Russian organizations in Mongolia. Oil industry of Mongolia. Development history, problems and prospects of Mongolian enterprises

Embassy of the Russian Federation in Mongolia
Mongolia-trade.org/- Website of the Mongolian Trade Mission
News.mn/- Info-portal of Mongolia
Infopol.ru Mongolia news - Ulan Ude (ru)
Mongolia-tourizm-planet.blogspot.com/- Tourism of Mongolia
Mol.mn/- Mongolia Online
OWC.org.mn/- Mongolian National Tourism Administration

Mongolia (Mongolian Uls) - state in East-Central Asia... It shares borders with Russia in the north and China in the south, and is landlocked.

Natural conditions:
Mongolia is a plateau, raised to a height of 900-1500 m above sea level. A number of mountain ranges and ridges rise above this plateau. The highest of them is the Mongolian Altai, which stretches in the west and south-west of the country for a distance of 900 km.
Rivers of Mongolia are born in the mountains. Most of them are the headwaters of the great rivers of Siberia and the Far East, which carry their waters towards the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The largest rivers in the country are Selenga (within the borders of Mongolia - 600 km), Kerulen (1100 km), Onon (300 km), Khalkhin-gol, Kobdo, etc.
In Mongolia, there are over a thousand permanent lakes and a much larger number of temporary ones, formed during the rainy season and disappearing during the drought.

Climate:
In Mongolia sharply continental climate with severe winters and dry hot summers. Temperatures range from minus 25 ° С - 35 ° С in winter to plus 25 ° С - 35 ° С in summer. Ulan Bator is one of the coldest winter capitals in the world, with the coldest month being January. The warmest month is July.

Minerals:
In spite of abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited.
Mongolia has 4 brown coal deposits (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the area of ​​the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, coal was found.
The deposits of tungsten and fluorspar of average reserves have long been known and developed. The copper-molybdenum ore found in the Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin Ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant around which the city of Erdenet was built.
Mongolia is rich in fur animals(especially many tarbagan marmots, squirrels, foxes). Fishing is carried out in the lakes and rivers of the northern regions.
Mongolia currently ranks 10th in the world in terms of coal reserves. According to the Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy of Mongolia, the total explored coal reserves in the country amount to 150 billion tons.

Industry:
One of the main components of GDP is mining and cashmere production.
Significant number of manufacturing enterprises concentrated in Ulan Bator, and in the city of Darkhan to the north of the capital there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steel-making complex.
Mongolia produces over a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically, go for export furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and livestock products, phosphorites, fluorites, molybdenum ore.

Agriculture:
In the economy, priority is given to agriculture.
But in economic life In Mongolia, agriculture plays a secondary role. Various crops are grown in the northern and western parts of the country, some with irrigation. Main culture is wheat, although barley, potatoes and oats are also grown. Procurement of hay and fodder plays an essential role.
Pastoralism, still, remains the main species economic activity ... Today Mongolia is among leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita.

Economy:
GDP (2006): $ 5.781 billion
Exports: copper, livestock products, goat down, wool
Imports: fuel, machinery, cars
Major trading partners: China, Russia, USA, Japan

Transport:
The total length of motor roads in 2002 was 49,256 km.
In 2004, there were 36 airports in the country. Of these, 11 have a hard-surfaced runway.

INFORMATION FOR TOURISTS

ECONOMY OF MONGOLIA

Mongolia is an agro-industrial country. Mongolia currently trades with more than 80 countries around the world. The trade turnover is over USD 2 billion. If before the 90s, 90% of Mongolia's foreign trade was trade with the USSR, today more than 40% is trade with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, and the rest is trade with such highly developed countries as Japan, USA, South Korea. Switzerland.

According to the results of the III quarter of 2005, the total trade turnover foreign trade Mongolia accounts for 1.27 billion US dollars, which is 11.6% more than in the same period in 2004. Imports increased by 150.6 million US dollars.
Mongolia exports goods and raw materials to 60 countries of the world, of which 50.8% - to China, 13.8% - to Canada, 10.1% - to the USA. 45.2% of all exports are minerals and mining products, 21.5% are garments and knitwear, 25.6% are precious and semi-precious metals, 3.7% are hides and leather goods.
Mongolia imports over 90% of oil products from Russia, and the rest from China and Kazakhstan.

Mongolia, as a member of the World Trade Organization, in March 2005 presented its trade policy for discussion to the members of this organization, which is quite liberal. In 2002, the Government of Mongolia imposed flat 5 percent customs rates on most imported goods. For the further development of Mongolia's foreign trade essential has a decision by the European Union to include Mongolia as a developing country with a vulnerable economy and as a landlocked country in the GSP + program. Thus, from July 1, 2005, Mongolian goods began to be imported into the European market without customs duties.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF MONGOLIAN ECONOMY

The economic activity of Mongolia has traditionally been based on agriculture and animal husbandry. Mongolia also has vast deposits of mineral raw materials - mining of copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold makes up a significant part industrial production... Soviet aid, which previously accounted for up to a third of GDP, ended after the collapse of the USSR. The Mongolian economy underwent a prolonged recession, exacerbated by the reluctance of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) to carry out fundamental economic reforms. The Democratic Coalition government has embarked on a market economy, loosened price controls, liberalized domestic and foreign trade, and attempted to restructure the banking system into an energy sector. Major privatization programs were undertaken, measures to stimulate foreign investment were implemented (international tenders for the sale of a petroleum products trading company, the largest cashmere company and banks). The progress of reforms was slowed down as a result of the resistance of the former communist MPRP and the political instability generated by the frequent change of government of the Democratic Coalition (four governments were replaced). For the crisis in 1996, caused by a number of natural disasters and the decline in world prices for copper and cashmere, in 1997-99. economic growth followed. In August and September 1999, the Mongolian economy suffered from Russia's temporary ban on the export of oil and petroleum products. In 1997 Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the last meeting of the Advisory Group in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999, foreign donors decided to provide Mongolia with $ 300 million a year.

Meanwhile, Renaissance Capital experts called Mongolia's economy the fastest growing in the world. Thanks to the huge reserves of mineral raw materials, the development of which is just beginning, and the development banking system... Mongolia's GDP in dollar terms will double by 2014, analysts say. They noted that Mongolia is preparing to become a new Asian tiger, and not another source of raw materials in Central Asia, "CA NEWS writes about this. (22.12.2009)

Natural resources of Mongolia. Despite the abundance of mineral deposits, their development is still limited. Mongolia has 4 brown coal deposits (Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur). In the south of the country, in the area of ​​the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range, coal was discovered, the geological reserves of which are estimated at billions of tons. The deposits of tungsten and fluorspar of average reserves have long been known and developed. The copper-molybdenum ore found in the Treasure Mountain (Erdenetiin Ovoo) led to the creation of a mining and processing plant around which the city of Erdenet was built. Oil in Mongolia was discovered in 1951, after which an oil refinery was built in Sain Shanda, a city southeast of Ulaanbaatar, near the border with China (oil production ceased in the 1970s). Near Lake Khubsugul, giant deposits of phosphorites were discovered and even mining began, but soon, due to environmental considerations, all work was minimized. Even before the start of reforms in Mongolia, with the help of the USSR, the search for zeolites, minerals of the aluminosilicate group, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants, was not unsuccessful.

Labor resources of Mongolia. The able-bodied population in 2003 was 1.488 million people. Employment structure: agriculture / livestock - 42%, mining - 4%, manufacturing - 6%, trade - 14%, services - 29%, private sector - 5%, other -3.7%.

As of November 2009, about 40,000 unemployed people were registered in Mongolia. This is 10 thousand more than last year. And a record figure for the last 5 years. These data were announced by the employees of the Department of Employment and Social Services of Mongolia. According to the Office, employers put up more than 50 thousand jobs at the labor exchange, of which 57 percent are vacancies that do not require specialization, mainly of an auxiliary nature.

Market transformations in the economy in the 1990-2000s

The economic system of Mongolia on the eve of the start of market reforms. Choosing a "shock" model of reform. The main directions of economic transformations. Liberalization of economic activity, price release. Institutional transformation; privatization of state and cooperative property. Financial stabilization. The role of the state in the economy of modern Mongolia. The first results of the reforms, their impact on the economy and social sphere. Prospects for deepening market reforms.

AGRICULTURE OF MONGOLIA

Agriculture has always been the backbone of Mongolia's economy. In the context of the transition to the market, its importance has increased. It employs 50% of the country's population (in 1950 - about 80%), it provides more than 40% of GDP. In terms of livestock per capita, we are the third largest in the world, behind only Australia and New Zealand.

Until the beginning of the 40s, when industry was formed into an independent sphere, agriculture was the only branch of material production in the country. Back in 1950, it produced 60% of the national income. Further, its share decreased: in 1970 - to 25%, in 1975 - to 22.4%. At present, it has grown somewhat - up to almost 30%. At the same time, over 50% of export products are agricultural raw materials, and taking into account products made from them, over 70%.

The level and rates of development of agriculture largely determine the most important proportions of the national economy. Such traditional industries as light and food are completely dependent on its condition, since the costs of agricultural raw materials make up the bulk of their production costs.

Pasture farming is still the main economic activity. Today Mongolia is among the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock per capita (approximately 12 heads per person).

In the economic life of Mongolia, agriculture plays a secondary role. To remedy this situation, the government has developed and launched the implementation of the programs "Revival of agricultural production" (Celina-3) and "Green revolution".

INDUSTRY OF MONGOLIA

General characteristics of the industry. Specific features of the industrialization of Mongolia. Industrial development stages. Industry personnel. The ratio of the extractive and manufacturing industries. Dynamics of the main indicators of industrial development. Industrial production efficiency.
Sectoral structure of the industry. The current state and development trends of the main industries.
The Impact of Market Reforms on Mongolian Industry. The role of external assistance in the development of industry. Industrial development prospects.

Industrial growth - 4.1% in 2002.

Electricity production in 2005 - 3.24 billion kWh.
Electricity consumption - 3.37 billion kWh.
Electricity export - 18 million kWh.
Electricity imports - 130 million kWh.

A significant number of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in Ulaanbaatar, and in the city of Darkhan, to the north of the capital, there is a coal mining, iron foundry and steel-making complex. Initially, the local industry was based almost exclusively on the processing of animal raw materials, and the main types of products were woolen fabrics, felt, leather goods, and food products. Many new industrial enterprises have sprung up in Mongolia since the end of World War II - especially in the 1950s and early 1960s, when the country received significant financial assistance from the Soviet Union and China. In the 1980s, local industry provided about 1/3 of Mongolia's national product, while in 1940 - only 17%. After the end of World War II, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are over two dozen cities with enterprises of national importance: in addition to the already named Ulan Bator and Darkhan, the largest are Erdenet, Sukhe-Bator, Baganur, Choibalsan. Mongolia produces more than a thousand types of industrial and agricultural products, most of which are consumed domestically; furs, wool, leather, leather and fur products, livestock and livestock products, phosphorites, fluorites, and molybdenum ore are exported.

CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION

Dynamics of investments in the Mongolian economy. The structure of capital investments by sectors of the economy. Material base and construction personnel. The Role of External Aid in Development capital construction... Basic forms of assistance.

TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

In 1915, the Mongolian emperor Bogd VIII Zhavzandamba first issued a decree addressed to the Minister of the Great Khural and members of the Khural, on the development of the mining industry and the construction of a railway.

Creation modern species transport after the revolution of 1921. Dynamics of cargo turnover and passenger turnover of transport. The state and development trends of the main types of transport (rail, road, air, water). Prospects for the development of transport. Millennium Road. The main types of communications in modern Mongolia (postal, telephone, telegraph, radio and television communications). Development of mobile communications and the Internet.

FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF MONGOLIA

The main links of the financial system of modern Mongolia and its role in the development of the economy. The state budget, the ratio of the central and local budgets. The structure of budget revenues and expenditures.
Monetary system. National currency- tugrik - and its rate in relation to other currencies. Currency regulation.
Credit system. Formation and development of a two-tier banking system. Role and functions of the Central Bank. Development of a network of commercial banks. Bank lending and deposit operations. Formation of the insurance system. Development problems and difficulties credit system during the period of market reforms.

DOMESTIC TRADE

The main forms of domestic trade. State, cooperative and private trade, their ratio. Wholesale and retail trade. Domestic trade prices, inflation problem. Dynamics and structure of domestic trade.

TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY

A variety of approaches to the economic zoning of Mongolia. The concept of zonal development of Mongolia (2002). Main economic zones and their production specialization. The relationship between the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy.

LIVING STANDARDS OF POPULATION

Living standard and social Security in socialist Mongolia. A sharp drop in living standards during the initial period of market reforms. Dynamics of real incomes of the population in recent years. Social differentiation of the population. Poverty problem and attempts to solve it. Employment problem; dynamics and structure of unemployment. The role of the state in solving social problems.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The total turnover in foreign trade for the first half of 2008 amounted to 2,971.3 million US dollars, including exports of 1,276.3 million US dollars, imports - 1,695.0 million US dollars. The deficit amounted to USD 418.7 million, which is USD 386.5 million more compared to the same period last year. The total trade turnover in comparison with the same period of 2007 increased by 74.3%, exports - by 52.6%, imports - by 95.2%. The negative balance of foreign trade was significantly affected by the growth of imports, which is 42.6 points higher than the volume of exports.

Major imports. Imports are mainly oil products, equipment and spare parts, vehicles, metals, chemicals, building materials, food and consumption.

In 2004, imports were $ 1 billion.
In 2005 imported goods came from: Russia - 34.5%, China - 27.4%, Japan - 7.1%, South Korea - 5.3%.

In the total volume of imports, mineral products increased by 196.4 million dollars, cellulose, paper, cardboard and products from them - by 189.2 million dollars, vehicles - by 133.7 million dollars, cars, electrical equipment, televisions, spare parts - by 92.3 million. dollars, metallurgical products - by 68.1 million dollars, food products - by 37.2 million dollars.

Major export. The main Mongolian exports are: minerals (copper, molybdenum, tin, spar concentrate), raw materials of animal origin (wool, cashmere, leather, fur), consumer goods (leather, sheepskin, leather goods, carpets, cashmere, camel knitwear, blankets from wool and cashmere). The country's bowels are rich in mineral resources, including vast deposits of coal, iron ore, tin, copper, uranium, oil, zinc, molybdenum, phosphorus, tungsten, gold, fluorite and semiprecious stones.

In 2004, exports amounted to $ 853 million.
In 2005, exports were directed to: China - 48.1%, USA - 14.2%, Canada - 11.6%, Great Britain - 8.3%, South Korea - 6.2%.

The export of mineral raw materials, which is the main export item, increased by USD 245.9 million compared to the same period in 2007, precious and semiprecious stones, metals and jewelry - by USD 175.4 million, chemical products - by USD 22.1 million. raw materials, processed leather, furs and products from them - by 1.9 million dollars. However, export supplies of knitwear products decreased by $ 7.8 million, metallurgical products - by $ 3.4 million.

The actual volume of export of copper concentrate compared to 2007 decreased by 0.6 percent or 8.2 thousand tons, and in prices increased by 27.1%.

The main forms of foreign economic relations of modern Mongolia. Dynamics, structure and geography of foreign trade. Export and import of selected goods. Organization of foreign trade.

Credit and gratuitous assistance from the outside world of Mongolia. Distribution of foreign aid by sectors of the economy. Organization of donor countries of Mongolia and its activities. The role of external assistance in the development of the economy and social sphere.

Cooperation of Mongolia with major foreign economic partners. The most important directions of Mongolian-Russian economic cooperation and its role in the development of the Mongolian economy. Mongolia's participation in international economic organizations (IMF, World Bank, ADB, etc.).

• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, / MONTSAME / For 11 months from the beginning of 2010, Mongolia carried out foreign trade operations with 130 countries of the world. The total turnover amounted to 5 421.8 million US dollars. dollars, of which the volume of exports is 2 550.6 million dollars, imports - 2 871.1 million dollars.
  Compared to the same period last year, the volume of foreign trade turnover increased by $ 1,831.4 million, or 51.0%, of which the export volume increased by $ 872.3 million, or 52.0%, and the import volume increased by $ 959.0 million. that is, by 50.2%.
  The negative balance of foreign trade in January-November 2010 reached 320.5 million dollars, which against the same period last year there is an increase of 86.8 million dollars, or 37.1%.
  94.8 percent of all types of export products are mines, knitwear and knitwear, precious and semi-precious metals and jewelry.
  G. Battsetseg

Gdp

Parity purchasing power$ 5.781 billion in 2006. GDP growth is 7.5%.

Agriculture - 20.6%.
Industry - 21.4%.
Services - 58%.
Inflation - 9.5% (2005).

2010 BUDGET

Mongolia's 2010 budget has been adopted. Budget revenues will amount to 2 trillion 426.8 billion MNT. Expenditures - 2 trillion 785.4 billion MNT. The deficit of the main financial document of the country is more than 385 billion tugriks. Losses could not be avoided, despite the reduction in social costs. (27.11.2009)

Mongolia's gross national product declined 1.6% in 2009

As MONTSAME reported, according to preliminary data of 2009, the country's gross national product amounted to 6055.8 billion tugriks (47-50 tugriks = 1 ruble) in annual terms or 3564.3 billion tugriks in 2005 prices. Compared to last year, this indicator decreased in comparable prices by 1.6%.

The official index of consumer goods and services at the end of 2009 increased in comparison with the end of 2008 - by 4.2%.

In 2009, during 255 trading sessions, stock exchange In Mongolia, the turnover of securities trading amounted to 23.2 billion tugriks. Compared to the previous 2008, the volume of trade decreased by 62.8% or by 39.2 billion MNT, the report says.

During the years of extensive cooperation between the two countries, Russian geologists, together with their Mongolian colleagues, searched for ore and water, oil and coal, that is, everything that later found its reflection on the map "Natural Resources of Mongolia. Mineral Resources".

In 1922-1923, American geologists H. Berkeley and S. Morris in the Gobi conducted research into the oil-bearing regions of Mongolia. Another American geologist D. Tenner in 1931 suggested the existence of oil in Mongolia. Regular geological exploration of oil fields in Mongolia began in 1934. Two oil fields were explored in the south and in the south-east with reserves of about 6.2 million tons.

American geologist D. Tenner in 1931 suggested the existence of oil in Mongolia

Prior to 1941, geological surveys were carried out in southeastern Mongolia, as a result of which a fairly complete stratigraphic diagram of the Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits associated with oil fields was given, with the participation of the Mongolian geologist J. Dugersuren and the Soviet geologist Yu. Zhelubovsky. An important result of these works was the discovery of surface signs of oil content in the Dzunbayan area, which subsequently led to the discovery of the Dzunbayan oil field in the Eastern Gobi near the city of Dzunbayan, which was additionally explored, delineated, as geologists say, and put into operation by 1948. Structures favorable for oil and gas accumulations were also identified. Over twenty years of operation at the Dzunbayanskoye field, over 260 wells have been drilled with a depth of up to 3 km. each one. Between 1947 and 1963, Soviet geologists discovered two small oil fields, and supposedly 80 oil-bearing structures in the southern, southeastern and eastern parts of the country.

After the end of World War II in 1947, the Mongolneft trust was established and in 1950 an oil refinery with a capacity of about 0.4 million barrels per year was built in Dzunbayan, which is equivalent to thousands of tons. Between 1950 and 1969, more than 4 million barrels (about 0.6 million tons) of oil were produced from the Dzunbayan field, and a total of 7 million barrels of oil (538.7 thousand tons of crude oil, including light oil imported from Russia for blending with local oil) were processed at a refinery, which provided 20 percent of the country's consumption during that historical period.

In 1969, the work of the plant was suspended for several reasons: a decrease in pressure in the wells of the Dzunbayanskoye field and the resulting problems of uninterrupted supply of raw materials, a fire at an oil refinery, and the discovery of oil fields in Soviet Western Siberia. As a result, the Mongolneft company was reorganized.

Today, up to 100 wells of the Dzunbayanskoye field have been restored, oil is produced by 5 wells with a flow rate of 30-100 barrels per day. The extracted oil (in the volume of 550 thousand barrels per month) is transported to China for processing.

Mongolian oil produced at the Dzunbayan field - 550 thousand barrels per month - is processed in China

The reserve of the Dzunbayanskoye field is estimated at 22 million tons, there are three oil regions or sandstone packs, of which the first pack is tamed to the bituminous subformation, and the second and third to the Tsagantsab Formation. The second unit contains 4 oil-bearing horizons, and the third unit contains 12 oil-bearing horizons. The most productive are the 13th horizon with a thickness of 7-8 m, the 11th horizon - 9-10 m and the 7-8 horizon - 10-12 meters. The depth of the production horizons of the third unit is, on average, 700-800 m. Oil reserves of the Dzunbayanskoye field, category A + B, amount to 2158.3 thousand tons.

Oil shows in the East Gobi depression were also established during drilling on the Ukhinsky, Khamarin-Khuralsky, Tsaganel uplifts. All these oil shows have not yet been explored in detail and have not been completely delineated.

Prospecting and exploration work was also organized in other regions of Eastern Mongolia: Nyalginskaya, Choibalsanskaya, Tamsagbulagskaya. In the first two, in addition to bitumen occurrences identified in the process of geological mapping, liquid oil occurrences were noted, but no commercial inflows were obtained in the wells. The Tamsag depression is located in the extreme east of the country and occupies about 30 thousand km within the country. However, geological and geophysical research has not been carried out enough. In terms of oil content, it is of great interest. In the submerged part of the Paleozoic, for example, the northeastern village. Tamsagbulak, the thickness of the Mesozoic sediments exceeds 3000 m.However, only one well was drilled here to a depth of 2500 m.

The latest exploration work at the Tamsag-Bulak oil field in the Matad somon of the Dornod aimag confirmed the previously established oil reserves of 19 million barrels and showed that the estimated reserves here, taking into account the risk, could amount to 58 million barrels.

Estimated oil reserves in Dornod aimag are 58 million barrels

In March 2010, the head of the supply department of the Mongolian Oil and Mineral Resources Directorate, Amarsaykhan Damdin, announced that the Mineral Resources Council officially registered the total proven oil reserves in Mongolia, estimated at 1.6 billion tons. In the Tamsag Basin, in particular, crude oil reserves of 119.2 million tons have been discovered. Thus, in terms of oil reserves, Mongolia ranked 33rd among more than a hundred oil-producing countries in the world. The crude oil reserves discovered to date can meet the country's fuel needs for 40-50 years.

The crude oil reserves discovered so far can meet Mongolia's own fuel needs for 40-50 years

According to experts, in the Tamsag field, oil reserves that can be extracted from the subsoil at the lowest cost amount to 13 million tons, which is equal to the country's needs for a period of up to 10 years. Currently, 11 companies are conducting oil exploration work in the country. Most of these companies are Chinese, Russian companies have not yet shown interest in the development of Mongolia's oil fields.

Russian companies have not yet shown interest in the development of oil fields in Mongolia

Since 2005, the Chinese have drilled 300 wells in the Mongolian border aimag Dornod (Vostochny), 70 of which have produced oil.

In 2006, Petro Matad Limited entered into a production sharing agreement with the government of Mongolia to explore for oil in Matad. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange in May this year. The majority shareholder of this company is the Mongolian company Petrovis. The latter conducted a study of the oil field in the Davsan Tolgoi area in August and September 2012. Previous exploration has established that the area's oil reserves are estimated to be 19 million barrels. The reserve of the Tamsagskoye field is estimated at 37 million tons. The production is carried out by the Chinese company Petrochaina Daqing Tamsag, the oil produced goes to China, where it is refined, and the refined products are shipped back to Mongolia under a production sharing agreement.

In general, in Mongolia, such reserves are estimated by the American company Exploration Associates international - Texas at 4-5 billion tons. Mongolian oil is located at depths of 700-1000 and 2200-3000 m.

In 2010, the Mongolian company Mongolsekiyu Co., Ltd. and the Japanese corporation Toyoo Engineering signed an agreement on the construction of an oil refinery on the territory of the Darkhan aimag, with a processing capacity of up to 44 thousand barrels of oil per day, that is, up to two million tons per year. The project is the largest event in the framework of the "10-year Main Program of Mongolian-Japanese Cooperation". The construction of this plant will allow Mongolia to fully provide itself with petroleum products, while about 200 million dollars will be transferred to the country's budget annually. After the commissioning of the plant, the raw materials will first be supplied from abroad, and in the future it is planned to switch to domestic oil. The Japanese side will allocate all the funds necessary for the construction - US 600 million. The opening of the enterprise will create 600 new jobs. The Japanese company Marubeni is taking part in the project. According to Mr. Namjim, director of Mongolsekiyu, the annual fuel consumption is about 850,000 tons. With the development of production and infrastructure development, it will amount to more than 1.5 million tons by 2015 and will continue to grow. The refinery under construction should therefore produce two million tons per year.

Oil exploration and production in Mongolia was also carried out by Australian, Canadian and French companies. A representative office of the Russian company TATNEFT was opened in Ulan Bator. Oil shows associated with Mesozoic sediments are known not only in Mongolia, but also in the regions of Russia and China bordering on us. The nearest oil shows on the territory of Russia are in the area of ​​Gusinoe Lake and in the Borgoy Basin. On the territory of China, oil fields are known closer to Mongolia: in the Dzhungar, Ordos, and Sunliao depressions. Oil shows have also been known for a long time in the Dalainor depression, which is the northern continuation of the Tamsagbulak depression. The totality of the considered oil shows and deposits scattered over a huge area from the lake. Baikal to the central part of China, testifies to the regional development of meso-Cenozoic processes of oil and gas accumulation here.

The closest to Mongolian oil shows on the territory of Russia are located in the area of ​​Lake Gusinoe and in the Borgoy Basin.

During 1990-1993, British Petroleum explored sedimentary basins and, with the American company Exploration Associates International, processed information from previous studies, as well as with Sibneftegeofizika, made a seismic survey of Mongolia.

Since January 2001, 7 out of 22 blocks have foreign oil companies concluded contracts "Production Sharing Agreements" production-sharing contracts for exploration, development of oil fields and production. Soko operates on the Toson Uul contract areas - XIX, and Matad-XX, Tamsag-XXI, and Buir-XXP, while Australian Rock-Oil is the contractor for the Tsagaan Els-KhSh and Zuun-bayan contract areas. -XIV.

From 1993 to 2004, contractors drilled 47 wells in Mongolia, with total costs exceeding US214 million. From 1998 to 2000, contractors exported to China about 33,000 tons of crude oil accumulated during test production. Starting in July 2000, the Chinese company Desert Oil began exploration activities at the Khar-Us II block, however, due to financial difficulties she postponed reconnaissance. In addition, several companies from Russia and China were interested in exploring oil in some blocks of the contract. At present, the American company Soko, the Chinese Donsheng, and the Canadian companies Storm Kat Energy and Ivanhoe Mines operate in Mongolia.

Oil exploration works in Mongolia are carried out by 11 companies, including the American company Mongolian Soco International PLC, the Chinese company Dongsheng, and the Canadian companies Storm Cat Energy and Ivanhoe Mines.

Exploration with the subsequent stage of oil production has become a very intensively developing industry in the country's economy, attracting close attention of foreign investors. The resource base of Mongolia today: oil reserves as of 01.01.2004 in categories A + B + C1 + C2 amount to more than 20 million tons of oil, which allows maintaining the level of oil production for domestic demand for oil products.

Research and development by the Australian company "Rock-Oil" of the physical properties of oil from the Zuunbayan-XIV and Tsagaan els-KhSh fields showed that the lack of appropriate infrastructure and production facilities does not allow oil refining. Currently, there are 2 low-tonnage oil refining units (MTU) operating in Mongolia, the production potential of the complexes can be up to 50-100 thousand tons / year.

MTUs are distinguished by shallow processing of raw materials and therefore should not be considered as an alternative to refineries and petrochemical complexes. The maximum demand for MTU in the Eastern aimag is estimated at 1-2 units, which will not exceed 50-100 thousand tons / year of total capacity. Therefore, their use can significantly improve the provision of the region with fuel. From the standpoint of long-term development, it is advisable to focus on the preferential use of funds from private companies in combination with measures of state support in the exploration and production of oil in the fields of the eastern aimag.

At present, 2 low-tonnage units for shallow oil refining are operating on the territory of Mongolia.

Analysis of the situation in Mongolia indicates that the domestic consumption of motor fuels, which decreased from 440 thousand tons in 1990 to 359 thousand tons in 1994, may not even increase to the level of 1990 by 2010. This means that in the eastern aimak needs an oil refining industry that would focus on domestic market, with a capacity of 200-300 thousand tons. The inadequacy of these refining capacities in Mongolia can only be found in the following situations:

• a significant increase in the demand for petroleum products, which can happen mainly due to the "economic miracle";
• unforeseen rapid development of the regional vehicle fleet and / or dramatic improvement of the regional road network;
• unforeseen rapid activation of regional air transportation.

Some considerations "for" and "against" the construction of small refineries can be traced on the example of the analysis of the existence of objective prerequisites for the construction of such a MTU in the city of Erdenet. The city's annual demand for gasoline is about 40 thousand tons, diesel fuel - 100 thousand tons, fuel oil - 5 thousand tons, in total - about 145 million tons of oil products per year. The MTU built in the city provides 30-50 percent of the demand, the rest is made by importing them from the Russian Federation, mainly from the nearest refinery located in the Russian cities of Angarsk and Omsk.

70 percent of all oil products in Erdenet are imported from Angarsk and Omsk. The city's annual demand for oil and its products is about 145 million tons

With proper design and consideration of local conditions, small-scale plants can have sufficient versatility. The "Erdenet project", for example, may include an autonomous power plant, production of diesel and boiler fuels, bitumen, high-octane gasoline, and liquefied gases. This makes it possible to provide nearby areas with electricity, household gas, heating oil, as well as the main MTU product - motor fuel.

Relatively large MTUs, with a capacity of 200-500 thousand tons per year, are capable of solving the problems of processing raw materials for a whole group of fields. For example, oil refining in the Eastern aimag near the Tamsag field with a potential production of 10-50 thousand tons / year can be carried out at MTU. It can also be specially oriented, for example, towards solving the issue of sustainable supply of the eastern aimags of Mongolia.

When implementing the hypothesis about low levels of energy consumption in the country, postponing the construction of the Choibalsan-Ulaanbaatar transport highway, introducing new technologies and implementing a policy of price containment by the state, refusing to subsidize railroad transportation and accelerating the end of support for the oil industry, the industry finds itself in the most difficult situation: possible volumes oil production in Mongolia by 2010 is estimated at the level of 1-2 thousand tons.When this scenario is implemented, foreign companies are forced to reduce development and / or production in all study blocks, open blocks will remain without any geological exploration work, and any -or the possibility of exporting oil from Mongolia. The development of the oil industry according to this minimal scenario is undesirable for reasons of the country's energy security.

At present, the specialists of RAO Rosneftegazstroy have returned to Mongolia, armed with the idea (so far an idea) of mutually beneficial development of the resources previously explored there. They brought a completely new electronic map of minerals and spoke in Ulaanbaatar with their assessment of the country's resource potential in front of members of the government, khural and representatives of private capital. However, Russian companies, unlike Chinese or South Korean ones, are not linked into a single team, are almost not supported by the state and act solely at their own peril and risk.

Russian companies, unlike Chinese or South Korean ones, are not linked into a single team, are almost not supported by the state and operate on the Mongolian market solely at their own peril and risk.

In the course of business contacts, the government structures of Mongolia offered RAO Rosneftegazstroy to become the general contractor of the largest project in the history of Mongolia for the construction of the Trans-Mongolian highway, which should not yield, and in some ways should surpass the best highways in the USA and Europe. The project assumed that the new road will play the role of a backbone, with which the country's transport network will be linked, the main highway will connect Russia, Mongolia, China and Kazakhstan through the centuries-old trade route. The enclave type of economy will be eliminated, which does not allow the country to stand on a par with the economic leaders of the pan-Asian market.

It's not just about the road. Mongolia needs a modern transport network, consisting of roads of different classes, including main pipelines that provide the country with energy resources, transporting hydrocarbons outside its borders, while the interests Russian companies will not be prejudiced. In this regard, a small digression. Today there are two options for transporting hydrocarbons to China: bypassing Mongolia from Angarsk to Daqing, with a length of 2488 km, and through Mongolia: Angarsk-Ulan Bator-Beijing at 2437 km. There is a trilateral agreement signed by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Transneft and the former Yukos on the transportation of 20 million tons of oil a year to China by 2010, and then 30 million tons each.

Beijing strongly opposes the Mongolian route, although it has significant advantages over the alternative. Without dwelling on all the pluses and minuses of these options, we can say with confidence that they both pose a real environmental threat - the threat of pollution of Lake Baikal. All the advantages of these projects fade away next to her.

Both options for transporting oil to China through Mongolia or bypassing Mongolia pose a real environmental threat - the threat of pollution of Lake Baikal

However, there is a message that Russia has developed an optimal, ecologically flawless version of the Russia-China oil and gas pipeline through Western Mongolia, taking into account the energy resources of Western and Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan. This option is not only ecologically safe, but also goes through natural hydrocarbon storage traps and provides energy raw materials to the sparsely populated areas of China that are in dire need of it. The widespread belief that China's territory is densely populated is deeply mistaken, and to understand this, it is enough to look at the country's administrative map. The transport network must be provided with oil filling stations, for which it is planned to build an oil refinery near Ulan Bator. In the east of Mongolia, the Americans are already pumping oil. An oil field was recently discovered in the southern part of the "oil belt" with recoverable reserves of 2 million tons. Four more similar deposits were outlined nearby.

Today Mongolia's need for hydrocarbons, in oil equivalent, is about 560-580 thousand tons per year. This is normal for an agricultural country, but extremely small for the transition to the ranks of industrialized countries. Oil is imported from Russia (Angarsk, Achinsk, Omsk), although Mongolia has its own oil. As mentioned above, the Dzunbayan (Southern Mongolia) and Tamsag (Eastern Mongolia) oil blocks have been explored, where, according to the British and Americans, oil reserves are about 22 and 37 million.In general, in Mongolia, such reserves are estimated by the American company Exploration Associates international - Texas at 4 -5 billion tons. It is possible that these figures are overestimated, but it must be admitted that other companies give similar figures.

Mongolia's need for hydrocarbons, in oil equivalent, about 560-580 thousand tons per year

All of the above indicates that Mongolia has considerable resources of energy raw materials and may well satisfy not only its internal needs for it, but also become one of the importers of energy companies. The return of Russia to Mongolia, mutual assistance and friendship of the two countries are beneficial to both Russia and Mongolia. Both sides want it. However, wanting is not enough, you have to act. And in this, the main bonding, cementing role should belong to the governments of the two countries. For Mongolia, as the whole experience of its history shows, there is no other way.

Business card.

Official name: Mongolia

Area: 1 565 thousand sq. km

Population (1999): 2,617,379

Capital: Ulan Bator

Ethnic composition: Mongols (90%), Kazakhs (4%), Chinese (2%), Russians (2%), others (2%)

Main languages: Mongolian (official), Russian, Chinese

State structure: republic

Head of State: President

Monetary unit: tugrik

Introduction.

At the word "Mongolia," the imagination draws endless sands, camel caravans, flocks of sheep, white yurts and Genghis Khan's numerous campaigns.

But this is only a small part of the appearance of the most ancient and original country. In terms of area, it occupies the seventeenth place in the world, but only about 2.5 million people live in these open spaces. Therefore, in terms of population density, Mongolia occupies one of the last places in the world.

The Mongolian Republic is often called High Asia. It is indeed a country of mountains and high plains - its average height above sea level is 1580 m. Here lies the southernmost border of the permafrost distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and the northernmost border of deserts. Mongolia has no outlet to the sea.

The country's climate is sharply continental, temperate, dry. The vegetation is dominated by dry steppe and semi-desert species. There are very few forests (no more than 8% of the territory) and they grow on the mountain slopes in the northern part of the country.

Capital.

The capital of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, is a large city with a developed industry and infrastructure. The capital is home to one quarter of the country's population.

Ulan Bator - carries out the city khural of people's deputies from 600 voters.

Ulan Bator is the main transport hub of the country; the main railway line - Moscow - Ulan Bator - Beijing; In the suburbs there is an international airport. The capital is connected with other cities of the MPR by highways.

The city is home to many theaters, museums, libraries, galleries, universities, academic institutes and colleges.

Natural conditions and resources.

Mongolia is rich in mineral resources such as coal and brown coal, uranium, iron ore, oil, copper, tin, molybdenum, fluorspar, tungsten, phosphorites, gold, silver, precious stones, etc.

Natural conditions are predetermined by the peculiarities of the country's economic and cultural development. This is the only one in modern world a state in which the main industry is nomadic animal husbandry. Sheep, cattle, horses and camels are raised; in alpine and taiga regions - yaks and deer. In terms of the number of livestock per capita, Mongolia firmly occupies one of the first places in the world.

The country has developed such industries as electricity, fuel, mining, construction materials, metalworking, light and food-processing industries. At present, slightly more than half of the total value of industrial products is accounted for by the light and food industry, and one quarter - by the woodworking and electric power industry.

But the structure of Mongolia's industry is gradually changing: the share of light and food-grade products is decreasing, while the share of most other industries is increasing. This process is natural. The country is industrializing, the construction of large enterprises is being developed, and the production of electricity is increasing. As a result, the need for building materials, wood, ore raw materials is increasing; there is a need to establish repairs, produce equipment and parts for machines, build power plants, and increase coal production.

Extractive industry and energy.

The main branch of the mining industry is coal (mainly lignite). Most of the coal production is concentrated in the Sharyn-Gol coal mine (annual production is over 1 million tons), near the city of Darkhan, as well as at the Nalaya mine (with a capacity of over 600 million tons). There are a number of smaller sections in the Under-Khan area and others. Electricity production - at thermal power plants (the largest CHP in Darkhan).

Manufacturing industry.

The sectoral light and food industries account for over one-half of the gross industrial output, over one-half of employed workers. The largest enterprises: an industrial plant with 8 factories and plants in Ulan Bator, Choibalsanei and others. In the building materials industry, the house-building plant in Ulan Bator, cement and brick factories in Darkhan occupy an important place among the enterprises.

Transport.

The length of railways is 1815 km, with hard surface - 1413 km. Airlines of Mongolia operate regular flights within the country and on international routes to cities in Europe and Asia.

External economic relations.

In the export of the country, the leading place is taken by raw materials of animal and vegetable origin and raw materials for the production of food products. Mongolia has become an important supplier to other countries of meat, wool, leather, etc. In the near future, the share of mineral raw materials, especially concentrate of non-ferrous metals and finished industrial products - canned meat, leather and sheepskin products, woolen fabrics, and carpets will significantly increase.

In imports, the first place belongs to machinery (machinery, equipment), mineral raw materials, metals, fuel, chemical products, and the second - to food and industrial consumer goods.

External economic ties are not limited to trade. The economic and technical assistance of European countries in the construction of economic facilities is of great importance.

Bibliography

"Countries and Peoples", Moscow, 1999 ed. "Russian word"

Features of the Mongolian economy

Mongolia is an agrarian and industrial state that currently trades with more than 80 world states.

Remark 1

Until the nineties of the 20th century, 90% of trade in Mongolia was trade with the Soviet Union, today more than 40% is trade with the Russian Federation and China, the rest is trade with highly developed countries: Japan, Switzerland, South Korea and the United States.

Most of the people are urban dwellers, however, the economy of Mongolia today is concentrated in such industries as mining and agriculture. A significant part of the country's industrial production is made up of mineral resources, including copper, tin, molybdenum, coal, tungsten and gold.

Due to the harsh continental climate, the country has an agriculture that is vulnerable to natural disasters during periods of extreme cold and drought. The country includes small arable land, about 80% of the territory is used as pasture. Most of rural population is engaged in the production of livestock, which consists of sheep, cattle, goats, camels and horses. Mongolia has more livestock per capita than any other country in the world.

Specificity of Mongolia's Industry

Mongolian industry is quite extensive, this country has opportunities for the development of a large number of industrial sectors, whose products are exported to other countries, and also enjoys huge domestic demand.

Remark 2

Initially, the country developed agriculture, the production of food products, textiles and leather goods. After the Second World War, the state received significant financial assistance from the USSR and China, which contributed to a significant expansion of industry.

In modern conditions, there are enterprises in Mongolia:

• steel,
• iron foundry,
• coal mining industry.

The location of industrial enterprises is concentrated in more than 20 cities, while the bulk of the output is consumed domestically in the state. Today in Mongolia, more than 1000 types of agricultural products are offered: products from fur, leather, wool, as well as furs and leather themselves. These products are exported and also used by the population of the country. To a large extent, Mongolia works for itself, while having everything you need.

Mining industry in Mongolia

The mining industry is widely developed in Mongolia. But, despite the abundant mineral deposits, they are characterized by their limited development. Mongolia has four brown coal deposits concentrated in Nalaikha, Sharyngol, Darkhan, Baganur. The southern part of the country in the region of the Taban-Tolgoi mountain range is characterized by the presence of coal, the geological reserves of coal in this place can be estimated at billions of tons.

For a long time, the deposits of tungsten and fluorspar are known and are being developed with average reserves. A copper-molybdenum deposit was found in the Treasure Mountain. This deposit leads to the creation of a mining and processing plant around which the city of Erdenet is built.

Oil was discovered in Mongolia in 1951, after which an oil refinery was rebuilt in the city of Sain Shanda (a city southeast of Ulan Bator), which is located near the border with the Republic of China. The plant existed for 20 years, in 1970 oil production ceased. Also, large deposits of phosphorites have been discovered near Lake Khubsugul, and their production begins. But soon, due to environmental violations, all work is reduced to zero.

Before the implementation of reforms in the country, with the help of the Soviet Union, the search for zeolite, a mineral of the aluminosilicate group, was successfully carried out, which are used in animal husbandry and agriculture as adsorbents and biostimulants.

Today the main branch of the mining industry in Mongolia is the coal industry, with the advantage of mining brown coal. The main part of coal production is concentrated in the SharynGol coal mine, the annual production of which is more than 1 million tons. It is located near the city of Darkhan, and in the Nalaya mine (capacity is more than 600 million tons). Smaller sections are present in the Under Khan area and other areas.

Electricity is produced at thermal power plants, the largest of which is located in Darkhan.

Manufacturing industry

The manufacturing industry in Mongolia includes light and food industries. These industries account for more than 1/2 of the gross industrial output of the state and over 1/2 of the employed workers in the state.

Larger enterprises are represented by an industrial complex with eight factories and plants in Ulan Bator, Choibalsanei.

The building materials industry includes a house-building plant in Ulaanbaatar and a brick and cement plant in Darkhan.

First of all, the local industry was based on the processing of livestock raw materials, and the main types of products were fabrics, leather products, food products and felt.

A large number of new industrial companies appeared in Mongolia after the end of the Second World War. The period of growth was characteristic of the fifties and sixties, at that time the state received a lot of financial assistance from China and the USSR.

Since the eighties, local industry has provided about a third of the gross national product of the entire country. After the end of the Second World War, the share of heavy industry in the total volume of industrial production increased significantly. There are more than 2 dozen cities in the country with enterprises of national importance. In addition to Ulan Bator and Darkhan, the most major cities is Erdenet, Sukhebaatar, Baganur Choibalsan.

Mongolia produces a large number of industrial and agricultural products, a large share of which is consumed in the country. Furs, leather and fur products, leather and wool, livestock and animal products, as well as molybdenum ore, phosphorites and fluorites are intended for export.