, this contributes to the inflow of funds to the enterprise, increasing its solvency. Along with this, the assets contribute to the expansion of production, improving the quality of goods. Funds are directed to the purchase of equipment or its modernization, the introduction of new technologies or the approbation of the release of a new product. For any company, assets are one of the key elements of its activities. In this regard, the enterprise needs to create an effective system for their management.

Even a person who is not engaged in business and does not know the basics of economics has heard the term “asset” more than once. This word is most often used when it is necessary to estimate the value of a business and is often considered a factor influencing the final price. In addition, people who own stakes in joint stock companies also have assets. Everyone knows that too. In this article, we will try to understand in more detail what a net asset is, what other types it can be, and so on.

Definition of the concept

An asset is property that belongs to an organization engaged in economic activities or an individual. The set of assets can include those materials and resources that are needed to organize production (or any other business activity). The difference between assets and other resources is that they are acquired for the purpose of further profit. Thus, each asset potentially contains income that can be received in the future, after the implementation of certain operations. It turns out that an asset is a tool that can bring profit.

To make it clearer, let's give an example. A business entity makes envelopes from paper and ribbons. In this situation, paper and tapes as a material will be assets that will transfer their value to the price finished products(envelopes) and thus make a profit.

Types of assets

V economic theory there are several types of assets. In this case, the classification is carried out taking into account different criteria: the nature, the degree of participation in the turnover, the period of existence and return.

For example, depending on the nature of the asset, it is bank deposit, real estate (commercial use), securities, shares in a company, property that is involved in economic activity and etc.

If we distinguish between assets by their maturity, then we can distinguish short-term and long-term assets.

Speaking about participation in the turnover, it is possible to distinguish between current and non-current assets. The latter classification, by the way, is one of the most popular, so we will focus on it.

Current and non-current asset

So, any asset can be classified according to this criterion. It's easy enough if you know what the essence of entrepreneurial activity is. In the example described above, where the business is creating envelopes, paper and tape are current assets because they are cut and included in the turnover of goods in the form of envelopes. Non-negotiable funds can be called those funds that do not become a commodity, that is, do not enter circulation. For example, this is a machine that wraps paper.

The characteristics of the turnover of assets allows you to determine how they will be used in the future: they will be immediately converted into finished products or used in such a way that these resources will not be changed, therefore, they will be resold in the future. This primarily determines the risk that business owners will be exposed to.

Who can hold assets?

Who can own an enterprise asset? This question is quite simple - the enterprise itself. Indeed, on its balance sheet there is such property as furniture, equipment, buildings and other objects.

If we talk about other types of assets, such as deposits or securities, then anyone can own them. For example, you like individual you have the opportunity at any time to purchase shares of an enterprise in order to later participate in its management and receive dividends. The same applies to other types: deposits, property, and so on.

Why do we need assets?

The main purpose of assets is to participate in the organization of the production process. Since each asset of the enterprise is some kind of equipment, office space or even licenses and certificates, their function is to work for the process in general, to be embodied in goods and services produced by the enterprise. The secondary function of an asset, which determines its importance, is to generate income. With proper business management and planning, assets will begin to move into products that should cost more than their original cost.

Intangible assets

In addition to the types of assets discussed above, there is another category that should be mentioned. We are talking about such a concept as an intangible asset. This is a slightly different resource with an individual character. So, it is noteworthy that it does not have the structure of material things, it exists together with some kind of formalized documentation and, therefore, cannot be transferred (or simply not reissued due to inexpediency) to other subjects.

In the current environment, we can safely say that every organization or individual entrepreneur, like any company, has such a resource as an intangible asset. This is due to the fact that in this category includes a whole list of abstract values: reputation, licenses, documentation with permits to conduct activities, databases, intellectual property.

Such assets cannot be felt with your hands, seen with your own eyes, and sometimes even fully appreciated. This is a kind of abstraction that can be quite valuable at the same time. The clearest example is the reputation of a business entity in the business market. It is impossible to determine its value, but every entrepreneur will agree that a lot depends on its quality, including future profits.

It is one of the fundamental in the field of economics and accounting. In order to correctly determine what belongs to this category, you need to clearly understand which tangible and intangible concepts refer to assets, and which to liabilities.

So what is included in the assets of an enterprise? The fundamental document that reflects the list of assets is. Ideally, the sum of all the company's assets should equal the total cost of liabilities - in the jargon of specialists, this is called "the balance sheet has come together." At its core, this form is very simple, it has only two columns, into which all tangible and intangible items owned by the enterprise are distributed.

Net assets

Net assets are the difference between the sum of all assets and the total amount of its debt obligations to creditors, executors, utilities, etc. The procedure for determining this value is the same for LLCs, state unitary companies, municipal enterprises, cooperatives and business associations.

The sum of all assets in the calculation process includes any property that can be used to make a profit from the activity. This does not include here:

Accounts receivable to founders and shareholders.
Contribution debts.
Enterprise translations.

An important point: this category includes only the items of income that the company currently has - assets that can bring profit in the future are not taken into account in the formula. That is, it does not include government aid enterprise (cooperative, farm), as well as the gratuitous receipt of property - their procedure for inclusion in accounting reports is of a general nature.

If you have in your hands a financial report of an enterprise for a certain period (most often a quarter), then the procedure for calculating enterprise assets looks like this:

We take data from line 1600 of the accounting report.
We deduct from it the debts of the founders for contributions to the authorized capital.
We get a certain number.
Subtract the sum of the data from lines 1400 and 1500 from it.
We add to the received value of the future periods described in the paragraph above (state aid and gratuitous receipt of property).

At the same time, in the professional environment, document flow and theory, the concepts of "net assets" and "equity" for an enterprise are equivalent values. The same is fixed in federal law regulating the authorized capital.

Financial asset

A financial asset is the aggregate of all property of an individual entrepreneur, enterprise or legal entity of another type. These include:

cash reserves
in front of the company
spare material resources

There is also a division of this category into two subspecies: current and non-current assets. In all forms accounting records they are listed separately.

There are several key characteristics that make it possible to distinguish between property and assets held on balance sheet from the rest:

an asset gives an enterprise or an entrepreneur an opportunity in the future from its use
the company or individual entrepreneur has the legal right to receive this profit
an agreement or procedure for the transfer of an asset to the use of the enterprise has already occurred and is a fait accompli

Intangible or intangible assets

In addition to assets of a material nature, the enterprise may also have other, immaterial forms. Their key feature is the lack of measurability and tangibility. Nevertheless, such assets still provide an opportunity to receive profit from economic activity in the future, which nevertheless classifies them into this category and requires them to be accounted for. These include:

Intangible resources in the field of management and organization.
Unrealized technologies owned by the company.
The reputation of an entrepreneur or joint stock company.
Capitalized rights.
Privileges (for example, for the execution of work on orders, etc.).
Enterprise advantages over competitors.
Instruments for control over the sphere of sale of goods and services.
Insurance guarantees.
Intellectual property of any kind (patents,).
Property use rights.

Non-current production assets

It is well known that the activity of a company is possible only if it has financial resources or property that can be exploited for economic or other economic activity. That is, any used object that is associated with the activities of the organization is classified as a property of the company. Primary array out current assets created by mandatory procedure contributions, the purpose of which is to create authorized capital.

The Civil Code refers to the division of property such objects:

land plots
subsoil plots
buildings of any type
woodlands
transport (sea, river, air, land)

The rest of the values are attributed by law to movable property... This should include securities, money, financial obligations. It is the sum of fixed assets and intangible objects that are non-current assets of production. In fact, they fit into the triad that provides the beginning of the company's activities ( labor resources, objects and, in fact, labor itself).

Current (operating) assets

The number of current assets, often called operating assets, includes all tangible and intangible objects that at the current moment (or in the current reporting period) have been used for profit. It should be noted right away that the inclusion of long-term financial obligations here is erroneous - this inaccuracy can often be found in poorly made accounting reports. Also, the following assets are not included in the number of current assets:

accounts receivable
unfinished construction projects
faulty equipment
labor tools that have not yet been brought into working order (for example, purchased machines that are not installed in the workshop)

In accounting, the ratio of operating assets plays a significant role - it is the sum of all operating assets that are currently used to make a profit. In fact, the ratio of exploited property to everything gives useful information about the company. Based on it, and state structures assess the ability of production to ensure uninterrupted activity, coupled with making a profit.

Non-core assets

There is one more column for accounting and financial statements, which is also required and can provide certain information about current activities enterprises - the volume of non-core assets. In fact, this concept describes any property of a company, or business association, which on this moment is not used to generate income. They may even include such objects as kindergartens and clinics - these are echoes of the first wave of privatization that took place the decade before last.

There is also a scenario in which non-core assets arose due to a change in the orientation of the enterprise: due to the closure of production lines, a choice in favor of a different market segment, and re-profiling. As practice shows, the most expedient is the transfer or sale of non-core assets, but the legislation does not oblige joint stock companies and companies do it. The fact is that the long-term maintenance of such objects, adding the number of items of expenditure.

As a result, the assets of the company are those objects that are used to generate profit from economic activities. Also, this should include the property that can be used for these purposes, but has not been exploited until now.

Write your question in the form below

Any organization has property - buildings, cash, equipment, stocks of products. All this constitutes the assets of the enterprise, the assessment of which allows one to judge the financial condition, conduct economic activities, form budgetary policy and reallocate resources to improve profitability.

Definition

In a simple definition, assets are the property and property rights owned by the company, its cash reserves and intellectual property that makes a profit. From an economic point of view, assets are funds received from the outside or as a result of the operation of an enterprise and used to make a profit. In other words, these are resources - everything that a company has at its disposal.

According to the order of the Ministry of Finance, Russia has developed uniform form accounting for assets and liabilities - the balance sheet of the enterprise. All assets are included in one of two sections of the document.

Structure and types

The resources of enterprises are structured according to the form, speed of turnover, application in activities, sources of funds, affiliation, sales opportunities. There are different approaches to the classification of assets, which allow us to understand their importance to the organization from different points of view.

In accounting

Assets are non-current and circulating, this is how they are divided in accounting. They differ in terms of use (circulating ones are used within a year, non-circulating ones - more than 12 months).

Fixed assets are subdivided into intangible (not having physical expression) and tangible (for example, fixed assets). Current assets are resources of high liquidity: they include cash, stocks, short-term investments, etc. Item-by-item structure of resources is reflected in the balance sheet asset.

From an economic point of view

Resources of enterprises and companies can also be classified into net, financial, illiquid / liquid, short-term / long-term, non-production, informational.

Net is the total assets owned and owned by an organization. Their value is determined as the sum of all resources available to the enterprise minus borrowed funds:

Net Assets = Balance Sheet Assets - Equity

Assets can be divided by liquidity — the speed of converting them into money:

absolutely liquid - funds in the national and foreign currency, cash and current accounts;
highly liquid - those that can be converted into money within a period of no more than 30 days, practically without losing their value in the market (short-term investments and debts of debtors);
medium-liquid - turn into money in a period from one month to six months (not short-term and not hopeless accounts receivable, products in stock);
weakly liquid and illiquid - have a long sale period; this subgroup includes fixed assets, dismantled equipment, bad accounts receivable.

According to the rate of turnover in economic activity, assets are divided into:

Short-term - these are the funds necessary for the current work of the organization. They are monetary and provide for the operation of the enterprise (for example, unfinished production, shipped products or goods), have a fast turnover.
Long-term - these are the resources of the enterprise that have been on the balance sheet of the organization for a long time. Their main characteristic is that the cost of these funds changes as they are used and determines the price of products, profitability. Their composition is reflected in the following figure.

According to the degree of participation in production, assets are divided into production and non-production. Manufacturing directly used in the creation of finished products (equipment, materials, etc.). Non-production ones are on the balance sheet, but they do not participate in the release of goods (for example, office buildings).

Financial assets are often separated into a separate group of assets. They include cash and money in bank accounts, securities, shares of other companies, accounts, obligations of other organizations to pay for products received, and others. financial instruments.

Information assets are designed to organize the production process. They also bring profit to the enterprise. These include intellectual property rights, inventions, patents, documented knowledge, manufacturing experience, trademark, trademarks, computer programs.

In international financial reporting

Criteria for reflecting assets in international practice slightly differ from Russian ones. Key point is the procedure for recognizing an asset. In Russian practice, assets are what belongs to an organization on the basis of ownership. At the same time, not all the resources that make a profit must necessarily be in the possession of the company. For example, if she leases equipment or a building, then such property is not displayed as an asset in the balance sheet. In the international practice of drawing up financial statements, the principle of a qualitative assessment of an object is in effect: is it under the control of the organization, how it is used and how it affects its solvency.

In this regard, there are a number of specific concepts that are rarely used in Russian practice:

Monetary assets are those cash and rights to liabilities that have a certain value that does not change as prices change. These are directly cash on hand and the amount in the current account, some bonds, accounts receivable.
Non-monetary resources - objects and rights, real value which is revalued over time and with changes in prices: fixed assets, stocks, finished products in warehouses, obligations expressed in the delivery of products in kind.
Non-current assets held for sale. In international accounting, those resources are allocated to a separate group that will not be used in commercial activities, but purchased for subsequent sale.

Assessment of assets on the balance sheet

Balance sheet - a document reflecting the presence and condition of the organization's assets, their itemized and total value (the latter is entered in line 1600). By analyzing the value and structure of assets, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the success of the enterprise, its ability to fulfill its obligations and make a profit.

Many indicators are used for analysis, some of which are discussed below.

Value and average of total assets

The cost of resources is a monetary value of the property of an enterprise that gives income or can give it in the future. It consists of two positions: the amount of circulating and non-circulating assets (in the balance sheet these are lines 1100 and 1200, respectively). Thus, the value of total assets is determined as the sum of lines 1100 and 1200. In other words, this is the balance sheet currency: total for the section of assets, line 1600.

The average value of the total resources (CCA) of the organization is found as the arithmetic mean between the cost at the beginning of the year (A 1) and at the end of the year (A 2). In the form of a formula, this is written as follows:

CCA = (A 1 + A 2) / 2

For calculation average annual cost the same principle applies: indicators are taken as per state for one settlement period, but from the balances of different years. The divisor will be equal to the number of years under study (if for two years - 2, if for three - 3, etc.). The average indicators for circulating and non-circulating resources are calculated in the same way.

Real assets ratio

Real assets include intangibles, fixed assets, inventories (production) and costs in work in progress - everything that is involved in commercial activities. For the analysis, a coefficient is usually used - the ratio of the total value of real assets to their total value on the balance sheet. A successful manufacturing company must score above 0.5 (50%). A decline means a drop in production capacity or the transfer of an enterprise to other, non-core activities.

Immobilization of assets means their withdrawal from circulation. That is, the share of assets that are not involved in turnover and do not generate income, or are not used for direct appointment... The immobilization coefficient shows how efficiently the resources of the enterprise are used. The indicator reflecting the state of the immobilized funds is calculated as the ratio between the permanent (non-circulating) and current (circulating) assets of the enterprise.

The lower this indicator, the more liquid resources the enterprise has and, accordingly, the higher its solvency.

Permanent asset index ratio

Permanent assets are called assets recorded in the first part of the company's balance sheet, that is, funds that are out of circulation. The index of permanent assets shows how much of them the company maintains at the expense of equity capital or what part of equity are assets that are difficult to sell. Its value is determined by dividing all non-current assets (in the balance sheet position 1100) by the company's own resources (1300):

IPA = fixed assets / equity

The normal value of this coefficient is from zero to one. Its increase indicates the risk of deterioration in the financial position of the enterprise.

Enterprise assets

Enterprise assets - a set of property rights belonging to the enterprise, in the form of fixed assets, stocks, financial contributions, monetary claims to other individuals and legal entities. In other words: assets are investments and claims. The term "assets" is also used to refer to any property, property of the organization.

Tangible and intangible

Assets are usually divided into tangible and intangible. Intangible assets include non-monetary assets that do not have physical form and meet the following conditions:

Possibility of identification from other property.
Use in the manufacture of products, in the performance of work or the provision of services, or for the management needs of the organization.
Ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization.
Availability of documents confirming the existence of the asset and the exclusive right of the enterprise to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of protection, an agreement on the assignment (acquisition) of a patent, trademark, etc.).

Intangible assets can include the organization's business reputation (goodwill) and intellectual property.

In turn, objects of intellectual property (exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity) include:

The exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model.
Exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases.
The property right of the author or other copyright holder.
The exclusive right of the owner to the trademark and service mark, appellation of origin of goods.
The exclusive right of the patentee to selection achievements.

Liquidity and asset structure

Assets are grouped according to their degree of liquidity (ability to be sold at a price close to the market price): highly liquid, medium liquid, low liquid and illiquid assets. The most highly liquid asset are money in the cash desk and in current accounts.

A warning!

The ratio of assets and liabilities of an organization determines its financial condition, and in particular, solvency.

There is a methodology for assessing financial condition enterprises by financial ratios, the most important of which are calculated based on the size of assets and the degree of their liquidity.

Reflection of the assets of the company in accounting

Assets in accounting are reflected in the asset (on the left side) of the balance sheet. Operating in Russian Federation the balance sheet form includes two sections of assets: current and non-current assets:

Current assets (current assets) are used in the course of daily business activities. For example: inventories, accounts receivable, cash.
Non-current assets - assets withdrawn from economic circulation, but reflected in accounting... For example: fixed assets, intangible assets, long-term investments.

source: https://finances-analysis.ru/finances-coefficient/aktivy.htm

What is “Enterprise Assets” - definition

The assets of the enterprise are the property of the enterprise, which consists of financial, tangible and intangible assets.

The tangible assets of the enterprise have a material form. These are industrial and non-industrial buildings owned by the enterprise, residential and administrative buildings, land, production equipment and mechanisms, stocks of materials, raw materials and fuel and so on.

The financial assets of an enterprise are financial instruments owned by the enterprise: financial investments, accounts receivable, monetary assets in various currencies, cash on hand, securities, insurance policies etc.

Intangible assets of an enterprise - the right to use some intellectual property, including a trademark, logo, patents for inventions, and so on.

In accordance with the nature of the participation of assets in the production cycle, current and non-current assets are distinguished.

Attention!

Current assets during one production cycle are consumed in full, ensuring the operational activities of the company. Non-current assets of the enterprise are involved in several production cycles until all of their value is transferred to the manufactured product.

Various sources of formation of assets make it possible to distinguish between net and gross assets. Gross assets are formed at the expense of both equity and borrowed capital, Net assets - only at the expense of equity.

The assets of the enterprise are divided into various groups and by some other criteria: by ownership (own and leased) and the degree of liquidity (absolutely liquid; highly liquid; weak and illiquid).

source: http: //site/btimes.ru/dictionary/aktivy-predpriyatiya

Enterprise assets: formation, analysis, optimization

Any property that is owned by the organization can be combined into one concept - the assets of the enterprise. Such property can be tangible (material) and immaterial. The funds of an enterprise constitute its financial assets.

The assets of the enterprise are economic assets that are at the disposal of the organization. They are the result of its economic activities, used for further profit and development of the company.

They have the potential to provide cash flow in one way or another. However, not all resources can act in this capacity. To do this, they must meet the following requirements:

Used to produce goods, perform work or provide services.
Exchange for other resources.
Apply as a means of paying off debts.
Distributed among all members of the economic company.

Composition and structure

Classification and understanding of the distinctive features of each type makes it possible to assess the company's performance in terms of specific economic parameters. The data obtained as a result of such analysis helps to make informed management decisions and develop a development strategy.

Advice!

Tangible, intangible and financial assets. Tangible assets include physical property companies: production equipment, transport, buildings, processing lines, computers, office equipment, furniture.

Intangible assets of an enterprise are no less valuable for the successful operation of an organization. These include:

patents, trademarks, intellectual property rights;
the right to use the subsoil;
licenses, permits;
formulas, software products, technologies, other inventory items.

TO financial assets enterprises include all cash at the disposal of the company, cash equivalents, deposits in bank accounts, loans to third parties, as well as stocks and bonds.

In the course of its activities, the company uses all types of household funds... However, in last years the role of intangible property is growing. This is due to the fact that for modern business information technology and information in general are extremely important. Using a large number of intangible components, the company produces high-tech products.

Current and non-current assets. By the nature of their use in business processes and by their ability to turnover, assets can be current and non-current.

The first group includes property that is completely processed during the production or commercial cycle. Raw materials can serve as an example of circulating property, since at the end of the processing processes, they become a finished product.

Cash also refers to current assets, since they are fully used to pay employees, purchased raw materials, loan payments, etc.

Non-current assets are not subject to change and are not consumed in the course of the production process. They have been used for a long time, gradually their cost is transferred to the finished product. Fixed assets belong to non-current assets. This is the property thanks to which the production of goods or the provision of services is carried out:

buildings and structures;
cars and other special vehicles;
technological lines;
expensive and constantly used tools, inventory, and so on.

Almost all intangible assets are also considered non-current. These are long-term loans and securities issued, other financial instruments, as well as equipment that are leased to third parties.

A warning!

Production and non-production assets. In a company dealing industrial production, part of the property is involved in the manufacturing process. These are the premises of the shops, the technological lines installed in them, the necessary equipment and tools, raw materials, and fuel. However, no manufacturing company can do without administrative premises or support units.

Anything that is not directly related to the production process is considered non-productive assets. These are cars, dining room equipment, furniture, computer equipment.

Division of property into groups is necessary to calculate direct and indirect costs. Manufacturing assets are easily transferable to the finished product, as they are consumed in the course of its manufacture. To take into account non-production assets in the cost price, special formulas are needed to determine the indirect costs, which are then included in the cost of output.

Own and borrowed assets. To carry out its activities, the company uses the property acquired at own funds or rented. Those items that were bought with the company's money, as well as their finances, form the company's own assets. Leased production facilities, including leasing, and bank loans are considered attracted.

The assets attracted imply the fulfillment of certain obligations by the enterprise. This is the need to make payments by credit agreements and lease agreements, as well as take care of the servicing of debt securities. When equipment or vehicles are used by a company on a lease basis, after payment of its value to the lessor company, the property becomes the property of the company.

Subdivision is also possible according to the degree of liquidity:

absolutely liquid (money);
highly liquid (short-term receivables and deposits with a short repayment period);
medium-liquid (finished products, goods, accounts receivable);
weakly liquid (financial instruments with a long maturity, some types of intangible and non-current assets);
illiquid (hopeless accounts receivable, marriage, loss).

Based on the sources of formation, assets are divided into gross and net. Gross constitutes all types of property, regardless of the funds spent on their acquisition.

Attention!

Those that are purchased on personal funds enterprises without the use of debt finance.

Price net assets represents the difference between the total value of the property and the amount of liabilities. This indicator is important for determining the degree financial independence the company, because it allows you to understand what the real size of its own funds is.

Financing

Sources of enterprise assets are classified into the following groups:

Own - funds that belong to the enterprise on the basis of ownership and are used to form part of the assets. These include:
1. Authorized (share, share) capital. This is the amount of contributions of the founders of the company, which is necessary for its functioning. The purpose of their introduction is the formation of fixed and circulating assets at the stage of opening an enterprise. The size of the authorized capital is fixed in the constituent documents, without changing during the existence of an economic entity. It can be increased or decreased only in accordance with the legislatively regulated procedure.
2. The profit that the company received from the sale of goods, works, services, from the sale of its property and property rights, as well as from other income.
3. Depreciation deductions accumulated as a result of transferring the cost of fixed assets to the cost of production.
Funds equated to their own. The company does not own them, but it constantly uses them.
Borrowed funds are funds that an enterprise attracts on a repayable basis: loans received from banking institutions on terms of repayment and payment; borrowed funds from other companies; subsidies from the budget.
Attracted are funds of other individuals and legal entities, which are in the company's turnover temporarily, including accounts payable.
Mobilized in the financial market are the funds that the company has gained from the sale of its own securities (shares and bonds).
Non-traditional sources of financing - leasing and factoring.

Enterprise asset management

Property management is a system of principles and methods for the development and implementation of management decisions that are associated with the formation, effective use in the operational activities of an enterprise and the organization of its turnover.

The goal of operating assets management, like financial management in general, is to increase the market value of an enterprise.

In the course of achieving this goal, the following tasks should be solved:

Formation of assets in sufficient volume and required composition, allowing to ensure the specified pace of development of operating activities. To solve this problem it is necessary:

determine the need for property and funds that will be required in the operational process of the enterprise;
optimize the ratio of certain types of property and finance and attract the most effective, based on the level of productivity and the likely profitability of the forthcoming use.

Ensuring the highest level of profitability(profitability) of the assets used at the planned level of commercial risk.

Maximum profitability can be achieved through the use of property in the most effective areas of operating activities and commercial operations of the enterprise. When solving this problem, it is necessary to understand that high profitability directly depends on the growth of commercial risks.

Advice!

Ensuring the minimization of commercial risk use of the assets of the enterprise at the envisaged level of their profitability (profitability).

With a pre-planned or specified level of profitability, it is necessary to strive to reduce commercial risks with the types of activities with the help of which profitability is achieved. For this, the following methods are used:

diversification of operations and activities of the enterprise, which are associated with the use of its property;
avoiding certain types of commercial risks;
effective forms of their internal and external insurance.

Ensuring the constant solvency of the enterprise by maintaining a high level of asset liquidity. Effective management of cash and cash equivalents balances will help to solve this problem. It should be noted that excess funds, although they contribute to maintaining a high level of solvency, tend to lose value under the influence of inflation.

It follows from this that in the course of solving this problem, it is necessary to take into account the various economic interests of the enterprise. A sufficient level of the company's solvency is also achieved by the high liquidity of the finished product, accounts receivable, short-term financial investments, as well as other types of operating assets.

Optimization of asset turnover. To solve this problem, you need:

effectively manage money and material species property during the implementation of individual cycles of their turnover at the enterprise;
ensure the synchronization of the formation of certain types of enterprise assets related to operating activities;
to minimize the total costs of organizing the turnover of property in all its forms.

Accounting

An asset is considered as such when the following conditions are met:

the property is owned by the company, and the resources it controls are used on a legal basis;
its use will ultimately lead to an increase in the economic profit of the enterprise;
it can be expressed in terms of specific values.

The potential economic benefit of assets lies in their direct or indirect inclusion in the flow financial resources companies. Potential can be productive, in other words, be part of the operational activities of the enterprise.

A warning!

It can be converted into cash or cash equivalents, and can also be used to reduce financial outflow (for example, organize an alternative production process in order to reduce costs).

The economic resources included in the property must meet several requirements:

ensure the receipt of benefits (income, profit, money) in the future;
be the object of the order of the company, which can apply them at its own discretion or sell;
appear as a result of previously completed transactions (be ready for use at the moment, and not be at the stage of production or delivery under the relevant agreement, contract).

The amount of the assets of the enterprise includes its property and non-property rights.

The property includes items that have economic value due to its physical properties (money, goods, raw materials, structures, machinery, equipment). Property can be movable and immovable, in the form of shares and shares of other companies (long-term financial investments), in the form of circulating assets (current assets of the enterprise) or biological assets.

Rights are subdivided into materialized and non-materialized. Reified means the possession of a security that confirms the possibility of receiving values (bill, check, bond, share).

The latter include debentures(receivables), exclusive rights (patent, license, copyright, trade name and trademark rights) and other rights arising from unfinished business transactions(planned costs incurred or not yet received income).

All the types of property considered above are subject to reflection in the balance sheet of the enterprise after their quantitative assessment and measurement. The classification is aimed at ensuring that, on the one hand, it was possible to have an idea of the composition of the company's assets and the essence of its legal relations with counterparties, on the other hand, to determine the degree of their participation in the total turnover of the company's funds.

In the course of the annual inventory of property or the constant maintenance of accounting data, the following tasks are solved:

the company's own capital or the amount of net assets is determined (it is the difference between the amount expressed in the value of all property assets and the amount of liabilities);
identifies a set of benefits that can be used to ensure the rights of creditors.

Valuables, the owner of which is not an enterprise, but which are in its temporary possession, are allocated separately in the accounting. These include deposited securities or goods handed over for sale.

How to analyze enterprise assets

The analysis of assets is understood as the procedure for studying the results of their creation and use by a company, which makes it possible to identify opportunities for a prospective increase in their effectiveness.

Attention!

Financial analysis systems can be different. Based on the methods underlying its implementation, there are horizontal, vertical, comparative, integral financial analyzes and analysis of financial ratios.

Horizontal financial analysis. The basis of this type of analysis is the study of changes that individual financial indicators undergo over time. In the course of the analysis, the growth rates are calculated various parameters financial statements for certain periods, and the directions of their change are identified.

In relation to the asset management system, several methods are most often used:

Studying the dynamics of data for reporting period in comparison with the data for the previous period.
Studying the dynamics of data for the reporting period in comparison with the data for the same period last year.
Study of the dynamics of data for a number of previous periods. This method of analysis allows you to determine the direction of change in individual parameters that characterize the results of using the assets of the enterprise in its activities.

Vertical (structural) financial analysis. The analysis of the structure of an enterprise's assets is based on the vertical decomposition of individual parameters of the company's financial statements. Its purpose is to calculate the proportion of individual parts that are part of economic indicators.

The most common methods used in vertical analysis are:

Structural analysis, which determines the amount of property used by type of economic activity. It is the basis for the subsequent calculation of the parameters of the effectiveness of assets based on individual types of activities and in general for an economic entity.
Structural analysis of the volume and composition of assets by internal units enterprises. A deeper comparative and factual analysis, which is subsequently carried out, is based on it, which makes it possible to determine how effectively the main assets of the enterprise are used by its internal divisions.
Structural analysis of the used operating non-current and current assets of the enterprise. It is necessary to study the turnover of funds and property in terms of individual production and commercial cycles, as well as to determine the performance indicators for the use of certain types of enterprise assets.

Comparative financial analysis. The basis for this type of analysis is a comparison of groups of similar indicators with each other. In the course of the analysis, the values of the absolute and relative deviations of comparable parameters are calculated. The following types of comparative analysis are most commonly used:

Comparative analysis of the parameters of the use of the property of the enterprise and the industry average data. At the same time, it is determined to what extent the results of the creation and use of assets specific enterprise deviate from the average industry indicators, so that in the future it is possible to assess the competitiveness of the enterprise and identify reserves for the subsequent increase in the efficiency of their use.
Comparative analysis of indicators of the use of property and financial resources of a particular enterprise and competing companies. The aim is to identify weaknesses the functioning of the organization in the context of the use of assets and further identification of measures to improve its competitive position.
Comparative analysis of the use of property in terms of internal activities structural units the enterprise in question. It is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment and identify reserves for growth in the efficiency of the creation and use of assets by the internal structures of the organization.
Comparative analysis of reporting and planned indicators use of property. It serves as the basis for the control carried out and makes it possible to determine the degree of deviation of the final indicators from the planned ones. Next, it is necessary to establish the reasons for the discrepancy in the data and develop measures aimed at correcting those areas of activity for which a lag from the planned parameters was revealed.

Analysis of financial ratios... The essence of this kind of analysis is to calculate the ratio of the absolute indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise. During the analysis of financial ratios, it is determined relative indicators, which characterize the results of using the property and finances of the enterprise, and their impact on the state of the company as a whole.

Coefficients for assessing the profitability of an enterprise's assets. This group the coefficients are used to assess the ability of property and finance to ensure the profitability of the enterprise in the course of economic activities and to determine the effectiveness of their application both in general and in individual areas.

Indicators used for the analysis:

The coefficient of profitability of the entire mass of assets used (coefficient of economic profitability). Shows the level of net profit received from all assets of the company on its balance sheet. Calculation of this indicator according to the formula: Ra = net profit/ the average value of the assets of the enterprise.
Return on sales ratio. Shows the level of profit that the company has from each ruble of products sold. The calculation of this indicator is made according to the formula: Рпр = profit from sales / revenue.
Profitability ratio of the main activity. Demonstrates the level of profitability of the core business. Calculated by the formula: Genus = profit from sales / cost.
The coefficient of return on equity of the enterprise. Allows you to see the effectiveness of the use of funds owned by the enterprise. For the calculation, the formula is applied: Rsk = net profit / equity.
The profitability ratio of the operating non-current assets of the enterprise. Allows you to judge the effectiveness of the use of total fixed assets and intangible assets in the operating activities of the company. The calculation is carried out according to the formula: Rova = net profit / average cost of operating non-current assets.
The coefficient of profitability of the current assets of the enterprise. Shows the level of profitability of the total current assets of the organization and is calculated by the formula: Roa = net profit / average value of the company's current assets.

Ratios for assessing the liquidity of assets. This group of coefficients reflects the ability of the enterprise to ensure timely payments for current financial commitments due to liquid circulating assets. To assess their liquidity, and therefore the level of the company's solvency, the following indicators are needed:

the ratio of absolute liquidity, which allows you to establish the solvency of the company on the date of the balance sheet. It clearly demonstrates the size short-term debt that the company can pay in the near future;
quick liquidity ratio. By its purpose, it is similar to the coefficient current liquidity, differs from it in that a narrow range of current assets is taken for its calculation. In the course of studying the dynamics of this coefficient, the factors that influenced its dynamics are also analyzed. For example, an increase in this indicator caused by an increase in accounts receivable negatively characterizes economic situation companies;
current liquidity ratio. Shows how secured the company is working capital for the timely repayment of short-term financial obligations;
liquidity ratio when raising funds. Demonstrates the degree of dependence of the company's solvency on inventories in terms of mobilizing funds for making payments on short-term liabilities enterprises;
ratio of own solvency. Shows whether the company is able to recover its short-term debt using only net working capital;
the coefficient of recovery of solvency makes it possible to understand the possibility of the company recovering full solvency within six months;
the coefficient of loss of solvency warns about the possibility of loss of solvency by the enterprise within the next three months.

Turnover estimation coefficients... This group of coefficients determines the rate of turnover of the formed assets in the course of the company's economic activities. To some extent, they serve as an indicator of its business (production and commercial) activity.

How to optimize the composition of enterprise assets

Optimization of the composition of assets is understood as a process during which the optimal ratio of their different types to provide better conditions economic activity and the maximum level of liquidity. The optimization process includes the following procedures.

Advice!

Taking into account the prospects for the development of production and commercial activities of the company and its regional diversification. The creation of funds directly depends on the main goals of production activities, therefore, the optimization of their volume and composition is closely related to economic strategy organization and the immediate goals of its activities.

Ensuring the compliance of the composition of the assets of the enterprise with the structure of production and sales of products. Proceeding from the fact that many types of property are created taking into account the characteristics of the products, during the formation of the property fund it is necessary to take into account possible changes nomenclature.

The choice of the most progressive types of assets in terms of the ability to provide profit and increase market value companies. Today the market for capital goods and financial market offer companies new tools for the formation of the property and non-property funds of the enterprise.

Choosing specific forms, you need to pay attention to their prospects, increased functionality, resistance to obsolescence and many other factors that affect the company's ability to make a profit and positively affect its market value.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets based on their total turnover. The amount of return on invested capital directly depends on the rate of turnover of the assets in which it is invested. Since the velocity of circulation (turnover period) different types is different, in the course of optimization of their composition it is necessary to choose those of them, which are characterized by the highest turnover.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of their liquidity. Based on the fact that liquidity is necessary to maintain the company's solvency and to minimize the risk of bankruptcy, when optimizing the composition, one should strive to have a sufficient part of the property with a high level of liquidity.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of minimizing the risk of their losses during use. When various types of property are involved, they are at varying degrees of risk of loss.

For example, cash is subject to negative impact inflation, inventories become cheaper as a result of natural loss and deterioration, active types of basic production assets and intangible property - in the process of obsolescence and amortization. This means that composition optimization means minimizing the overall risk of waste.

A warning!

The purpose of the optimization of the company's assets is to create conditions for the subsequent maximum effective use all types of property, as well as for the growth of the company's profitability. In the process of optimization, the company goes through three stages.

At the initial stage, it is necessary to achieve an optimal ratio between the active and passive part of non-current assets that are involved in the course of operating activities.

The second stage involves the creation of a balance between the active and passive parts of the non-current assets of the enterprise. The active part includes mechanisms and production equipment, without which it is impossible to carry out technological processes... The passive includes buildings and structures, as well as those machines that play an auxiliary role.

The third stage involves the creation of an optimal ratio of the three main types of circulating assets:

the amount of stocks of inventory items;
the amount of accounts receivable;
the amount of monetary assets.

When optimizing, it is necessary to take into account the sectoral features of the implementation of economic activities, the average duration of the operating cycle, as well as an assessment of the positive and negative characteristics of the use of various types of property.