dated December 30, 2009 N 384-FZ "Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures", compliance with the requirements of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ "On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on the introduction of On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts Russian Federation", increasing the level of harmonization regulatory requirements with European and international regulatory documents, application of uniform methods for determining operational characteristics and assessment methods. The requirements of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ “Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements” were also taken into account.
The update was carried out by the team of authors of OJSC "TsNIIPromzdanii": General director dr tech. sciences, prof. V.V. Granev, deputy general director Ph.D. tech. sciences, prof. CM. Glikin, head of the scientific research sector, Ph.D. tech. Sciences T.E. Storozhenko, leading researcher Doctor of Architecture, prof. B.S. Istomin.
Amendment No. 1 to SP 56.13330.2011 was prepared by a team of authors: topic leader - Dr. Tech. sciences, prof. V.V. Granev, executive - head of the scientific research sector, Ph.D. tech. Sciences T.E. Storozhenko (JSC "TsNIIPromzdanii").
1.1 This set of rules must be observed at all stages of the creation and operation of industrial and laboratory buildings, industrial and laboratory premises, workshops (functional fire hazard class F5.1), as well as warehouse buildings and premises intended for storing substances, materials, products and raw materials (cargo) (functional fire hazard class F5.2), including those built into buildings with other functional fire hazard, in order to meet the requirements.
1.2 This joint venture does not apply to buildings and premises for the production and storage of explosives and explosives, for military purposes, underground structures of subways, mine workings, warehouse buildings and premises for the storage of dry mineral fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, explosive, radioactive and potent toxic substances, flammable gases, non-flammable gases in containers under a pressure of more than 70 kPa, oil and petroleum products, rubber, celluloid, flammable plastics and film, cement, cotton, flour, animal feed, furs, furs and fur products, agricultural products, as well as design of buildings and premises for refrigerators and granaries.
1.3 When creating workshops or warehouses (areas) at an enterprise intended for the use of the labor of disabled people, one should also be guided by the uniform sanitary and epidemiological rules for enterprises (production associations), workshops and areas intended for the use of labor of disabled people and old-age pensioners, requirements, with taking into account .
In cases where enterprises or warehouses provide for the possibility of using the labor of disabled people, additional requirements specified in the relevant paragraphs of this set of rules should be observed, depending on the type of disability.
Note - When using this set of rules, it is advisable to check the effect of reference standards and classifiers in information system common use- on the official website of the National Body of the Russian Federation for Standardization on the Internet or according to the annually published information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly information indexes published this year. If the reference document is replaced (changed), then when using this set of rules you should be guided by the replaced (changed) document. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference to it is given applies to the extent that does not affect this reference.
To combine, as a rule, in one building premises for various production facilities, warehouse premises, including premises for expeditions, acceptance, sorting and packaging of goods, administrative and service premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;
Accept the number of floors and the height of the building within the limits established by 5.29, based on the results of comparison of technical and economic indicators of options for locating a production or warehouse in buildings of different number of floors (heights), taking into account the provision high level architectural solutions and energy efficiency;
Space-planning and design decisions should be made in accordance with the technological part of the project, developed in accordance with technological design standards. Space-planning solutions for warehouse buildings should provide the possibility of their reconstruction, changing the technology of storing goods without significant restructuring of the buildings;
When blocking individual workshops, warehouses and structures, if possible, avoid differences in the height of building spans and internal corners of external enclosing structures;
Accept buildings without light openings, if this is allowed by technology conditions, sanitary and epidemiological requirements and economic feasibility;
Mainly use buildings with enlarged blocks of engineering and technological equipment in a prefabricated prefabricated block design;
Develop space-planning solutions, engineering support systems taking into account environmental requirements, relevant legislative acts Russian Federation.
4.4 The placement in production buildings of consumable (intermediate) warehouses of raw materials and semi-finished products in the quantities established by the technological design standards to ensure a continuous technological process is allowed directly in the production premises, openly or behind mesh fences. In the absence of such data in the technological design standards, the quantity of specified loads should, as a rule, be no more than one and a half shift requirements.
4.5 The safety of people in buildings must be ensured by sanitary, epidemiological and microclimatic conditions: the absence of harmful substances in the air of work areas above the maximum permissible concentrations, minimal release of heat and moisture into the premises; absence of noise, vibration, ultrasound levels, electromagnetic waves, radio frequencies, static electricity and ionizing radiation above permissible values, as well as limitation of physical activity, attention stress and prevention of fatigue of workers in accordance with hygienic requirements for the organization of technological processes, production equipment and working tools, as well as the requirements of current sanitary and epidemiological regulations.
4.6 The implementation of the technological process and compliance with the requirements for the microclimate of the premises must be carried out taking into account the economical use of energy resources.
Engineering systems must have automatic or manual control of the air supply system. Building heating systems must be equipped with devices to regulate heat flow.
Buildings and structures at the production site must be located in such a way as to provide the most favorable conditions for natural light and ventilation of premises.
As a rule, industrial buildings and structures are located on the territory of the enterprise along the production process and are grouped taking into account the common sanitary and fire safety requirements, electricity consumption, and human flows.
Particularly noisy industries (forging, riveting) with a noise level of more than 90 dBA should be located in isolated buildings and premises.
Production with significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings.
If the concentration of harmful emissions does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, then it is possible to remove them from the building naturally (aeration). In this case, it is desirable that the longitudinal axis of the building be perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. If the concentration of harmful emissions exceeds the permissible limits, then the room must be equipped with effective supply and exhaust ventilation with purification of the exhaust air.
All buildings, structures and warehouses are located in zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the operating mode.
The area of procurement shops (foundry, forging, thermal) is located closer to railway on the territory of the plant.
Area of processing and mechanical assembly shops, as well as warehouses finished products, expedition, etc. are concentrated near the procurement shops and near the main entrance as workshops with big amount working.
The area of auxiliary shops (tool shop, mechanical repair shop, etc.) is usually located near the processing and procurement shops.
Woodworking shops, due to their high fire hazard, are located as far as possible from hot shops.
The area of energy devices (CHP, boiler houses, fuel warehouses) is located on the leeward side in relation to other workshops due to their increased gas, smoke and dust emissions. A pre-factory site is created at the main entrance of the plant, where administrative, educational, and utility buildings are located. The plant administration, clinic, and canteen are located outside the plant fence and must have entrances from the street.
The main warehouses of toxic, explosive and flammable liquids must be located outside the factory premises at distances determined special rules. In accordance with sanitary standards, distances (gaps) between industrial buildings and structures are established. The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must be no less than the greatest height to the eaves of the opposing buildings.
Between separate buildings of buildings with a semi-closed courtyard (P and W-shaped development), the gap size must be at least 15 m. In closed courtyards, through passages are made with a width of at least 4 m and a height of at least 3.5 m. Gaps between buildings, in where particularly noisy industries are located, and the neighboring ones must be at least 100 m. When determining the gaps between buildings, the requirements for sanitary and fire hazards are compared. If the sanitary gaps are smaller than the fire gaps, the required fire gap is accepted.
The location of buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise relative to the cardinal points and the direction of the prevailing winds should provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.
Industrial buildings and structures are usually located on the territory of the enterprise during the production process. At the same time, they should be grouped taking into account the common sanitary and fire safety requirements, as well as taking into account electricity consumption, traffic and human flows.
Production operations associated with the occurrence of particularly sharp noise (with a level of more than 90 dB A) must be located in isolated buildings or premises.
When combining workshops with different sanitary and hygienic conditions in one building, rooms with the same harmfulness must be grouped and located adjacently, isolating more harmful areas from less harmful ones.
Production facilities accompanied by significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings. At the same time, the width and profile of the roof of such buildings should ensure the most effective removal harmful secretions naturally (aeration). To create the most favorable conditions for natural ventilation, the longitudinal axis of the building should be located perpendicularly or at an angle of at least 45° to the direction of the prevailing winds.
Production processes accompanied by air pollution of the working area with harmful emissions should be located in isolated rooms.
Rooms in hot shops that have significant heat generation from process equipment, heated materials, as well as rooms with harmful emissions (gases, dust, vapors) should be located near the outer walls of the building, which facilitates the flow of fresh air and natural ventilation of the room. In rooms with harmful emissions, which, according to the conditions of the technological process, cannot be placed near the outer walls of the building, the flow of fresh air should be ensured by artificial ventilation.
All buildings, structures and warehouses are located in zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the operating mode (Fig. 106).
Rice. 106. Schematic diagram of the location of buildings on the territory of an industrial enterprise: 1 - zone of general plant devices; 2 - zone of processing shops; 3 - zone of auxiliary workshops; 4 - hot shop zone; 5 - zone of woodworking shops; 6 - zone of energy devices; 7 - direction of prevailing winds
The hot shop zone (procurement shop zone) unites iron foundries, steel foundries, non-ferrous metal foundries, forging shops, press-forging shops and heat treatment shops. This zone is located closer to the railway line on the territory of the plant.
In the zone of processing workshops, in which workshops for cold metal processing, finishing, assembly (mechanical assembly), etc. are concentrated, as well as forwarding and finished product warehouses, they are located near the procurement workshops and the main entrance as workshops with a large number of workers.
The area of auxiliary shops, which includes tool, mechanical repair, electrical and other shops, is usually located in the center of the service or processing and procurement shops.
The area of woodworking shops includes a woodworking shop, a sawmill, a container shop, a wood dryer, and wood warehouses. Since these workshops are flammable, they are located as far as possible from hot workshops in accordance with fire safety requirements.
In the zone of energy devices, central power plants (CPP), combined heat and power plants (CHP), boiler houses, gas generator stations and fuel depots serving them are located. Since the operation of these installations produces a lot of gases, smoke, fumes, and dust, which pose an increased danger, they are located on the leeward side in relation to other buildings.
The general plant facilities area is intended to accommodate administrative, public, educational, cultural, and utility buildings. This area is located at the main entrance of the plant, where the pre-factory area is created. The buildings of the main office, outpatient clinic (clinic), canteen, fire station are located outside the fence of the factory territory and must have entrances from the street.
Explosive and fire hazardous objects, as well as basic warehouses of combustible and flammable materials, toxic and explosive substances should be located in separate areas outside the territory of enterprises at distances determined by special standards; Protective green strips should be provided between this group of buildings and structures and the adjacent buildings.
The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must be no less than the greatest height to the eaves of the opposing buildings.
Between the individual buildings of a building with a semi-enclosed courtyard (U- or W-shaped development), the gap size should be no less than half the sum of the heights of the opposing buildings, no less than 15 m each, and in the absence of harmful emissions into the space - no less than 12 m.
Between the nearest buildings of a building with a closed courtyard on all sides, the sanitary gap must be at least double the height of the tallest building surrounding the courtyard, but not less than 20 m. In closed courtyards, through passages are made with a width of at least 4 m and a height of at least 4.25 m with a gate passage width of at least 3.5 m.
The gaps between buildings containing particularly noisy industries (with a noise level of more than 90 dB A) and neighboring ones must be at least 100 m (for example, nail production buildings).
Gaps from gas tanks with a capacity of 1000 m3 or more to residential buildings are set in the range from 100 to 150 m, to industrial and auxiliary buildings - from 20 to 60 m.
Open coal warehouses, as well as the most dangerous and harmful industries, must be kept away from industrial buildings no less than 20 m, from household premises - 25 m, and from auxiliary buildings - 50 m. These gaps must be landscaped.
When determining gaps between buildings, the requirements for sanitary and fire hazards are compared. If the sanitary gaps turn out to be smaller than the fire gaps, the required fire gap is accepted.
Roads and passages on the premises of the enterprise should, as a rule, be straight. The width of the roads must correspond to the vehicles used, the loads being moved and the intensity of traffic, and also take into account the presence of oncoming traffic. The carriageway of roads must have a hard surface. Pits and other recesses constructed for technical purposes must be tightly and firmly closed or securely fenced.
In places of particularly intense railway traffic and on the main routes of people's movement, bridges-transitions are installed over the rail tracks or tunnels under the tracks. In the absence of this, crossings must be provided with automatically operating warning devices.
Traffic safety requires that, in addition to providing sufficient passages for transport, special paths (sidewalks) are allocated for the movement of people.
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5. Space planning and design solutions
5.1. Space planning and constructive solutions buildings should help eliminate the possibility of injury when people are in them during movement, work, and use of mobile devices, technological and engineering equipment.
Building structures must have durability and reliability, taking into account possible hazardous impacts, as well as resistance to progressive collapse, confirmed by appropriate calculations.
Reasons and bearing structures buildings during construction and operation should not have cracks, damage and deformations leading to a decrease in the operational properties of buildings.
Structures must be designed to withstand loads from their own weight and structures that rely on them, snow and wind loads, loads from process equipment, transport and engineering equipment in accordance with SP 20.13330, taking into account the perception of impact from hazardous geological processes in the construction area.
Space-planning solutions should be developed taking into account the need to reduce dynamic impacts on building construction, technological processes and workers caused by vibration-active equipment or external sources of vibration.
In long-term buildings, temperature-shrinkage, sedimentary or anti-seismic joints should be provided, depending on their space-planning solutions and natural climatic conditions construction area.
5.2. In order to reduce operating energy costs, it is advisable to make space-planning decisions for the building with minimum value compactness indicator, equal to the ratio the surface area of the outer shell of the building to the volume enclosed in it.
5.3. Energy and sanitary equipment, when permissible under operating conditions, should be placed in open areas, providing local shelters if necessary.
5.4. In premises, the height from the floor to the bottom of protruding ceiling (covering) structures must be at least 2.2 m, the height from the floor to the bottom of protruding parts of communications and equipment in places where people regularly pass and on evacuation routes - at least 2 m, and in places for irregular passage of people - at least 1.8 m. If it is necessary for vehicles to enter the building, the height of the passage must be at least 4.2 m to the bottom of structures, protruding parts of communications and equipment, for fire trucks - at least 4.5 m.
The geometric parameters of mobile (inventory) buildings must comply with the requirements of GOST 22853.
5.5. In buildings and premises that require, according to technology, to maintain stable air parameters and placement of engineering equipment and communications, it is allowed to provide: suspended (suspended) ceilings and false floors - when access to communications does not require a passage for service personnel. To service these communications, it is allowed to design hatches and vertical steel ladders; technical floors - when, according to technology conditions, for servicing engineering equipment, communications and auxiliary technological devices located on these floors, the construction of passages is required, the height of which is taken in accordance with 5.4.
5.6. The entry of railway tracks into buildings may be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project and taking into account the requirements of 5.43. The top of the railway track heads should be at the finished floor level.
5.7. In multi-storey buildings with a height of more than 15 m from the planning level of the ground to the level of the finished floor of the upper floor (not counting the technical floor) and the presence at an elevation of more than 15 m of permanent workplaces or equipment that needs to be serviced more than three times per shift, passenger elevators should be provided in accordance with GOST R 53770. Freight elevators must be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project in accordance with GOST R 53771. The number and load capacity of elevators should be taken depending on passenger and cargo flows. If the number of workers (in the largest shift) is no more than 30 on all floors located above 15 m, one elevator should be provided in the building. If there are premises on the second floor and above intended for the work of disabled people using wheelchairs, a passenger elevator should be provided in the building, if it is impossible to organize workplaces for disabled people on the first floor. The elevator cabin must have dimensions of at least: width - 1.1 m, depth - 2.1 m, doorway width - 0.85 m.
5.8. Exits from basements should be provided outside the operating area of lifting and transport equipment.
5.9. The width of vestibules and vestibules should be greater than the width of openings by at least 0.5 m (0.25 m on each side of the opening), and the depth should be greater than the width of the door or gate leaf by 0.2 m or more, but not less than 1.2 m. If there are working disabled people who use wheelchairs, the depth of vestibules and vestibules should be at least 1.8 m.
5.10. In premises of categories A and B, external easily removable enclosing structures should be provided. For easily removable structures, single glazed windows and skylights should generally be used. If the glazing area is insufficient, it is allowed to use roofing structures made of steel, aluminum, asbestos-cement and bitumen corrugated sheets, flexible tiles, metal tiles, asbestos-cement and slate tiles and effective non-combustible insulation as easily removable structures. The area of easily resettable structures should be determined by calculation. In the absence of calculated data, the area of easily removable structures must be at least 0.05 m2 per 1 m3 of the volume of a category A room and at least 0.03 m2 for a category B room.
Notes
1. Window glass refers to easily removable structures with a thickness of 3, 4 and 5 mm and an area of at least (respectively) 0.8, 1 and 1.5 m2. Reinforced glass, double-glazed windows, triplex, stalinite and polycarbonate are not classified as easily removable structures.
2. Rolled carpet in areas of easily removable covering structures should be cut into cards with an area of no more than 180 m2 each.
3. The design load from the mass of easily removable coating structures should be no more than 0.7 kPa.
5.11. Galleries, platforms and stairs for servicing cranes should be designed in accordance with the rules for the design and safe operation of load-lifting cranes.
5.12. To repair and clean the glazing of windows and skylights, in cases where the use of mobile or portable floor equipment (ladders, rolling platforms, telescopic lifts) is impossible due to the conditions of placement of technological equipment or the overall height of the building, it is necessary to provide stationary devices that ensure the safe implementation of the specified works
5.13. The need to install lanterns and their type (anti-aircraft, U-shaped, light, light-aeration, etc.) are established by the project depending on the characteristics of the technological process, sanitary, hygienic and environmental requirements, taking into account the climatic conditions of the construction area.
5.14. Lanterns must be windproof. The length of the lanterns should be no more than 120 m. The distance between the ends of the lanterns and between the end of the lantern and outer wall must be at least 6 m. The opening of the lantern shutters must be mechanized (with the inclusion of opening mechanisms at the exits from the premises), backed up by manual control.
5.15. Under the glazing of skylights, made of sheet silicate glass and double-glazed windows, as well as along the inside of the glazing of rectangular skylights, a protective metal mesh should be installed.
5.16. In buildings with internal drains, it is allowed to use a parapet as a fence on the roof. If the height of the parapet is less than 0.6 m, it should be supplemented with lattice fencing to a height of 0.6 m from the roof surface.
5.17. When opening gates remotely and automatically, it must also be possible to open them manually in all cases. Clear door dimensions for ground transport should be accepted exceeding the vehicle dimensions (in a loaded state) by at least 0.2 m in height and 0.6 m in width.
5.18. The slope of flights in staircases should be at least 1:2 with a tread width of 0.3 m; for basement floors and attics it is allowed to take a slope of stair flights of 1:1.5 with a tread width of 0.26 m.
5.19. Internal open stairs (in the absence of staircase walls) must have a slope of no more than 1:1. The slope of open stairs for access to single workstations may be increased to 2:1. To inspect equipment with a lifting height of no more than 10 m, it is allowed to design vertical stairs 0.6 m wide.
5.20. If there are working disabled people with musculoskeletal disorders, the slope of stairs on evacuation routes should be no more than 1:2.
5.21. For buildings with a height of 10 m or more from the planning level of the ground to the cornice or top of the parapet, one exit to the roof should be designed (for every full and incomplete 40,000 m2 of roof), including buildings: one-story - along an external open steel staircase; multi-storey - from the staircase.
In cases where it is impractical to have a staircase for access to the roof within the height of the upper floor, it is allowed for buildings with a height from the planning ground level to the finished floor level of the upper floor of no more than 30 m to design an external open steel staircase for access to the roof from the staircase through the landing this staircase.
5.22. The placement of rooms of various categories in buildings and their separation from each other, requirements for escape routes and exits, smoke removal devices, airlocks, airlocks, staircases and stairs, roof exits should be taken in accordance with the requirements Federal Law dated July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" and SP 1.13130, SP 2.13130, SP 4.13130, SP 6.13130.
It is allowed to build a warehouse or administrative floor into an industrial building, as well as a production or administrative floor into a warehouse building, provided the building complies with the requirements of SP 44.13330 and this SP.
In one-story terminal buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance of structural fire hazard class C0, it is allowed, if necessary, to construct evacuation corridors fenced off with fire barriers of the 1st type and provided with air pressure in case of fire. In this case, the length of the corridor is not taken into account when calculating the length of the evacuation route.
5.23. The distance from the most remote workplace in the room to the nearest emergency exit from the room directly outside or into the stairwell should not exceed the values given in Table 29 SP 1.13130.
5.24. The distance along the corridor from the door of the most remote room with an area of no more than 1000 m2 to the nearest exit to the outside or to the staircase should not exceed the values given in Table 30 of SP 1.13130.
5.25. The width of the emergency exit (door) from the premises should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit and the number of people per 1 m width of the exit (door) established in Table 31 SP 1.13130, but not less than 0.9 m if available working disabled people with musculoskeletal disorders.
The number of people per 1 m of the width of the emergency exit for intermediate values of the volume of premises is determined by interpolation.
The number of people per 1 m width of an emergency exit (door) from rooms with a height of more than 6 m increases: with a room height of 12 m - by 20%, 18 m - by 30%, 24 m - by 40%; with intermediate values of the height of the premises, the increase in the number of people per 1 m of exit width is determined by interpolation.
5.26. The width of the emergency exit (door) from the corridor outside or into the stairwell should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit and the number of people per 1 m of the exit (door) width established in Table 32 SP 1.13130, but not less than 0 .8 m, in the presence of working disabled people with musculoskeletal disorders - at least 0.9 m.
5.27. If there are disabled workers with musculoskeletal disorders, the width of the flight of stairs should be at least 1.2 m.
5.28. Smoke removal should be provided in rooms and corridors in case of fire in accordance with the requirements of SP 7.13130.
5.29. The degree of fire resistance, the class of structural fire hazard, the height of buildings and the floor area of the building within the fire compartment should be taken for industrial buildings according to table 6.1 SP 2.13130, for warehouse buildings - according to table 6.3 SP 2.13130.
When placing warehouses in industrial buildings, floor area storage facilities within the fire compartment and their height (number of floors) should not exceed the values specified in table 6.3 SP 2.13130.
If there are platforms, shelves and mezzanines, the area of which at any level exceeds 40% of the floor area of the room, the floor area is determined as follows: multi-story building with the number of floors determined according to 4.11.
5.30. When placing technological processes with different explosion and fire hazards in the same building or room, measures should be taken to prevent explosion and fire spread. The effectiveness of these measures must be justified in the technological part of the project. If these measures are not effective enough, then technological processes with various explosion and fire hazards should be placed in separate rooms and separated in accordance with the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.31. When placing premises of categories B1 - B3 in them, basements must be divided in accordance with the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.32. In hot shops with excessive heat generation, enclosing structures should, as a rule, be designed without insulation.
5.33. On roofs with a slope of up to 12% inclusive in buildings with a height to the eaves or top of the parapet of more than 10 m, as well as on roofs with a slope of more than 12% in buildings with a height of more than 7 m to the bottom of the eaves, fencing should be provided in accordance with GOST 25772. Regardless of building heights, fencing that meets the requirements of this standard should be provided on roofs in use.
In hot shops with significant release of heat and other production hazards, steeply sloped roofs should be provided.
5.34. Roofs of heated buildings should have internal drainage. It is allowed to install roofs with external organized drainage in heated and unheated buildings, provided that measures are taken to prevent the formation of icicles and ice dams.
5.35. In one-story warehouse buildings with high-rise rack storage, it is allowed, if justified, to use rack structures as covering supports and fastening of external walls.
5.36. In warehouses for storing food products, it is necessary to provide: enclosing structures without protruding ribs and made of materials that are not destroyed by rodents; solid and void-free panels of external doors, gates and manhole covers; devices for closing the openings of ventilation system ducts; fencing with steel mesh (with cells no larger than 12 x 12 mm) ventilation openings in walls and air ducts located within a height of 1.2 m above the floor, and basement windows (steel mesh window fencing structures must be opening or removable).
In the designs of such warehouse buildings, it is necessary to provide instructions on the careful sealing of openings for the passage of pipelines (in walls, partitions and ceilings) and interfaces between the enclosing structures of premises (internal and external walls, partitions between themselves and with floors or ceilings).
Warehouses intended for storing food products can be equipped with deratization systems.
5.37. Columns and frame structures for openings in warehouse buildings in areas of heavy traffic of outdoor vehicles must be protected from mechanical damage and painted in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 12.4.026.
To limit damage to columns when moving loads, as a rule, tubular cross-section columns should be used.
5.38. Loading and unloading ramps and platforms should be designed taking into account the requirements of protecting cargo and loading and unloading mechanisms from precipitation.
The canopy over railway loading and unloading ramps and platforms must overlap the axis of the railway track by at least 0.5 m, and over automobile ramps it must overlap the vehicle passage by at least 1.5 m from the edge of the ramp.
5.39. The length of the loading and unloading ramp should be determined depending on the cargo turnover and capacity of the warehouse, as well as based on the space-planning solution of the building.
The width of loading and unloading ramps and platforms must be taken in accordance with the technology and safety requirements of loading and unloading operations.
5.40. The structures of ramps and canopies adjacent to buildings of I, II, III and IV degrees of fire resistance of fire hazard classes C0 and C1 should be made of non-combustible materials.
5.41. Loading and unloading ramps and platforms must have at least two dispersed stairs or ramps.
5.42. The marking of the edge of the loading and unloading ramp for motor transport on the vehicle access side must be equal to 1.2 m from the surface level of the roadway or loading and unloading area.
5.43. Loading and unloading ramps and platforms for railway rolling stock should be designed taking into account the requirements of GOST 9238.
5.44. The width of ramps for the passage of outdoor vehicles must be at least 0.6 m greater than the maximum width of a loaded vehicle. vehicle. The slope of ramps should be no more than 16% when placed indoors and no more than 10% when placed outside buildings.
5.45. In warehouses, temperature, relative humidity and air speed must be taken in accordance with the requirements of cargo storage technology and the requirements of SP 60.13330.
Dock shelters should be installed in gate openings in external walls, isolating the interior of the warehouse from the influences of the external environment.
5.46. The structures and materials of the bases and floor coverings of warehouse buildings and premises should be assigned taking into account the perception of loads from stored goods, the type and intensity of the mechanical effects of floor transport and dust separation, the accumulation of static electricity and sparking, taking into account the requirements of SP 29.13330.
For floor coverings of warehouses intended for storing food products, the use of tar and tar mastics and other environmentally harmful materials is not allowed.
When storing goods whose temperature exceeds 60 °C, heat-resistant floors should be provided.
5.47. Multi-storey warehouse buildings of categories B and C should be designed with a width of no more than 60 m.
5.48. Warehouse premises of industrial buildings should be separated from other premises in accordance with the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.49. Warehouse buildings with high-rise rack storage should be designed taking into account the requirements of SP 4.13130.
5.50. When separating warehouses with cargo that is the same in terms of fire hazard by technological or sanitary conditions by partitions, the requirements for the partitions are determined in the technological part of the project.
According to the requirements of cargo storage technology, it is possible to place forwarding, receiving, sorting and assembling cargo directly in storage facilities, without separating them with partitions. At the same time, the workplaces of commodity experts, experts, storekeepers, rejecters, accountants and operators may be fenced with partitions with non-standardized fire resistance limits and fire hazard class (glazed or with mesh with a blind part height of no more than 1.2 m, collapsible and sliding).
5.51. Openable window transoms should be installed in the window openings of warehouse buildings. with total area, determined by calculating smoke removal in case of fire.
It is allowed not to install window openings in storage rooms while ensuring smoke removal in accordance with the requirements of SP 7.13130.
Buildings and structures at the production site must be located in such a way as to provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.
As a rule, industrial buildings and structures are located on the territory of the enterprise along the production process and are grouped taking into account the common sanitary and fire safety requirements, electricity consumption, and human flows.
Particularly noisy industries (forging, riveting) with a noise level of more than 90 dBA should be located in isolated buildings and premises.
Production with significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings.
If the concentration of harmful emissions does not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations, then it is possible to remove them from the building naturally (aeration). In this case, it is desirable that the longitudinal axis of the building be perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. If the concentration of harmful emissions exceeds the permissible limits, then the room must be equipped with effective supply and exhaust ventilation with purification of the exhaust air.
All buildings, structures and warehouses are located in zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the operating mode.
The area of procurement shops (foundry, forging, thermal) is located closer to the railway on the territory of the plant.
The area of processing and mechanical assembly shops, as well as warehouses for finished products, forwarding, etc. are concentrated near the procurement shops and near the main entrance as shops with a large number of workers.
The area of auxiliary shops (tool shop, mechanical repair shop, etc.) is usually located near the processing and procurement shops.
Woodworking shops, due to their high fire hazard, are located as far as possible from hot shops.
The area of energy devices (CHP, boiler houses, fuel warehouses) is located on the leeward side in relation to other workshops due to their increased gas, smoke and dust emissions. A pre-factory site is created at the main entrance of the plant, where administrative, educational, and utility buildings are located. The plant administration, clinic, and canteen are located outside the plant fence and must have entrances from the street.
The main warehouses of toxic, explosive and flammable liquids must be located outside the factory premises at distances determined by special standards. In accordance with sanitary standards, distances (gaps) between industrial buildings and structures are established. The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must be no less than the greatest height to the eaves of the opposing buildings.
Between separate buildings of buildings with a semi-closed courtyard (P and W-shaped development), the gap size must be at least 15 m. In closed courtyards, through passages are made with a width of at least 4 m and a height of at least 3.5 m. Gaps between buildings, in where particularly noisy industries are located, and the neighboring ones must be at least 100 m. When determining the gaps between buildings, the requirements for sanitary and fire hazards are compared. If the sanitary gaps are smaller than the fire gaps, the required fire gap is accepted.
Roads on the territory industrial enterprises should, as a rule, be straight, with a hard surface, and provide two-way traffic. Sidewalks must be provided for the movement of people. Crossing bridges or a tunnel under the tracks are built across the railway track in places where there is heavy traffic of people.
REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Industrial buildings and structures must ensure the most efficient implementation of the technological process, create a favorable production environment and eliminate fire hazards.
Main industrial buildings (where technological equipment is located) and warehouses, if possible, should have a rectangular shape, which provides the best lighting and ventilation.
The design of industrial buildings, their dimensions and number of floors are determined technological process, the degree of its fire and explosion safety, the presence of harmful emissions in accordance with SNiP 31-03-2001 “Industrial buildings”.
For the safety of workers and the convenience of transporting goods, it is necessary to provide separate entrances and exits for people and vehicles in the workshops. Doors and gates must open outwards. In case of fire, industrial buildings are equipped with emergency exits.
At external exits it is necessary to install thermal air curtains or vestibules with two doors. The width of the vestibule for the passage of people should be equal to the width of the doorway plus 0.3 m in both directions.
Gates for railway transport must have a width equal to the width of the car plus 1.5 m, and a height equal to the height of the car plus 0.5 m. Gates for motor vehicles must have a width and height of at least 2.5 m.
Auxiliary premises (household, canteens, health centers, etc.) should be located in extensions to industrial buildings, or in separate buildings with a connection to the industrial building (gallery, underground passage).
Administrative and office premises (plant management, technology department, design bureau, etc.) are located in separate buildings. The height of administrative and office premises from floor to ceiling must be at least 3 m. There must be at least 4 m2 per worker in offices, and 6 m2 per drawing table in design offices. These rooms should have good natural light and ventilation.
The necessary auxiliary premises and their equipment are assigned in accordance with SP 44.13330-2011 depending on the group of production processes.
Household premises (dressing rooms, showers, washrooms, smoking rooms, rooms for heating, personal hygiene for women), except toilets, should be located in extensions to industrial buildings.
The composition, equipment and arrangement of household premises - depending on the sanitary characteristics of the production process.
14.4. SANITARY AND HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION AND AUXILIARY FACILITIES
PREMISES
The volume of production premises must be such that each worker has at least 15 m 3 of free space and at least 4.5 m 2 of area. The required height from floor to ceiling of production premises is at least 3.2 m, and to the bottom of structural elements protruding from the ceiling - at least 2.6 m.
The height of production premises with significant heat, moisture and gas emissions must ensure sufficient removal of harmful emissions from the working area. A work area is considered to be a space up to 2 m high above the floor level where the workplaces are located. In one-story industrial premises with natural ventilation, continuous extensions along the entire perimeter of the walls, which impair aeration, are not allowed.
The interior decoration of the walls of industrial premises where they work with toxic (mercury, lead, etc.) or radioactive substances must be provided with wet cleaning.
Rails in production premises are laid in such a way that they do not protrude above the floor level. Channels and holes in the floors are covered with special covers flush with the floor surface.
Tunnels for transport devices and pipelines must have a height of at least 0.8 m and a free passage width of at least 0.6 m.
The location of production premises in the basement floors, as a rule, is not allowed. In basements with a height of 2.25 m it is possible to place auxiliary equipment (pumps, electric motors, etc.). Such premises must be equipped with ventilation. The location of administrative and office premises in basements is not permitted.
The height of household premises from floor to ceiling should be at least 2.5 m and from the ceiling to the bottom of protruding structures - at least 2.2 m. The distance from food outlets to the workshop during a lunch break of up to 30 minutes should be no more than 300 m, and with a break of at least 1 hour - no more than 600 m.
Fire safety
A fire is a combustion that is uncontrolled in time and space. Fire is a disaster that is often accompanied by loss of life and irrevocable material losses. In terms of the power of destruction, fires are ranked among such natural disasters as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, although they are not such (i.e. natural disasters).
Every year there are ~5 million fires on the planet, in which every thousandth inhabitant of the earth suffers thermal damage. In approximately every 9 out of 10 fires, a person is to blame. Thus, if a fire can be called an element, it can only be an element of human behavior.
Only in Russia every year, figuratively speaking, an entire regional city “burns down,” with all its shops, enterprises, infrastructure, etc. Every year the number of fires increases by 10%, and the death toll in them increases by 12%. For example, in 1994, more than 20 thousand fires occurred in Russia, in which about 17 thousand people died. This is a kind of undeclared war! At the same time (according to X. Banbury) about 60...80% of those killed in fires died from exposure to smoke and toxic gases.
As the height of buildings increases, the rate of smoke formation in escape routes in them (stairwells, elevator shafts, floor corridors) increases sharply.
Although, in addition to carbon monoxide, smoke also contains other potentially toxic components (for example, X. Banburn lists more than 50 components released during the destructive distillation of wood), it almost always has a higher concentration, which makes it possible to attribute the majority of deaths to it (up to 40% of corpses at autopsy contain carbon monoxide).
At the same time, when assessing the toxicity of some substances released during a fire, one should take into account the possibility of acute poisoning due to an increase in their concentration even by a short time. According to E. Butcher, the dangerous concentration for short-term exposure is ~20 times higher than the maximum permissible for long-term exposure.
However, the effect of exposure to toxic gases largely depends on the mental and physical state of people. It is well known that under conditions of mental stress arising from a fire, even very low concentrations of gases can lead to an accident or death.
The main causes of fires in the Nizhny Novgorod region:
1 - careless handling of fire;
2 - malfunction of stoves and chimneys;
3 - children playing pranks with fire;
4 - violation of the rules when firing stoves;
5 - household electrical appliances;
6 - arson;
7 - kerosene and gas appliances;
8 - electrical equipment malfunction.
At the same time, a very common cause of death is smoking while drunk (70...80 people die in the region every year).
Fire safety can be ensured by fire prevention measures and active fire protection.
Table 15.1
Toxic components that can be released during combustion
various materials (E. Butcher)
| No. | Toxic gas or vapor | Source of education (material) |
| Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) | All combustible materials containing carbon | |
| Nitrogen oxides | Celluloid, polyurethanes | |
| Hydrogen cyanide | Wood, silk, leather, nitrogen-containing plastics, cellulose materials, viscose, cellulose plastics | |
| Acrolein | Wood, paper | |
| Sulfur dioxide | Rubber, thiokols | |
| Halogen-containing acids and other compounds (hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrofluoric acids; phosgene) | Polyvinyl chloride, flame retardant plastics, fluorinated plastics | |
| Ammonia | Melamine, nylon, urea, formaldehyde resins | |
| Aldehydes | Formaldehyde, wood, nylon, polyester resins | |
| Azo-bis-succionitrile | Foam plastics | |
| Components containing antimony | Some fire resistant plastics | |
| Benzene | Polystyrene | |
| Isocyanides | Polyurethane foam |
15.1. General information about the combustion process. Terms and Definitions
Combustion is a chemical oxidation reaction that releases heat and light. For combustion to occur, three factors are needed: 1 – a flammable substance; 2 – oxidizer (oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, etc.) and 3 – source of ignition (energy pulse). Depending on the speed of the chemical reaction of oxidation of substances, fire is distinguished (~ 10 m/s), explosion (~ 100 m/s) and detonation (~ 1000 m/s). The combustion process is divided into several types:
· flash – rapid combustion of a flammable mixture not accompanied by the formation of compressed gases;
· explosion – rapid transformation of a substance (explosive combustion), accompanied by the release of energy and the formation of compressed gases capable of producing work;
· detonation - an instantaneous and destructive explosion caused by the explosion of another substance upon contact with it or at a distance;
· smoldering – combustion without glow, usually identified by the appearance of smoke;
· ignition – the occurrence of combustion under the influence of an ignition source;
· ignition – ignition accompanied by the appearance of a flame;
· spontaneous combustion is the phenomenon of a sharp increase in the rate of exothermic reactions before the combustion of a substance without an ignition source;
· spontaneous combustion – spontaneous combustion with the appearance of a flame;
· flash point - the lowest (under special test conditions) temperature of a combustible substance at which vapors and gases are formed above its surface that can ignite from an ignition source, but the rate of their formation is still insufficient for subsequent combustion;
· ignition temperature - the temperature of a flammable substance at which it emits flammable vapors or gases at such a speed that, after ignition from an ignition source, stable combustion occurs.
· smoldering temperature - the lowest temperature of a substance at which a sharp increase in the rate of exothermic reactions occurs, ending in the occurrence of smoldering;
· flammable liquid (FLL) – a liquid capable of burning independently after removal of the ignition source and having a flash point not higher than 61 o C; Explosive flammable liquids are those whose flash point does not exceed 61 o C, and the vapor pressure at 20 o C is less than 100 kPa (~ 1 atm);
· flammable liquid (FL) – a liquid capable of burning independently after removal of the ignition source and having a flash point of more than 61 o C; it is classified as fire hazardous, but when heated under production conditions to a flash point or higher, it is explosive;
· flammable gases – classified as explosive at any ambient temperature;
· flammable dusts and fibers are classified as explosive if their lower flammable concentration limit (LECL) is no more than 65 g/m 3 ;
· upper and lower concentration ignition limits (UCFL and LCFL) - respectively, the maximum and minimum concentrations of flammable gases, flammable liquid vapors, dust or fibers in the air, above and below which an explosion will not occur even if there is a source of initiation;
· ignition area – the area between the VCPV and LVPV. It depends on a number of factors: the power of the ignition source, the admixture of inert gases and vapors, the temperature and pressure of the combustible mixture.
Premises - a space fenced on all sides (including windows and doors), with a covering (ceiling) and a floor (the space under a canopy or limited by a mesh fence is not a premises).
Outdoor installation - installation located outdoors (outside), open or under a canopy or behind mesh (lattice) structures.
Explosive zone - a room or limited space in a room or outdoor installation in which explosive mixtures are present or may form.
Explosion-proof electrical equipment is one in which design measures are provided to eliminate or impede the possibility of ignition of its environment due to the operation of this electrical equipment.
Electrical equipment general purpose- one that is made without taking into account the requirements specific to certain operating conditions.
Intrinsically safe electrical circuit is an electrical circuit designed so that electrical discharge or heating cannot ignite an explosive atmosphere under specified test conditions.
Safe Experimental Maximum Clearance (SECG) - the maximum gap between the flanges of the shell through which the explosion transmission from the shell to the environment at any concentration of the mixture in the air.
The fire hazard of substances is characterized by linear (m/s) and mass (g/s) combustion rates (flame spread), the maximum oxygen content at which combustion is still possible.
According to the degree of flammability, substances are divided into:
1) flammable (combustible) - when ignited by an external source, they continue to burn even after it is removed;
2) slow-burning (difficult to burn) - burn only in the presence of an ignition source;
3) non-flammable (non-combustible) - do not ignite even when exposed to sufficiently powerful impulses.
