Countries and monetary units 2. Monetary system. Definitions of currency

This list contains currencies from almost all countries, as well as outdated currencies of the EU countries, which currently use the currency "euro".

Or monetary units, as they are called differently, for convenience, are collected in a list, divided into parts of the world and arranged alphabetically. Everything on one page.

And by the way, some European countries agreed to a common European currency not immediately, but after some time. For example, the Slovak koruna moved to the euro in only 2008, and the country of Lithuania gave up its litas literally in January 2015. And some countries do not change their monetary unit to this day.

Europe

Austria - euro (until 2002 - schilling).
Albania - lek.
Andorra - euro (until 2002 - peseta).
Belarus (Belarus) - Belarusian ruble.
Belgium - euro (before 2002 - franc).
Bulgaria - lion.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a convertible mark.
Great Britain - pound sterling.
Hungary - forint.
Germany - euro (until 2002 - mark).
Holland - cm. Netherlands.
Greece - euro (until 2002 – drachma).
Denmark - krone.
Ireland - euro (until 2002 - pound).
Iceland - krone.
Spain - euro (until 2002 - peseta).
Italy - euro (until 2002 - lira).
Cyprus - euro (until 2008 - pound).
Kosovo - euro (until 2002 - dinar, mark).
Latvia - euro (until 2013 - lat).
Lithuania - euro (until 2015 - litas).
Liechtenstein - franc.
Luxembourg - euro (before 2002 - franc).
Macedonia is a dinar.
Malta - euro (until 2008 - lira).
Moldova (Moldavia) - lei.
Monaco - euro (until 2002 - franc).
Netherlands - euro (until 2002 - guilder).
Norway - krone.
Poland - zloty.
Portugal - euro (until 2002 - escudo).
Russia - ruble.
Romania - lei.
San Marino - euro (until 2002 - lira).
Serbia is a dinar.
Slovakia - euro (up to 2008 - kroon).
Slovenia - euro (up to 2007 - tolar).
Ukraine - hryvnia.
Finland - euro (until 2002 – brand).
France - euro (until 2002 – franc).
Croatia - kuna.
Montenegro - euro (until 2002 - dinar).
Czech Republic - crown.
Switzerland - franc.
Sweden - krone.
Estonia - euro (until 2010 – crown).

Asia

Abkhazia - Russian ruble.
Azerbaijan - manat.
Armenia - dram.
Afghanistan - afghani.
Bangladesh is taka.
Bahrain is a dinar.
Burma - cm. Myanmar.
Brunei - dollar.
Bhutan is ngultrum.
East Timor - US dollar.
Vietnam - dong.
Georgia - lari.
Israel is the new shekel.
India - rupee.
Indonesia - rupee.
Jordan is a dinar.
Iraq is a dinar.
Iran is a rial.
Yemen is a rial.
Kazakhstan - tenge.
Cambodia - riel, dollar.
Qatar is a rial.
Kyrgyzstan - som.
China - yuan.
Korea is won.
Kuwait - dinar.
Laos - kip.
Lebanon - pound.
Malaysia - ringgit.
Maldives - rufiyaa.
Mongolia is a tugrik.
Myanmar is kyat.
Nepal - rupee.
United United Arab Emirates(UAE) - dirham.
Oman is a rial.
Pakistan - rupee.
Saudi Arabia - rial.
Singapore - dollar.
Syria - pound.
Tajikistan - somoni.
Thailand - baht.
Turkmenistan - manat.
Turkey - lira.
Uzbekistan - sum.
Philippines - pesos.
Sri Lanka - rupee.
South Ossetia - Russian ruble.
Japan - yen.

America (North and South)

Anguilla - US dollar.
Antigua and Barbuda - East Caribbean dollar.
Argentina - peso.
Aruba - florin.
Bahamas - dollar.
Barbados - dollar.
Belize is the dollar.
Bermuda - dollar.
Bolivia - boliviano.
Brazil - real.
Venezuela is a bolívar.
Virgin Islands - US dollar.
Haiti is a gourde.
Guyana is the dollar.
Guadeloupe - Euro.
Guatemala is quetzal.
Guiana (French) - franc.
Honduras is a lempira.
Grenada - East Caribbean dollar.
Dominica is an East Caribbean dollar.
Dominican Republic - peso.
Cayman Islands - dollar.
Canada is the dollar.
Colombia - peso.
Costa Rica - Colon.
Cuba - peso.
Mexico - peso.
Montserrat - dollar.
Nicaragua - cordoba.
Panama - balboa, US dollar.
Paraguay - Guarani.
Peru is the new salt.
Puerto Rico - US dollar.
Saba is the US dollar.
El Salvador - US dollar (until 2001 - colon).
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - euro (until 2002 - franc).
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - East Caribbean dollar.
Saint Kitts and Nevis - East Caribbean dollar.
Saint Lucia - East Caribbean dollar.
Sint Maarten is a guilder.
Sint Eustatius - US dollar.
United States of America (USA) - dollar.
Suriname - Suriname.
Turks and Caicos - US dollar.
Trinidad and Tobago - dollar.
Uruguay - peso.
Falkland Islands - pound.
Chile - peso.
Ecuador - Sucre, US dollar.
Jamaica - dollar.

Africa

Algeria is a dinar.
Angola - Kwanzaa.
Benin - CFA franc.
Botswana - pula.
Burkina Faso - CFA franc.
Burundi - franc.
Gabon - CFA franc.
Gambia - Dalasi.
Ghana - siti.
Guinea - franc.
Guinea-Bissau - CFA franc.
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Franc.
Djibouti - franc.
Egypt - pound.
Zambia is kwacha.
Zimbabwe - US dollar.
Cape Verde is an escudo.
Cameroon - CFA franc.
Kenya - shilling.
Congo - CFA franc.
Cote d'Ivoire - CFA franc.
Lesotho - Loti.
Liberia is the dollar.
Libya is a dinar.
Mauritius - Rupee.
Mauritania is an ouguiya.
Madagascar is Ariari.
Malawi is kwacha.
Mali - CFA franc.
Morocco - dirham.
Mozambique is metical.
Namibia is the dollar.
Niger - CFA franc.
Nigeria - naira.
Reunion - Euro.
Rwanda - franc.
Sao Tome and Principe is kind.
Swaziland - lilangeni.
Seychelles - rupee.
Senegal - CFA franc.
Somalia - shilling.
Sudan - pound.
Sierra Leone - Leone.
Tanzania - shilling.
Togo - CFA franc.
Tunisia is a dinar.
Uganda - shilling.
Central African Republic - CFA franc.
Chad - CFA franc.
Equatorial Guinea - CFA franc.
Eritrea - nakfa.
Ethiopia - birr.
South Africa - rand.
South Sudan - pound.

Australia and Oceania

Australia - dollar.
Vanuatu - vatu.
Kiribati is the Australian dollar.
Marshall Islands - US dollar.
Micronesia - US dollar.
Nauru is the Australian dollar.
New Zealand - dollar.
Palau - US dollar.
Papua New Guinea - kina.
Samoa is tala.
Solomon Islands - dollar.
Tonga is paanga.
Tuvalu is the Australian dollar.
Fiji - dollar.

Abaz,

Iranian silver coin, widespread in the XVI-XVII centuries. in countries Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia... It got its name from the name of the Iranian Shah Abbas I(1587-1628), at which its release began.

Altyn,

old russian monetary unit. The term originated from the Tatar word alts - six, because initially the altyn was equal to 6 money.

Balboa,

monetary unit of Panama. Named after the conquistador, discoverer of the Pacific Ocean, Vasco Nunez de Balboa.

Bolivar,

currency unit Venezuela, and formerly Uruguay... Named after the fighter for the independence of Latin America Simon Bolivar.

Geller,

the name of various European coins, as well as the modern Czech bargaining chip. German word Heller or Haller- the name originally minted in the city Halle, presumably already in the middle of the XII century.

Guinea,

British gold coin, which began in 1663 from gold mined in an African colony Guinea, hence the name of the coin.

Dime,

Russian name of the coin, in denomination of 10 kopecks from 1701. Name dime goes back to the old Russian currency. Denomination of the denomination by a word dime(sometimes hryvnia) was put on coins from the beginning of their issue under Peter I (1689-1725). Under Paul I (1796-1801), the denomination designation "10" began to be used on coins.

Hryvnia,

weight, monetary and weight and monetary unit of Ancient Rus and other Slavic countries, the name of the modern monetary unit of Ukraine. The name comes from the jewelry made of gold or silver in the form of a hoop, which was worn around the neck ( on the back of the neck) and was used as primitive money.

Penny,

a widespread type of coin in Europe, a modern loose change Poland and Austria... The name is the Slavic version of the German name of the coin.

Groshen,

the name of the German coin, comes from the Latin denarius grossus – thick (large) denarius.

Gulden,

name of German and Dutch coins and modern monetary unit The Netherlands. Dutch word gulden literally means gold.

Denarius,

ancient Roman silver coin, which served as the basis for the creation of various types of coins in Europe and the Middle East. The name comes from the value of coins of 10 ases (in Latin denarius – ten).

Dinar (denar),

the name of monetary units and bargaining chips of many countries of the world, mainly Arab East... The name goes back to Roman.

Dirham (dirham),

the name of coins and monetary units, mainly in Arab countries. The name goes back to Greek.

Dollar,

monetary unit of the USA and many other countries of the world. The name comes from. Since the weight of the first American dollars was equal to the Spanish one, the symbol "$" is used to denote the dollar, as well as to denote the peso.

Dong,

the name of a certain type of coin in Southeast Asia, as well as the monetary unit of modern Vietnam. The name goes back to the inscriptions on the first coins Thong bun - full-value walking coin.

Drachma,

the name of coins in Greece, starting from ancient times, as well as the name of the modern monetary unit of Greece. Comes from the Greek word drachma - handful and dates back to the times when metal rods served as money on the territory of Greece - a handful of 6 pieces made up a drachma.

Efimok,

Russian name . Originated as an abbreviation for the full name of the coin Joachimstaler, only unlike Western Europe the trailing part of the word was dropped. Perhaps the name was not formed directly in Russia, but was borrowed from the Poles.

Zloty,

monetary unit of Poland. In Polish zloty - gold.

Karbovanets,

Ukrainian name. The term arose in the 17th century, when the minting of ruble coins with notches ( carbamy) on the edge.

Quetsal (s),

Monetary unit of Guatemala, named after the legendary long-tailed tropical bird of the same name quetzal.

Clip,

any name non-circular coins... Comes from the Swedish word klippe - trim with scissors.

Penny,

Russian name for a small change, minted from the 16th century to the present. The name is due to the fact that the main plot of the obverse of the coins was the image horseman with a spear.
1 kopeck, 2007.

Kreutzer,

type name German and Austrian coins minted from the 13th century. The name comes from the German word kreuz – cross, the main motive for the images of the first issues of this coin.

Crown,

the name of many medieval coins and modern monetary units. The name comes from the one depicted on the coin royal crown.

Kuna,

monetary unit in Ancient Russia and some other Slavs, as well as the modern monetary unit of Croatia. The name comes from the fact that this unit was roughly the same in value marten skin- one of the most common commercial items of that time. Word kuna almost until the 13th century, it was preserved in the Slavic languages in the meaning money.

monetary unit of Albania. There is a theory that the name lek comes from the abbreviation of the name of Alexander the Great, depicted on the first coins.

Mite,

the name of a small bargaining chip in Greece. Today 100 lepta = 1. The name goes back to the ancient Greek word mite, pl. hours from leptos - light.

Livre,

monetary unit in France IX-XVIII centuries. The name comes from the Latin word Libra – lb..

Lyra,

coin and monetary unit of Italy and some other countries. The name comes from the Latin word Libra – lb..

Luidor,

gold French coin, the name comes from the portrait of the king depicted on the obverse Louis (Louis) XIII... In French Louis d'or, literally - Golden Louis.

Brand,

weight, monetary and monetary unit in many countries Western Europe and Scandinavia... German word Mark literally means sign.

Milreis,

Portuguese coin, and later the currency of Brazil until 1942, in denomination of 1000 reais (Portuguese mil- thousand, reis- plural from real).

Napoleondor,

the name of the French 20 franc gold coin minted Napoleon I and later by Napoleon III, with a portrait of the emperor on the obverse. In French Napoleon d'or, literally - Golden Napoleon.

Noble,

the name of a high-quality gold British coin, the issue of which began in 1344 under King Edward III. In English noble - noble.

Obol,

the name of a small currency and coins minted in Greece until the middle of the 19th century. The name goes back to the ancient Greek word obolos - spit... Skewers have been used along with other small items as primitive money since ancient times.

Pengyo,

currency unit Hungary in 1025-1946... Hungarian word pengö literally means specie.

A penny,

the name of the small English coin and the modern bargaining chip of Great Britain and some other states. The name comes from the corresponding German.

British penny with portrait of George V, 1927.

Penny,

English plural penny(). At the same time, the word penny used when denoting a multiple of the denomination, for example two pence - two penny coin, in contrast to the expression two pennies, which is used to represent two 1 penny coins.

Peseta,

the name of the coin and the modern currency of Spain. Spanish word peseta literally means small.

Pesos,

the name of a number of coins of Spain and its colonies. Spanish word peso literally means the weight or coin, originally the name was used in the form peso de á ocho - eight (reais) coin.

Piastre,

title Spanish and Latin American, which was found in everyday life and various trade documents. The name apparently came from the phrase piastra d'argento - silver tile.

Pfennig,

the name of a German bargaining chip minted since the 10th century. The name comes from the Latin word pondus - the weight.

Ruble,

the monetary unit of Russia and Belarus, the Russian name for the monetary hryvnia, parts (stumps) of silver bars. Hence the name - from the verb chop.

Russian ruble, 2014.

1 ruble, 1999.
200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin.

1 ruble, 1993.
100th anniversary of the birth of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Centime,

the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of a part. Latin name centum - hundred.

Santimo,

Sentimo,

the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a number of Spanish-speaking countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Centavo,

the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of the national currency in a series Portuguese-speaking countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

Sucre,

monetary unit of Ecuador, named after Antonio José de Sucre, a fighter for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America.

Thaler,

the name of this, perhaps the most common coin in Europe, comes from the word Joachimstaler(Joahimstaler), i.e. coin minted in the city of Joachimstal in the Czech Republic. This name then spread to all coins of the same type, regardless of the place and date of their minting.

Farthing,

English and Irish bargaining chip equal to ¼ penny. It existed before the introduction of the decimal monetary system. The name comes from the old english word feorthung - quarter.

Filler,

bargaining chip of Hungary, Hungarian version of the name of the coin.

Florin,

high-quality Italian gold coin, first minted in 1252 in Florence. The name comes from the Italian word flos - lily... The lily was the symbol of the city of Florence.

Forint,

Hungarian name for an Italian coin and the currency of Hungary since 1946.

Franc,

gold and silver French coin, the currency of modern France and some other countries of the world. The name of the coins comes from the Latin inscriptions on the first coins Francorum rex - King of the francs

GBP),

monetary unit of Great Britain. The name comes from the semantic value of a monetary unit equal in value to a pound of coins, denominated in sterling ()

1 pound sterling 2009.

Cent,

the name of a bargaining chip equal to 1/100 of the national currency (usually) in a number of countries. The etymology of the name is the same as that of.

1 US cent, 2010.

1 US cent, 2010.
Obverse - Abraham Lincoln, Reverse - shield, symbolizing the united state.

Centesimo,

Chervonets,

the name that was originally given in Russia to foreign high-grade coins (made from pure gold). Then Russia began issuing its own gold coins and the name ducat passed on to them.

Shekel,

monetary unit in ancient Judea and modern Israel. The name comes from the Semitic word saqal - weigh.

Shilling,

the name of the coin and the monetary unit of a number of countries. Known in Europe since the Middle Ages. The name comes from the name of an ancient Roman coin solid.

antique french gold coin. The name of the coin comes from the French word ecu-shield.

Escudo,

the name of Spanish and Portuguese gold coins, as well as the modern currency of Portugal and some other countries. The name comes from the Spanish word escudo - shield.

Monetary units of the countries of the world differ in name and ratio with world or global currencies. It is the latter that serve for the implementation of international mutual settlements and are accumulated by the central state banks of different states as financial reserves... When the world was overtaken by the global economic crisis (2008), the Russian Federation, together with China, began to raise the issue of revising the role of the world currency.

What are "reserve currencies"

There is money in the world that the national banks of all countries of the world seek to accumulate. They serve for mutual settlements between different states. In addition, the accumulated international reserves cash help maintain the stability of the monetary unit of a particular state entity.

The main reserve currency during the 18th - 19th centuries was the British pound sterling. However, later, especially after the Second World War, the American dollar began to dominate as an interstate unit of account. At the same time, the British pound has the highest exchange rate - in relation to both the US dollar and the European euro.

After the emergence of the common European money, the euro, the US dollar remained the main reserve unit in the world. Thus, international savings in dollars amounted to more than 63%, while in euros - only 22% (as of the end of 2014). This is despite the fact that the euro, which appeared in 1999, is the stronger, but still the second reserve unit in the world. The Swiss franc is also one of the world's reserve currencies due to its stability. Monetary unit of the country sent by the Swiss National Bank to " free swimming»In 2015, provoked a decline in the rates of major world currencies in relation to it. Although the reserves in this monetary unit are less than 0.3%.

In recent years, the Japanese yen has also been referred to as global reserve money, and from this year, 2016, the Chinese yuan also begins to acquire this status. True, it is included by the IMF in the system of "special drawing rights", which have a limited scope only within the IMF.

Free and partially convertible currencies

Currency is banknotes and coins of this or that state, which are involved in commodity-money exchange. Freely convertible is the currency that is accepted as payment for a product or service not only in the country of its circulation, but also abroad. In this case, other people's money is exchanged for the currency of the country where the settlement takes place. All the money of the countries of the world is, to one degree or another, convertible. Within countries, they can be exchanged for other bills. But freely convertible currency is accepted for exchange in almost any country.

Today there are 17 freely convertible currencies. The main ones are the American and Canadian dollars, British pounds, euros, Japanese yen and some others. In the forex market, trading takes place only in freely convertible money.

Name of state currencies and their rates

Money different countries the world are the equivalent of the cost of any product or service. They themselves represent the most liquid commodity. The most common name for money in different countries of the world is the dollar. This name is used by paper notes in more than 30 countries on all continents. So, in addition to the notorious American, there are Canadian, Singaporean, Australian, Zimbabwean, Jamaican and many, many other dollars.

The name of this money comes from the German word "thaler". For the first time, a Scottish coin was named with such a name, corresponding in value to 30 shillings back in the 16th century. This name of money is even mentioned in Shakespeare's Hamlet. Some state formations they use American money for internal settlements and to carry out interstate trade and financial transactions.

The strongest freely convertible currency in the world today (20.03.16) is the pound sterling. It is used not only in the UK, but also in several other countries. For example, in Maine, in Jersey. The ratio of the pound to the Russian ruble is 1: 98.97. Among the post-Soviet states, Azerbaijan has one of the strongest monetary units in relation to the ruble. The Azerbaijani manat is equal to 42.08 Russian rubles. But one of the cheapest currencies is the Uzbek sum. It costs a little more than 2 Russian kopecks. But the Belarusian "bunnies", which have a similar name to the Russian ones, are even less expensive. Price Belarusian ruble is RUB 0.0033. Among freely convertible currencies, the Japanese yen is the cheapest against the ruble. It is equal to 0.6146 rubles.

Today the European Union includes 28 European states. But not all of them use the euro as a currency. Thus, 9 of them continue to use their own currency. In Sweden, the Swedish krona (8,333 rubles) is in circulation, in Switzerland - the Swiss franc (70.68 rubles), in the Czech Republic - the Czech crown (2.854 rubles). The new Romanian leu costs 17.03 rubles, while the Polish zloty costs 18.04.

Of the Middle Eastern currency, the most expensive in relation to Russian currency is an Kuwaiti dinar... It costs as much as 227.2 rubles. For denominations of money, there is international standard ISO 4217. Its list includes more than 200 states and territories with their own money or currency of other states that circulates in this territory.

The Russian Central Bank sets the exchange rate in relation to the money of only 35 countries. So, today there is no exchange rate of the Russian ruble in relation to the Georgian lari, Egyptian pound, Iranian rial and many others. And this despite the fact that Russian Federation there are trade and economic relations with these states.

Foreign currency

a) cash, those. banknotes in circulation, which are legal remedy payment in foreign country, as well as banknotes withdrawn or withdrawn from circulation, but subject to exchange for banknotes (banknotes, coins, treasury notes)

b) cashless, i.e. funds in accounts denominated in foreign currency

Classifications of currencies

In science, there are many classifications of currency, in particular: In relation to the issuing state:

national
foreign
collective (for example, SDR, previously ECU, now - euro)

If possible, exchange for another currency:

partially convertible
inconvertible

By the ratio of exchange rates:

strong / firm (i.e. resistant to its denomination and to the rates of other currencies)
weak / soft

By expiration date

constant
temporary

Depending on the actual existence, they distinguish real, i.e. performing directly the function of money or conditional eg ECU.

Currency convertibility

Legal criteria for currency convertibility:

The presence of a market exchange rate, the existence of a currency exchange (foreign exchange market), a flexible rate reflecting the real relationship between supply and demand
No regulatory restrictions on currency transactions
The right of a resident and non-resident to freely own and dispose of currency, including to perform any transactions

Currency system

Currency system a) system of currency relations b) state-legal form of organization of currency relations

On a territorial basis, distinguish between: national, regional and world monetary system.

Elements of the national monetary system:

1. National currency

2. Parity of the national currency

3. Conditions of convertibility

4. Mode of the national currency rate

5. Exchange restrictions / exchange controls

6. National regulation of international monetary liquidity of the state

Currency operations

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation under foreign exchange transactions are understood:

acquisition by a resident from a resident and alienation by a resident in favor of a resident currency values legally, as well as the use of currency values as a means of payment;

acquisition by a resident from a non-resident or by a non-resident from a resident and alienation by a resident in favor of a non-resident or by a non-resident in favor of a resident of currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic securities on legal grounds, as well as the use of currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic valuable papers as a means of payment; c) acquisition by a non-resident from a non-resident and alienation by a non-resident in favor of a non-resident of currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic securities on legal grounds, as well as the use of currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic securities as a means of payment;

import into the customs territory of the Russian Federation and export from the customs territory of the Russian Federation currency values, the currency of the Russian Federation and domestic securities;

transfer of foreign currency, the currency of the Russian Federation, internal and external securities from an account opened outside the territory of the Russian Federation to the account of the same person opened in the territory of the Russian Federation, and from an account opened in the territory of the Russian Federation to the account of the same person opened outside the territory of the Russian Federation;

Links

There is an article in Wiktionary "currency "

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Monetary reform (1839-1843)
Witte's monetary reform

See what "Monetary unit" is in other dictionaries:

Currency unit- a measure of the value of goods (work, services) determined in accordance with national legislation, a unit in which the price of a good (work, service) is expressed. D. e. is also called the measure of the account. According to Art. 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation * official D.E. ... ... Encyclopedia of Law

CURRENCY UNIT Legal Dictionary

Currency unit- a statutory banknote that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services, which is an element of the monetary system. Terminological dictionary of banking and financial terms. 2011 ... Financial vocabulary

CURRENCY UNIT- a country is a legal currency in the country, the main element of the country's monetary system, which is a unit of monetary measurement. For example, the currency of Russia is the Russian ruble, the US currency is the US dollar, ... ... Economic Dictionary

currency unit- - [L.G. Sumenko. The English Russian Dictionary of Information Technology. M .: GP TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information technologies in general EN monetary unit ... Technical translator's guide

CURRENCY UNIT- a statutory banknote; one of the elements of the national monetary system. Serves to measure and express the prices of all goods. Ie is usually divided into smaller proportional parts; in most countries… … Legal encyclopedia

CURRENCY UNIT- a state banknote existing in a given state, established by its constitution or law. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Art. 75), the monetary unit in the Russian Federation is the ruble. Money issue carried out exclusively ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Constitutional Law

currency unit- the legally established name of the country's money (ruble, dollar, mark, etc.). Element of the national monetary system. For ease of use, it is divided into small proportional parts, most often by 100 (1 ruble == 100 kopecks, 1 dollar ... Big Law Dictionary

CURRENCY UNIT- MONETARY UNIT A unit established by the government of a country for use in calculations and containing the weight and fineness of the precious metal as a measure of value established by law. D. e. The US is the gold dollar, although this coin ... ... Encyclopedia of Banking and Finance

Currency unit- a statutory banknote that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services.

National or international currency- the name of the money in a country or in a group of countries.

Currency unit- it is accepted in the given country name of money(dollar, mark, ruble, yen, yuan, baht, tugrik, etc.) or the name of money used in the international monetary system (euro, SDR, etc.). All monetary units are divided into smaller parts: the ruble is equal to 100 kopecks, the dollar or euro is equal to 100 cents.

A monetary unit is a currency symbol (ruble / 100 kopecks), which is used to measure and express the prices of goods (1 dollar - 100 cents).

The type of monetary system depends on the form in which money functions: as a commodity, a universal equivalent, or as signs of value. In this regard, the following types of monetary systems are distinguished:

metal system money circulation
credit and paper money circulation system

Monetary systems of metallic circulation are based on metallic money (gold, silver), which perform all the functions inherent in money as a universal equivalent (measures of value, means of circulation and payment, means of accumulation), and banknotes circulating simultaneously with metallic money can be at any time exchanged for metal money.

Monetary systems of paper-credit circulation are based on the dominance of paper or credit money.

Under the conditions of the existence of metallic money circulation, two types of monetary systems were distinguished: bimetallism and monometallism.

Bimetallism is a monetary system in which the state legislates the role of a universal equivalent for two metals, usually gold and silver. Coins made of gold and silver function on an equal basis, and their free minting is envisaged. Two prices were set in the market (in gold and in silver) for the same product. There were three types of bimetallism:

a parallel currency system where the ratio between gold and silver coins was established spontaneously in the market
dual currency system, when this ratio was established by the state
a system of lame currency, in which gold and silver coins serve as legal tender, but not on an equal basis, since the minting of silver coins was carried out in a closed manner, unlike the free minting of gold coins, in which case silver coins became the sign of gold

The presence of two metals in the role of a universal equivalent came into conflict with the economic essence of money as a single commodity, designed to measure the value of all other commodities. Development economic relations required the stability of the monetary system, not subject to fluctuations in the value of one of the monetary metals.

Monometallism is a monetary system in which one money metal is universal equivalent and the basis of monetary circulation. Along with metallic money, there are other value signs in circulation (banknotes, treasury bills, small change), exchangeable for gold. Silver and gold monometallism are known in history. Gold monometallism, or gold standard, existed in the form of gold coin, gold bullion and gold exchange standards.

Under the gold coin standard, gold performs all the functions of money, both gold coins and gold signs are in circulation; free minting of gold coins with a fixed gold content is performed; gold coins are freely exchanged for gold signs at face value.

Under the gold bullion standard, banknotes were exchanged only for gold bullion (not gold coins), and with certain restrictions. The gold bullion standard was introduced during the period of partial stabilization of the economy (1924-1928) in some of the Western European countries (in particular, in England in 1925, in France in 1928). Under the gold bullion standard, gold could only be purchased by relatively wealthy holders of funds (standard gold bullions weighing about 12 kg were sold, for which a large sum had to be paid - 1200 English pounds or 300 thousand francs, which prevented the dispersal of gold stock among small owners). Thus, gold was gradually pushed into wholesale circulation.

A feature of the gold exchange standard was that banknotes are exchanged for mottos, i.e. for foreign currency exchangeable for gold. Important role the gold exchange standard was that it consolidated the currency dependence of some countries on others, which was the basis for the subsequent creation of a system of international monetary treaties and systems currency regulation ensuring the relative stability of freely convertible currencies.

The mechanism for implementing the gold standard required the fulfillment of two conditions:

firstly, each country had to choose gold as the main standard of currency value, maintaining the correspondence of the monetary unit to a certain amount of gold
secondly, each country had to allow free export and import of gold.

In order for all money, including coins, banknotes and funds to bank deposits were of equal value, the country followed:

mint gold coins containing a statutory amount of gold as a standard unit of value
give orders to the Treasury to buy or sell gold bullion at a fixed price
maintain the parity of their currency by buying or selling the country's currency

Under the gold-coin and gold-bullion standards, exchange rates were formed spontaneously, depending on the supply-demand ratio on the free market. foreign exchange market national and foreign currencies, and the limits of the deviation of the exchange rate from gold parity were insignificant. This was determined by the fact that in the conditions of free import and export of gold from the country, with large deviations of the exchange rate from parity, it became more profitable not to exchange national currency to foreign, and import (or export) from abroad directly gold, if the transportation costs are insignificant (0.5 - 0.8% of the cost of transported gold). These costs (the cost of transportation, packaging, insurance and others) determined the limits of the deviation of the exchange rate from parity, or the so-called "golden points".

The extremely high foreign exchange rate, above which it is more profitable to import gold from your country and sell it abroad, is called the export gold point. If the proposed rate is below the marginal rate, then it is more profitable to import gold from abroad and sell it to your national bank, while this rate is called an import gold point.

As a result of the global economic crisis 1929-1933 monetary systems based on gold monometallism have given way to systems of paper and credit money that cannot be exchanged for gold.

In the process of evolution of monetary systems, there has been a constant decrease in costs. money turnover, cost savings were ensured. Expensive, heavy, inconvenient in storage and long-term transportation of gold and silver money were replaced by light, portable tokens of value - paper money. Printing paper money and putting it into circulation is certainly less costly than mining. precious metals and processing them for money circulation. The emergence of the next type of money - credit, contributed to even greater cost savings. A bill, check and other forms of credit money made it possible to save banknotes, since they could be written out for significant sums of money, the need to carry cash with you has disappeared. The emergence credit cards, the system of electronic non-cash payments made it possible to quickly and independently of the territorial removal of customers to serve cash settlements, significantly reduce the cost of ensuring cash flow.

All monetary systems based on the circulation of credit banknotes are characterized by:

displacement of gold, both from internal and external turnovers and its settling in gold reserves
(mostly in banks), with gold still serving as a treasure
lending operations of banks serve as the basis for issuing cash and non-cash money
the ratio of the proportions of cash and non-cash turnover changes towards a decrease in the share of cash
creation and development of mechanisms for monetary regulation of monetary circulation by the state

Monetary systems based on paper and credit money differ significantly in the administrative-command and market economies. The main, most characteristic features the administrative-command monetary system are as follows:

concentration of money turnover (non-cash and cash) in a single state bank
direct directive planning of cash flow and its constituent elements as part of common system state planning
centralized directive management of the monetary system
legislative establishment of the scale of prices and the exchange rate of the national currency
legislative differentiation of money turnover into cash and non-cash turnovers. At the same time, non-cash turnover, as a rule, serves the distribution of the means of production, and cash turnover - the distribution of consumer goods and services.

The main features of the monetary system characteristic of a market economy are:

decentralization of money turnover between different banks
division of the function of issuing non-cash and cash banknotes between different links banking system... The issuance of cash is carried out by central banks, the issue of non-cash money is commercial banks located in different forms property
creation and development of a mechanism of state monetary regulation, which is of an economic nature
centralized management of the monetary system through the apparatus central bank
the absence of a legislative distinction between non-cash and cash payment turnovers, they are closely related, while non-cash turnover has a priority character
provision of banknotes with assets of the banking system
savings of the population are attracted by the system of commercial banks, there is no monopoly of the state bank
system of market setting of the exchange rate based on the currency basket