Business portal for success. On approval of accounting provisions PBU 1 08 accounting policy

Approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia

dated 06.10.2008 N 106n (as amended on 06.04.2015)

“On approval of regulations on accounting»

General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation (selection or development) and disclosure of the accounting policies of organizations that are legal entities according to the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit institutions and state (municipal) institutions) (hereinafter referred to as organizations).

Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation may formulate accounting policies in accordance with these Regulations or based on the rules established in the country of location foreign organization, if the latter do not contradict International Standards financial statements.

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, under accounting policy organization is understood as the set of accounting methods adopted by it - primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic activity.

Accounting methods include methods of grouping and assessing facts of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, organizing document flow, inventory, using accounting accounts, organizing accounting registers, and processing information.

3. This Regulation applies to:

in terms of the formation of accounting policies - for all organizations;

in terms of disclosure of accounting policies - to organizations that publish their financial statements in whole or in part in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, constituent documents or on one’s own initiative.

Formation of accounting policies

In this case it is affirmed:

a working chart of accounts containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;
forms of primary accounting documents, accounting registers, as well as documents for internal accounting reporting;
the procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization’s assets and liabilities;
methods for assessing assets and liabilities;
document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;
control procedure for business transactions;
other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

5. When developing accounting policies, it is assumed that:

the assets and liabilities of an organization exist separately from the assets and liabilities of the owners of this organization and the assets and liabilities of other organizations (assuming property separation);

the organization will continue its activities for the foreseeable future and it has no intention or need to liquidate or significantly reduce its activities and, therefore, obligations will be repaid in the prescribed manner (going concern assumption);

accepted by the organization accounting policy applied consistently from one reporting year to another (assuming consistency in the application of accounting policies);

facts of the organization’s economic activities relate to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment Money associated with these facts (assuming the temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).

6. The organization’s accounting policies must ensure:

completeness of reflection in accounting of all facts of economic activity (completeness requirement);

timely reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and financial statements (timeliness requirement);

greater willingness to recognize expenses and liabilities in accounting than possible income and assets, avoiding the creation of hidden reserves (requirement of prudence);

reflection in accounting of facts of economic activity based not so much on their legal form, but on their economic content and business conditions (requirement of priority of content over form);

the identity of analytical accounting data with turnovers and balances on synthetic accounting accounts on the last calendar day of each month (consistency requirement);

rational accounting, based on business conditions and the size of the organization (the requirement of rationality).

6.1. When forming the accounting policy of a micro-enterprise and non-profit organizations who have the right to use simplified methods of accounting, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may provide for accounting using a simple system (without using double entry).

7. When forming an organization’s accounting policy on a specific issue of organizing and maintaining accounting, one method is selected from several allowed by the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting. If the regulatory legal acts do not establish accounting methods for a specific issue, then when forming an accounting policy, the organization develops an appropriate method, based on this and other accounting provisions, as well as International Financial Reporting Standards. At the same time, other accounting provisions are applied to develop an appropriate method in terms of similar or related facts of economic activity, definitions, recognition conditions and procedures for assessing assets, liabilities, income and expenses.

8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is subject to registration with the relevant organizational and administrative documentation (orders, instructions, etc.) of the organization.

9. Accounting methods chosen by the organization when developing accounting policies are applied from the first January of the year following the year of approval of the relevant organizational and administrative document. Moreover, they are applied by all branches, representative offices and other divisions of the organization (including those allocated to a separate balance sheet), regardless of their location.

A newly created organization, an organization resulting from a reorganization, draws up its chosen accounting policy in accordance with these Regulations no later than 90 days from the date of state registration of the legal entity. The accounting policy adopted by the newly created organization is considered to be applied from the date of state registration of the legal entity.

Change in accounting policy

10. Changes in the accounting policies of an organization can be made in the following cases:

changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;
the organization's development of new accounting methods. The use of a new method of accounting involves more true representation facts of economic activity in the accounting and reporting of the organization or less labor intensity of the accounting process without reducing the degree of reliability of the information;
significant changes in business conditions. A significant change in the business conditions of an organization may be associated with reorganization, change in types of activities, etc.

It is not considered a change in accounting policy to approve the method of accounting for facts of economic activity that are essentially different from the facts that occurred previously, or that arose for the first time in the organization’s activities.

11. Changes in accounting policies must be justified and formalized in the manner prescribed by these Regulations.

12. Changes in accounting policies are made from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise determined by the reason for such a change.

13. The consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or are capable of having a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows are estimated at in monetary terms. The assessment in monetary terms of the consequences of changes in accounting policies is made on the basis of data verified by the organization as of the date from which the changed method of accounting is applied.

14. The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting are reflected in accounting and reporting in the manner established by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting. If the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) a regulatory legal act on accounting does not establish a procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, then these consequences are reflected in accounting and reporting in the manner established by these Regulations.

15. The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by reasons other than those specified in these Regulations, and which had or could have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows, are reflected in the financial statements retrospectively, except in cases when the assessment in monetary terms of such consequences in relation to periods preceding the reporting period cannot be made with sufficient reliability.

When retrospectively reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, we proceed from the assumption that the changed method of accounting was applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose. Retrospective reflection of the consequences of changes in accounting policies consists in adjusting the opening balance under the item “ retained earnings (uncovered loss)" for the earliest period presented in the financial statements, as well as the values of related financial statements items disclosed for each period presented in the financial statements, as if the new accounting policy had been applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose.

In cases where an assessment in monetary terms of the consequences of a change in accounting policy in relation to periods preceding the reporting period cannot be made with sufficient reliability, the changed method of accounting is applied to the relevant facts of economic activity that occurred after the introduction of the changed method (prospectively).

16. Changes in accounting policies that have had or are capable of having a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows are subject to separate disclosure in the financial statements.

Disclosure of accounting policies

17. The organization must disclose the accounting methods adopted when forming its accounting policies, which significantly influence the assessment and decision-making of interested users of the financial statements.

Methods of accounting are considered essential, without knowledge of the application of which by interested users of financial statements it is impossible to reliably assess the financial position of the organization, financial results its activities and/or cash flows.

18. Paragraph excluded. — Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 11, 2009 N 22n.

If financial statements are not published in full, information on accounting policies is subject to disclosure, at least in part directly related to the published data.

19. If the accounting policy of an organization is formed on the basis of the assumptions provided for in these Regulations, then these assumptions may not be disclosed in the financial statements.

When forming an organization's accounting policy based on assumptions other than those provided for in these Regulations, such assumptions, along with the reasons for their application, must be disclosed in the financial statements.

20. If, in preparing the financial statements, there is significant uncertainty about events and conditions that may cast significant doubt on the applicability of the going concern assumption, the entity must identify the uncertainty and clearly describe what it relates to.

21. In the event of a change in accounting policies, the organization must disclose the following information:

the reason for the change in accounting policy;
content of changes in accounting policies;
the procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies in the financial statements;
the amount of adjustments associated with changes in accounting policies for each item in the financial statements for each of the reporting periods presented, and if the organization is required to disclose information on earnings per share, also according to data on basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share;
the amount of the corresponding adjustment relating to reporting periods prior to those presented in the financial statements, to the extent practicable.

If a change in accounting policy is due to the application of a regulatory legal act for the first time or a change in a regulatory legal act, the fact of reflecting the consequences of the change in accounting policy in accordance with the procedure provided for by this act is also subject to disclosure.

22. If the disclosure of information provided for by these Regulations for any particular previous reporting period presented in the financial statements, or for reporting periods earlier than those presented, is impossible, the fact of the impossibility of such disclosure shall be disclosed along with indicating the reporting period in which the corresponding change in accounting policy will begin to be applied.

23. If a regulatory legal act on accounting has been approved and published, but has not yet entered into force, the organization must disclose the fact of its non-application, as well as a possible assessment of the impact of the application of such an act on the organization’s financial statements for the period in which application begins .

24. Significant methods of accounting, as well as information about changes in accounting policies are subject to disclosure in explanatory note included in the financial statements of the organization.

In the case of presentation of interim financial statements, they may not contain information about the accounting policies of the organization, if there have been no changes in the latter since the preparation of the annual financial statements for the previous year, in which the accounting policies were disclosed.

25. Changes in accounting policies for the year following the reporting year are announced in an explanatory note to the organization’s financial statements.

This document establishes the rules for the formation (selection or development) and disclosure of the accounting policies of an organization - a legal entity under Russian law.

The requirements of PBU 1/2008 do not apply to credit organizations, as well as to state (municipal) institutions.

ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation

On approval of accounting regulations

As amended: March 11, 2009 No. 22n; 10.25.2010 No. 132n; 08.11.2010 No. 144n; 04/27/2012 No. 55n; 12/18/2012 No. 164n; 04/06/2015 No. 57n.

In order to improve legal regulation in the field of accounting and financial reporting and in accordance with the Regulations on the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 N 329 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, N 31, Art. 3258; N 49, Art. 4908; 2005, N 23, Art. 2270; N 52, Art. 5755; 2006, N 32, Art. 3569; N 47, Art. 4900; 2007, N 23, Art. 2801 ; N 45, Art. 5491; 2008, N 5, Art. 411), I order:

1. Approve:

a) on accounting “Accounting policies of the organization” (PBU 1/2008) in accordance with Appendix No. 1;

b) Accounting Regulations “Changes in Estimated Values” (PBU 21/2008) in accordance with Appendix No. 2.

2. Recognize as invalid Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 N 60n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” PBU 1/98” (Order registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1998, registration number 1673; Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, N 2, January 11, 1999; " Russian newspaper", N 10, January 20, 1999).

Deputy
Chairman of the Government
Russian Federation -
Minister of Finance
Russian Federation
A.L. Kudrin

I. General provisions

(as amended by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 25, 2010 N 132n)

Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation may formulate accounting policies in accordance with these Regulations or based on the rules established in the country of location of the foreign organization, if the latter do not contradict International Financial Reporting Standards.

3. This Regulation applies to:

regarding the formation of accounting policies - for all organizations;

II. Formation of accounting policies

In this case it is affirmed:

a working chart of accounts containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;

forms of primary accounting documents, accounting registers, as well as documents for internal accounting reporting;

the procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization’s assets and liabilities;

methods for assessing assets and liabilities;

document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;

the procedure for monitoring business operations;

other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

5. When developing accounting policies, it is assumed that:

the accounting policy adopted by the organization is applied consistently from one reporting year to another (assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies);

the facts of the organization's economic activities relate to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds associated with these facts (the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).

6. The organization’s accounting policies must ensure:

completeness of reflection in accounting of all facts of economic activity (completeness requirement);

timely reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and financial statements (timeliness requirement);

greater willingness to recognize expenses and liabilities in accounting than possible income and assets, avoiding the creation of hidden reserves (requirement of prudence);

reflection in accounting of facts of economic activity based not so much on their legal form, but on their economic content and business conditions (the requirement of priority of content over form);

the identity of analytical accounting data with turnovers and balances on synthetic accounting accounts on the last calendar day of each month (consistency requirement);

rational accounting, based on business conditions and the size of the organization (the requirement of rationality).

(clause 6.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 18, 2012 N 164n, as amended on April 6, 2015 No. 57n)

8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is subject to registration with the relevant organizational and administrative documentation (orders, instructions, etc.) of the organization.

III. Change in accounting policy

10. Changes in the accounting policies of an organization can be made in the following cases:

changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;

the organization's development of new accounting methods. The use of a new method of accounting implies a more reliable representation of the facts of economic activity in the accounting and reporting of the organization or less labor intensity of the accounting process without reducing the degree of reliability of the information;

significant changes in business conditions. A significant change in the business conditions of an organization may be associated with reorganization, change in types of activities, etc.

11. Changes in accounting policies must be justified and formalized in the manner prescribed by these Regulations.

12. Changes in accounting policies are made from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise determined by the reason for such a change.

13. The consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or may have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows are assessed in monetary terms. The assessment in monetary terms of the consequences of changes in accounting policies is made on the basis of data verified by the organization as of the date from which the changed method of accounting is applied.

When retrospectively reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, we proceed from the assumption that the changed method of accounting was applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose. Retrospective reflection of the consequences of a change in accounting policy consists of adjusting the opening balance under the item “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” for the earliest period presented in the financial statements, as well as the values of related financial statements items disclosed for each period presented in the financial statements, as if the new accounting policy was applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose.

(clause 15.1 introduced by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 8, 2010 N 144n, as amended on April 27, 2012 N 55n; 04/06/2015 No. 57n)

IV. Disclosure of accounting policies

Accounting methods are considered essential, without knowledge of the application of which by interested users of financial statements it is impossible to reliably assess the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows.

18. Paragraph excluded. - Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 11, 2009 N 22n.

If financial statements are not published in full, information on accounting policies is subject to disclosure, at least in part directly related to the published data.

19. If the accounting policy of an organization is formed on the basis of the assumptions provided for in these Regulations, then these assumptions may not be disclosed in the financial statements.

21. In the event of a change in accounting policies, the organization must disclose the following information:

The reason for the change in accounting policy;

The procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies in the financial statements;

The amounts of adjustments associated with changes in accounting policies for each item in the financial statements for each of the reporting periods presented, and if the organization is required to disclose information about earnings per share, also according to data on basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share;

The amount of the corresponding adjustment relating to reporting periods prior to those presented in the financial statements, to the extent practicable.

24. Significant methods of accounting, as well as information about changes in accounting policies are subject to disclosure in an explanatory note included in the organization’s financial statements.

25. Changes in accounting policies for the year following the reporting year are announced in an explanatory note to the organization’s financial statements.

Similar problems have been solved in a number of countries. For example, in the UK and USA: the term “expenses” means costs used in calculating profit or calculating inventory balances. The term "expenditures" means expenses not associated with the costing process. There is also the term “cost”, which has a wider application and means, according to the Oxford Dictionary of Accounting, “expenses on goods and services necessary to carry out the process of functioning of the organization” (R. Hussey. Oxford Dictionary of Accounting, 1999).

Analysis of the above terms shows that in financial accounting, the accrual principle is used to determine costs, that is, costs are charged to cost at the time of their occurrence, regardless of the fact of payment. In tax accounting, we apply both the accrual principle (Article 271, Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and the cash principle (Article 273, Chapter 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In management accounting, the basis for preparing information for various purposes can be based on both the accrual principle and the cash principle. In addition, for the convenience of decision making, conditional (alternative) costs are used.

Unlike expenses, expenses do not affect profit when they are recognized. If the implementation of costs were related to the profit indicator, one of the most important accounting processes - calculating the cost of production - would become meaningless. The product of calculation is the cost, which is formed in production, but is recognized as an expense at the time of sale of the product. Only at the time of sale can income, expenses and profit from its sale be reflected. During the production process, these indicators cannot be recognized due to the fact that they characterize the circulation process and do not yet “exist” before the sale of the product. Production accounting is precisely based on the need to calculate the cost without the influence of any profits and losses, i.e., as stated in all accounting standards, “based on the amount of actual costs.” To distinguish between the terms “costs” and “expenses,” it is important to understand that incurring expenses does not reduce the organization’s capital.

Thus, in the context of the problem under consideration, the implementation of expenses is a decrease in some assets with the condition of an equal increase in other assets, or an increase in assets and liabilities by the same amount. This “flow” of value is reflected in the costing accounts. In other words, costs are an accounting-accepted valuation of various types of resources used - material, financial, labor and others - the cost of which can be measured with a sufficient degree of reliability.

The costs are incurred over a certain period. The end of the period of accumulation of costs is determined by the moment when the conditions for recognizing the assets for the sake of which these costs were incurred are met, or when it becomes obvious that the costs incurred reduce the economic benefits of the organization without creating any property. Thus, at the end of the accumulation period, costs lead to the formation of either assets or expenses.

Costs can lead to the formation of two types of assets - current and non-current (Current assets are assets that bring economic benefits to their owner during one period production cycle(turnover), and therefore in accounting practice their value is recognized as a one-time expense. Non-current assets are assets that bring economic benefits to their owner during a period the duration of which is more than one production cycle (turnover), and therefore, in accounting practice, their value is recognized as expenses many times, as depreciation is calculated.). Costs incurred for the purpose of creation and attributed to the formation of the value of current assets are called non-capitalized (non-capital). Costs incurred for the purpose of creation and forming the value of non-current assets are called capitalized (capital).

Examples of expenses incurred to create current assets:
spending labor resources(Dt20 Kt70), material resources (Dt20 Kt10), use of fixed assets (Dt20 Kt02) and intangible assets(Dt20 Kt05) for the purpose of production. In this case, the creation of a current asset is reflected with the simultaneous write-off of the entire amount of accumulated costs (Dt43 Kt20).

Examples of expenses incurred to create non-current assets:
consumption of labor resources (Dt08 Kt70), material resources (Dt08 Kt10), use of fixed assets (Dt08 Kt02) and intangible assets (Dt08 Kt05) during the construction of real estate. At the same time, the creation non-current asset is reflected with a simultaneous write-off of the entire amount of accumulated costs (Dt01 Kt08).

Both capitalized and non-capitalized costs can result in expenses. Moreover, in the first case, this, as a rule, means a negative, undesirable outcome, and in the second case, such an outcome may be normal and expected.

Examples of recognizing capitalized costs as expenses:

Research, development and development costs technological work that did not give a positive result are recognized as non-operating expenses (Dt91 Kt08);

Investments in the creation of non-current assets are recognized as expenses upon any disposal of unfinished objects - sale, transfer to authorized capital, transfer of unfinished construction, unfinished R&D, etc. free of charge. (Dt91 Kt08).

Examples of recognizing non-capitalized costs as expenses:

The cost of work performed, services provided is recognized as an expense at the time of signing the act or upon completion of a certain calendar period (Dt90 Kt20, 23);

Costs incurred in connection with the rental of fixed assets are recognized as expenses upon completion of the calendar period (Dt90 Kt20);

-· costs of production that did not produce results are recognized as expenses in the event of a decision to terminate production (Dt91 Kt20, 23).

Typically, to create an asset or perform a job, a service must expend the most resources. various types. It is the large number of operations involving the use of certain resources and the long period of their implementation that force the accountant to calculate (if only one resource was spent on creating a product and only once, then there would be nothing to calculate). Here, by calculation we mean the allocation and accumulation of costs incurred to create a product on certain cost calculation accounts: 08 - for capitalized costs, 20, 23, 25, 26, 29 - for non-capitalized ones. The names of the accounts, in our opinion, are not correct; it would be more accurate to call accounts 25 “General production costs” and 26 “General operating costs”, since general production costs cannot become expenses on their own - only as part of the cost finished products, and general business expenses become expenses only when using the direct costing method.

Thus, we will build a general accounting scheme for costs and expenses:

1. Reflection of costs:

Dt08 Kt10, 70, 60, 02, etc. - expenditure of various types of resources in order to create non-current assets and accumulate capitalized costs;

Dt20, 23, etc. Kt10, 70, 60, etc. - expenditure of various kinds of resources in order to create current assets, perform work, provide services and accumulate non-capitalized costs;

Dt20, 23, etc. Kt25, 26 - redistribution of accumulated general production and general economic costs among various current assets, works and services.

2. Asset recognition:

Dt01, 04, etc. Kt08 - acceptance of non-current assets for accounting after the expiration of the period of accumulation of capitalized costs;

Dt43 Kt20, 23 - acceptance of current assets for accounting after the expiration of the period of accumulation of non-capitalized costs.

3. Recognition of expenses:

Dt90, 91 Kt43, 01, etc. - recognition of expenses in the event of disposal of current or non-current assets;

Dt90 Kt20, 23 - recognition of expenses in case of write-off of the accumulated cost of work and services;

Dt91 Kt08 - write-off of capitalized costs that did not lead to the recognition of an object of non-current assets;

Dt91 Kt20, 23 - write-off of non-capitalized costs that did not lead to the recognition of current assets.

The following accounting entries allow us to summarize the above:

Costs are the sum of the costs of the resources used. Recognition of costs means the “flow” of one type of asset into another or an equal increase in assets and liabilities (in the case of consumption of work and services), which does not reduce the organization’s capital and therefore does not lead to the recognition of expenses. The end of the accrual period means that an asset or expense must be recognized. Expenses are expenses that did not lead to the formation of a current or non-current asset (Dt90 Kt20, Dt91 Kt08, 20). Also recognized as an expense is the write-off of a current asset not related to its production consumption (expense - Dt90 Kt43, 41, Dt91 Kt10; non-expense - Dt20, 23, etc. Kt10), or the write-off of a non-current asset for any reason (Dt91 Kt01, 04, etc. .).

As we can see, recognition of expenses is always carried out on accounts 90 or 91 - accounts on which income “meets” expenses and generates profit. Therefore, it should be emphasized that expenses are only Dt90 or Dt91; talking about reflecting expenses on expense accounts (08, 97, 15, 20, etc.) is not correct, since these accounts are not related to the formation of the financial result, they are located at the beginning of the chain, which then leads to financial results. However, it would not be correct to define expenses as amounts reflected in the debit of accounts 90 or 91, since the essence of the definition should be the opposite - only those amounts that “have the right” to influence the amount of profit can be reflected in the debit of these accounts, i.e. .e. which are recognized as expenses because they reduce the organization’s capital.

1.2 General characteristics of methods for calculating product costs

In Russian and foreign economic practice, various calculation methods are used. There are two main models for calculating product costs:

1) model of complete cost distribution (absortion costing);

2) model of partial cost distribution (direct costing).

The full cost allocation model serves the purpose of production accounting, while the partial cost allocation model is intended mainly for management accounting purposes in an enterprise.

Based on the model of complete cost distribution, the cost of a product, order, operation or other costing objects is calculated. Accordingly, the cost of a calculation object is the sum of differential costs for the calculation object and distributed total costs - overhead, indirect costs.

Within the framework of the full cost distribution model, it is advisable to classify calculation methods depending on the following characteristics:

calculation object;

calculation method.

Depending on the object of calculation, the following main methods can be distinguished:

by product;

custom;

operational;

transverse;

process-by-process.

Depending on the calculation method, the following calculation methods can be distinguished:

direct account (unit costs);

normative (equivalent);

calculation and analytical;

parametric;

cost exclusions;

coefficient;

combined (Fig. 1.1.).

Rice. 1.1. Methods and models for calculating product costs

The calculation method or combination of calculation methods is determined depending on the selected object-by-object calculation method.

The general cost calculation scheme should involve defining the goals and objectives of calculation and, on their basis, selecting the appropriate model. It should be noted that in conditions market economy It seems advisable to use both calculation models at an enterprise, since, while meeting various local goals and objectives facing the enterprise, in general they are aimed at solving the global goal of the enterprise - making a profit.
One of the main methods of costing is the preparation of cost estimates for products. The object of accounting and calculation is a unit of production. With this calculation method, it is possible to use all methods of preparing calculations. The use of one method or another depends on the type of product being manufactured, the characteristics technological process and processed raw materials.

The direct counting method involves determining the cost per unit of production by dividing total amount costs per quantity of products produced. This method is used mainly in enterprises producing homogeneous products. In Western practice, this method is called “average cost calculation” (Fig. 1.2).

Rice. 1.2. Distribution of direct and indirect costs

The scope of application of this method is limited, since the number of enterprises producing one type of product is very small. More often in practice, its modification is used - a calculation and analytical method of calculation, which involves determining direct costs per unit of production based on consumption rates, and indirect costs - in proportion to the characteristic established in the industry. These signs include the following:

quantity of basic production material. Used mainly in material-intensive industries;

cost of the main production material. Used in industries where production requires the use of expensive raw materials;

direct labor time costs. Used in labor-intensive industries;

basic wages for production workers;

machine hours of equipment operation. Used in capital-intensive industries.

The choice of attribute (surcharge base) has a very important for the enterprise.

In foreign practice, it is customary to distribute indirect costs to the following groups :

overhead costs for materials (OM), for example, costs for maintaining warehouse space, wages for warehouse and purchasing department employees;

production overhead costs (PO), for example, salaries to personnel of the planning and design department, depreciation of equipment and buildings, costs of heating workshop premises;

administrative overhead (AO), for example, salaries of company management;

trade overheads (OH), for example, advertising costs, wages of sales department employees.

AH and TN are usually combined and called firm overhead (FOM).

When allocating these costs, enterprises adhere to the following basic rule: the markup base must reflect the measure of consumption of indirect costs by a particular product.

In accordance with this rule, the following criteria are used as the basis for the allocation of overhead costs:

1. When allocating overhead costs for materials:

1.1. Quantity of main production material - used for material-intensive products that require large raw material costs in units of weight or volume. For example, the criterion can be applied to enterprises in the baking industry.

1.2. The cost of the main production material is used for products in the manufacture of which expensive raw materials are used. For example, it can be used in the jewelry industry.

2. When allocating manufacturing overhead costs:

2.1. Direct labor time – used for labor-intensive products.

2.2. Direct labor costs – used for products with a high share of wages in costs.

2.3. Machine time – used for products that require significant equipment operating time.

3. When distributing general company overhead costs:

3.1. Production cost products.

3.2. Product sales volume.

When distributing overhead costs, the following feature is taken into account: MN and PN are distributed to the volume of manufactured products, since they appear mainly in connection with production activities; FN are distributed to the volume of products sold, since they arise mainly in connection with the sales process.

As another option for distributing indirect costs, the so-called ABC-costing (activity-based costing) is used, based on the connection of these costs with production and organizational structure enterprises. Stand out structural units, which are considered as cost centers. Costs are grouped into cost centers based on those activities that directly generate those costs. Accordingly, overhead costs are distributed using the criteria adopted for these cost centers (cost drivers).

After selecting the characteristic (markup base) by which overhead costs will be distributed, the overhead cost rate is determined. The overhead rate is determined as the quotient of total overhead costs divided by the full total markup base. Subsequently, overhead per unit is defined as the product of the overhead rate multiplied by the markup base per unit.

The standard cost calculation method is based on the norms and standards for the use of material, financial and labor resources. Norms and standards must be progressive and scientifically based, aimed at the rational use of all enterprise resources. Accordingly, their values should be reviewed periodically. In this regard, the enterprise needs to organize accounting of changes in current cost standards per unit of production. This method is most widely used in industries with mass production of homogeneous products and well-established planning when preparing cost estimates for new types of products.

The parametric method is used when calculating products of the same type, but of different quality. It is based on establishing patterns of changes in costs depending on changes in parameters that determine product quality. This method allows you to determine the costs of improving the quality parameters of products.

In complex industries - oil refining, coke-chemical, beneficiation, meat and dairy - the cost of raw materials cannot be attributed to a specific type of product. It is necessary to use special calculation methods that would make it possible to determine the total amount of all costs for processing the raw materials and distribute these costs among the types of products produced from these raw materials. These methods include: the method of eliminating costs, coefficient and combined.

With the method of eliminating costs in products obtained as a result of complex processing of raw materials, one type is considered the main one, and the rest are considered by-products. From total costs for the processing of raw materials, the cost of by-products is excluded, and the remaining amount is attributed to the cost of the main product. To determine the value of by-products, various methods are used:

a) current selling prices of the enterprise for by-products;

b) prices for replaced raw materials by-products;

c) costs of producing by-products.

The coefficient method is based on the use of coefficients when distributing complex costs between the resulting products. One of the products is assigned a coefficient of 1, and the rest are equated to it depending on the selected attribute (product weight, selling prices on products, content of organic substances, etc.). The calculation mechanism is as follows:

production output is calculated in conventional units;

the costs per one conventional unit are determined by dividing the total cost of production in conventional units;

the production costs of each type of product are determined by multiplying the costs per one conventional unit by the corresponding coefficient.

The combined method is a combination of the two methods mentioned above. The calculation is carried out in several stages:

1. products are divided into main and by-products;

2. by-products are excluded from total costs as a percentage of the costs of processing all raw materials;

3. the amount of costs remaining after exclusion is distributed between the main types of products in accordance with the coefficients.

With the order-by-order method, the object of accounting and costing is a separate production order created for a predetermined quantity of products. The order specifies the products to be manufactured and their quantity; order fulfillment time; workshops involved in its implementation.

Planned cost The order is determined by the sum of all production costs for the period of execution of the order. Accordingly, the reporting cost estimate with this method is compiled after the work has been completed according to the order.

The main characteristics of the custom costing method are the following:

concentration of data on all planned and actually incurred costs and allocating them to individual orders;

measuring costs for each order, rather than over a period of time.

This calculation method is used in industries with mechanical assembly of parts, assemblies and products in general; in industries where there is a close relationship between the technological process between workshops; at enterprises where only one workshop, the last in the technological chain, produces finished products. The custom costing method is most often used in individual and small-scale production.

The cross-cutting method of calculation is used in industries where the raw materials being processed sequentially go through several independent processing phases - processing stages. Each processing stage, with the exception of the last one, represents a completed phase of raw material processing, as a result of which the enterprise receives a semi-finished product own production. The cross-cutting method of calculation is used in metallurgy, textiles, woodworking and other industries. Cost calculation when using the step-by-step method is carried out as follows: direct costs are reflected for each step separately, the cost of raw materials is included in the cost of production of the first step, cost final product is the sum of the costs of all stages.

Enterprises that sell semi-finished products externally use a modification of the cross-cutting method of calculation - a semi-finished version of the cross-cutting method. The cost of semi-finished products and finished products consists of the cost of semi-finished products and the previous stages of processing. Naturally, when using a semi-finished version of cost calculation, repeated calculation takes place. Such a layering in cost accounting is called intra-factory turnover, which must be excluded when summing up costs for the enterprise as a whole.

In foreign practice, the cross-cutting method is called the process-costing method.
Operational costing refers to the so-called mixed systems costing (hubrid costing), occupying an intermediate position between custom and process methods. In case of operational costing, the order-by-order method is used to account for materials, and the process-by-process method is used to account for wages and overhead costs. Often in practice, enterprises use a planned coefficient to attribute overhead costs and wages to the cost of production using this method. As a result, the cost consists of “actual materials” and “actual wages and ODA distributed on the basis of the planned coefficient.” This cost is called the “normal cost”, in contrast to the actual cost, and the costing system itself is called the “normal costing system”.

The considered calculation systems make it possible to attribute all production and sales costs to one object. The costs of an enterprise under the full cost allocation model are entirely determined by production and the choice of product range. The main problem that an enterprise faces with this costing model is choosing a fair cost distribution principle.

The procedure for accounting for production costs and calculating the cost of products (works, services) or accounting for distribution costs is determined by the organization independently based on industry specifics and regulatory documents (if any) applied to the extent that does not contradict new regulatory documents on accounting.

1.3 Prospects for improving methods for calculating product costs

In the conditions of developing market relations in our country, the enterprise becomes legally and economically independent; achieving positive results of its activities now completely depends on skillful management and making the right management decisions.

The domestic system of accounting for production costs met the requirements of a centrally controlled economy: it provided information about all costs actually incurred in the production process.

As enterprises with different forms of ownership become isolated, processes of privatization of state-owned enterprises develop, mechanisms for free pricing and independent planning of the range of products are introduced, and other aspects of the market economy develop, there appears a need for Western methods of cost formation, for example, direct costing; further development will depend on this. accounting efficiency.

With the traditional method of calculating product costs, all costs are distributed between sold products and the remaining products in the warehouse. With this method, the costs of producing a specific type of product and the costs of the enterprise itself are mixed.

Another method of cost accounting and costing - direct costing - includes only variable costs. Direct costing is a management accounting system based on the classification of costs into fixed and variable depending on the volume of production, activity or capacity utilization and includes accounting and analysis of costs and results. Schematically, the result of modeling the activities of an enterprise using various cost calculation methods can be presented in the form of diagram 1.1.

With the direct costing system, as mentioned above, cost accounting is carried out only for variable costs. Fixed expenses are not included in the calculation of the cost of products, but as expenses of a given period are written off from the profit received during the period in which they were incurred. The balances of finished products in warehouses at the beginning and end of the year and work in progress are also assessed using variable costs.

Calculating cost using this system makes it possible to obtain additional indicators that reflect the activities of the enterprise: marginal production income and marginal sales income. This allows you to build a more multi-stage report.

Scheme 1.1. Modeling the activities of an enterprise using various methods of cost formation

Calculating cost using various methods, and conducting traditional and marginal analysis based on this, also affects the procedure for calculating such important indicators like profit and profitability. This, in turn, is reflected in the calculation of the influence on changes in these indicators of the following factors: volume and structure of products sold, prices, costs.

It can be said that economic system, the core of which is market relations, complicates the orientation of the enterprise in modern conditions, the importance of enterprise management and the formation of an array of objective information to ensure its effective functioning increases. One of the important internal indicators is the cost of production. Cost can be determined either by full attribution of costs, or by partial attribution.

Regarding the applicability of each method, the following can be said. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages, so they are often used in parallel in practice. The rate of profit and prices for the main products of the enterprise in the long term are established according to the method of full accounting and cost calculation, taking into account supply and demand. The same method is used to calculate the actual cost per unit of production for reporting period, which must include all costs. The partial cost accounting system ensures the process of making management decisions, expands the analytical capabilities of accounting, and allows you to build a profit management system.

The Ministry of Finance made the latest amendments to PBU 1 2008 “Accounting policies of the organization” by order No. 69n dated April 28, 2017. We'll tell you what has changed, how to apply the new rules and why accounting policies are mandatory for all companies.

BU 1 2008 Accounting policy of the organization

The current PBU was approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 6, 2008 No. 106n. But in April 2017, officials made a number of changes to the document in order to streamline the formation of rules, link them with the application of IFRS and bring PBU standards into compliance with the accounting law.

You can quickly draw up an accounting policy for 2019 in the UNP service

What changed in PBU 1 2008 latest edition, The Ministry of Finance explained in the information message dated 08/02/2017 No. IS-accounting-9. Read more about this below.

PBU 1 2008: latest edition

Correlation of accounting policies of different organizations. All companies independently draw up their accounting policies, guided by accounting legislation, federal and industry standards (Part 2 of Article 8 of Federal Law No. 402-FZ of December 6, 2011). Based on this, PBU 1 2008 was supplemented with an indication that society chooses accounting methods regardless of what methods other companies choose .

The policy for 2019 needs to be redone due to amendments to accounting and taxes. Now there are fewer opportunities to bring NU and BU closer together. But there is a reason to get rid of unnecessary subaccounts. UNP has compiled a top list of tasks and prepared recommendations that will simplify the work.

Since a company that has subsidiaries has the right to develop and approve its own standards, mandatory for use by such companies (Part 14, Article 21 of Law No. 402-FZ), the PBU clarifies that subsidiaries draw up their policies taking into account the standards of the main enterprise .

Formation of the organization's accounting policy. When drawing up a set of rules in relation to a specific accounting object, the company chooses one of the methods in accordance with federal standards (Part 3, Article 8 of Law No. 402-FZ). IN new edition PBU 1 2008 provides for the preparation of a policy for the following cases (see table).

Standard condition	Order
The standard establishes one method of accounting	The object is accounted for using the method established standard. This method is included in the policy.
The standard specifies several acceptable methods	The company selects from all the accounting methods allowed by the standard the one that ensures the formation of high-quality information about a specific accounting object. The choice is made on the basis of the criteria established by PBU 1 2008 (property isolation, continuity of activity, sequence of application of regulations, temporal certainty of facts of activity). It is also necessary to take into account completeness, timeliness, prudence, priority of content over form, consistency, rationality. If we are talking about the formation of non-essential information in accounting, the company has the right to choose a method rationally.
The standard does not contain acceptable accounting methods	The company independently develops a method of accounting, based on the requirements of legislation and standards IFRS is used as a first-line source for similar issues. If IFRS does not contain the necessary accounting methods, then the organization must focus on the provisions of federal and industry standards. If there is no solution there, then you must be guided by the recommendations adopted in accordance with Law No. 402-FZ. You can also use simplified accounting methods and develop accounting methods for a specific issue, guided solely by the requirement of rationality.

Standard condition

Order

The standard establishes one method of accounting

The object is accounted for using the method established standard. This method is included in the policy.

The standard specifies several acceptable methods

The company selects from all the accounting methods allowed by the standard the one that ensures the formation of high-quality information about a specific accounting object.

The choice is made on the basis of the criteria established by PBU 1 2008 (property isolation, continuity of activity, sequence of application of regulations, temporal certainty of facts of activity). It is also necessary to take into account completeness, timeliness, prudence, priority of content over form, consistency, rationality.

If we are talking about the formation of non-essential information in accounting, the company has the right to choose a method rationally.

The standard does not contain acceptable accounting methods

The company independently develops a method of accounting, based on the requirements of legislation and standards

IFRS is used as a first-line source for similar issues. If IFRS does not contain the necessary accounting methods, then the organization must focus on the provisions of federal and industry standards. If there is no solution there, then you must be guided by the recommendations adopted in accordance with Law No. 402-FZ.

You can also use simplified accounting methods and develop accounting methods for a specific issue, guided solely by the requirement of rationality.

Almin Moiseevich Rabinovich, head of the accounting and tax consulting department of Finexpertiza LLC, Ph.D., talks about accounting methods in the standard. n. Watch the video:

Deviation from the algorithm for drawing up accounting policies. The latest edition of PBU 1 2008 has been supplemented with rules on how to choose or develop an accounting method if following the general procedure leads to an unreliable representation of the financial position of the enterprise, financial results of operations and cash flows in the accounting (financial) statements.

In exceptional cases and subject to all of the following conditions, the organization has the right to deviate from the general policy formation procedure:

The circumstances that impede the formation of a reliable picture of the financial position of the company, financial performance and cash flows in the accounting (financial) statements have been identified;
An alternative method of accounting is possible, the use of which eliminates these circumstances;
The alternative method does not create other circumstances in which the statements would misrepresent the financial position, financial performance or cash flows.

Inspectors may ask a company for a policy and not even read it. But in future checks they use the text of the document. What is the danger and whether it can be avoided - read the review.

PBU 1 2008 was supplemented with requirements for the disclosure of information about deviations from general rules and the use of an alternative method of accounting.

In case of deviation from the general procedure for policy formation, the organization is obliged to disclose in its accounting (financial) statements:

A standard that establishes a method of accounting from which the company has deviated, provide a brief description of the methodology.

Circumstances as a result of which the application of the general procedure for the formation of regulations leads to the fact that reporting does not allow obtaining a reliable picture of the financial position, results of operations and flow of funds.

The content of the alternative accounting method used and an explanation of how this method eliminates unreliable reporting.

All reporting indicators that were changed as a result of deviations from the general procedure. That is, include in reporting comparative analysis all reporting indicators that have been changed.

The right to unify accounting policies according to IFRS and Russian rules. Organizations can formulate policies taking into account the requirements of IFRS. This right is granted to companies that disclose:

consolidated financial statements that are prepared in accordance with IFRS, or
financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS that do not create a group.

Such enterprises may be guided by federal accounting standards in the context of IFRS requirements. If the application of some accounting method provided for by the standard leads to a discrepancy with the policies of IFRS, then it is possible not to apply it. Instead, the method specified in the relevant IFRS is applied.

In the described case, for each non-applied accounting method established by the federal accounting standard, the organization must in its accounting (financial) statements:

describe the methodology;
disclose the IFRS requirement that will be violated when applying the accounting method established by the federal standard, and describe how this requirement will be violated.

Requirement for rational accounting. According to PBU 1 2008, one of the requirements for an organization’s accounting policy is the requirement of rationality. The Ministry of Finance clarified the content of this requirement.

An entity's accounting policies should ensure, among other things, rational accounting , based on operating conditions and the size of the company, as well as based on the ratio of costs for generating information about a specific accounting object and the usefulness of this information.

The procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies. According to PBU 1 2008, the consequences of accounting changes are reflected in accounting, as a rule, retrospectively.

Officials clarified that retrospective reflection of the consequences of changes in accounting policies is an adjustment of the opening balance not only under the item “Retained earnings (uncovered) loss”, but also (or) the balance under other items balance sheet at the earliest date presented in the financial statements.

Due to changes in accounting, it is necessary to adjust the figures for previous periods in the reporting. The chief accountant is often obliged to use innovations in accounting policies as if they had always been used.

Duty to disclose early application of standards. The regulatory legal act on accounting establishes the date of its entry into force for mandatory application by organizations. At the same time, it may provide for the possibility of voluntary application of the rules approved by it before the date of mandatory application. In the latter case, the implementation of accounting rules occurs in two stages. At the first stage, the rules are applied voluntarily, at the second - mandatory.

If a regulatory legal act on accounting provides for the possibility of voluntary application of the rules approved by it before the deadline for their mandatory application, the organization that took advantage of this opportunity is obliged to disclose this fact in the reporting.

Cancellation of the obligation to disclose certain facts in reporting. The Ministry of Finance has eliminated two requirements for disclosure of information in financial statements:

Disclose the fact of non-application of an approved and published, but not yet entered into force, regulatory legal act on accounting, as well as a possible assessment of the impact of the application of such an act on reporting indicators;
Announce policy changes for the year following the reporting year.

Almin Moiseevich Rabinovich, head of the accounting and tax consulting department of Finexpertiza LLC, Ph.D., talks about the changes in PBU 1 2008. n. Watch the video:

MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ORDER

On approval of accounting regulations

Document with changes made:
(Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, No. 16, 04/20/2009);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 271, 12/01/2010) (came into force on January 1, 2011);
(Bulletin of regulatory acts of federal executive authorities, N 50, 12/13/2010) (came into force starting from the annual financial statements for 2010);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 147, 06/29/2012) (came into force starting from the annual financial statements for 2012);
(Rossiyskaya Gazeta, N 40, 02/25/2013);
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 05/06/2015, N 0001201505060015);
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, 07.26.2017, N 0001201707260012).
____________________________________________________________________

In order to improve legal regulation in the field of accounting and financial reporting and in accordance with the Regulations on the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 2004 N 329 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, N 31, Art. 3258; N 49, art. 4908; 2005, N 23, art. 2270; N 52, art. 5755; 2006, N 32, art. 3569; N 47, art. 4900; 2007, N 23, art. 2801; N 45, Art. 5491; 2008, N 5, Art. 411),

I order:

1. Approve:

a) Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (PBU 1/2008) in accordance with Appendix No. 1;

b) Accounting Regulations “Changes in Estimated Values” (PBU 21/2008) in accordance with Appendix No. 2.

2. Recognize as invalid the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated December 9, 1998 N 60n “On approval of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting Policy of the Organization” PBU 1/98” (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1998, registration N 1673; Bulletin of normative acts of federal executive authorities, 1999, No. 2; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, No. 10, January 20, 1999).

Vice-chairman
Government of the Russian
Federation - Minister of Finance
Russian Federation
A.L.Kudrin

Registered
at the Ministry of Justice
Russian Federation
October 27, 2008,
registration N 12522

Appendix No. 1. Accounting Regulations "Accounting Policy of the Organization" (PBU 1/2008)

Appendix No. 1
to the order of the Ministry
finance of the Russian Federation
dated October 6, 2008 N 106n

I. General provisions

1. These Regulations establish the rules for the formation (selection or development) and disclosure of the accounting policies of organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit institutions and organizations public sector) (hereinafter referred to as organizations).
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on January 1, 2011 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 25, 2010 N 132n; as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

Branches and representative offices of foreign organizations located on the territory of the Russian Federation may formulate accounting policies in accordance with these Regulations or based on the rules established in the country of location of the foreign organization, if the latter do not contradict International Financial Reporting Standards.

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, the accounting policy of an organization is understood as the set of accounting methods adopted by it - primary observation, cost measurement, current grouping and final generalization of the facts of economic activity.

Accounting methods include methods of grouping and assessing facts of economic activity, repaying the value of assets, organizing document flow, inventory, using accounting accounts, organizing accounting registers, and processing information.

3. This Regulation applies to:

regarding the formation of accounting policies - for all organizations;

in terms of disclosure of accounting policies - to organizations that publish their financial statements in whole or in part in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, constituent documents or on their own initiative.

II. Formation of accounting policies

4. The accounting policy of the organization is formed by the chief accountant or another person who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, is entrusted with maintaining the accounting records of the organization, on the basis of these Regulations and is approved by the head of the organization.

In this case it is affirmed:

a working chart of accounts containing synthetic and analytical accounts necessary for maintaining accounting records in accordance with the requirements of timeliness and completeness of accounting and reporting;

forms of primary accounting documents, accounting registers, as well as documents for internal accounting reporting;

the procedure for conducting an inventory of the organization’s assets and liabilities;

methods for assessing assets and liabilities;

document flow rules and accounting information processing technology;

the procedure for monitoring business operations;

other solutions necessary for organizing accounting.

5. When developing accounting policies, it is assumed that:

the assets and liabilities of an organization exist separately from the assets and liabilities of the owners of this organization and the assets and liabilities of other organizations (assuming property separation);

the organization will continue its activities for the foreseeable future and it has no intention or need to liquidate or significantly reduce its activities and, therefore, obligations will be repaid in the prescribed manner (going concern assumption);

the accounting policy adopted by the organization is applied consistently from one reporting year to another (assumption of consistency in the application of accounting policies);

the facts of the organization's economic activities relate to the reporting period in which they took place, regardless of the actual time of receipt or payment of funds associated with these facts (the assumption of temporary certainty of the facts of economic activity).

5.1. An organization chooses accounting methods regardless of the choice of accounting methods by other organizations. If the parent company approves its accounting standards, which are mandatory for use by its subsidiary, then such subsidiary chooses accounting methods based on these standards.
by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

6. The organization’s accounting policies must ensure:

completeness of reflection in accounting of all facts of economic activity (completeness requirement);

timely reflection of the facts of economic activity in accounting and financial statements (timeliness requirement);

greater willingness to recognize expenses and liabilities in accounting than possible income and assets, avoiding the creation of hidden reserves (requirement of prudence);

reflection in accounting of facts of economic activity based not so much on their legal form, but on their economic content and business conditions (the requirement of priority of content over form);

the identity of analytical accounting data with turnovers and balances on synthetic accounting accounts on the last calendar day of each month (consistency requirement);

rational accounting based on business conditions and the size of the organization, as well as based on the ratio of costs for generating information about a specific accounting object and the usefulness (value) of this information (the requirement of rationality).
by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

6.1. When developing an accounting policy, micro-enterprises and non-profit organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, may provide for accounting using a simple system (without using double entry).
(The clause was additionally included on March 8, 2013 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 18, 2012 N 164n by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 6, 2015 N 57n.

7. Accounting for a specific accounting item is carried out in the manner established by the federal accounting standard. If, for a specific accounting issue, the federal accounting standard allows for several accounting methods, the organization selects one of these methods, guided by paragraphs 5, 5.1 and 6 of these Regulations.

An organization that discloses consolidated financial statements drawn up in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards or financial statements of an organization that does not create a group has the right to be guided by federal accounting standards, taking into account the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards, when forming its accounting policies. In particular, such an organization has the right not to apply the accounting method established by the federal accounting standard when such a method leads to a discrepancy between the organization's accounting policies and the requirements of International Financial Reporting Standards.
by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

7.1. If, for a specific accounting issue, federal accounting standards do not establish accounting methods, then the organization develops an appropriate method based on the requirements established by law Russian Federation on accounting, federal and (or) industry standards. In this case, the organization, based on the assumptions and requirements given in paragraphs 5 and 6 of these Regulations, uses the following documents sequentially:

a) international financial reporting standards;

b) provisions of federal and (or) industry accounting standards on similar and (or) related issues;

c) recommendations in the field of accounting.
(Clause 7.1 was additionally included from August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.2. An organization that has the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, in the absence of appropriate accounting methods for a specific issue in federal accounting standards, has the right to formulate an accounting policy, guided solely by the requirement of rationality.
(The paragraph was additionally included from August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.3. In exceptional cases, when the formation of an accounting policy in accordance with paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to an unreliable representation of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and the flow of its funds in the accounting (financial) statements, the organization has the right to deviate from the rules established by these paragraphs , subject to all of the following conditions:

a) circumstances have been identified that impede the formation of a reliable representation of its financial position, financial results of operations and cash flows in the accounting (financial) statements;

b) an alternative method of accounting is possible, the use of which makes it possible to eliminate these circumstances;

c) the alternative method of accounting does not lead to other circumstances in which the organization’s accounting (financial) statements will give an unreliable picture of its financial position, financial performance and cash flows;

d) information about deviations from the rules established by clauses 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations and the use of an alternative method of accounting is disclosed by the organization in accordance with these Regulations.
(Clause 7.3 was additionally included from August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

7.4. To the extent that the application of accounting policies formed in accordance with paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to the formation of information, the presence, absence or method of reflection of which in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization does not depend economic decisions users of these statements (hereinafter referred to as non-essential information), the organization has the right to choose the method of accounting, guided solely by the requirement of rationality (without applying clauses 7, 7.1 of these Regulations). The organization independently classifies information as non-essential based on both the size and nature of this information.
(The paragraph was additionally included from August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

8. The accounting policy adopted by the organization is subject to registration with the relevant organizational and administrative documentation (orders, instructions, standards, etc.) of the organization.
(Clause as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

III. Change in accounting policy

10. Changes in the accounting policies of an organization can be made in the following cases:

changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting;

the organization's development of new accounting methods. The use of a new method of accounting involves improving the quality of information about the object of accounting
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

significant changes in business conditions. A significant change in the business conditions of an organization may be associated with reorganization, change in types of activities, etc.

It is not considered a change in accounting policy to approve the method of accounting for facts of economic activity that are essentially different from the facts that occurred previously, or that arose for the first time in the organization’s activities.

11. Changes in accounting policies must be justified and formalized in the manner prescribed by paragraph 8 of these Regulations.

12. Changes in accounting policies are made from the beginning of the reporting year, unless otherwise determined by the reason for such a change.

14. The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting are reflected in accounting and reporting in the manner established by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) regulatory legal acts on accounting. If the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) a regulatory legal act on accounting do not establish a procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, then these consequences are reflected in accounting and reporting in the manner established by paragraph 15 of these Regulations.

15. The consequences of changes in accounting policies caused by reasons other than those specified in paragraph 14 of these Regulations, which had or could have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows, are reflected in the financial statements retrospectively, with the exception of cases where the assessment in monetary terms of such consequences in relation to periods preceding the reporting period cannot be made with sufficient reliability.

When retrospectively reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies, we proceed from the assumption that the changed method of accounting was applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose. Retrospective reflection of the consequences of changes in accounting policies consists of adjusting the opening balance under the item “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)” and (or) other balance sheet items as of the earliest date presented in the accounting (financial) statements, as well as the values of related accounting items disclosed for each period presented in the financial statements, as if the new accounting policy had been applied from the moment the facts of economic activity of this type arose.
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

In cases where an assessment in monetary terms of the consequences of a change in accounting policy in relation to periods preceding the reporting period cannot be made with sufficient reliability, the changed method of accounting is applied to the relevant facts of economic activity that occurred after the introduction of the changed method (prospectively).

15.1. Organizations that have the right to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) reporting, may reflect in their financial statements the consequences of changes in accounting policies that have had or may have a significant impact on the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows. funds, prospectively, except for cases where a different procedure is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and (or) a regulatory legal act on accounting.
(The paragraph was additionally included starting from the annual financial statements for 2010 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 8, 2010 N 144n; as amended, put into effect starting from the annual financial statements for 2012 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 27, 2012 N 55n; as amended , put into effect on May 17, 2015 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 6, 2015 N 57n.

IV. Disclosure of accounting policies

17. The organization must disclose the accounting methods adopted when forming the accounting policy, without knowledge of the application of which by interested users of the accounting (financial) statements it is impossible to reliably assess the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and (or) cash flows.
(Clause as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

18. The paragraph was excluded by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated March 11, 2009 N 22n..

The composition and content of information on the organization's accounting policies on specific accounting issues subject to mandatory disclosure in financial statements are established by the relevant federal accounting standards.
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

If financial statements are not published in full, information on accounting policies is subject to disclosure, at least in part directly related to the published data.

19. If the accounting policy of an organization is formed on the basis of the assumptions provided for in paragraph 5 of these Regulations, then these assumptions may not be disclosed in the financial statements.

When forming an organization's accounting policy based on assumptions other than those provided for in paragraph 5 of these Regulations, such assumptions, along with the reasons for their application, must be disclosed in the financial statements.

20.1. An organization that forms an accounting policy in accordance with paragraph two of clause 7 of these Regulations must, in relation to each method of accounting established by the federal accounting standard that it has not applied, describe such method, as well as disclose the corresponding requirement of the International Financial Reporting Standard and describe how Thus, this requirement will be violated if the accounting method established by the federal accounting standard is applied.
(The paragraph was additionally included from August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

20.2. An organization that applied clause 7.3 of these Regulations when developing its accounting policy must disclose:

Name federal standard accounting, establishing the accounting method from which the organization has deviated, with a brief description of this method;

circumstances as a result of which the application of the rules established by paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations leads to the fact that the accounting (financial) statements of the organization do not allow obtaining a reliable picture of its financial position, financial performance and cash flows and the reasons for the occurrence of these circumstances;

the content of the alternative method of accounting used by the organization and an explanation of how this method eliminates the unreliability of the presentation of the financial position of the organization, the financial results of its activities and cash flows;

the values of all indicators of the organization’s accounting (financial) statements that were changed as a result of deviation from the rules established by paragraphs 7 and 7.1 of these Regulations, as if the deviation had not been made, and the amount of adjustment of each indicator.
(The paragraph was additionally included from August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n)

21. In the event of a change in accounting policies, the organization must disclose the following information:

- the reason for the change in accounting policy;

- content of changes in accounting policies;

- the procedure for reflecting the consequences of changes in accounting policies in the financial statements;

- the amount of adjustments associated with changes in accounting policies for each item in the financial statements for each of the reporting periods presented, and if the organization is required to disclose information about earnings per share - also according to data on basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share ;

- the amount of the corresponding adjustment relating to the reporting periods preceding those presented in the financial statements - to the extent practicable.

If a change in accounting policy is due to the application of a regulatory legal act for the first time or a change in a regulatory legal act, the fact of reflecting the consequences of the change in accounting policy in accordance with the procedure provided for by this act is also subject to disclosure.

22. If the disclosure of information provided for in paragraph 21 of these Regulations for any particular previous reporting period presented in the financial statements, or for reporting periods earlier than those presented, is impossible, the fact of the impossibility of such disclosure is subject to disclosure together with an indication of the reporting period in which the corresponding change in accounting policy will begin to be applied.

23. If a regulatory legal act on accounting provides for the possibility of voluntary application of the rules approved by it before the deadline for their mandatory application, the organization, when using this opportunity, must disclose this fact in the accounting (financial) statements.
(Clause as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

24. Significant methods of accounting, as well as information about changes in accounting policies are subject to disclosure in the accounting (financial) statements of the organization.
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on August 6, 2017 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n.

If interim financial statements are presented, they may not contain information about the organization's accounting policies if there have been no changes in the latter since the preparation of the annual financial statements for the previous year, in which the accounting policies were disclosed.

25. The clause has lost force since August 6, 2017 - order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 28, 2017 N 69n..

Appendix No. 2. Accounting Regulations “Changes in Estimated Values” (PBU 21/2008)

Appendix No. 2
to the order of the Ministry
finance of the Russian Federation
dated October 6, 2008 N 106n

1. These Regulations establish the rules for recognition and disclosure in the financial statements of organizations that are legal entities under the legislation of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit organizations and state (municipal) institutions) (hereinafter referred to as organizations), information on changes in estimated values (clause as amended into effect on January 1, 2011 by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 25, 2010 N 132n.

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, the change estimated value an adjustment to the value of an asset (liability) or an amount reflecting the repayment of the value of the asset is recognized, due to the emergence of new information, which is made based on an assessment of the current state of affairs in the organization, expected future benefits and obligations and is not a correction of an error in the financial statements.

3. The estimated value is the amount of the reserve for doubtful debts, reserve for reduction in the value of inventories, other estimated reserves, useful life of fixed assets, intangible assets and other depreciable assets, assessment of the expected receipt of future economic benefits from the use of depreciable assets, etc.

A change in the way assets and liabilities are measured is not a change in accounting estimates.

If any change in accounting data cannot be clearly classified as a change in accounting policy or a change in an estimated value, then for the purposes of financial reporting it is recognized as a change in the estimated value.

4. A change in the estimated value, with the exception of the change specified in paragraph 5 of these Regulations, is subject to recognition in accounting by inclusion in the income or expenses of the organization (prospectively):

the period in which the change occurred, if such a change affects the financial statements only for this reporting period;

the period in which the change occurred, and future periods, if such a change affects the financial statements of this reporting period and the financial statements of future periods.

5. A change in the estimated value that directly affects the amount of the organization’s capital is subject to recognition by adjusting the corresponding capital items in the financial statements for the period in which the change occurred.

6. In the explanatory note to the financial statements, the organization must disclose the following information about changes in the estimated value:

- the content of the change that affected the financial statements for a given reporting period;

- the content of the change that will affect the financial statements for future periods, unless it is impossible to assess the impact of the change on the financial statements for future periods. The fact that such an assessment is impossible is also subject to disclosure.

Revision of the document taking into account
changes and additions prepared
JSC "Kodeks"