Types of semi-age pyramids. What can tell the age-sex pyramid. Types of semi-age pyramid

Age-floor pyramid

Age-sex pyramid of the population of Russia, 2009

Age-genital pyramids - a graphical representation of the distribution of the population by sex and age, used to characterize the age-age population.

The age-sex composition of the population is the ratio of age-genital groups - the aggregates of people of the same age. This is the main element of the age structure of the population. Depending on the objectives of the study, the age groups of annual and enlarged: five- and ten-year-olds are distinguished. However, larger age groups apply to the assessment of general structural shifts.

Age-genital pyramids are diagrams on which the number of people of each age (or their share in the population) is shown a horizontal strip of a certain scale. The bands are located one above the other in the order of increasing the values \u200b\u200bof age, on the left side of the chart - for men, in the right - for women. Age-genital pyramids are usually built along year or five-year-old age groups, and sometimes for ten-year groups. However, sexual pyramids, built on major age groups, do not disclose the detailed features of the age and sexual composition of the population.

The composition of the age and sexual structure of the population primarily is the result of the evolution of population reproduction. The type of population reproduction, formed by the fertility and mortality processes in this and past periods, determines the population's relationship of various age groups.

Age structures

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Dictionary of Terms on Social Statistics

Age (age-sex) Pyramid - Graphic distribution of the population by age and floor. It is a two-way directional chart, on which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in the population is depicted by a horizontal strip of a certain scale. ... ... Social statistics. Vocabulary

Pyramid age-sex - schedule. The image of the age of sexual population. P.V. P. Constituted as follows. The age groups are postponed along the vertical axis, and in the horizontal left, the number of men, to the right of women (instead of population, can ... ... Russian sociological encyclopedia

Age Pyramid - Age Pyramid, Pyramid of ages, grievilla pyramid, schedule. An image of the distribution of people by age and floor. It is a bilateral directional chart, on the number of people of each age n fest or their share in ... ...

KOREA - (Cor. Ceoson, letters. The country of morning freshness) is located in the Vost. Asia, on Korean n Oves (incl. About BA) and on the adjacent part of the mainland. Pl. 221 t. KM2 (incl. Demarcation zone pl. 1.3 t. Km2). From 1905 K. Protectorate, then (from 1910): Colony ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

ZIMBABWE - (Zimbabwe), the Republic of Zimbabwe (Republic of Zimbabwe), state in south. Africa. Pl. 390.6 t. Km2. Us. 7.74 million h. (1983, census). Capital Harare (former Salisbury; 656 t., 1982). Enters the Commonwealth. From the 1880s. 3. Ownership of Great Britain (before ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Federal Republic of Germany - Federal Republic of Germany, Germany (Bundesrepubhk Deutschland), Goc in the center. Europe. Pl. 248 t. Km2. Us. 59.7 million h (1983) Capital Bonn (292T., 1982) FRG highly developed industrial country. Germans make up 92.6% of all of us. (1983). ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

BULGARIA - (Bulgaria), People's Republic of Bulgaria (People's Republika Bulgaria), NRB, state at V. Balkansky P Oova is washed by black M pl. 110.9 t. Km2. Us. 8949 T. 1983). Capital Sofia (1179 t., 1983). B. Socialist. GOS VI, Developed Industra. ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

German Democratic Republic - (Deutsche Demokratische Republik), GDR, state in the center. Parts of Europe. Pl. 108.3 t. Km2. Us. 16.7 million. (1983). Capital Berlin (1173 tons, 1982). GDR highly developed industries. country. GDR Socialist. The state was formed on terr. Vost. Germany ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

GREECE - (Hellas), Greek Republic (Hellenike Demokratia), state in south. Europe, on the Balkan n Oves and Multi. About Wah (the largest Crete, Evya, Rhodes, Lesbos). Pl. 131.9 t. Km2. Us. 9.8 million h. (1982). The capital of Athens (St. 3 million g., With suburbs, ... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

The article discusses the analysis of the population of the population. Russian Federation By sex and age using statistical graphs.

• Analysis of the financial situation of the enterprise to predict the likelihood of its bankruptcy
• Improving financial forecasting in the Russian Federation
• The need for monetary flow planning organization
• Verification of economic indicators. Basic provisions

The age-floor pyramid is a graphical distribution of the presentation of the population by sex and age, used to characterize the age of age. The age-sex composition of the population represents the ratio of age-genital groups, that is, the aggregates of people of the same age. The age grouping is built both for the entire population and for men and women, for the urban population, rural and others. In this pyramid (graph) vertically, the range of age groups is based (ascending upwards), on both sides of which strips are laid, the length of which corresponds to the number of persons of each interval (left-men, right-women), subject to equal intervals. In the case of unequal age intervals, the length of the strips is assumed on the interval of age in 1 year, i.e, as the distribution density.

Grouping, or distribution, population by sex allows us to determine the number (and share) of men and women in the total population. So, for example, in 1995. Of the 148.3 million people in Russia, 69.8 million were male and 78.5 million - women, or 47 and 53%, respectively. By the way, this ratio as a whole in the country is quite sustainable, it remains for Russia during the 80s and 90s. Therefore, this grouping is more interesting in separate regions, districts. Polit data provided in territories give an idea of \u200b\u200ba uniform or uneven ratio of men and women in certain regions of the country. In turn, this ratio often depends on the production sector of the district economy. The floor grouping is necessarily given in combination with other grouping signs (age, social status, education, etc.)

The age grouping is also one of the main tasks in statistics. To solve many practical tasks It is necessary to identify various age contingents: nursery, preschool, school; The population is in working age; younger and older than working age; The number of opposite ages and others. All age groups of the population are distributed over one-year age groups, on the basis of which any interval groups can be constructed. The distribution of people for annual age groups opens the best opportunities for analyzing the state and changes in the age structure. However, data on the age structure in the annual grouping is subject to the deforming effect of such a phenomenon as age accumulation. Many people do not give the great value of the accuracy of the instructions of their age, and in the past many did not know their exact age, therefore they pointed to the population census.

The composition of the age and sexual structure of the population primarily is the result of the evolution of population reproduction. The type of population reproduction, formed by the fertility and mortality processes in this and past periods, determines the population's relationship of various age groups.

First, the population of the population is influenced, firstly, a decline in the population of draft ages, secondly, a sharp decline in the birth rate. At the regional, and sometimes on state level Large changes in the age structure may arise as a result of migrations, usually increasing the number of men in working ages. As a result of these causes of the face age Pyramid They become uneven, they reflect the historical changes in the nature of increasing and loss of the population. Such violations will permanently leave traces in the age structure of the population.

The sexual structure affects the decline in the birth rate on the number of individual age groups in the form of the so-called failures in the age structure, war, the state of the population in marriage, etc.

1. Age-floor pyramid growing:
   • - high fertility coefficient;
   • Most of the young;
   • Low share of the elderly;
   • Short life expectancy;
   • Population growth.
2. Age-floor pyramid reduced:
   • - Small birth rate;
   • Low percent of young;
   • A large proportion of adults and elderly;
   • High life expectancy;
   • Population aging.
3. Age-floor pyramid rejuvenating:
   • - distribution of the group of classes of the main pyramid;
   • Characteristic for typical developed countries that experience a higher birth rate as a result of demographic policies.

Table 1 Dynamics of the number and specific gravity of the population

Based on the indicators in the table, it can be said that the number of women dominates the number of men. What, starting in 1926, the population increased every year.

Table 2 Middle Purpose Forecast Options

The middle version of the forecast is characterized by a reduction in the ratio of men and women for 20 people.

In comparison with 1990, the population of younger than working age is significantly less in 2015 and at the same time the population is over the older working age.

Figure 2 characterizes the change in the number and composition of the population of Russia in perspective.

The sexual pyramid is similar to the real pyramids, since with increasing age, the number of people in the age groups decreases and the strips are made shorter. The age-related pyramid of the ideal population, in which the birth rate and mortality would remain unchanged for a long time, would have a form of an almost-equated triangle with straight sides (but still with some distortion to the right, i.e. towards the female "half"). However, this does not happen, because the number of born, and the number of dead fluctuates in time, sometimes very sharply. A sharp fall in fertility forms an appropriate cavity on the age structure, which will be the deeper than the more significantness of the birth number. And this vpadina is never leveling until all those born in the years for which this vadina appeared, will not die. On the contrary, a sharp increase in fertility forms a protrusion on the pyramid, which is the greater the greater the raising of the birth rate (the number of born). The alternation of lifts and fertility falls as a result of any social cataclysms causes the so-called "demographic waves" in the age structure (pyramid).

Bibliography

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In the demographics, the quantitative and qualitative composition of the population is made to depict in the form of a pyramid, the foundation of which is newborns, children; Then there is a gradual narrowing of the pyramid, taking into account mortality in each age period; Her vertex makes faces aged 90 years and older.

Two concepts are the age structure and age pyramid - in fact reflect the two sides of one phenomenon, namely the distribution of the population of this country in the ages. The difference between them is that the age pyramid is in graphical form and is supplied with verbal comments, and the age structure is applied in tabular form and is accompanied by more deployed analytical comments.

Pyramid of ages (Other names: Age-Poland Pyramid, Half Age Pyramid) gives a visual graphic image of the distribution of people by age and sex.

Senten age Pyramid- graphic image (histogram) of data on sexual agricultural composition (Fig. 4). It is a bilateral directional chart, at which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in the population is shown a horizontal strip of a certain scale. Strips are located one above the other in order to increase the age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, left - for

men, right - for women 2. Since due to mortality in older ages, the number of people is usually smaller, the image for a complete set of ages has a pyramid shape.

Fig. 4. Age-Poland population of the Russian Federation, 1989

To build a sexy-age pyramid in the center, spend the vertical axis (ordinate axis), according to the gradations of age from the base of the axis to the right and left the horizontal axes (abscissions axis) on which the gradations of the population number are deposited, respectively, to the left of men and the right of women. The population of each age in the pyramid is depicted in the form of a rectangle whose area corresponds to the population. Its bottom and upper horizontal lines are carried out at the level, respectively, the beginning of this age of the interval and the beginning of the next age interval. Right vertical BNN? The line in men and the left women coincide with the vertical axis on the segment of this age interval. Left vertical line in men and law? Women are conducted at the level of numbers, respectively, men and women of this age group. On the sex pyramid postponed? Nutrition only for those age groups for which the top-official website of the State Statistics Committee are identified: www.gks.ru..

nyaya and lower boundaries of the age range and are not postponed for the so-called, open age intervals (for example, "80 years and older").

In the age pyramid, you can conduct a variety of manipulations, for example, age groups to change the age categories of the population, we will admit a group of 0-6 years to replace the category of preschoolers. The resulting schedule is very useful in applied studies (Fig. 5) 3.

Fig. 5. Changed age structure of the population

In addition to the age structure, corrected by the categories of the population, it is possible, again for practical purposes, combine social Structure population and get an even more visual graph of the structure of this society (Fig. B) 4.

Fig. 6. Social and age structure of the population

3 Source: Population ( www.ccas.ru.).

The sexual pyramid is usually built according to the data of the censuses or surveys of the population in the one-year or five-year-old age groups so that the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid will correspond to the number of people (thousand) of each age and gender or in comparisons - the fraction of them in the population (%). The length of the stage at the same time corresponds to the density of this age group, i.e. The number of people per unit of age (Fig. 7). In international statistics, in constructing the age structure, it is customary to take into account information on the partition on the floor and age (0-14 years, 15-64, over 65).

Fig. 7 Half-use Pyramid of the USSR population according to the correspondence of 1926 and 1970

In the early 1930s. The concept of three types of age structure of the population was introduced, which correspond to the form of the age pyramid: in the young population, it has the form of the right pyramid, in the aged population - the form of the bell, in a very old - the form of the urn (Fig. 8), and determines the fast Growth, slow growth or loss of the population.

On most diagrams, reflecting the age structure of various countries of the world, two asymmetries can be observed - by age and sex. Since in the structure of the population of most countries of the world, old people are less than children, the diagram acquires the appearance of the pyramid, i.e. It is asymmetrical about the horizontal axis, conducted along the average life expectancy of the population of this country. At the same time, the number of men and women in different age groups is unequal, so the diagram cannot be symmetric about the vertical axis. The disproportion of the floors has not yet been studied to the end.

It is also easy to note that in children's ages, as in the world as a whole and in certain regions, men prevail. This is explained by

boys around the world are born on average for a year by 4 million more than girls. In working ages, such a predominance for the whole world is preserved, but in half of the regions it is replaced by the advantage of women. As for the elderly, in this group, women's advantage is widespread. A sharp, approximately 16.5 million, the predominance of women in the CIS is explained primarily by the impact of the First World War, civil and more World War II, but also a very large life expectancy in women of the CIS countries.

Fig. 8. Types of age structures (by F. Burgdurfer):

BUT- young (growing) population; B.- aged (stationary) population;

IN- very old (decreasing) population

Approximately the same causes influenced the sexual composition of the population of foreign Europe, where, with the exception of Ireland and Iceland, women prevail in all countries. Their advantage is especially great in Austria and Germany. In Foreign Asia, on the contrary, men almost everywhere prevail. Exceptions are only Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Yemen, Israel and Cyprus.

A sex pyramid shows the future of the development of specific regions of the world or a separate country. Newborn children first reach kindergarten age and you can already say almost exactly how many of them will be. Then school age (how many schools, classes, teachers will need; it will be possible and approximately how much to reduce the number of children in the classroom, it is better to do this, and not to close schools and dismiss teachers due to the decreasing number of school children who expect us coming years), etc. Considering the age-related pyramid, a specialist is able to determine, for example, when the largest competition is expected in this area educational establishments, or how will the number and composition labor resources: In which years, what contingents of the population will be included in their number, and which on the contrary to go out. Analysis of age dynamics can show the current and expected relationship of working or marriage, the difference in the age of grooms and brides: the groom on average two years older. If you follow the current demographic proportions, then in the future you can expect for the young men of the 1990s. birth shortage of brides of suitable age, although in

overall, the number of women will exceed the number of men. According to the 2002 census (Fig. 9) 5, a significant excess of women in the number of men, which amounted to 10 million people against 9.6 million in 1989, was preserved due to high premature supercurses. Men. So, a thousand men in 2002 accounted for 1147 women, and in 1989 - 1140 women.

Fig. 9. Age-Poland population of the Russian Federation, 2002

Quantitatively the most high advantage of men in South and East Asia (in India by 24 million, in Pakistan by 4.5 million, in China by 31 million). Male's advantage is also characteristic of the Arab-Muslim countries of South-West Asia. This is the result of the centuries-old printed position of women in families and society. Greater susceptibility to diseases and higher mortality of women was due to early marriages, frequent clauses, insufficient food, constant hard work at work and at home. For countries in Africa, sharp fluctuations in sexual composition are not characteristic, and in the overwhelming majority of them, the number of men and women is approximately equal. Yet in North, Arab-Muslim, part of the mainland

The official website of the State Statistics Committee: www.gks.ru..

there is some predominance of men, whereas in East Africa, for example, the predominance of women.

In North America, as in the region relative to the new colonization and mass inflow of immigrants - mainly men - for a long time, the male population prevailed. But gradually first in the USA, and in the 1970s. And in Canada there has been a promotion of women. This is especially true for older ages. In Latin America, as in Africa, the number of men and women is about equal. In Australia, as in the country of the ongoing mass influx of immigrants, men, as in Canada, prevailed before the early 1970s. Then there was a small advantage of women. IN developed countries in countryside Male population prevails, in cities - female, and in developing countriesoh, on the contrary, the women's population prevails in rural areas, and men's - in cities.

At the end of the XX century. The age structure of the population of most countries of the world, including Russia (Fig. 10), reminded not so much a pyramid as a column characterized by the relatively small number of children, people of young and mature age and the relatively high number of people of senior age groups. For the first time in many countries there was a situation at which the number of all age groups, including the most advanced age, is approximately the same.

Fig. 10. Half-wide pyramid of the population of Russia in 2000

The age structure of the Russian population is characterized by the continuing increase in the number of working-age population. The population in working age (men 16-59 years old, women were 16-54 years old) amounted to 89 million people (or 61%), younger than working age - 26.3 million people (or 18%) and older working age -

29.8 million people (or 21%). The average annual population in working age has increased since 2002 by 2004 by 1.4 million projected economic growth rates in 2002-2004. did not lead to an adequate increase in the number of employed in the economy. Thus, during this period, the excess of the supply of labor over demand for it is preserved.

As for most European countries, the population is characterized by the population. Compared to the correspondence of 1989, the average age of the country's residents increased for three years and amounted to 37.7 years, men - 35.2 years, women - 40.0 years (according to the population census 1989, the average age of the population was 34, 7 years old, men - 31.9 years old, women - 37.2 years). At the same time, the number of children and adolescents for the interpersonal period decreased by 9.7 million people.

Since in the near future - until 2050 - indicators of the sexual agent of the population will not change to the best for us to the side (general reduction in the population, its step), then the age pyramid will take, compared with 2000, a completely different kind (Fig. eleven).

Fig. 11. Changes in the age of the age of the population of Russia for the coming 50 years

The most important indicators of the demographic well-being of the population is age. Sociology, studying it, applies various methods, including which allow you to see the populations in the dynamics.

in sociology and demographics

The age of the population and individual is important indicators for sociology and psychology. In the age status, a lot of social roles affecting public relations are founded. The number of years lived since the emergence of a person to light causes its position in society and requires the execution of certain models of behavior. There are several varieties of age:

Absolute, he is a passport or calendar. This is the calculus of years in the amount of time lived since the birth;

Biological, or the age of development, antipode of the calendar, means the degree of morphological development of the body at a certain moment of life;

Mental, defining the development of intelligence and psyche at a particular moment of life;

Social, characterized by the level of social achievements for the average person of a specific age.

The concept of age structure of the population

Age structures are the allocation of groups of people in the number of years. For the first time, this method of classification of the population was applied in ancient China, where the first age scale was drawn up, it included 6 stages: youth, the age of marriage, the time of community duties, the age of knowledge of their own delusions, the last creative age, the desired age and old age. Already this scheme shows that the age structure is an important indicator of human social activity. Modern sociology allocates periods such as childhood, youth, maturity and old age. To solve various research tasks, scientists allocate other stages of human development over time. Today, scientists talk about the age structure of the population different countries, evaluate the difference between them, build age-related pyramids that help identify the dynamics of demographic processes. The term "age structure of the population" appears in the 19th century, it denotes the distribution of the population with certain age characteristics through the country and the planet as a whole.

Study of age structures of the population

Studying age is the starting point in the study of many social processes. The study of this phenomena is necessary to track the dynamics of socio-economic processes that are based on demographics. Information about the age structure of the population allows you to identify the reasons for increasing and lowering fertility and mortality, and to look for ways to solve problems related to these phenomena.

It is important to determine exactly, for what purpose is the age-sex pyramid, to extract the maximum from it useful information. Knowing the structure of the population, one can predict and plan the socio-economic activities of the state and business. This information will allow you to predict which goods and services can be in demand at different intervals, form a budget for various social payments and build a policy on the development of human capital.

Methods of studying age structures

There are several methods that help to collect information about the age parameters of the population. The simplest and most common way is to monitor that is based on the analysis of statistical data. The polling methods are also widely used, the most famous of which is the census. Each state periodically conducts which allows you to collect information about the age structures of the country. Most often, these data is investigated along with sexual distribution information. The purpose of the age-sex pyramid is to submit differences and similarities between the distribution of ages among gender groups. This information allows you to assess the consequences of socio-economic events and plan future social policy.

The concept of age-sex pyramid

The first systematic censuses of the number of people in the country of one age are beginning to be held in the 19th century. In 1895, the Scandinavian scientist A. G. Sundberg proposed to create diagrams that would fix the totality of the One year old at certain points in the country. So began practices for creating age-related pyramids. Later, the floor parameter was still added, it made it possible to compare the number of men and women of one age, to evaluate the dynamics and the total duration of their lives.

To build the age-related pyramid, you need to collect quantitative information and present it to the vertical in it marks age, and the horizontal number is the number of people. The base of the pyramid is always wider than the rest, since it makes up newborns, the number of people to the last recorded older man begins to decoke. One horizontal strip can mean the number of people per year, 5 or 10 years, depending on the information collected.

Classification of age pyramids

There are species of pyramids with different time intervals, the most detailed is the type with an interval of 1 year, but it requires a lot of information to collect information, more often meet 5 and 10-year models. International Standards It is recommended to use a 5-year interval to assess the population. It is also accepted to allocate the types of age-related pyramids in accordance with the version of the Company, so the models of the growing population appeared, in this case the diagram is as close as possible to the correct pyramid, a stable-aging generation, in the form of a bell and a decreasing number of people, in the form of urn. Another reason for the classification of age-related pyramids is the regions. So, allocate models of developed and developing countries. This allows you to compare the regions and identify their fundamental differences. It is also possible to build pyramids of individual populations, such as representatives of ethnic communities or migrants.

Growing types of pyramids

The age-sex pyramid of the population in which the younger generation prevails over old, is called progressive, or growing. Usually, high fertility is characterized for such societies. Populations with similar indicators are characterized by a large number of youth, most often in such societies there is a low life expectancy and high mortality, only a small part of the population lives to senile age. Often, this type of reproduction of human resources is called simple or primitive, as social protection and economics do not participate in it.

Stationary types of pyramids

The fixed age pyramid of the population is characterized by low or absent indicators of population growth. Such a model is called stationary, as it is the number of newborns equals the number of people of young and middle age and only the number of elderly people decreases as 65-70 years reach it, but not sharply, but smoothly. Such pyramids indicate problems with fertility and require interference from the government, since long in such a state cannot be in such a state, and the pyramid goes into the next type - aging.

Descending types of pyramids

The pyramid in which the mortality rate slows down and the fertility is reduced, called aging, or decreasing. In the structure of such a society, people of mid and elderly, newborns and young people are prevailed and over the years, such countries are doomed to extinction. These states have an obvious problem with the material support of old people, as young people who would make money in pension funds, little or not at all. Regressive types of society can lead to the disappearance of the population.

Analysis of age pyramids

Changing the population and the creation of age diagrams makes it possible to obtain absolute and relative data. Thus, the analysis of the age-sex pyramid and comparing it with previous data allows us to find out the total population, its common and natural increase, the mortality rate, the increase in the number of people of different floors, that is, a large set of statistical information. Traditionally, the analysis of the age pyramids occurs in three main parameters: fertility, mortality and migration. The most important indicator is the life expectancy, it allows you to judge the social welfare of the country. Analysis of the pyramid helps to allocate the most significant age contingents for the subsequent study.

Pyramids developed countries

The main trend in the age structure of developed countries is due to high quality medical services and a worthy level of life, the life expectancy of the population of these countries is growing steadily, the leader here is Japan, where there has been a fairly pronounced population of people aged after 80 years. At the same time, the birth rate in developed countries also falls steadily. Even the age-related US pyramid, in which there was always a large number of newborns, last years became stationary, and this is a disturbing symptom. The United States saves the immigration of young people who give birth to children, but in insufficient quantities. But Europe, especially the northern, has already crossed the line and demonstrates the regressive model of the age structure.

Pyramids of developing countries

The "Third World" states have a completely different age structure. Semi-age pyramid in such countries belongs to the younger type. Especially Asian regions demonstrate high and even highest fertility And the short life of people. Only China slightly increases life expectancy, and India, Iran, Vietnam and other countries of the region have a very low indicator for this parameter. Therefore, such problems as unemployment appear here, the deficit of highly qualified frames, low level Life. But the youngest continent today is Africa, this is due to high mortality And the short life expectancy of people. African states implement a simple method of reproduction, compensating the loss of the population with a huge birth rate.

Russian age pyramids

Russia differs from similar schemes for many countries by the presence of several deep "wounds", failures in the number of population, these are traces of war, as well as the less noticeable loss of crisis periods. Russia today is rapidly moving from a stationary type to an aging. Growing the birth rate, despite the titanic efforts of the state, meager, and the life expectancy grows slowly. This leads to the fact that in the country more than 60% of the population is people older than 65 years. Such age structure is fraught with severe economic consequences: young people are simply unable to provide old people. Sociologists say that the huge empty territories of the country will certainly attract migrants and will decide demographic problems countries, if there are no severe social and economic consequences Such resettlement.

Demographic problems of modernity and pyramid indicators

Modern age pyramids demonstrate explicit demographic problems in developed countries. The aging of the population in these states will lead to the emergence of socio-economic difficulties. Today, Europe is undergoing a migration test that helps solve the problem of the necessary rejuvenation of the population, but this new generation does not want to work and keep pensioners in Europe. Therefore, the dynamics of age structures may change for the better, but the cultural and social status of this population will change. The question of what is happening with the age-related pyramid of developing countries, today is strongly concerned about sociologists, since the growing population of Africa and Asia leads to the overpopulation of the planet, which entails the inevitable exhaustion of resources.

Age Pyramid (Pyramid of ages, age-sex pyramid), graphic image of the distribution of people by age and sex. It is a bilateral directional chart, on which the number of people of each age and gender or their share in the population is depicted by a horizontal strip of the same scale. The bands are located one above the other in order to increase the age values, usually from 0 to 100 years, left - for men, right - for women. Since due to mortality, the number of people in older ages is usually less than in the younger, the image for a complete set of ages has a pyramid shape.

The age pyramid is usually built according to the data censuses or surveys on year or five-year age groups so that the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramid will correspond to the number of people in this age and gender or (with comparisons) of their share in the population. The length of the stage at the same time corresponds to the density of this age group, that is, the number of people per unit of age. If the initial data on the age structure is presented in the unequal age intervals, then for larger groups, the length of the steps of the age pyramid is determined by the division of the number of people in the group for the length of the interval, expressed in the ages adopted for the entire age-related pyramid. If the older age group combines people, for example, 70 years and older, it is believed that this interval extends up to 100 years, that is, equal to 30 years, but in it for every 5 years it is depicted not the average density (as 1/6 of the number of people numbers 70 years and older), but evenly decreasing to zero to age of 100 years.

The age pyramid is useful in analyzing both the history of the country's population and its regions and in assessing their future demographic development. She was not found in the "chronicles of the natural movement of the population." In the age structure, you can trace changes in the levels of fertility and mortality in the past, which is well illustrated by irregularities Röbeert pyramid (drawing). On the pyramid for 2005, traces of the decline in the numbers born and the growth of the numbers of infant deaths during the 1st World and Civil Wars, during the famine of 1932-33, a sharp reduction in the birth numbers during the Great Patriotic War and Echo of this reduction after approximately 20 years. The consequences of the second "echo" of war were strengthened by a sharp decline in fertility in the 1990s. The scale of military losses of men is good, although incompletely, illustrates "Women's advantage" in the ages of 63-95 years. Other factors participate in the formation of these irregularities, although they are not always easy to allocate. The view of the age pyramid of individual regions can, for example, to influence the migration of the population. The narrowing of the lower part of the age pyramid indicates a very likely reduction of fertility in the future.