2.4. Acceptance and access to the operation of thermal power installations Question 61. What tests are carried out before accepting thermal power plants? Answer. Recommendant equipment tests and commissioning works of individual elements of thermal

2.5. Control over the efficiency of heat power installations Question 67. What activities provide an organization for the efficient operation of thermal power plants? Answer. Provides: Accounting for fuel and energy resources; development of regulatory

2.6. Technical monitoring of the state of thermal power installations Question 73. For what purpose are all thermal power plants are subjected to technical inspection? Answer. Subjected to: assess their technical condition; setting deadlines and their conditions

2.7. Maintenance, repair and conservation of thermal power plants Question 77. When maintenance and repair of heat power management tools are made? Answer. Produced during the repair of the main equipment (p. 2.7.5). The question 78.

3. Territory, production buildings and structures for the placement of thermal power installations 3.1. General issues Question 105. What documentation determines the territory for the placement of thermal power plants? Answer. Determined by the project and the passport of thermal

3.3. Production buildings and facilities Question 111. In what graphics are the inspections of each building and the construction? Answer. The schedule is carried out: for boiler rooms installed 10 and more Gcal / h - at least 1 time in 4 months. under service life for more than 15 years; for

12. Water treatment and water-chemical mode of thermal power plants and networks Question 413. What personnel carries out the organization of the water-chemical mode of the equipment and its control? Answer. Exercises prepared personnel of a chemical laboratory or

Rules for the technical operation of thermal power installations Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation in the March 24, 2003 No. 115 Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 2, 2003 No. 4358 on approval of the rules for the technical operation of thermal power plants

The team of authors The rules for the technical operation of thermal power installations Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation in the Russian Federation of March 24, 2003 No. 115 Registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 2, 2003 No. 4358A

2. Organization of the operation of thermal power installations 2.1. General Regulations2.1.1. The operation of thermal power establishes of the organization is carried out by the prepared heat and power personnel. In dependencies on the volume and complexity of the operation of heat

3. Territory, production buildings and structures for the placement of thermal power installations 3.1. General provisions3.1.1. The territory for the placement of industrial buildings and structures of thermal power installations is determined by the project and the passport of thermal power installation.3.1.2.

12. Water treatment and water-chemical mode of thermal power plants and networks 12.1. Organize water-chemical mode to ensure reliable work thermal power plants, pipelines and other equipment without damage and reduce the cost-effectiveness caused by

When choosing a type of building for a workshop, it is necessary to take into account the compliance with its modern functional, technical, economic and architectural and artistic requirements.
Functional requirements are to ensure the normal functioning of the workplace located in the workshop technological equipment, jobs and the creation of favorable sanitary and hygienic working conditions and domestic services working.
The technical requirements are to ensure strength, sustainability, durability and in fire fighting events, as well as the possibility of building the building by industrial methods.
Economic requirements are aimed at minimizing the cost of building and operating the building.
Architectural and artistic requirements provide for the giving the building of a beautiful architectural appearance.
When designing new machines of mechanical assembly production, production sites and auxiliary services are recommended to be placed in industrial (single and multi-storey) buildings. Sanitary and administrative and office premises are usually located in auxiliary (multi-storey) building, adding to the main production, or in multi-storey inserts located perpendicular to the longitudinal wall of the production building.
Mechanical, assembly, MCC, IC, RMC medium, severe and especially heavy engineering have, as a rule, in one-storey industrial buildings. These buildings can be frameless and frame, single and multi-year, irreparable and equipped with light or heavy cranes, with light-source lamps and befonear, as well as chapeless with artificial microclimate and lighting.
The main parameters of the frame-type building are the width of the spans and their number, the pitch of the columns, the height of the spans, the length and width of the building (Fig. 7.1).
The width of the spans is the distance between the axes of longitudinally disposable columns.
Step columns - the distance between the axes of the column in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the span.
The height of the span is the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the coating coating designs on the support.
By the location of the supports, industrial buildings of the span, cell and cold types are distinguished.
The span type is characterized by the predominance of spans over the column step (Fig. 7.1, a). The buildings of this type are used to place industries with a longitudinal direction of technological flows.
The cell type of building is characterized by square or close to the square mesh columns (Fig. 7.1, b). Such buildings are used for industries with different flow directions. Lifting and transport equipment can be moved in two mutually perpendicular directions. Frequently used outdoor and suspended transport.
Hall-type buildings are used if necessary to provide a large indoor space (Fig. 7.1, B). The width of the spans in such buildings reaches 1 00 and more than m.
Unified sizes of spans, a step of columns and the height of single-storey industrial buildings should be selected from the table. 7.12.
7.12. The main parameters of the unified typical sections of one-storey industrial buildings of mechanical engineering Length, m Width, m Plop, M step of column, M step farms, m Height, M Basic sections for irregular buildings with suspended transport 72 144 24 12 6; 12 6; 7.2 72 72 24 12 6; 12 6; 7.2 72 144 12 12 6; 12 6; 7.2 72 72 12 12 6; 12 6; 7.2 Basic sections for crane buildings 72 144 24 12 12 10.8; 12.6 72 72 24 12 12 10.8; 12.6 72 144 18 12 12 10.8; 12.6 72 72 18 12 12 10.8; 12.6 Additional sections for crane buildings 72 30 30 6 6 16.2; 18 72 48 24 12 6; 12 10.8; 12.6 72 24 24 6 6 10.8; 12.6 1. The sets of medium and heavy engineering enterprises are placed in one-storey industrial buildings, composed of the main and additional unified typical sections (TCB).
The main sections (for longitudinal spans) are 144x72 m and 72x72 m; Additional sections (for transverse spans) - 24x72 m, 48x72 m; 30x72 m. Mesh columns for one-storey multiplet buildings are 18x12 m and 24x12 m, where 12 is the pitch of the column, 18, 24 - the width of the spans.
Smallest length spans are used for workshops with small-sized equipment. For production with large equipment, the width of the spans can be increased to 30 or even up to 36 m.
For assembly spans, additional (crane) sections with dimensions of 24x72 m2, 48x72 m2 and 30x72 m2 are used.
The most common TCs with dimensions in terms of 144x72 m, with a column grid 12x18 and 12x24 m are presented in Fig. 7.2.
In light engineering and in instrument making, multi-storey industrial buildings received the greatest distribution. Such buildings are combined from unified typical sections with dimensions of 48x24, 48x36 and 48x48 m. Usually these buildings have from 2 to 5 floors with a column grid
6x6, 6x9, 9x9, 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m. Types and sizes of major unified
sections of multi-storey industrial buildings are shown in Fig. 7.3. Multi-storey buildings with a grid of columns 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m are widespread. The enlarged meshes columns increase the capacity of the building on (8-15)%. The width of the case takes, as a rule, a 24 m. The increase in the width of the building leads to poor lighting of the middle zone and is allowed in the case of placing auxiliary and household premises in the middle spans, as well as using combination lighting - natural in the outside walls and artificial in the middle of the building. The height of the building ranges from 3.6 m (for beamless floors) to 6 m (upper floors with bridge cranes) and even up to 7.2 m (lower floors).
The premises of the sanitary and administrative and cultural services of workers and employees on machine-building factories are located in extensions to production buildings, in separate buildings or directly in production. The last undesirable due to the great value of 1 m2 of the production area and complexly implemented by SNiP 2.09.04-87 necessary sanitary conditions. The extensions are adjacent either from the side of the end, or from the side of the longitudinal walls. The first option is preferred (Fig. 7.4).
In some cases, sanitary and administrative-office premises are located in basements or semi-oats, on mezzanine, free industrial areas, in the interferenny space, in special superstructures over a production building, which is also undesirable.
Due to the maximum blocking of buildings, the placement of administrative-office and sanitary and household premises in the inserts, which have in places of transverse and longitudinal temperature seams of the section (Fig. 7.4, B) are widely practiced.
The volume and planning solutions of administrative-office and sanitary rooms of attached or separately standing auxiliary buildings are unified (CH and P 2.09.04-87. Administrative and household buildings). They are combined from TTS long, 36, 48, 60 m and width 12 or 18 m (Fig. 7.5). These TCs are based on mesh columns (6 + 6) x6 m or (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m. For separately standing auxiliary buildings, the mesh columns (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m are most often used.
Auxiliary buildings for the placement of administrative-office and sanitary and domestic premises of the workshop usually build 2-4 floors (the height of the floor is 3.3 m), which ensures the maximum approximation of human communion services to production sites. Free squares (on the top
floors) are used to accommodate public and general civil included services.

Buildings and structures at the production site should be located in such a way as to ensure the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and air ventilation.

As a rule, production buildings and structures are located on the territory of the enterprise in the course of the production process and are grouping, taking into account the generality of sanitary and fire requirements, electricity consumption, human movements.

Particularly noisy production (forging, riveting) with noise level of more than 90 dBAs should be placed in isolated buildings and rooms.

Production with significant heat and gas divisions should be placed in single-storey buildings.

If the concentration of harmful discharge does not exceed the extreme-doped concentration, then their removal from the building is naturally (aeration). It is desirable that the longitudinal axis of the building is perpendicular to the direction of dominant winds. If the concentration of harmful discharge exceeds the maximum permissible, then the room must be equipped with effective supply-exhaust ventilation with cleaning air removed.

All buildings, structures and warehouses are located on zones in accordance with production features, nature of danger and work regime.

The zone of procurement workshops (foundry, blacksmith, thermal) is located closer to the railway on the territory of the plant.

The zone of processing and mechanical assembly workshops, as well as the warehouses of finished products, expedition, etc. focus near the procurement workshops and near the main entrance as a latter with a large number of employees.

The zone of the auxiliary workshops (instrumental, repair and mechanical, etc.) usually placed near the processing and procurement workshops.

Woodworking tsehs due to high flammoughs are located as far as possible from hot shops.

The zone of energy devices (CHP, boiler, fuel warehouses) is placed from a leeward side with respect to other shops due to their increased gas, smoke and dust-findings. The main showing of the plant creates a pre-war platform, where administrative, educational, economic buildings are arranged. Plant management, clinic, dining room are located outside the plant fence and must have inlets from the street.

The main warehouses of poisonous, explosive and flammable liquids should be located outside the factory territory at distances defined by special standards. In accordance with the sanitary standards, distances (ruptures) are established between production buildings and structures. The magnitude of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings should be no less than the highest height to the eaves of opposing buildings.

Between the separate buildings with a semi-closed courtyard (P and w - figurative building) the magnitude of the rupture should be at least 15 m. In the closed courtyards make through passages with a width of at least 4 m and a height of at least 3.5 m. Breaks between buildings, in which are particularly noisy production, and nearby need to be at least 100 m. In determining the ruptures between buildings, the requirements of sanitary and fire danger are compared. If the sanitary gaps are less than firefighters, take the required fire gap.

Roads on site industrial enterprises We must, as a rule, rectilinear, with a solid coating, provide a bilateral movement. For the movement of people, sidewalks should be provided. Through the railway canvas in the field of intensive movement of people, bridges-transitions are arranged either tunnel under the paths.

Requirements for Building Design

Production buildings and structures should ensure the most rational implementation. technological process, create a favorable production environment and eliminate fire hazard.

Property manufacturing buildings (where technological equipment is placed) and warehouses, if possible, must have a rectangular form, which ensures the best lighting and ventilation.

The design of industrial buildings, their dimensions and the number of floors are caused by the technological process, the degree of its fire and explosion safety, the presence of harmful discharges according to SNiP 31-03-2001 "Production buildings".

For the safety of driving and convenience of transportation of goods, separate entrances and exits for people and transport are necessary in the workshops. Doors and gates must open out. In case of fire, evacuation outputs are equipped in production buildings.

Outdoor outputs need to arrange thermal air curtains or tambura with two doors. The width of the tambura for the passage of people should be equal to the width of the doorway plus 0.3 m in both directions.

The gate for railway transport must have a width equal to the width of the car plus 1.5 m, and the height equal to the height of the carriage plus 0.5 m. The door for vehicles must have a width and height of at least 2.5 m.

Auxiliary premises (household, dining rooms, healthy, etc.) should be placed in extensions to production buildings, or in separate buildings with a message with a production building (gallery, underground transition).

Administrative and office premises (plant management, technological department, design bureau, etc.) are placed in separate buildings. The height of the administrative and office premises from the floor to the ceiling should be at least 3 m. At one working in the offices, at least 4 m 2 should have to fall into the design bureau - 6 m 2 on the drawing table. In these premises, good natural illumination and ventilation should be ensured.

The necessary auxiliary premises and their equipment are prescribed according to SP 44.13330-2011, depending on the group of production processes.

Household premises (wardrobe, shower, washbasins, smoking, premises for heating, personal hygiene of women), except for toilets, should be placed in extensions to production buildings.

Composition, equipment and equipment of household premises - depending on the sanitary characteristics of the production process.

14.4. Sanitary and hygienic requirements for constructive elements of industrial and auxiliary
Premises

The volume of production premises should be such that at least 15 m 3 of the free space accounted for at least 15 m and at least 4.5 m 2 areas. The necessary height from the floor to the ceiling of industrial premises is at least 3.2 m, and to the bottom of the design elements protruding from the ceiling - not less than 2.6 m.

The height of industrial premises with significant heat, moisture and gas divisions should ensure sufficient removal of harmful discharge from the working area. The working area is considered to be a height of up to 2 m above the floor level on which jobs are located. In single-storey industrial premises with natural ventilation, continuous extensions are not allowed throughout the perimeter of walls, degradation of aeration.

The interior decoration of walls of industrial premises, where they work with poisonous (mercury, lead, etc.) or radioactive substances should be provided with wet cleaning.

Rails in the production premises are laid in such a way that they do not protrude above the floor. Channels and holes in the floors are covered with special covers flush with the floor surface.

Tunnels for transport devices and pipelines must have a height of at least 0.8 m and the width of the free passage of at least 0.6 m.

The location of the production premises in the basement floors is usually not allowed. In the basements of 2.25 m height, the auxiliary equipment may be placed (pumps, electric motors, etc.). Such premises must be equipped with ventilation. The location of the administrative and office premises in the basements is not allowed.

The height of household premises from the floor to the ceiling must be at least 2.5 m and from the ceiling to the bottom of the protruding structures - at least 2.2 m. The distance from the power facilities to the workshop during the lunch break to 30 minutes should be no more than 300 m, and For a break for at least 1 hour - no more than 600 m.

Fire safety

The fire is called uncontrolled combustion in time and space. Fire is a disaster that is often accompanied by the death of people and irrevocable material losses. According to the power of destruction, fires stand in a row of such natural disasters such as earthquake, flooding, hurricanes, villages, avalanches, landslides, although those (ie, natural disasters) are not.

On the planet annually ~ 5 million fires in which the thermal damage is obtained by every thousandth resident of the Earth. Around every 9 out of 10 cases, a person is to blame. Thus, if you can call the fire of the elements, then only the elements of human behavior.

Only in Russia a year, figuratively speaking, "burns" the whole regional city, with all stores, enterprises, infrastructure, etc. Every year, the number of fires increases by 10%, and the death of people in them is 12%. For example, for 1994, more than 20 thousand fires occurred in Russia, in which about 17 thousand people died. This is a kind of undeclared war! At the same time (according to X. Bubbei) about 60 ... 80% of those killed in the fires died from exposure to smoke and toxic gases.

With an increase in the level of buildings, the speed of smoke of evacuation paths in them (stair cells, elevator shafts, floor corridors) increases sharply.

Although, besides carbon monoxide gas, other potentially toxic components are also contained in smoke (so X. Baber gives more than 50 components that are distinguished by destructive distillation of wood), it almost always has a higher concentration, which allows you to associate most of the deaths with it (before 40% of the operating corpses contain carbon monoxide).

At the same time, evaluating the toxicity of some substances that allocate in the fire should take into account the possibility of acute poisoning due to the increase in their concentration even for a short time. According to E. Batcher, a hazardous concentration in short-term effects ~ 20 times higher than the maximum permissible during prolonged exposure.

However, the effect of the effects of toxic gases largely depends on the mental and physical condition of people. It is well known that under conditions of mental stress arising during a fire, even a very low concentration of gases can lead to an accident or death.

The main causes of fires along the Nizhny Novgorod region:

1 - careless handling of fire;

2 - malfunction of furnaces and chimneys;

3 - prank children with fire;

4 - violation of the rules when furnace furnaces;

5 - household electrical appliances;

6 - arson;

7 - kerosene and gas devices;

8 - malfunction of electrical equipment.

At the same time, a very frequent cause of death - smoking in a drunken form (70 ... 80 people in the region dies annually).

Fire safety can be provided with fire prevention and active fire protection measures.

Table 15.1

Toxic components that may be distinguished when burning
Different materials (E. Batcher)

15.1. General About the combustion process. Terms and Definitions

The burning is a chemical oxidation reaction with heat excretion and light. For the occurrence of burning, three factors are needed: 1 - fuel; 2 - oxidizing agent (oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, etc.) and 3 - source of lighting (power pulse). In the dependence on the speed of the chemical oxidation reaction of substances, the fire is distinguished (~ 10 m / s), Explosion (~ 100 m / s) and detonation (~ 1000 m / s). The process of burning is divided into several types:

· Flash - the rapid combustion of the combustible mixture, not accompanied by the formation of compressed gases;

· The explosion is the rapid transformation of the substance (explosive burning), accompanied by the release of energy and the formation of compressed gases capable of producing;

· Detonation is an instant and destructive explosion caused by an explosion of another substance when contacting him or at a distance;

· Canceling - burning without glow, usually identifiable for the appearance of smoke;

· Fire - the occurrence of burning under the action of the ignition source;

· Ignition - fire, accompanied by the appearance of flame;

· Self-burning - the phenomenon of a sharp increase in the speed of exothermic reactions to burning of a substance without a ignition source;

· Self-ignition - self-burning with the appearance of flame;

· The flare temperature is the lowest (in the conditions of special tests) the temperature of a combustible substance, in which pairs and gases capable of flashing from the ignition source are formed above its surface, but the speed of their education is still insufficient for subsequent burning;

· Inflammation temperature - a combustible temperature in which it highlights combustible pairs or gases at such a speed that after igniting them from the ignition source arises sustainable burning.

· The temperature of the tension is the lowest temperature of the substance at which a sharp increase in the speed of exothermic reactions occurs, ending with the occurrence of the decrease;

· Flammable liquid (LVZ) - liquid capable of self-burn after removing the ignition source and having a flash point not higher than 61 ° C; Explosive beliefs include the flashes in which the flash temperature does not exceed 61 o C, and the pressure of the vapor at 20 ° C is less than 100 kPa (~ 1 at);

· Fuel fluid (GG) - liquid capable of self-burn after removing the ignition source and having a flash point of more than 61 ° C; It refers to fire hazardous, but, heated in the conditions of production to the outflow temperature and above, explosive;

· Combustible gases - belong to explosive at any ambient temperatures;

· Fuel dust and fibers - belong to explosive, if their lower concentration limit of ignition (NKPV) is not more than 65 g / m 3;

· Upper and lower concentration limits of ignition (ICPB and NKVP) - respectively, the maximum and minimum concentration of combustible gases, the vapor of LVZ, dust or fibers in the air, above and below which the explosion will not occur even with the source of initiation of it;

· Inflammation area - the area between the CPV and the NKPV. It depends on a number of factors: the power of the source of ignition, impurities of inert gases and vapors, temperature and pressure of the combustible mixture.

The room is a space that fenced from all sides (including with windows and doors), with a coating (overlapping) and floor (space under a canopy or a mesh-limited fence is not premises).

Outdoor installation - an installation located outside the room (outside), openly or under a canopy or behind the net (lattice) structures.

Explosive area - room or limited space indoors or external installation, in which explosive mixtures can be formed.

Explosion-proof electrical equipment - this, which provides for constructive measures to eliminate or difficulty inflammation of its environment due to the operation of this electrical equipment.

Electrical equipment general purpose - This, which is completed without the requirements specific to certain operating conditions.

An intrinsically safe electrical circuit is the electrical circuit, made so that the electrical discharge or its heating cannot ignore the explosive medium under the prescribed test conditions.

Safe experimental maximum gap (BEMZ) - the maximum gap between the shell flanges through which the transmission of an explosion from the shell in the environment has not yet passed at any concentration of the mixture in the air.

The fire hazard of substances is characterized by linear (m / s) and mass (g / c) combustion rates (flame propagation), the limit content of oxygen, in which the burning is still possible.

According to the degree of flammability, the substances are divided into:

1) combustible (combustible) - when ignited, an extraneous source continues to burn and after it is removed;

2) labor-burning (challenges) - are burning only if there is an ignition source;

3) non-combustible (non-aggravated) - do not ignite even when exposed to sufficiently powerful impulses.

System of regulatory documents in construction

Construction standards and rules of the Russian Federation

Production buildings

SNiP 31-03-2001

State Committee of the Russian Federation
For construction and housing and communal complex
(Gosstroy Russia)

SNiP 31-04-2001

Construction standards and rules of the Russian Federation

Date of introduction 2002-01-01

1 AREA OF USE

1.1 These norms and rules must be respected at all stages of creating and operating buildings and premises of the classroom fire hazard of F5.1 (SNiP 21-01): production buildings, laboratory buildings, industrial and laboratory premises and workshops, including those built into the other buildings Functional fire hazard.

1.2 These norms do not apply to buildings and premises for the production and storage of explosives and means of explosion, military, underground facilities of metropolitan, mining workings.

1.3 In cases where the enterprises provide for the possibility of the use of disabilities, additional requirements specified in the relevant paragraphs of these standards, depending on the type of disability.

When creating specialized workshops (plots), intended for the use of disabled labor, it should also be guided also to be guided by "single sanitary rules for enterprises (manufacturing associations), shops and sites intended for the use of disabled people and old-age retirees" of the Ministry of Health of the USSR. It is not allowed to create such workshops (sites) placed in the rooms of categories A and B.

2. Regulatory references

Playground - single-tier structure (without walls), placed in a building or outside it, based on independent supports, construction of a building or equipment and intended for installation, maintenance or repair of equipment.

Layout buildings - The number of floors of the building, including all overhead floors, technical and base, if its overlap is above the average plank marker of the Earth at least 2 m.

Overhead floor - Floor when the floor is noted not lower than the planning mark of the Earth.

Floor basement - Floor when the floor is marked below the land laying mark more than half the height of the room.

Floor Central - Floor when the floor is marked below the layer of land no more than half the height of the room.

Technical floor - floor to accommodate engineering equipment and gaskets; It may be located in the lower (technical underground), the top (technical attic) or in the middle of the building.

Feedhes - multi-tiered frame structure (without walls), freely standing in the building or outside it and intended for the placement and maintenance of technological and other equipment.

In these norms, the terms are also used, the definitions of which are given in ST SEV 383 and GOST 12.1.033.

4. Basic provisions

4.1 Fire safety requirements of these standards and rules are based on the provisions and classifications adopted in SNiP 21-01.

4.2 When designing buildings follows:

unite, as a rule, in one building of the room for various industries, warehouse, administrative and household premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;

take the height of the building within the limits established by the results of the comparison of the technical and economic indicators of the options for placing production in buildings of various floors (heights) and taking into account the provision of high-level architectural solutions;

take volume-planning solutions for buildings, taking into account the reduction of the area of \u200b\u200bexternal enclosing structures;

take the area of \u200b\u200blight openings in accordance with the norms of designing natural and artificial lighting, taking into account the requirements;

take buildings without light openings, if it is allowed by the conditions of technology, sanitary and hygienic requirements and is economically appropriate;

apply mainly buildings, buildings and enlarged blocks of engineering and technological equipment in a complete block execution of factory manufacture;

develop volume-planning solutions, taking into account the need to reduce dynamic impacts on building construction, technological processes and working by vibroactive equipment or external sources of oscillations.

4.3 Architectural solutions of buildings should be taken into account urban planning, climatic conditions of the construction area and the nature of the surrounding development. The color finishing of interiors should be provided in accordance with GOST 14202 and GOST 12.4.026.

4.4 According to the explosion and fire danger, the premises and buildings are divided into categories (A, B, B1 - B4, G, D), depending on the technological processes placed in them and the properties of the substances located in them.

Categories of buildings and premises are established in the technological part of the project in accordance with NPB 105, departmental (sectoral) technological design standards or special lists approved in the prescribed manner.

5. Volume-planning and design solutions

5.3 Enter railway tracks to the building is allowed to provide in accordance with the technological part of the project, taking into account the requirements.

5.4 The top of the railway tracks should be on a blank floor.

5.5 Warehouses of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products placed in industrial buildings, as well as freight platforms (ramps) should be designed taking into account the requirements of SNiP 31-04.

5.6 In high-rise buildings with a height of more than 15 m from the planning mark of the Earth to the netting of the floor of the upper floor (not counting technical) and the presence of more than 15 M of permanent jobs or equipment, which must be serviced more than three times in shift, passenger elevators should be provided. Freight elevators should be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project.

The number and load capacity of the elevators should be taken depending on the passenger and cargo flows. In the number of working (in the most numerous shift), no more than 30 on all floors located above 15 m, one elevator should be provided in the building.

In the presence on the second floor and above rooms designed to work with disabilities using wheelchairs, the building should include a passenger elevator if it is impossible to organize disabled jobs on the first floor. The elevator cabin must have dimensions of at least: the width is 1.1 m, the depth - 2.1 m, the width of the doorway - 0.85 m.

5.7 Outputs from basements should be provided outside the zone of the lifting and transport equipment.

5.8 The width of the tambour and tambour gateways should be taken more widths of openings at least 0.5 m (0.25 m on each side of the opening), and the depth is the width of the door or the portable canvas at least 0.2 m, but At least 1.2 m. If there are working disabled people using wheelchairs, the depth of tambour and tambour gateways should be taken at least 1.8 m.

When placed on one floor of the premises of various categories, the distance along the corridor from the door of the most remote room before the outgoing or to the nearest staircase is determined by a more dangerous category.

The density of the human flow in the corridor is defined as the ratio of the number of people evacuated from the premises in the corridor, to the area of \u200b\u200bthis corridor, with the doors opening out of the premises in general corridors, the width of the general corridor should be accepted reduced:

half the width of the door leaf-with one-sided location of the doors;

on the width of the door leaf - with double-sided location of the doors.

6.10 The width of the evacuation exit (doors) from the premises should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuated through this output, and the number of people are 1 m output widths (doors) installed in, but not less than 0.9 m in the presence of working disabled With impaired musculoskeletal system.

The number of people per 1 m outlet widths at intermediate values \u200b\u200bof the size of the room is determined by interpolation.

The number of people per 1 M width of the evacuation exit (door) from the premises with a height of more than 6 m increases: at the height of the premises of 12 m - by 20%, 18 m - by 30%, 24 m - by 40%; With intermediates of the height of the room, an increase in the number of people per 1 m output width is determined by interpolation.

Table 2

The location on the territory of the enterprise of buildings and structures regarding the countries of the world and the directions of the dominant winds should ensure the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilating premises.

Production buildings and structures are usually placed on the territory of the enterprise in the course of the production process. At the same time, they should be grouped, taking into account the generality of sanitary and fire-prevention requirements, as well as taking into account the consumption of electricity, movement of transport and human streams.

The production associated with the emergence of particularly sharp noise (with a level of more than 90 dB a) should be placed in isolated buildings or rooms.

When combining workshops in one building with various sanitary and hygienic conditions with the same hazard, it is necessary to group and place adjacent, isolating more harmful areas from less harmful.

Production, accompanied by significant heat and gas divisions, should be placed in single-storey buildings. In this case, the width and profile of the roof of such buildings should ensure the most effective removal Harmful discharges naturally (aeration). To create the most favorable conditions of natural ventilation, the longitudinal axis of the building should be placed perpendicular or at an angle of at least 45 ° to the direction of dominant winds.

Production processes, accompanied by air pollution of the working area of \u200b\u200bharmful discharge, should be placed in isolated rooms.

The premises of hot shops that have significant heat dissipation from technological equipment, heated materials, as well as rooms with harmful discharge (gases, dust, vapor) should be placed in the outer walls of the building, which makes it easier to ensure the inflow of fresh air and natural ventilation of the room. In rooms with harmful discharges, which, according to the conditions of the technological process, cannot be placed in the outer walls of the building, the influx of fresh air should be ensured by artificial ventilation.

All buildings, structures and warehouses are located on zones in accordance with production features, nature of danger and work regime (Fig. 106).

Fig. 106. A schematic diagram of the location of buildings in the industrial enterprise: 1 - a zone of generalsavodskiy devices; 2 - the zone of processing workshops; 3 - zone of auxiliary workshops; 4 - zone of hot shops; 5 - woodworking workshops; 6 - the zone of energy devices; 7 - Direction of dominant winds

The zone of hot shops (zone of procurement workshops) combines cast iron, steel, casting non-ferrous metals, blacksmith, blacksmith-presses and thermal cings. This zone is located closer to the railway line on the territory of the plant.

In the processing shop area, which focus on cold processing of metals, finishing, assembly (mechanical collecting), etc., as well as the expedition and warehouses of finished products, have a nearby workshops and the main entrance as a trash with a large number of workers.

The zone of the auxiliary workshops, which includes instrumental, repair and mechanical, electrical and other cores, are usually placed in the center of served or processing and procurement workshops.

In the woodworking shops zone, the woodcover, sawmill, targets, wood dryer, wood warehouses. Since these goals are flammable, they are located possible further from hot shops in accordance with the requirements of fire safety.

In the zone of energy devices, there are central power plants (CETS), the heat and power plant (CHP), boiler, gas generator stations and their fuel warehouses serving them. Since there is a lot of gases, smoke, gars, dust, which represent increased danger during the operation of these settings, are located with a leeward side with respect to other buildings.

The zone of the generalsavodskiy devices is intended for the placement of administrative, public, educational, cultural and household and economic buildings. This zone is located at the main entrance of the plant, where the pre-ship is created. Buildings of the main office, ambulatory (polyclinics), dining room, fire depot are located on the factory territory, and should have inlets from the street.

Explosive and fire hazardous objects, as well as basic warehouses of flammable and flammable materials, poisonous and explosive substances, should be placed on independent areas outside the territory of enterprises at distances defined by special standards; Between this group of buildings and structures and the building adjacent to it, protective landscaped bands should be provided.

The magnitude of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings should be no less than the highest height to the eaves of opposing buildings.

Between the individual buildings of the building with a semi-closed courtyard (P- or W-shaped construction) the magnitude of the rupture should be at least half a height of opposing buildings, according to less than 15 m, and in the absence of harmful discharge into space - at least 12 m.

Between the nearest buildings of the building with a sanitary gap closed from all sides, a sanitary gap should be at least the double height of the highest of the city's courtyard, but not less than 20 m. In the closed courtyards they make through passages with a width of at least 4 m and a height of at least 4.25 m With the width of travel at the gate at least 3.5 m.

Rales between buildings in which there are particularly noisy production (with noise level of more than 90 dB A) and nearby should be at least 100 m (for example, the buildings of the nail production).

Rales from Gazgolders with a capacity of 1000 m3 and more to residential buildings are set from 100 to 150 m, to production and auxiliary buildings - from 20 to 60 m.

Open coal warehouses, as well as the most dangerous and harmful proceedings, should defend no less than 20 m from production buildings, from household premises - by 25 m, and from auxiliary buildings - by 50 m. These gaps should be landscaped.

When determining breaks between buildings compare the requirements of sanitary and fire danger. If sanitary gaps are smaller compared to fire fighting, take the required fire gap.

Roads and passages on the territory of the enterprise should, as a rule, are straightforward. The width of the roads must match the applicable vehicles, driving loads and traffic intensity, as well as take into account the availability of oncoming traffic. Driving part of the roads should have a solid coating. Pits and other deepening, suitable for technical purposes, should be tight and firmly closed or reliably fenced.

In places there are particularly intense railway movements and on the main ways of movement of people are arranged bridges-transitions over rail routes or tunnels under ways. In the absence of this, the moving must be provided by automatically valid preventive devices.

Safety of movement requires that along with providing sufficient travel for transport, special tracks (sidewalks) for the movement of people were highlighted.

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