2.02.2016 at 16:46 · Pavlofox · 28 170

Leading countries in oil production for Last year

The world's largest oil producers extract about 100 million barrels of minerals from the fields per day. Russia, Saudi Arabia and the United States are recognized as the leading oil powers. They provide the world market with 39% of black gold.

The TOP-10 includes countries leaders in oil production over the past year.

10. Venezuela | 2.5 million barrels per day

Opens the ten largest oil producers in the world. The country's economy as a whole depends on the sale of fossil raw materials. Venezuelan exports are 96% oil sales. The country produces about 2.5 million barrels per day. The world share in the production of export raw materials is 3.65%. Venezuela ranks first in world oil reserves: about 46 billion tons of raw materials are concentrated there.

9. UAE | 2.7 million barrels per day

Among the top ten oil leaders. Their export share in the world market is 3.81%. The main deposits of useful raw materials are concentrated directly in the emirate of Abu Dhabi and account for 95%, the remaining 5% are in the emirates of Dubai and Sharjah. The country produces approximately 2.7 million barrels daily. The total oil reserves in the emirates are 13 billion tons of unused raw materials. The largest consumers of the product of the United Arab Emirates are Japan, Thailand, India, Republic of Korea, Singapore and China.

8. Kuwait | 2.8 million barrels per day

It has 9% of the world's oil reserves, which is approximately 14 billion tons. Thanks to this, the state has become one of the largest earners. Its share is 3.90% of the total supplies of black gold to the world market. The country produces about 2.8 million barrels of raw materials per day. The largest oil field is considered to be Bolshoi Burgan, from where half of the production is extracted. The rest of the product comes from the southern Minagish and Umm Gudair deposits, as well as the northern Raudhaiten and Sabriyah. The country sells the resulting oil products to the UAE, Syria, Morocco, Jordan and China.

7. Iraq | 3 million barrels per day

It is one of the most respectable producers of natural raw materials in the world, which has been gaining momentum lately. And this is no coincidence, because the country's economy is directly dependent on oil exports. The total part of the state's revenues from the sale of petroleum products is approximately 90%. About 3 million barrels and more are extracted from the fields per day. Part of the raw materials extracted by Iraq from the total world share is 4.24% today. The reserves of black gold in the country are 20 billion tons.

6. Iran | Country Iran

Is one of the largest oil powers in the world with huge reserves of raw minerals. Most of the raw materials are extracted from the Persian Gulf basin. According to researchers, the contents of the known deposits of black gold will be enough for the country for about 90 years. In terms of total oil reserves, which amount to 21 billion tons, the country is in third place. Iran extracts over 3 million barrels from its oil pools every day. The share of the country's production in the segment of the world market is 4.25%. The main consumers of the Iranian product are China, Japan, Turkey, India and South Korea. Almost half of the state's income comes from the export of petroleum products.

5. Canada | 3 million barrels per day

Is one of the leading oil producers and exporters. The volume of extracted raw materials per day is more than 3 million barrels. The largest mineral deposit is one of the provinces of Canada - Alberta. The country is considered the main supplier of "black gold" to the United States, where more than 90% of the crude product is sold. The total world share of the exporter's production is 4.54%. The state possesses inexhaustible reserves of natural raw materials and is among the three richest countries in terms of oil reserves, which are estimated at 28 billion tons.

4. China | 4 million barrels per day

(PRC) is one of the largest oil producers. The share of the world volume of raw materials production is 5.71%. Drilling rigs extract over 4 million barrels from the depths of the earth every day. The country is not only the largest exporter, but also one of the leaders in the consumption of raw materials due to its large population. The state has not the largest oil reserves, of which there are 2.5 billion tons. Russia is one of the largest oil importers of the PRC.

3. USA | 9 million barrels per day

(11.80%) opens the top three world oil production giants. The United States is engaged not only in export but also in import of raw materials. A huge number of drills extract up to 9 million barrels of fossil daily. V percentage the annual production volume is 11.80% in relation to other world oil producers. There are three main states in the country that produce the product - these are California, Alaska and Texas. The country has reserved a strategic reserve of black raw materials for use in case of unforeseen circumstances.

2. Saudi Arabia | 10 million barrels per day

Is one of the world's largest black gold miners. The entire economy of the Middle East is based on the export of oil, which it supplies to the states of East Asia and the United States. Part of the external income received by Saudi Arabia from the sale of precious raw materials is about 90%. The country's oil fields are controlled by Saudi Aramco. The world share in the extraction of minerals in the country is 13, 23%. The daily work carried out brings up to 10 million barrels per day. The country's proven mineral reserves are 36.7 billion tons.

1. Russia | more than 10 million barrels per day

It is a full-fledged leader in oil production in the world. And this is no coincidence, since the Russian Federation is considered richest country in terms of reserves not only of "black gold", but also of other minerals. It is literally a storehouse of natural gas, non-ferrous metals and coal. Oil is mined not only for export, but also for the production of fuel material. The total volume of its proved reserves is over 14 billion tons. More than 10 million barrels per day are extracted from the fields every day, and this volume is constantly growing. As a percentage of world oil production, the share of the Russian Federation is 13.92%.

What else to see:

First started in the second half of the nineteenth century, over the centuries oil was extracted by people who lived in different parts of the world, where oil seeped to the surface. In the Russian Federation, the first written mention of the production of black gold appeared in the sixteenth century.

Travelers described how tribes living on the banks of the Ukhta River in the north of the Timan-Pechora region collected oil from the surface of the river and used it for medicinal purposes and as oils and lubricants. Oil collected from the Ukhta River was first delivered to Moscow in 1597.

In 1702, Tsar Peter the First issued a decree establishing the first regular Russian newspaper Vedomosti. The first newspaper published an article about how oil was discovered on the Sok River in the Volga region, and in later monetary emissions it was about oil manifestations in other regions of the Russian Federation.

In 1745 Fyodor Pryadunov received permission to start oil production from the bottom of the Ukhta River. Pryadunov also built a primitive oil refinery and supplied some products to Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Oil manifestations have also been observed by numerous travelers in the North Caucasus. Local residents even collected oil using buckets, scooping it out of wells up to one and a half meters deep.

In 1823, the Dubinin brothers opened in Mozdok for oil refining, collected from the nearby Voznesenskoye oil field.

The first oil industry

Oil and gas shows were recorded in Baku, on the western slope of the Caspian Sea, by an Arab traveler and historian back in the tenth century.

Marco Polo later described how people in Baku used oil for medicinal purposes and for worship.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, oil fields were found in other parts of the country. In 1864, a well drilled in the Krasnodar Territory began to gush for the first time.

Four years later, the first oil platform was drilled on the banks of the Ukhta River, and in 1876 commercial production began on the Cheleken Peninsula in what is now Turkmenistan.

Additional tons of black gold went to meet the needs of new factories that were built in the 1930s to 1950s.

The Omsk refinery was opened in 1955 and later turned into one of the largest oil refineries in the world.

The growth in production allowed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) to increase the export of black gold at a significant pace. Moscow sought to maximize foreign exchange earnings from exporting black gold and actively fought to increase its share in the world market.

In the early 1960s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) ousted from the second place in oil production in the world. The release of large volumes of cheap Soviet black gold to the market forced many Western oil organizations to reduce the prices of oil produced on, thus decreasing for the use of subsoil to the governments of the Middle East. This decrease was one of the reasons for the creation of the Black Gold Producers (OPEC) countries.

Production in the Volga-Ural region peaked at 4.5 million barrels per day in 1975, but later fell again by two-thirds of that level. Just at the time when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) was pondering how it would be able to maintain the level of production from the fields of the Volga-Urals, the data on the discovery of the first large deposits in Western Siberia were published.

In the early 1960s, the first reserves of this region were explored, the main of which was the supergiant Samotlor field discovered in 1965 with recoverable reserves of about 14 billion barrels (2 billion tons).

The West Siberian Basin is characterized by difficult natural and climatic conditions in which oil was to be extracted, and a huge territory stretching from the permafrost zone in the Arctic Circle to impenetrable peat bogs in the south.

But despite these difficulties, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) was able to increase production in the region at an astronomical rate. The rise in production in Western Siberia predetermined the growth in production in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) from 7.6 million barrels (over a million tons) per day in 1971 to 9.9 million barrels (about 1.4 million tons) per day in 1975 year. By the mid-1970s, production in the region of Western Siberia filled the gap that had formed due to the decline in production in the Volga-Ural region.

Decline in oil production

After achieving phenomenal production from the West Siberian Basin, the Soviet oil industry began to show signs of decline. The West Siberian fields were relatively cheap to develop and provided significant gains due to their size, while the Soviet planning bodies gave priority to maximizing short-term rather than long-term oil recovery.

In the same year, production in Western Siberia reached 8.3 million barrels per day. But from that moment on, a significant drop in production could no longer be avoided due to poor production technologies, despite a sharp increase capital investments, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (CCCP) could contain the decline in production only until the beginning of 1990.

But then there was a dip in production, it was just as sharp as its growth - the level of production in the Russian Federation fell steadily for a decade and stopped at a level almost half the initial peak.

Financial difficulties companies provoked a sharp decline in new exploration work, drilling volumes and even volumes major overhauls existing wells. As a result, a situation developed that led to a further inevitable drop in production.

The largest oil companies in the world

Consider the main characteristics of the resource base oil industry subjects of the Russian Federation. Due to the specifics of geological conditions, each of these territories has an individual focus on geological exploration and associated technical and economic problems.

Saudi Aramco Oil Company of Saudi Arabia (12.5 million bbl / d)

Saudi Aramco is the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. The largest oil company in the world in terms of oil production and size. Also, according to the newspaper, it is the largest company in the world in terms of business ($ 781 billion). The headquarters is in Dhahran.

Russian oil company Gazprom (9.7 mln b / d)

Russian company controlled by the state. The main part of the produced hydrocarbons is gas, although Gazprom owns almost 100% of the shares of the large one (formerly Sibneft). A little more than 50% of the shares of Gazprom belong to the state. However, the real group in the company is closely related to the "St. Petersburg" political and business group. Gazprom is serviced by a private, controlled "Russia" from St. Petersburg, the so-called "bank of friends of Vladimir Putin", construction contracts are carried out by companies of the same group, the largest in the country insurance group SOGAZ, part of Gazprom's "perimeter", belongs to Bank Rossiya

Iranian oil company National Iranian Oil Co. (6.4 million bpd)

Fully state-owned Iranian. Recently, it has experienced sales difficulties due to sanctions imposed on oil exports from Western countries. Nevertheless, Iran is successfully cooperating with, and supplying them with oil in exchange not only for, but also, for example, for gold or.

ExxonMobil (5.3 million b / d)

The largest private oil and gas company world with annual revenues of about $ 500 billion. Unlike most other oil and gas corporations, it is truly global, operating in dozens of countries around the world. One of the most hated corporations in the world, mainly for its tough international and disregard for fashion values - from "green" to "blue".

Russian oil company Rosneft (4.6 mln b / d)

PetroChina's oil rush (4.4 mln b / d) of China

A state-controlled Chinese oil and gas company, the largest of China's three oil giants. It was once the largest public company in the world, but has since fallen in price. In many ways it is similar to the Russian "Rosneft" (connections in the country's leadership, political and economic performance, etc.), adjusted for the scale - the Chinese company is still several times larger.

British oil company BP (4.1 million bbl / d)

British "special company" for working with unpleasant regimes. At one time, she managed to work in many "hot spots", bringing her to her country and shareholders. In recent years, he has been concentrating on oil production in the United States and Russia. Following the deal over TNK-BP, it will become Rosneft's largest private shareholder. Company controlled oil production due to this deal will fall by almost a third, but cooperation with the Russian oil near-monopoly could bring additional financial income. And there is no need to worry about BP - what's the point of worrying about something that never happened?

Anglo-Dutch global oil corporation Royal Dutch Shell (3.9 million bbl / d)

Royal Dutch Shell- 3.9 million bpd

The European equivalent of ExxonMobil is a wholly private Anglo-Dutch global corporation with traditional oil industry views on business ethics. Works actively in Africa and in the Russian Federation.

Mexican oil company Pemex (3.6 million bbl / d)

Pemex(Petróleos Mexicanos) - 3.6M bbl / d

An extremely poorly managed Mexican state-owned oil producer. Despite the presence in the country of one of the world's largest oil companies, it imports, since the profit from the sale of oil goes not to refining, but to state (including social) programs.

Chevron International Petroleum Corporation (3.5 million bbl / d) USA

Malaysian oil company Petronas (1.4 million bbl / d)

Petronas- 1.4 million bpd

Malaysian state-owned company. Sponsors a ton of motorsport, including Formula 1.

Oil formation

Theories of the origin of oil

First oil production

The date of the first use of oil goes back to the 70s - 40s BC. Then oil was used in ancient Egypt, and the oil industry was carried out on and on the territory of ancient Egypt. Oil poured through cracks in the ground, and ancient people collected this interesting, oily substance. This was one of the options for mining "black gold". Another method was more time consuming. Deep wells were dug in the places where oil was leaking out, after a while the wells were filled, and people could only scoop out this liquid there with the help of some container.

Today this method is not possible because at shallow depths, this resource was depleted.

The most widely used (over 100 implementations) are thermal and gas (CO2) tertiary methods. In the first decade of the 21st century, according to Aramco's estimates, about 3 million barrels per day were produced from tertiary methods (of which 2 million were from thermal methods), which is about 3.5% of global oil production.

Exploration and production of oil

The familiar silhouette of the rocker has become a symbol of the oil industry. But before his turn comes, geologists and oilmen go a long and difficult way. And it begins with exploration of deposits.

In nature, oil is located in porous rocks in which liquid can accumulate and move. Such breeds are called. The most important reservoirs of oil are sandstones and fractured rocks. But in order for a deposit to form, the presence of so-called tires is necessary - impermeable rocks that prevent migration. Typically, the reservoir is sloped so oil and gas seep upward. If rock folds and other obstructions prevent them from reaching the surface, traps are formed. The upper part of the trap is sometimes occupied by a layer of gas - the "gas cap".

Thus, in order to find an oil field, it is necessary to find possible traps in which it could accumulate. First, the potentially oil-bearing region was examined visually, learning to identify the presence of oil by many indirect signs. However, for the search to be as successful as possible, it is necessary to be able to “see underground”. This became possible thanks to geophysical research methods. The most effective tool turned out to be that was designed to register earthquakes. Its ability to capture mechanical vibrations has come in handy in exploration. Vibrations from explosions of dynamite projectiles are refracted by underground structures, and by registering them, the location and shape of underground layers can be determined.

Of course, pivot drilling is an important research method. The core obtained from deep wells is carefully studied in layers by geophysical, geochemical, hydrogeological and other methods. For this type of research, wells are drilled to a depth of 7 kilometers.

As technology evolved, new methods were added to the geologists' arsenal. Aerial and satellite imagery provides a wider view of the surface. Analysis of fossil remains from different depths helps to better determine the type and age of sedimentary rocks.

The main trend of modern geological exploration is the minimum impact on the environment. They try to assign as large a role as possible to theoretical predictions and passive modeling. By indirect signs, today you can trace the entire "kitchen of oil" - where it originated, how it moved, where it is now. The new techniques make it possible to drill as few exploratory wells as possible while increasing accuracy.

So, the deposit was found, and it was decided to start developing it. Oil drilling is a process in which rocks are broken down and shattered particles are carried to the surface. It can be percussive or rotational. During percussive drilling, the rock is crumbled by heavy blows from the drilling tool, and the crushed particles are carried out of the well with an aqueous solution. In rotary drilling, cut rock debris is lifted to the surface using a working fluid circulating in the borehole. A heavy drill string, rotating, presses on the bit, which destroys the rock. At the same time, the rate of penetration depends on the nature of the rock, and on the quality of the equipment, and on the skill of the driller.

Very important role plays a drilling mud, which not only brings rock particles to the surface, but also works as a lubricant and coolant for drilling tools. It also contributes to the formation of a mud cake on the borehole walls. The drilling fluid can be water-based or even petroleum-based, and various reagents and additives are often added to it.

It is under pressure in the parent formations, and if this pressure is high enough, when the well is opened, oil begins to flow naturally. Usually, this effect persists in the initial stage, and then you have to resort to mechanized production - with the help of various kinds of pumps or by injecting compressed gas into the well (this method is called gas-lift). To increase the pressure in the reservoir, water is pumped into it, where it acts as a kind of piston. Unfortunately in Soviet times this method has been abused in an effort to get the most out of it at the fastest rate. As a result, after the development of the wells, there were still oil-rich, but already too heavily flooded formations. Today, simultaneous injection of gas and water is also used to increase reservoir pressure.

The lower the pressure, the more sophisticated technologies are used to extract oil. To measure the efficiency of oil production, an indicator such as the "oil recovery factor", or in abbreviated form of oil recovery factor, is used. It shows the ratio of the oil produced to the total volume of the field's reserves. Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely pump out everything that is contained in the subsoil, and therefore this figure will always be less than 100%.

The development of technologies is also associated with the deterioration of the quality of available oils and difficult access to deposits. Horizontal wells are used for gas cap zones and deposits on the shelf. Today, with the help of high-precision instruments, it is possible to reach an area of several meters from a distance of several kilometers. Modern technologies allow you to automate the entire procedure as much as possible. With the help of special sensors operating in the wells, the process is constantly monitored.

In one field, from several tens to several thousand wells are drilled - not only oil, but also control and injection wells - for pumping water or gas. To control the movement of liquids and gases, wells are placed in a special way and operated in a special mode - the whole process is collectively called field development.

After the completion of the operation of the field, oil wells are preserved or abandoned, depending on the degree of use. These measures are necessary in order to ensure the safety of life and health of people, as well as to protect the environment.

Everything that comes out of the wells - oil with associated gas, water and other impurities, for example sandy - is measured by determining the percentage of water and associated gas. In special gas-oil separators, oil is separated from gas, and it enters the collecting pipeline. From there, oil begins its journey to an oil refinery (refinery).

Geology of oil and gas - the basis of the oil industry, part 1

Geology of oil and gas - the backbone of the oil industry, part 2

World oil production

The first stage was from the very beginning until 1979, when the first relative maximum of oil production was reached (3235 million tons).

The second stage is from 1979 to the present.

It was noted that from 1920 to 1970, world oil production increased not only in almost every new year, but over the decades, production grew almost exponentially (almost doubled every 10 years). Since 1979, there has been a slowdown in the growth of world oil production. In the early 1980s, there was even a short-term decline in oil production. In the future, the growth in oil production is resumed, but not at such a rapid pace as at the first stage.

Oil production in Russia has been steadily growing since the early 2000s, although growth rates have slowed down recently, and in 2008 there was even a slight decline. Since 2010, oil production in Russia has exceeded the level of 500 million tons per year and is steadily growing above this level.

In 2013, the upward trend in oil production continued. In Russia, 531.4 million tons of oil were produced, which is 1.3% higher than in 2012.

Oil geography in Russia

Oil production and refining plays a key role in the development of many regions of the Russian Federation. On the territory of our country, there are several territories with significant reserves of oil and gas, which are called oil and gas provinces (OGP). These include both traditional production regions: Western Siberia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, and new oil and gas provinces: in the European North (Timan-Pechora region), in Eastern Siberia and in the Far East

Western Siberia, Volga region

The fields of the West Siberian oil and gas province began to be developed in 1964. It includes the territories of Tyumen, Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Omsk regions, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts, as well as the adjacent shelf of the Kara Sea. The largest deposits of this province are Samotlorskoye and Fedorovskoye. The main advantages of production in this region are the favorable structure of proven reserves and the predominance of oil with low sulfur and other impurities.

Before the discovery of fields in Western Siberia, the Volga region was the first in Russia in oil production. Due to significant oil reserves, this region was named "Second Baku". The Volga-Ural oil and gas province includes a number of republics and regions of the Urals, the Middle and Lower Volga regions. Oil has been produced in these regions since the 1920s. Since that time, more than 1000 deposits have been discovered on the territory of the Volga-Uralskaya oil and gas production and more than 6 billion have been produced. tons of oil. This is almost half of the total volume produced on the territory of Russia. The largest field in the Volga-Ural province is Romashkinskoye, discovered in 1948

The North Caucasus region is the oldest and most explored oil and gas province of the Russian Federation, with a history of commercial oil production dating back over 150 years. This province includes deposits located in the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, the Chechen Republic, Rostov Region, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia and Dagestan. The main fields of this oil and gas province are at a late stage of development, are highly depleted and flooded.

The Komi Republic and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are part of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province. Purposeful oil exploration and production has been carried out here since the discovery in 1930 of the first oil field - Chibyuskoye. A distinctive feature of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas field is the significant predominance of oil over gas. This region is considered promising in terms of hydrocarbon production, given the recently discovered large oil and gas fields in the coastal part of the Barents Sea.

East Siberian oil and gas province

The East Siberian oil and gas province, which until now has not been developed in the required volume, is the main reserve for future growth in reserves and for ensuring oil and gas production in the Russian Federation. The remoteness, uninhabitedness, lack of the necessary infrastructure and the harsh weather and climatic conditions characteristic of these regions make it difficult to explore and produce oil. Nevertheless, with the depletion of deposits in traditional production areas, the development of the oil industry in Eastern Siberia becomes a priority task for oilmen. A huge role in its solution is assigned to the construction of the "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean" oil pipeline, which will make it possible to transport the oil produced here to the ports of the Far East. The East Siberian OGP is formed by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk Region. The largest deposit is Verkhnechonskoye, discovered in 1978.

The main proven oil and gas reserves of the Far Eastern oil and gas province are concentrated on Sakhalin Island and the adjacent shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk. Despite the fact that oil has been produced here since the 1920s, active development began only 70 years later, after the discovery of large deposits on the northeastern shelf of the island within the sea depths of up to 50 meters. Compared to onshore deposits, they are distinguished by their large size, more favorable tectonic structure and a higher concentration of reserves. Despite the fact that geologists see significant potential in this region, other territories included in the Far Eastern OGP are still poorly studied.

Oil field development stages

The development of any oil field consists of four main stages: an increasing production level, a constant oil production level, a period of declining oil production, and the final period of oil production.

A characteristic feature of the first period is a gradual increase in oil production volumes due to the continuous commissioning of production wells from drilling. The method of oil production during this period is gushing, there is no water cut. The duration of this stage is 4-6 years and depends on many factors, the main of which is: the magnitude of the reservoir pressure, the thickness and number of productive horizons, the properties of the productive rocks and the oil itself, the availability of funds for field development, etc. 1 ton of oil during this period is relatively high due to the construction of new wells, the arrangement of the field.

The second stage of development is characterized by a constant level of oil production and a minimum initial cost. During this period, flowing wells are transferred to artificial lift due to the progressive water cut of the wells. The drop in oil during this period is restrained by the commissioning of new production wells of the reserve fund. The duration of the second stage depends on the rate of oil withdrawal from the field, the amount of recoverable oil reserves, the water cut of the well production and the possibility of connecting other horizons of the field to development. The end of the second stage is characterized by the fact that an increase in the volume of injected water for reservoir pressure maintenance does not have a tangible effect on the volume of oil production and its level begins to decline. Oil water cut at the end of this period can reach 50%. The duration of the period is the shortest.

The third development period is characterized by a drop in oil production and an increase in produced water production. This stage ends when 80-90% water cut is reached. During this period, all wells are operated using artificial lift methods, some wells are taken out of service due to the limiting water cut. The prime cost of 1 ton of oil during this period begins to increase in connection with the construction and commissioning of installations for dehydration and desalination of oil. During this period, the main measures are taken to increase the flow rates of wells. The duration of this period is 4-6 years.

The fourth stage of development is characterized by large volumes of formation water production and small volumes of oil production. The water cut of the product is 90-95% and more. The cost of oil production during this period increases to the limits of profitability. This period is the longest and lasts 15-20 years.

In general, it can be concluded that the total duration of the development of any oil field is from the beginning to the final profitability of 40-50 years. The practice of developing oil fields in general confirms this conclusion.

World oil economy

Since the industrialization of oil production, it has become one of the defining factors of development. The history of the oil industry is a history of constant confrontation and, as well as the struggle for spheres of influence, which led to the most complex contradictions between the world oil industry and international politics.

And this is not surprising - after all, oil can without exaggeration be called the foundation of well-being, since it is it that is one of the main factors in the development of modern society. The improvement of technical progress, the development of all areas of industry, the fuel and energy complex, the uninterrupted operation of land, sea and air transport and the degree of comfort of human life depend on it.

The main focus of oil fields are such regions of the world as the Persian and Mexican Gulfs, the islands of the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, western Siberia, northern Alaska and Sakhalin Island. Oil is produced in 95 countries of the world, with almost 85% of the world's ten largest oil-producing states.

Russian oil

The first written mention of the presence of oil in the Russian Federation dates back to the 16th century, when it was discovered off the banks of the Ukhta River flowing in the northern part of the Timan-Pechora region. Then it was collected from the surface of the river and used as a remedy, and since this substance had oily properties, it was also used for lubrication. In 1702, a message appeared about the discovery of oil in the Volga region, and somewhat later in the North Caucasus. In 1823, the Dubinin brothers, serfs, were given permission to open a small oil refinery in Mozdok. By the middle of the 19th century, oil manifestations were found in Baku and in the western part of the Caspian Sea, and with the onset of the next century, Russia was already producing more than 30% of all world oil production.

water pollution

At the exploration stage, the methods of theoretical forecasting, passive modeling, aerial photography and satellite imagery make it possible to determine with a high degree of accuracy where to look for oil, while minimizing the impact on the environment. The principle of minimum impact applies today to oil production. Horizontal and directional drilling helps to recover more oil from significantly fewer wells.

However, the withdrawal of oil from the subsoil and the injection of water into the reservoir itself affect the state of the rock massifs. Since most of the deposits are located in the zones of tectonic faults and shears, such impacts can lead to subsidence of the earth's surface and even to earthquakes. Subsidence of soil on the shelf can also cause devastating consequences. For example, in the North Sea, in the area of the Ekofisk field, the subsidence of the bottom caused deformation of the wellbores and the offshore platforms themselves. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully study the features of the developed massif - the stresses and deformations existing in it.

As oil spills, it pollutes soil and water, and it takes a lot of effort and money to repair the damage done to nature. The spill is especially dangerous on the shelf, as oil spreads very quickly over the sea surface and, with large emissions, fills the water column, making it uninhabitable. In 1969, in the Santa Barbara Strait, about 6 thousand barrels of oil spilled into the sea while drilling a well - a geological anomaly was in the path of the drill. To avoid such disasters, modern methods of researching the developed deposits allow.

As a result of non-compliance with production technology or unforeseen events (for example, forest fires), oil in the well can ignite. A small-scale fire can be extinguished with water and foam and the well can be closed with a steel plug. It happens that the place of fire cannot be approached due to the abundance of fire. Then you have to drill an inclined well, trying to get into the lit one in order to block it. In such cases, it can take up to several weeks to extinguish the fire.

It must be said that torches are not always a sign of an accident. The oil-producing complexes burn associated gas, which is difficult and economically unprofitable to transport from the field - this requires a special infrastructure. It turns out that it is necessary not only to burn valuable raw materials, but also to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, the use of associated gas is one of the urgent tasks of the fuel industry. For these purposes, power plants are being built at the fields, operating on associated gas and supplying heat to the oil-producing complex itself and nearby settlements.

When the development of the well is completed, it must be mothballed. Here the oilmen are faced with two tasks: to prevent possible negative impact on the environment and to save the well for the future, until more advanced development technologies appear, allowing to take the remaining oil out of the reservoir. Unfortunately, in our vast country there are many unmounted wells left over from the times of the USSR. Today, such an attitude towards the completion of work in the field is simply impossible. If the well is suitable for further use, it is closed with a strong plug that prevents the contents from escaping to the outside. If it is necessary to completely mothball the field, a whole range of works is carried out - they restore the soil, reclaim the soil, plant trees. As a result, the former production site looks like it has never been developed here.

Environmental expertise makes it possible to take into account the requirements of environmental safety and prevent possible technogenic risks even at the design stage of production facilities. Production facilities are located in such a way as to reduce possible negative impacts. During the operation of the field, constant attention is needed to the observance of technologies, the improvement and timely replacement of equipment, the rational use of water, the control of air pollution, disposal of waste, and the purification of the soil. Today, the norms of international and Russian law define strict requirements for protection environment... Modern oil companies are implementing special environmental programs and investing funds and resources in environmental protection measures.

Today, the area of areas exposed to human impact during oil production is one-fourth of that of thirty years ago. This is due to the development of technology and the use of modern methods of horizontal drilling, mobile drilling rigs and small-diameter wells.

One of the first man-made earthquakes associated with oil production occurred in 1939 at the Wilmington field in California. It was the beginning of a whole cycle of natural disasters that led to the destruction of buildings, roads, bridges, oil wells and pipelines. The problem was solved by pumping water into the oil-bearing reservoir. But this method is far from a panacea. Water injected into deep layers can affect the temperature regime of the massif and become one of the causes of an earthquake.

Old stationary drilling platforms can be converted into artificial reefs that will become "home" for fish and other marine life. For this, the platforms are flooded, and after a while, ranging from six months to a year, they become overgrown with shells, sponges and corals, turning into a harmonious element of the seascape.

Sources and links

ru.wikipedia.org - resource with articles on many topics, free eccyclopedia Wikipedia

vseonefti.ru - all about oil

forexaw.com - information and analytical portal for financial markets

Ru is the largest search engine in the world

video.google.com - search for videos on the Internet using Google

translate.google.ru - translator from Google search engine

maps.google.ru - maps from Google Inc. to search for places described in the material

Ru is the largest search engine in the Russian Federation

wordstat.yandex.ru - a service from Yandex that allows you to analyze search queries

video.yandex.ru - search for videos on the Internet via Yandex

images.yandex.ru - search for images through the Yandex service

superinvestor.ru

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Links to application programs

windows.microsoft.com - the site of the Microsoft corporation that created the Windows OS

office.microsoft.com - site of the corporation that created Microsoft Office

chrome.google.ru - a frequently used browser for working with sites

hyperionics.com - site for the creators of the HyperSnap screenshot program

getpaint.net - Free imaging software

Oil production has become one of the priority industries Russian economy since the beginning of the XX century. In different periods of the country's history, Russia accounted for up to 30% of the world production of this raw material. Since the second half of the last century, with an increase in world capital and production volumes, this industry became decisive.

In the modern period Russian government takes measures to move away from the dependence of budget revenues on profits associated with hydrocarbon raw materials... But the main financial receipts to the treasury continue to come precisely from the income from the sale of oil.

Russia's place in oil production in the world

the Russian Federation is not only the largest state in terms of its territory, but also one of the richest in terms of the presence of hydrocarbons in its depths. In many respects, some oil fields are unpromising in further exploitation due to their barbaric use by non-professional oil producers.

The introduction of modern production methods with more efficient oil production technologies allows Russia to remain in the top ten of the list of countries in terms of remaining oil reserves, led by Venezuela with a reserve of approximately 46 billion tons. Russia, according to British Petrolium, has another 14 billion tons in the depths.

In terms of annual production, Russia and Saudi Arabia hold a confident leadership, producing about 13% of the world's oil production each. This, of course, speaks not only of Russia's influence on world economy, but also about the direct dependence of the Russian economy on world oil prices. Most of the crises and economic booms, both in the USSR and in modern Russia, are associated precisely with the prices of raw materials.

Oil production in Russia

After the collapse of the USSR, oil production was transferred to private companies, which not only began to use raw materials more rationally, but also switched to world standards in terms of oil production. Most of the interstate agreements and rules related to the volumes of oil production established by the world community are aimed at the stability of world quotations for raw materials.

However, it is important for the Russian economy that oil production remains stable and grows without violating international standards. Therefore, along with a decrease in the volume of exported oil since 2011, from the same period, an annual increase in the amount of extracted raw materials is noticeable. If in 2011 Russia produced about 510 billion tons of oil in a year, then in 2016 this figure reached almost 547 billion tons, increasing by about 10 billion tons annually.

In 2017, according to OPEC, oil production in the first and second quarters in Russia is estimated at 11.25 and 11.26 million barrels per day, respectively.

The main areas of oil production in Russia

The richest oil deposits were discovered during the Soviet period of history, and for the most part they are partially or completely depleted. However, there are enough areas where hydrocarbons still remain. Some of the deposits have not been explored, and some have not yet begun production.

Despite the huge number of oil fields, start their exploitation at this moment seems impossible due to economic disadvantages. In certain areas, the cost of oil production is several times higher than the efficiency parameters allow. Therefore, priority is given to more profitable pools.

Previously, the bulk of domestic oil production fell on the Volga-Ural Basin, recently most of the raw materials are produced in Western and Eastern Siberia, as well as in the Timan-Pechora oil region. The largest volumes of oil production are in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - these are Samotlorskoye, Priobskoye, Lyantorskoye and other fields in the region.

The most efficient fields for oil production are Vankorskoe (Krasnoyarsk Territory) and Russkoe (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The exploitation of these fields began in 2008, and they account for about 5% of Russian oil production.

Some of the resources are located on:

North Caucasus;
The Far East;
Black Sea region.

But the volumes of oil production in these basins are minimal in comparison with the Siberian ones.

Cost of oil production in Russia

The cost of oil production is one of the decisive indicators when choosing fields for development. The price spent on the production of 1 barrel of oil depends on the complexity of the extraction of raw materials and the level of technology used during operation.

The issue of extraction of raw materials in some regions is especially acute in the context of falling world oil prices. For example, the cost of oil production in some regions of America reaches 60 dollars / bar, which is approximately equal to the world price and, as a result, this indicates the futility of production from this field. In this sense, Russian basins are losing out to competitors in Saudi Arabia, Iran and Kazakhstan.

An important fact is that Russian fields differ greatly in terms of the cost of oil production:

in the fields, the beginning of the exploitation of which dates back to the middle of the last century, the cost of a barrel of oil reaches up to $ 28;
the pools, which have been developed since the late 90s, cost about $ 16 / bar of oil.

There are also fields in Russia where, according to experts, the cost of oil production may not exceed $ 5 / bar, which makes it possible to achieve the indicators of Saudi Arabia at a profit.

Dynamics of oil production in Russia by years

The rapid growth of oil production in the world in the 60s and 70s of the XX century led the USSR to a temporary period of economic prosperity: with an increase in the amount of raw materials on the market, contrary to all the laws of the economy, its cost also increased.

After the seventies, there is no sharp increase in the amount of extracted raw materials (in the 21st century, the indicator annually increases by an average of only 1.7%).

In modern Russia, a temporary decline in oil production was observed in the mid-90s. This decline was due to the difficult transfer of oil capital from the state to the hands of companies and the general negative economic situation in the country.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the industry began to operate stably, due to which the amount of oil produced has gradually increased. In the period from 2000 to 2004, production volumes increased from 304 billion tons to 463. Later, a sharp rise stabilized, and from 2004 to 2016, the resource extraction rate increased from 463 to 547 billion tons.

Oil and gas production in Russia by company

Large companies producing oil and gas in Russia:

Gazprom;

Surgutneftegaz;

Tatneft;

Lukoil;

Rosneft.

In corporations such as Gazprom and Rosneft controlling stake shares are held by the Russian Federation. The main owner of TATNEFT is the Republic of Tatarstan. In other organizations, the share of state participation is small or absent (shares are in the hands of private individuals or information about the owners is not publicly disclosed).

The leader in Russian oil production is Lukoil - the volume of revenue of which is approximately 4-5 times lower than that of the world leaders in this indicator.

The absolute leader in gas production in Russia belongs to PJSC Gazprom, which produces about 70% of gas in the country. Most of the companies producing hydrocarbon raw materials have shares in free circulation; any person can become the owners of the organizations.

Shale oil production in Russia

Serious investments are made in the development of shale oil production foreign companies... Shale oil differs from the usual one in composition and production procedure.

Shale oil production requires certain chemical processes. For some states that do not have oil fields, it is more profitable to invest in the production of shale oil on the territory of their state than to buy natural raw materials from abroad. For example, Estonia does this.

Over the past decade, America has been investing more and more in oil shale every year. In 2016, the share of production of synthetic raw materials is about 5% of the total output.

In Russia, shale oil production has not yet begun, although legislators and the Government of the Russian Federation are actively working to further develop this area. The idea is supported by the largest Russian companies for the extraction of hydrocarbons.

According to the existing data, the potential amount of artificial oil on the territory of Russia may leave the countries of the whole world out of competition in the oil and gas industry. It is planned to start production of shale oil by 2030, after preparing the relevant legislation, conducting research and licensing in this area.

Foreign and Russian oil production companies at the exhibition

Tens of thousands of representatives of companies from all over the world gather at international oil and gas exhibitions.

Major events of this kind are traditionally considered:

Petrotech;
CIPPE;
Offshore Arabia.

In Russia, most attention is focused on exhibition "Neftegaz" held by the Expocentre Exhibition Center.

Presentations of new methods, joint search for sales markets, mutually beneficial transfer of technologies and scientific research, a single solution to common problems, discussion of the industry's prospects - this is not a complete list of opportunities that open up for the exhibition participants.

Many leading foreign and Russian oil and gas companies participate in the annual Neftegaz exhibition.

Read our other articles:

As of early 1973, the world's proven oil reserves were 570 billion barrels (about 100 billion tons). The growth of proven reserves continued in the future, up to 1984. After that, the annual volume of oil production in the world has become greater than the volume of its explored reserves. If the current rate of oil consumption is maintained, its proven reserves will remain for 40-50 years, and undiscovered ones - for no more than 50 years. The latest OPEC report says that the projected average daily oil production in the world this year will amount to 1.28 billion barrels, which exceeds the previous forecast by almost 100 thousand barrels. The total world daily demand for oil in 2015 is projected at 92.6 million barrels. Next year, the daily demand for oil may reach 1.34 million barrels.

World oil production table 2014

World oil production table 2015

Determining the exclusive leadership in oil production of a particular country is rather difficult due to several factors:
- the same production volumes;
- the impossibility of obtaining reliable data on the volumes of oil produced;
- different methods in determining the volume of oil production, which are used by international analytical agencies.
In addition, many analysts predict the impossibility of pinpointing the exceptional world leader in oil production in the near future. At the same time, a number of analytical services express a unanimous opinion that the leading countries in oil production are Russia, Saudi Arabia and the United States.

According to the results of the annual report of the British oil and gas corporation British Petroleum, which conducted research on oil production, in 2014 the United States became the leader in oil production, whose oil production exceeded the indicators of Saudi Arabia and Russia. U.S. oil production in 2015 is approaching Saudi Arabia's production for the entire last year... At the same time, in May 2015, Russia was recognized as the world leader in oil production. It should be noted that the United States continues to be considered the world's main consumer of oil. In 2014, the US daily oil consumption was 19 million barrels, which is higher than in 2013. The second and third places in the consumption of oil belong to China and Japan. At the end of last year, after the collapse of world oil prices (from $ 110 to $ 40), there was a sharp decline in the number of drilling in North American oil wells. And although oil production in the United States in 2015 continues to remain at a fairly high level, a number of experts suggest a noticeable decline in oil production in the United States this year.

Russia is one of the largest oil producers in the world. As of August of this year, the world leadership in terms of oil production belongs to Russia, which is also confirmed by the Information Administration under the US Department of Energy. Thus, answering the question of what place does Russia occupy in oil production, we can say with confidence - the first.

And although today Russia is considered the world leader in oil production, traditionally Saudi Arabia, which is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and has colossal oil reserves, occupies the first place in terms of oil production.

Brief historical introduction

Since ancient times, humans have collected oil from the surface of the earth (and water). At the same time, oil found rather limited use. After the safe kerosene lamp was invented in the second half of the 19th century, the demand for oil increased dramatically. The development of industrial oil production begins by drilling wells to oil-saturated formations. With the discovery of electricity and the spread of electric lighting, the need for kerosene as a source of lighting began to decline. At this time, the internal combustion engine was invented and the rapid development of the automotive industry began. In the USA, the ancestor of mass production of cars, thanks to Henry Ford, in 1908 the production of an inexpensive Model T began at reasonable prices. Cars, initially available only to the very wealthy, are being produced in more and more numbers. If in 1900 there were about 8 thousand cars in the United States, then by 1920 there were already 8.1 million. With the development of the automotive industry, the demand for gasoline and, as a result, the demand for oil increased rapidly. Until now, most of the oil is used to provide a person with the ability to move quickly (by land, by water, by air).

World oil production

V. N. Shchelkachev, analyzing the historical data of oil production volumes in his book "Domestic and World Oil Production", proposed to divide the development of world oil production into two stages:
The first stage was from the very beginning until 1979, when the first relative maximum of oil production was reached (3235 million tons).
The second stage is from 1979 to the present.

Dynamics of oil production in the world, million tons

Despite the drop in oil production in the early 80s and periodically occurring crises, in general, world oil production is steadily growing. Average annual growth rates from 1970 to 2012 amounted to about 1.7%, and this figure is significantly less than the average annual growth rate of world GDP.

Did you know that ...

In world practice, oil production is measured in barrels. Historically, in Russia, mass units are used to measure production. Until 1917, it was poods, and now it is tons.

In Great Britain, as well as in Russia, tons are used to account for oil production. But in Canada and Norway, unlike all other countries, oil is measured in m 3.

Oil production in Russia

Oil production in Russia has been steadily growing since the early 2000s. Since 2010, oil production in Russia has surpassed the level of 500 million tons per year and is confidently holding above this level, steadily increasing.

Oil production in Russia, million tons

According to BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019

In 2018, despite the OPEC + agreements, a new record was set. 563 million tons of oil and gas condensate were produced, which is 1.6% higher than in 2017.

Oil industry of Russia

Russia is one of the largest players in the global energy market.

During 2000-2019 Russia's share in world oil production increased from 8.9% to 12.6%. Today it is one of the three countries that determine the dynamics of prices in the oil market (along with Saudi Arabia and the USA).

Russia is a key supplier of oil and oil products to European countries; increases oil supplies to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Russia's weighty share in the world oil market makes the country one of the leading participants in the global energy security system

The largest oil companies in Russia

Oil production in Russia is carried out by 8 large vertically integrated oil companies(VINK). As well as about 150 small and medium-sized mining companies. Vertically integrated oil companies account for about 90% of all oil production. About 2.5% of oil is produced by the largest Russian gas producer Gazprom. And the rest is mined by independent mining companies.

Vertical integration in the oil business is the unification of various links in the technological chain of production and processing of hydrocarbons ("from a well to a gas station"):

exploration of oil reserves, drilling and field development;
oil production and transportation;
oil refining and transportation of oil products;
sales (marketing) of petroleum products

Vertical integration allows you to achieve the following competitive advantages:

ensuring guaranteed conditions for the supply of raw materials and sales of products
reducing risks associated with changes in market conditions
reducing the cost of producing a unit of production

The oil production leaders in Russia are Rosneft and Lukoil.