Natural resources of the world are all those affordable components of living and inanimate nature, which he has the opportunity to use to meet his needs and needs in the process of production and livelihoods. Being on the surface of the land shell, they are impressive with their number and variety. While it is believed that the planet Earth is the only place in the universe, suitable for a person's life. To date, natural resources of the world are the foundation of the economy and world production. The number of people used by the world is confirmed by people.

Significant significance in the lives of modern humanity forced to streamline the natural resources of the world. All of them are divided into two types.

Classification

1. Exhausted. These are natural benefits, the demand for which exceeds the speed of their formation. Since it regularly comes from the production of production, sooner or later the moment comes when the reserves of this natural resource are completely depleted. But does this position hopelessly? Fortunately, no, because exhausted reserves, in turn, are divided into:

renewable;
non-renewable.

Renewable reserves of natural resources in the world are meant that they can be used almost indefinitely, but it is important to provide the right time for their resumption, otherwise they will turn into non-renewable. To the first one can attribute the purity of air, water and soil, also vegetation and animal world.

Appear as a result of various rooting processes, which proceed in the upper layers of the earth's crust. The demand for such fossils hundreds of times higher than their estimated quantity, and since their reserves are negligible compared to consumption, the chances for their renewal are zero. These include mineral reserves of the planet.

2. Inexhaustible. These are all those in abundance there are practically every resident of the Earth: air, water, wind energy, they are so familiar for everyone that sometimes they simply cease to be appreciated, but without these resources the human activity would have become impossible.

Classification of natural stocks by types of their use

All types of natural resources People are actively used in two main directions:

agricultural sphere;
industrial production.

Resources agriculture Combine all types of natural resources that are aimed at creating agricultural products and profit. For example, agroclimatic reserves provide an opportunity for growing and further consuming different cultivated plants and grazing livestock. Without water, it is impossible to imagine the good functioning of the rural industry. Here it plays a key role, as it is used when watering grain and other crops, as well as for domestic livestock. Fortunately, most natural reserves used in this area are inexhaustible (water, soil, air).

High demand for minerals

Industrial production has its own system of consumption of world reserves. The number of plants, factories and enterprises today has reached the maximum indicator. To meet their demand, a wide variety of funds are needed. IN modern world There is the greatest need for them and have the greatest financial value. These are oil, gas, coal and bitumen (refer to energy reserves).

Some species

The group of useful natural resources also includes forest, land and water. Although they are not energy, everyone is valuable, as they contribute to the expansion of industrial activities. They are also actively used in the construction industry.

Unfined water resources

Most scientists agree that the world ocean is full of reserves beneficial for humanity. This is a huge pantry salts, minerals and many other things. It is believed that the sea and oceans contain no less natural benefits than all drying together. Take, for example, sea water. Each resident of the Earth accounts for almost three hundred million cubic meters of this salted moisture. And this is not just dry numbers. In one cubic meter, the salty sea fluid contains a huge amount of salt (cook), magnesium, potassium and bromine. It is noteworthy that even gold is present in the chemical composition of water. She is truly precious! In addition, it serves as a continuous source for iodine production.

But the sea and oceans are rich not only with water. Countless useful is mined from the bottom of the World Ocean. It is well known that oil and gas played from all the greatest importance. Black gold is mined mainly from gas is also about ninety percent of natural reserves, which are mined from the seabed.

But not only this is values \u200b\u200bfor the global industry. The main wealth of deep-water deposits are ironargantic concretions. These amazing materials that are forming at a great depth may contain up to thirty diverse metals! The first attempt to get them from the seabed was taken by the United States of America in the seventies. The object of research they chose the water of the Hawaiian Islands.

Geographical distribution of natural benefits on the surface of the Earth

The geography of the natural resources of the world is rather diverse. Recent facts confirmed that the most efficient land resources are used by countries such as the United States of America, India, Russia and China. Huge areas for pashnya and land processing make it possible to fully use land reserves of nature. If we talk about mineral springs, their distribution is not quite evenly. Ores are predominantly located in the central and eastern parts of Europe.

The largest oil deposits are in the depths of the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Russia and China also have a large number of stocks of this good. Unfortunately, the natural resources of the countries of the world are quickly dried. For humanity, the point of no return is becoming more real.

Problems and prospects related to the use of natural reserves

The environment is complex and not fully studied the world. People only once ate the veil of secrets and mysteries the only "living" planet. From the very dawn of human history, they tried to conquer the elements of nature to themselves. As can be seen, a person has always had a significant impact on the ecological state of the Earth. Over time, it has become increasingly intensified. New technologies and scientific progress played a fundamental role in this. Unfortunately, the invasion of a person in nature caused the problems of natural resources in the world.

New opportunities for humanity

In the first centuries, inexhaustible biological resources of nature were used more, but now, in the age of progress, people penetrated the seabed, deep into the mountain ranges and dried wells for tens of meters inside the Earth. This gave the opportunity to find accommodation inaccessible natural wealth. People carefully studied the components of the natural environment. Minerals, ore and coal deposits opened the doors to use powerful energy.

Fatal errors

However, together with high scientific and technical achievements, serious ecological problems. And, unfortunately, the hand's hand is to more fault. Its active activity has become the main cause of problems related to natural resources. IN lately The word "ecology" began to sound increasingly. Everyone wants to drink clean water, breathe clean fresh air and not to hurt, but few people think about the fact that this requires the conscious efforts of each.

Indeed, over the years of human life on Earth, the useful components of the natural environment have been significantly reduced, and the pollution of the ecology has reached its peak point. If we talk about the state of the atmosphere, then its century-old shell has so thinned that it could soon provoke an ecological catastrophe. The reason for this was uncontrolled waste emissions due to enterprises. Toxic evaporation and harmful gases cause strongest blows as of the biosphere.

Water is also not in the best condition. There are quite some rivers that would be free from pollution and garbage on the planet. Together with sewage water, they enjoy a huge number of pesticides and other fertilizers. Most sewers and drainage channels also lead their contaminated water to rivers and seas. It provokes a rapid growth of tina-algae, which harm the river flora and fauna. Every week in the world ocean thousands of cubic meters "Dead" moisture fall. Nitrates and other poisons are increasingly seeping into soil and underground water.

Attempts for people to fix something

In most leading countries, laws on the preservation of the environment today, however, the threat of complete pollution of the ecology has not become less relevant.

The eternal opposition of industrial companies and representatives of the International Greenpeace organization gives only temporary results. The second place in the degree of pollution (after the atmosphere) occupies the water of the World Ocean. It has the property of self-cleaning, but in reality this process does not have time to achieve its goal. The accumulation of garbage in waters causes mass extinction of many species of animals.

Oil production from the bottom of the ocean is often not crowned with success, as a result of which huge oil spots appear on the surface of the water alcohol. Their oil structure does not miss oxygen and millions of living beings living in the sea, they do not have the opportunity to saturate their body with clean air.

Negative impact on living nature

Emissions of toxic waste in the rivers and the sea are affected even on large inhabitants of water depths. Large fish are confused with food and swallow various tin and plastic objects. This sad statistic shows the problems and prospects of the future.

Humanity is still to learn how to properly handle his ecosystem. People are designed for happy, and most importantly - healthy life on earth. However, a number of errors led the world to almost an ecological catastrophe.

Over time, it became clear that it is possible to solve the problem in the root possible only thanks to the responsible approach of each inhabitant of the planet. And the expression that "one in the field is not a warrior" here inappropriate. In fact, each person is able to make a valuable contribution to preserving the natural resources of the world. A little reflection, you can take concrete steps towards clean ecology. There will be a good start to plant trees and collecting garbage on its territory. Change the world to man is not under power, but everyone can change himself!

Natural resources (a. Natural Resources; Naturliche RessoursCen; F. Ressources Naturelles; and. Recursos Naturales) - a set of objects and systems of lively and inanimate nature, the components of the environment of the natural environment used in the process of social production to meet material and cultural needs. societies.

Natural resources act as the natural conditions of human existence, which more actively uses natural resources, forming their needs, goals and methods of their achievement. The rapid development of the productive forces, the involvement of the processing of vast masses of natural raw materials, the increase in emissions of non-essential waste production and human activity in the biosphere makes particularly relevant issues of environmental management with maximum conservation of ecological equilibrium on the planet as a whole and in its individual regions. Issues of protection of components and natural resources (see Environmental Protection) go beyond the possibilities of individual states and require agreed actions of various countries in a single global strategy.

The use of the planned socialist system of the economy allows other socialist countries to overcome the negative factors of the global energy situation. In the USSR, the State Committee for Nature Protection was created in 1988.

In modern conditions global problems The use and protection of natural resources are associated with the solution of such major problems of humanity, as preventing wars and arms race; saving the habitat; Ensuring energy, raw materials and food; Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.

Classification of natural resources and their meaning. The combination of natural resources of the external geophagement of the Earth is represented by interrelated components used or scheduled for use; incoming in the natural circuit of substances or introduced in the process of human activity; permanent or variables by mass; renewable (replenishable) and non-visible by weight and quality, taking into account the time factor; constant, decreasing or growing in species diversity. The almost inexhaustible natural resource is solar energy, the source of "environmentally friendly" energy constituting about 5.10 20 kJ / year. IN different countries The first helicitations that generate heat and electricity are being built, projects of space power plants and methods for relaying electricity with orbit to land are discussed. Solar energy is used through photosynthesis products (natural vegetation, agriculture products), or past biospheres (, lignites, stone coal, oil, bituminous).

The animal world of natural environmental systems - a resource, difficult to resume in quality and species diversity. The USSR adopted a law on the protection and use of the animal world (1980), work on the preservation of the gene pool is underway, the conditions for restoring the number of certain types (Sterch et al.) And the selection restoration of exterminated animal species (bison).

Landscape - recreational natural resources, habitat living organisms, human settlements, industrial structures, roads, reserve of biosphere reserves, reserves, etc. According to the UNESCO program, "Man and Biosphere" (1971), a draft conservation of natural zones is being implemented and the genetic material contained in them. By 1984, 226 biosphere reserves were created in 62 countries - standards of natural landscapes. In the USSR, issues of protection and use of soil and landscape resources are regulated by the foundations of the Land Law of the Union of SSR and the Union republics (1968), the laws on the protection of the nature of the Union republics.

In addition to the above principal classification of natural resources on a utilitarian basis, energy, water, land, mineral, vegetable and other natural resources are highlighted, which is reflected in a variety of classifications on one- and multipurpose use of natural resources by various sectors of social production, health care, etc. Separate types of natural resources are potential, their use in the future depends on the achievements of science and technology, on the level of international cooperation and the environmental self-consciousness of humanity.

Stages of mastering natural resources. In the early stages historical Development HUMAN HUNTING AND FISHING WITH MINERAL MEASURES OF MINERAL RESOURCES (rocks, minerals as instruments in Paleolithic and neolithic) with practically complete recycling of waste in natural ecosystems. At the subsequent stages of a processing society with the emergence and growth of agriculture and animal husbandry, soil resources, vegetation, water for irrigation, some sources of energy (wind, water flows, animal strength) have become increasingly used, and the culture of metals and alloys (, bronze, Gold, iron, etc.), ceramics, natural stone (religious buildings, roads, engineering facilities, sculpture, jewelry).

With capitalism sharply increased the intensity of the use of natural resources as a whole, incl. Fuel and minerals If estimated, a person in antiquity used to 19 chemical elements, then by the beginning of the 20th century - already 59, and in 1985 all chemical elements identified in the earth's crust are used. Natural resources were the subject of studying many naturalists of pre-revolutionary Russia (P. I. Richkov, I. I. Lepёkhin, A. I. Wayers, etc.). V. I. Vernadsky and formulated the most important provision on humanity as a planetary strength, geologically and geochemically transforming world.

From the first years Soviet power Natural resource problems are in the focus of state. In 1919, V. I. Lenin was tasked: "In order to preserve the source of our raw materials, we must achieve the fulfillment and compliance with the scientific and technical rules" (full. Cons. Op., Vol. 43, p. 174). Natural resources announced by the national property are studied by the Commission on the Study of Natural Production Forces and the Problem Commission of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the GCT "Natural Resources of the USSR". Grand extent and accelerated pace of socialist construction received reliable resource support, which contributed to the victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, helped to restore and successfully develop national economy On the basis of own sources of raw materials.

The development of natural resources is reduced to identifying, evaluating, exploration, cadastriroving by type (forest taxation, land inventory, water inventory, counting mineral reserves, etc.), to actually use, savings and protection against exhaustion, maintaining productivity, and Also recovery (reclamation of landscapes and soils, restoration and strengthening of the coast of seas and large reservoirs, soil land reclamation, and the like.). At all stages, the environmental, economic and social justifications of the development of natural resources both in the global plan and the regional and local (natural resources of the Earth as a whole, land and its subsoil, world oceans and its parts, large regions, individual countries and its parts are primary role. Regions, right up to megalopolises and individual settlements, nature reserves, reserves and monuments of nature). Natural unevenness of the spatial distribution of natural resources in the global plan inevitably leads to the need to develop systems geographical separation Labor and integration of social production. The problem of natural resources becomes a number of socio-economic problems of paramount importance in countries serving sources of natural raw materials for other countries.

The study of natural resources is constantly deepened and expands. Successfully apply the most effective achievements of science and technology (remote sensing of the earth's surface with artificial satellites of the Earth and from airplanes, geophysical studies, ultra-deep drilling systems, etc.). Scientific substantive assessments of natural resources (cadastral, technological, economic, social, environmental) are a prerequisite for obtaining the maximum effect on the use of resources at a minimum level. negative consequences For nature and man. According to the most common estimates, the annual extraction of various natural materials and products from the natural environment reaches 35-40 billion tons, during the burning of fuel for the year, up to 15-20 billion tons of atmospheric oxygen (the territory of the United States produces less oxygen than the country consumes it. ), the water consumption of the world exceeds 600 billion tons per year. The sharp territorial uneven consumption of natural materials in the modern world does not reflect the true needs of all mankind. In order to achieve in the future, the entire population of the level of consumption achieved by the most developed countries will need to triple the total production volume of natural resources. At the same time, for certain types of natural resources (fuel, ore), it is necessary to increase production of 10-15 times. The growth of the population and the inevitable increase in the level of consumption of natural resources per capita is even more aggravating the problem. Universal importance acquires the problem of monitoring natural resources, developing a natural resource management system by type and in general. At the same time, the main emphasis is placed on the integrated use of natural resources, the development of waste-free and low-waste industrial resource-saving technologies, recycled water supply, disposal of gas-dye emissions of factories, heat and power plants on mineral fuel, control of heat removal of nuclear power plants, etc. Since the growth of reserves, not renewable natural resources, has the limit, is important to search for new types of raw materials, fuel, energy (solar obtained on Earth or transmitted from space power plants; thermonuclear, heat of earthly subsoil, etc.). Inevitably, the complete use of secondary resources, involvement in the economic circulation of renewable natural resources instead of amperate species of raw materials, the introduction of new methods of mining, hydroponics in agriculture, etc. Such problems of saving and protecting natural resources are also saved for renewable resources.

Natural resources are various material substances and forces of nature.

They can act as a means of labor, sources of raw materials, energy and as consumption items.

Classification of natural resources.

The classification of natural resources is based on three traits.

By sources of origin Natural resources can be biological, mineral or energy.

By accessories to one or another components of nature Land Fund, Forest Fund, Water Resources, Energy Resources, Living Resources, Minerals.

By degree of degrees Eliminate inexhaustible resources (space and climatic resources - air, precipitation, solar radiation, wind energy, sea tides and sings, etc.), and exhausted, which are divided into renewable and renewable.

Renewablebiological resources (animals and plants) are considered if the activity did not deprive their ability to reproduce, and some minerals, such as salts, besieged in lags and marine lagoons. Their renewal comes from different speed. The spending rate of renewable resources should not exceed the pace of their recovery, otherwise they will quickly become renewable.

Renewableare the majority of mineral resources - ores, clays, sands, oil, gas, rare earth elements, etc. If we speak more precisely - they can be restored, but for long geological eras. That is, much slower than their use of human use in a foreseeable period of time. Basically, it is wealth of subsoil, or minerals. Their protection lies in a careful rational integrated use with the smallest loss, as well as the search for a substitute.

The current state of the most important natural resources for humans.

Mineral and energy resources of the ocean.

Mineral resources of the ocean include various solid, liquid and gaseous natural substances in a form that makes it economically beneficial to extract them this moment or in the future as an industrial or energy raw material. Mineral resources are either in a dissolved state in sea water, or in the form of sediments on the seabed.

Land resources.

Soil is the main wealth that the existence of man depends on

The soil arose as a result of the effects of organisms, the atmosphere and natural waters on the surface of rocks in a variety of climate and terrain relief in the conditions of earthly gravity.

On the total area of \u200b\u200bthe planet, which is 510 million square meters, 29.2% falls on the share of sushi, that is, the land foundation is 149 million square meters.

The ratio of the most meaningful categories Lands in the Land Fund Planet:

3.Shole resources .

Forests play a crucial role in the preservation of water and land resources, in improving the surrounding seats.

Their functions:

Traceable;

Soil protection (anti-erosion);

Climate-forming.

They define biogeochemical cycles, participating in the process of photosynthesis.

The average forestry of our planet is 27%.

Forests, especially in developing countries, predatory are operated.

So, in Africa, more than 1/3 has already disappeared, in Asia - more than 2/5 of the original forest area. The rate of destruction of tropical forests is now 7 times higher than 50 years ago.

In addition, many forests are annually destroyed by forest fires, more often natural or by negligence, but sometimes deliberate.

We remind you that 40 million tons of wood are burned on the planet every year. Observations from space show that in Siberia at the place of cutting the terrain occurs.

4.Wurts subsoil (minerals).

Subsorate resources, or fossil resources refer to the category of non-renovable. The general reserves on the planet are reduced as much. The process of their recovery goes so slowly that in the short historical period it is almost impaired. In most cases, fossil resources as a fuel base and as raw materials for industrial production.

It is 75% of raw materials for the chemical industry, 85% - for electric power industry.

In 100% of mineral resources, color and black metallurgy, the nuclear industry and the production of building materials

Information about the explored and final reserves of some minerals of our planet (years of consumption):

According to scientists forecasts, by 2050 there are almost all economically cost-effective reserves of combustible organic fossils - coal, oil, gas, will be exhausted. This is especially true of oil and gas.

It is known that the burning of all types of fuels is accompanied by intensive pollution of the environment and entering the atmosphere of a huge amount of carbon dioxide, therefore the search for new sources of energy and new methods of its production is constantly being.

Recently, increasingly talking about the energy crisis on the planet. According to the estimates of scientists of the explored reserves of organic fuel (coal, oil and gas), there is enough relatively for a while (oil - for 35 years, gas for 50 years, less used and environmentally friendly "dirty" coal - for 425 years). On the other hand, the average annual pace of energy consumption on the planet is falling and there are still many undiluted inventories of organic fuel, including at the bottom of the seas and oceans. Nevertheless, with ecological positions, humanity is already more profitable to switch to the use of environmentally friendly and relatively inexhaustible sources of energy, such as nuclear, solar, wind and dr.

Others, including alternative energy sources.

Hydropower. The prospects for this direction are not very optimistic. The fact is that the construction of hydrostations adversely affects the natural environment: forcedly created biologically low-productive reservoirs cause flooding of adjacent, often fertile territories, change the terrain and climate, violated natural roads valuable species passing fish, in particular, sturgeon, salmon and carp, on their traditional spawning.

Prospects for nuclear power.

Of course, in principle, the development of atomic energy for humanity is necessary.

Economically the developed countries Investmental funds in the construction of safe NPPs and develop their nuclear power on this basis. There are no such funds from countries with such funds yet, there are still a number of stations built on the Chernobyl NPP technology (for example, the Ignalin NPP in Lithuania). As the economies of such countries develop and at the request of the world community, the old stations will be closed and can be conserved, but the construction of modernized NPPs will be launched, alternative energy will develop strongly.

Other alternative renewable energy sources.

This includes, above all, helium, wind power and hydrothermal

energy.

6.Reurry atmosphere.

The atmosphere has a lot of about one velomillion lobe from the mass of the Earth. However, the climatic, geophysical and environmental role of the atmosphere is enormous.

It defines the overall climatic mode of the earth's surface, protects it from harmful cosmic radiation, the dynamics of winds determines the flow of water in the oceans, seas and freshwater reservoirs.

The precipitation, humidity and air temperature determines the state of the soil and hydrosphere, and through them affects the economic relief process.

The air is the most important prerequisite Life existence on earth.

The modern gas composition of the atmosphere, as well as the chemical composition of the water in the ocean - the result of the long historical development of our planet. The main components of atmospheric air - nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (21%) and water pairs. All 280 trillion tons of atmospheric oxygen - biogenic origin. As a result of technogenic pollution into the atmosphere, such gases like carbon oxide, or carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, for example, methane (CH 4), isolated during the decomposition of organic residues, and many other pollutants entering the atmosphere as technical products Civilization.

Although the atmospheric air refers to the categories of inexhaustible natural resources, but changes in its composition in separate areas, especially over industrial centers, are so strong that high-quality exhaustion occurs, as if the "exhaustion" of this resource.

Therefore, in environmental practice, the atmospheric air is viewed as a resource, the resumption of which must be constantly taken care, supporting the atmosphere favorable for life.

Fresh water resources.

Water is one of the main components of life on Earth. It is used by a person for drinking needs, in agriculture, as raw materials for energy production, in various industrial production, for shipping, forestlava, aquaculture, etc. Water on Earth is constantly in the cycle, spent and restored.

the total margin of fresh water on Earth in what is the time of time is estimated at 2120 ccm, but due to the continuous circulation, the annual volume of freshwater is about 23 times more and amounts to about 47 thousand cubic meters.

Freshwater is spread over continents unevenly. Most of all it is in South America (1000 cubic meters), in Asia (565 cubic meters). Less - in North America (250 cubic meters), Africa (195 cubic meters), Europe (80 cubic meters) and Australia with Oceania (25 cubic meters).

Of the countries are most provided with fresh water Brazil. Annual stock Amazon

is 6930 cubic meters per year, which is almost 1.5 times higher than the drain of all rivers in the territory former USSR. In Russia, the main supply of fresh water is concentrated in Lake Baikal (23 thousand cubic meters), which is 80% of freshwater reserves of the CIS and 20% of world stocks.

8.Rears of fertile lands.

Every year, 6-11 million hectares of land deserted in the world. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe used lands has already decreased from 4.5 to 2.5 billion hectares. Anthropogenic desert area on the planet is estimated at more than 13 million square meters. Only one sugar went up for 60 years by 700 thousand square meters. (70 mln). The commercial sugar is expanding 1.5-10 km, daily - by 5-30 m. So, for example, 3 thousand years BC On the site of the Sahara was savanna with a developed river system, then it happened. The following types of erosions are also caused harm to the soil cover: 12% of Africa's water erosion covered, only 20-40 tons of soil cover with ha) are washed off per season, erosion under the influence of excessive livestock density and re-paint and erosion as a result of forest information. Under the influence of erosion different types Soils in Africa by the end of the twentieth century will be reduced by 20%, further desertification will occur, as in Latin America, South Asia, Kazakhstan and the Volga region.

Live, or biological resources.

As we already know, the biomass of the organisms living on earth are approximately 2423 billion, of which 99.9% (2420 billion tons) falls on the share of sushi organisms and only about 0.1% (3 billion tons) - on The share of the inhabitants of the aqueous medium (hydrobionts).

Of the 2732 thousand types of living organisms of our planet - 2274 thousand species of animals,

and 352 thousand species of plants (the rest is mushrooms and a shotgun).

Vegetation

On land, about 99.2% of the total biomass falls on the proportion of vegetation, which has the property of photosynthesis, and only 0.8% - to the share of animals and microorganisms.

In total, the biosphere of the "living matter" is only 0.25% of the mass of the entire biosphere and 0.01% of the mass of the entire planet.

A person uses for its purposes only about 3% of the annual productivity of the sushi phytomass, and from this amount only 10% is transformed into food. According to various estimates, even with modern agricultural engineering, our planet's resources will allow forging more than 15 billion (according to other estimates - up to 40 billion) people.

To solve the food problem, which we have already spoken in other gears, a person uses methods of chemicalization, land reclamation, selection and genetics, biotechnology. Vegetation is also an inexhaustible source of various drugs, used in textile industry, in the construction, furniture manufacturing and various items. Special role Forest resources playing about which we spoke somewhat earlier.

There is a process of extinction of certain types of vegetation. Plants disappear where ecosystems die or transform or transform. On average, each disappeared plant type will carry more than 5 kinds of invertebrate animals.

Animal world.

This is the most important part of the planet's biosphere, numbering about 2274 thousand species of living organisms. Fauna is necessary for the normal functioning of the entire biosphere and cyphans of substances in nature.

Many animal species are used as food, or in pharmaceutical purposes, as well as for the manufacture of clothing, shoes and manufacture of handicrafts. Many of the animals are friends of a person, ledge objects, breeding and genetics (dogs, cats, etc.).

The animal world belongs to the group of exhausted renewed natural resources, but a targeted extermination by a person of certain animal species led to the fact that some of them can be considered exhausted non-renewable resources.

Over the past 370 years, 130 species of birds and mammals have disappeared from the fauna of the Earth. The rate of extinction continuously increased, especially in the last 2 century. Now the extinction faces approximately 1 thousand types of birds and mammals.

Great harm also applies sports hunting, unregulated amateur fishing and poaching. Many animals are killed because of the allegedly high medicinal value of individual parts of their body or organs. In addition to direct animal destruction, a person has an indirect influence on them - changes the natural environment, changes the composition and structure of natural communities and ecosystems.

Thus, reducing forest area in Europe led forests in Europe led to the disappearance of many small animals here. The hydrostralization on the rivers of the European part of the USSR led to a change in the regime and the composition of the fauna of the South European and East Asian seas - the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aralsky.

The summarizing can be unambiguously approved - humanity in the 21st century it is necessary to reconsider its attitude towards the environment, it is not too late. Earth gives the last chance ...

"Comment from a specialist"

Every year about one hundred billion tons of resources, including fuel, and ninety billions of which are subsequently transformed into waste from the subsoil of the Earth. Therefore, the issue of resource saving in our days has become very relevant. If only twenty-chemical elements of the Mendeleev table used at the beginning of the last century, then in our time more ninety. Over the past four decades, resources consumption have increased twenty-five times, and the amount of production waste has been a hundred times

The rational use of natural resources is the most important problem of modern society. The development of progress in science and technology is accompanied by a negative impact on nature. Natural conditions "This is what a person cannot affect, a climate can be brought as an example. Natural resources are the phenomena of nature or objects used to meet the material needs of society or for the production that promote the creation and maintenance of the conditions necessary for the existence of humanity, as well as to increase living standards. The rational use of natural resources is a consequence of their reasonable study, which prevents the possibility of the malicious consequences of the human activity, increases and maintains the productivity of natural complexes and objects of nature. Parviz Akilov

"This publication / program has been prepared with the support of the European Union. The content of this publication is the subject of the responsibility of Farrum Fayzulloeva and does not reflect the view of the European Union. "

What is natural resources? Classification of natural resources

Under natural resources, the components of the environment used in the process of social proceedings to meet the material and cultural needs of society are understood. In a narrower interpretation, it is the bodies and forces of nature, which in the production process is extracted from it (for example, minerals, hydroresours). The main types of natural resources are solar energy, internally heat, water resources, land, mineral, forest, fish, vegetable, animal resources, etc.

Natural resources are an important part of the national wealth of the country and the source of the creation of material goods and services. The process of reproduction is essentially a continuous process of interaction between society and nature, in which society subordinates the forces of nature and natural resources to meet the needs. Natural resources largely predetermine not only the socio-economic potential of the country and the region and the effectiveness of social production, but also health, and the life expectancy of the population.

The main components of natural resources are:

- Water resources - water reserves used as a source of water supply for industrial and household needs, hydropower, as well as transport highways, etc.
- Land resources -Reurs used or intended for use in agriculture, under construction in settlements, under iron and highways, as well as other structures, reserves, parks, squares, etc., occupied by minerals, etc. Land resources, until recently considered an unproduced element of natural resources.
-Lesh resources - raw materials (used to obtain wood), as well as forests of various appointments - health (sanitary-resort), field - and forest protection, water protection, etc.
- mineral resources - All natural components of the lithosphere used or intended for use in the production of products and services as mineral raw materials in natural form or after preparation, enrichment and processing (iron, manganese, chrome, lead, etc.) or energy sources.
- Energy resources - a set of all types of energy: sun and space, atomic energy, fuel and energy (in the form of mineral reserves), thermal, hydropower, etc.
- Biological resources are all the living components of the biosphere with the genetic material concluded in them. They are sources of manufacturing material and spiritual benefits. These include fishing facilities (stocks of fish in natural and artificial water bodies), cultivated plants, pets, picturesque landscapes, microorganisms, i.e. This includes plant resources, the resources of the animal world (the stocks of the fur beast in natural conditions; reserves reproducible in artificial conditions) and others.

Natural resources are used as waters (land, waterways, water for irrigation); Energy sources (combustible fossil, hydro and wind energy, atomic fuel, biofuels, etc.); raw materials and materials (minerals, wood, bioresources, technical water reserves); Direct consumption objects (air oxygen, medicinal plants, food - drinking water, wild plants, mushrooms, hunting and fishing products), recreation objects, medium-protected objects. Due to the dual character of the concept of "natural resources", reflecting their natural origin, on the one hand, and economic, economic significance - on the other, have been developed and widely used in special and geographical literature several classifications.

There are quite a lot of classifications of natural resources, but three of them are most important.

First, it is a classification of natural resources on the natural source of their origin, or genesis, in accordance with which they are divided into lithosphere resources (mineral, land, soil), hydrosphere (sushi and the world's ocean water, energy of rivers, tides and sings), Atmospheric (climatic, wind), biosphere (vegetable and animal world).

Secondly, it is a classification of natural resources for their possible use in human economic activity. In this case, we are talking about resources for industrial production (mineral, water, forest, etc.), for agricultural production (agro-climatic, land, soil, water, etc.), for transport, for recreation and tourism, etc. They can be considered more fractionally - for example, as resources for the fuel and energy industry, for metallurgy, chemical, forest, textile industry, for construction.

Natural resources of the non-productive sphere or direct consumption are also distinguished. These are primarily the resources made of natural medium (wild animals that make up the object of fishing hunting, wild-growing medicinal plants), as well as resources of recreational economy, resources of protected areas and a number of others.

Thirdly, this is a classification of natural resources by the degree of their exhaustibility (Fig. 1).

In this case, they are divided into two large groups - exhausted and inexhaustible resources. In the group of exhaustable resources, in turn, non-renewable resources are allocated, the economic exploitation of which ultimately can lead to their exhaustion and even exhaustion, renewable resources within the biosphere cycle of substances and capable of self-restoration and partially renewable.

Exhausted resources are formed in the earth's crust or landscape sphere, but the volume and speed of their formation are measured by a geological scale of time. At the same time, the need for such resources by production or for the firm of favorable habitats of human society significantly exceed the volume and speed of natural replenishment. As a result, the exhaustion of natural resource reserves is inevitably. The group of exhausted includes resources with unequal rates and formation volumes. This allows them to carry out additional differentiation. Based on the intensity and speed of natural education, resources are divided into subgroups:

1. Non-renewable to which include:
- a) all types of mineral resources or minerals. They are known to be constantly formed in the depths of the earth's crust as a result of a continuously occurring routing process, but the scale of their accumulation is so insignificant, and the rate of education is measured by many dozens and hundreds of millions of years (for example, the age of stone coal has more than 350 million years), which is practically They cannot be taken into account in economic calculations. The development of mineral raw materials occurs according to the historic scale of time and is characterized by the all-growing volumes of withdrawal. In this regard, all mineral resources are considered as not only exhausted, but also non-renewable.
- b) land resources in their natural natural video - This is a material basis on which the vital activity of human society occurs. The morphological device of the surface (i.e. relief) significantly affects economic activities, on the possibility of mastering the territory. Once disturbed lands (for example, careers) with large industrial or civil construction in their natural form no longer restore.
2. Renewable resources to which the resources of the plant and animal world belong.

And those and others are restored pretty quickly, and the volumes of natural resumption are well and completely calculated. Therefore, with the company of the economic use of accumulated stocks of wood in the forests, herb in meadows or pastures, wildlife fishing within not exceeding the annual resumption, you can completely avoid exhausting resources.

Relatively renewable resources include very scarce natural wealth:

a) productive arable soil;

The most productive soils belonging to the first class of fertility are occupied by FAO estimates, only 400 million hectares. Productive soils are formed extremely slowly - on the formation of 1 mm layer, for example, chernozem soils, is required for more than 100 years. At the same time, the processes of accelerated erosion, stimulated by irrational land use, a few centimeters of the upper, most valuable arable layer can be destroyed in one year. Anthropogenic soil destruction occurs in recent decades so intensively, which gives reason to attribute soil resources to the category "relatively renewable".

b) forests with stands of ripe age;
c) Water resources in the regional aspect.

Well known is the fact of practical inexhaustibility of water resources on a planetary scale. However, on the surface of sushi, freshwater stocks are focused unevenly, and in extensive areas there is a shortage of waters suitable for use in water use systems. Especially strongly suffer from lack of water arid and subaride areas, where irrational water consumption (for example, water intake in volumes exceeding the volume of natural replenishment of free waters) is accompanied by rapid and often disastrous exhaustion of water pipes. Therefore, it is necessary to accurate accounting for the number of permissible seizure of the water resource by region.

Inexhaustible resources. Among the bodies and phenomena of nature of resource importance are also those that are practically inexhaustible. These include climatic and water resources:

-Climatic resources. The most stringent climate requirements are making agriculture, recreational and forestry, industrial and civil engineering, etc. Usually under climatic resources understand the reserves of heat and moisture, which has a concrete area or region. General heat reserves entering for 1 mI. The surface of the planet is equal to 3.16 x 10 J (radiation budget on average for the planet). Geographically, and for the season of the year, heat is unevenly distributed, although an average temperature of the air is equal to the Earth, approximately + 15 ° C. Susha is generally well provided with both atmospheric moisture: on its surface annually falls on average about 119 thousand cubic meters. km of precipitation. But they are distributed even more unevenly than heat, and in spatial and in temporary relations. The landings that receive more than 12,000 mM precipitation are known on land, to extensive terrain, where less than 50-100 mm falls over the year. In average, many years of expression and heat reserves and volumes of falling atmospheric moisture are quite constant, although there may be significant fluctuations in ensuring the territory of heat and moisture from year to year. Since these resources are formed in certain units of thermal and water cycles that are permanent over the planet in general and above its individual regions, heat and moisture reserves can be considered as inexhaustible in certain quantitative limits established for each area.
- Planet resources. The earth has a colossal volume of water - about 1.5 billion km. However, 98% of this volume make up the salted waters of the World Ocean, and only 28 million km am - fresh water. Since the technologies of desalination of salt sea water, the water of the World Ocean and Salted Lakes can be considered as potential water resources, the use of which in the future is quite possible. Annually renewable freshwater reserves in different estimates range from 41 to 45 thousand km (full river flow resources). World economy Consumes for its needs about 4-4.5 thousand km, which is approximately 10% of the total water, and, therefore, subject to the principles of rational water use, these resources can be considered as inexhaustible. However, in violation of these principles, the situation may sharply sharpen, and even a deficit of clean fresh waters can be felt on a planetary scale. In the meantime, the natural environment annually "gives" humanity 10 times more water than he needs to meet a wide variety of needs.

When using the given classification, the focus is on the patterns of the spatial and temporary formation of certain types of resources, their quantitative, qualitative characteristics, the characteristics of their regime, the volume of natural reserves. Scientific understanding of the entire complex of natural processes involved in the creation and accumulation of a natural resource allows you to more correctly calculate the role and place of a group of resources in the process of social proceedings, the economy system, and most importantly, it makes it possible to identify the limit volumes of the resource from the natural environment, not allowing His depletion or deterioration of quality.

Natural resources are an important part of the country's national wealth, a source of creating material goods and services. Main types of resources. Classification of natural resources by origin, on the basis of exhaustion. Natural resources of the non-productive sphere.

1. The concept of "natural resources" and their types

The main components of the environment are natural environmental systems: earth, its subsoil, surface and groundwater, atmospheric air, animal world, natural reserves and national parks - everything that is customary called the natural environment.

Natural resources are bodies and forces of nature, which at this stage of development of the Company's productive forces can be used as items of consumption or means of production, and the public utility of which changes (directly or indirectly) under the influence of human activity.

The main types of natural resources are solar energy, inland heat, water resources, land, mineral, forest, fish, plant, animal resources, etc..

Natural resources are an important part of the national wealth of the country and the source of the creation of material goods and services. The reproduction process is essentially a continuous process of interaction between society and nature in which society subordinates the forces of nature and natural resources to meet the needs. Natural resources largely predetermine not only the socio-economic potential of the country and the region and the effectiveness of social production, but also health, and the life expectancy of the population.

Natural resources are an object of study in two aspects: as the most important part of the socio-economic potential implemented in the process of creating a gross domestic product, part of the national wealth of the country; As the basis of the natural environment to be protected, restoration and reproduction.

The main components of natural resources are:

Water resources - water supplies used as a source of water supply for industrial and household needs, hydropower, as well as transport highways, etc.

Land resources - resources used or intended for use in agriculture, under construction in settlements, under iron and highways, as well as other structures, reserves, parks, squares, etc., occupied by minerals and other land Resources, until recently considered a non-refined element of natural resources.

Forest resources - raw materials (used to obtain wood), as well as forests of various purposes - wellness (sanitary-resort), field - and forestry, water protection, etc.

Mineral resources - all natural components of lithosphere, used or intended for use in the manufacture of products and services as mineral raw materials in natural form or after preparation, enrichment and processing (iron, manganese, chrome, lead, etc.) or energy sources.

Energy resources are a set of all types of energy: sun and space, atomic energy, fuel and energy (in the form of mineral reserves), thermal, hydropower, wind energy, etc.

Biological resources are all live international components of the biosphere with a genetic material enclosed in them. They are sources of manufacturing material and spiritual benefits. These include fishing facilities (stocks of fish in natural and artificial water bodies), cultivated plants, pets, picturesque landscapes, microorganisms, i.e. This includes plant resources, the resources of the animal world (the stocks of the fur beast in natural conditions; reserves reproducible in artificial conditions) and others.

2. Classification of natural resources

There are different approaches to the classification of natural resources:

I. Classification of natural resources by origin. Natural resources (body or nature of nature) occur in natural environments (waters, atmosphere, vegetable or soil cover, etc.) and in space formed certain combinations, changing within the boundaries of natural-territorial complexes. On this basis, they are divided into two groups: resources of natural components and resources of natural-territorial complexes.

1. Resources of natural components. Each type of natural resource is usually formed in one of the landscape shell components. It is managed by the same natural factors that create this natural component and affect its features and territorial placement. By belonging to the components of the landscape shell allocate resources: 1) Mineral, 2) climatic, 3) aquatic, 4) vegetable, 5) land, 6) soil, 7) animal world. This classification is widely used in domestic and foreign literature.

2. Resources of natural and territorial complexes. On the this level The units take into account the complexity of the natural resource potential of the territory arising from the corresponding complex structure of the landscape shell itself. Each landscape (or natural-territorial complex) has a certain set of diverse species of natural resources. Depending on the properties of the landscape, its place in the general structure of the landscape shell, the combination of resource types of their quantitative and qualitative characteristics Change very significantly, determining the possibilities of mastering and organizing material production. Almost any landscape has climatic, aquatic, land, soil and other resources, but the possibilities of economic use are very different. In one case, favorable conditions for the extraction of mineral raw materials can be developed, in others - for the cultivation of valuable cultivated plants or for the organization of industrial production, the resort complex, etc. On this basis, natural resource territorial complexes are allocated for the most preferred (or preferred) type of economic development. They are divided into: 1) mining, 2) agricultural, 3) water management, 4) forestry, 5) residential, 6) recreational, etc.

Using only one classification of resource species by their origin is not enough, as it does not reflect the economic importance of resources and their economic role. Among the systems of classification of natural resources, reflecting their economic significance and role in the system of social proceedings, the classification in the direction and forms of economic use of resources is more often applied.

II. Classification by type of economic use. The main criterion of resource division in this classification is to attribute them to various sectors of material production. On this basis, natural resources are divided into industrial and agricultural resources.

1. Industrial resources. This subgroup includes all types of natural raw materials used by industry. Types of natural resources are differentiated as follows:

1) Energy, which include a variety of resources used at the present stage of the development of science and technology for energy production: a) combustible minerals (oil, coal, gas, uranium, bituminous slates, etc.); b) hydropower resources - energy of freely falling river water, tidal-wave energy of seawater, etc.; c) sources of bioconversion energy - the use of fuel wood, biogas production from agricultural waste; d) nuclear raw materials used to obtain atomic energy;

2) Neenergetic comprising subgroup of natural resources that supply raw materials for various industries or are involved in manufacturing on technological necessary: \u200b\u200ba) minerals that are not related to the Kau fraud; b) water used for industrial water supply; c) land employed by industrial facilities and infrastructure facilities; d) forest resources supplying raw materials for the forestry and the construction industry; e) Fish resources refer to this subgroup conditionally, since now the mining of fish and the processing of the catch has acquired an industrial nature.

2. Agricultural resources. They combine the types of resources involved in the creation of agricultural products: (a) Agroclimatic - heat and moisture resources necessary for the production of cultivated plants or grazing; b) soil-land resources - the land and its upper layer - soil, which has a unique property to produce biomass, is considered as a natural resource and as a means of production in crop production; c) vegetable feed resources - resources of biocenoses, which serve as a feed base of grazed livestock; d) Water resources - water used in crop for irrigation, and in animal husbandry - for the drain and livestock content.

Sh. Classification on the basis of exhaustibility. When taking into account the reserves of natural resources and the volumes of their possible economic seizure, we use ideas about the exhaustion of stocks. All natural resources on exhaustibility are divided into two groups: exhausted and inexhaustible.

1. Exhausted resources. They are formed in the earth's crust or landscape sphere, but the volumes and speeds of their formation are measured by the geological scale of time. At the same time, the need for such resources by production or to organize favorable habitats of human society significantly exceed the volume and speed of natural replenishment. As a result, the exhaustion of natural resource reserves is inevitably. The group of exhausted includes resources with unequal rates and formation volumes. This allows them to carry out additional differentiation. Based on the intensity and speed of natural education, resources are divided into subgroups:

1. Non-renewable to which include: a) all types of mineral resources or minerals. They are known to be constantly formed in the depths of the earth's crust as a result of a continuously occurring routing process, but the scale of their accumulation is so insignificant, and the rate of education is measured by many dozens and hundreds of millions of years (for example, the age of stone coal has more than 350 million years), which is practically They cannot be taken into account in economic calculations. The development of mineral raw materials occurs according to the historic scale of time and is characterized by the all-growing volumes of withdrawal. In this regard, all mineral resources are considered as not only exhausted, but also non-renewable. b) Land resources in their natural natural form are a material basis, which occurs in the vital activity of human society. The morphological device of the surface (i.e. relief) significantly affects economic activities, on the possibility of mastering the territory. Once disturbed lands (for example, careers) with large industrial or civil construction in their natural form no longer restore.

2. Renewable resources to which belong: a) vegetable and b) animal resources. And those and others are restored pretty quickly, and the volume of natural resumption is good and accurately calculated. Therefore, when organizing the economic use of accumulated stocks of wood in the forests, herb in meadows or pastures, wild animal fishery within not exceeding the annual resumption, you can completely avoid exhausting resources.

3. Relatively (not fully) renewable. Some resources, although restored in historical segments of time, but renewable volumes of their significantly less volumes of economic consumption. That is why such types of resources are highly vulnerable and require particularly careful control from human. Relatively renewable resources include very deficient natural wealth: a) productive arable soil; b) forests with stands of ripe age; c) Water resources in the regional aspect.