For doubtful debts, a reserve in accounting is required. The article contains the rules for its formation, numerical examples, forms and sample documents, useful links.

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Business practice is such that it is often associated with the formation of overdue accounts receivable... Not all counterparties can pay off debts. In order for the data on debts in the accounting and tax accounting of the organization to be reliable, it is necessary to create a reserve for doubtful debts.

The concept of a provision for doubtful debts

The return of debts by counterparties to a company or an entrepreneur is not guaranteed. In terms of the likelihood of repayment of receivables, it can be divided into three groups. Read more about this in Table 1.

Table 1. Types of doubtful debts

Some of the bad liabilities can be taken into account for tax purposes. So, they can be taken into account as part of non-operating expenses, or they can be written off through a reserve for doubtful debts.

Any arrears that meet the following requirements may be recognized as liabilities raising doubts:

related to the provision of services, the sale of goods or the performance of work;
not repaid within the terms established by the contract;
not secured by surety, bank guarantee, pledge.

There is also a time frame for the creation of accruals. So, if the delay in obligations is from 45 to 90 calendar days, then they are added to the reserve source at a 50% rate. If the term of formation of the obligation has exceeded 90 days, then it is reserved in 100% volume.

And since 2017, a new rule has been added to reserve liabilities that are in doubt. So, if there is a counter character, i.e. the company has obligations to the debtor, then only part of the arrears in excess of the counter obligation will be in doubt.

Accounting for reserves for doubtful debts allows:

Reflect the real financial result in the reporting.
Provides an opportunity to estimate losses.

Useful documents

Before talking about the rules for creating a reserve for doubtful debts, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the following documents:

Differences in creating a provision for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting

The rules for the formation of the reserve are different for the purposes of tax and accounting... The highlights are reflected in the following table.

Table 2. Creation of a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting

Criterion	Accounting	Tax accounting
Duty to create	Yes, it's a duty	No, this is a right, but allowances are included in tax expenses
	Any receivables	The object is only the debt of customers and buyers for goods, works, services
Formation term	Both before the maturity of the "accounts receivable", and after	Only those debts that have not been repaid within the terms set by the contract are considered to be in doubt.
Reflection in accounting	other expenses	Non-operating expenses
	Determined independently by the accountant based on the risk of non-payment and the financial condition of the counterparty	Established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation
total amount	Not limited	Cannot be more than 10% of the proceeds

Thus, we can conclude that in accounting the concept of "doubtful debt" is used more widely than in tax and includes not only liabilities with expired payment, but also arrears, the payment of which is in doubt.

Despite the existing differences in the formation of the provision for doubtful debts in tax accounting in comparison with accounting, there are also general rules on their creation, including:

Compilation of reserve sources based on the results of the inventory.

Tax legislation establishes the timing of the inventory, corresponding to the tax or reporting period. With regard to accounting, the manager himself can determine the frequency of the inventory of debt. In practice, it is recommended that the dates of both reconciliations coincide.

Formation with division of obligations for analytics.
The ability to use such operations as:

change in the amount of provisions;
recovery / write-off of unused amounts;
write-off of a liability recognized as uncollectible.

It is not necessary that the reserve deductions in tax and in accounting should be the same, since in accounting they are created for any doubtful debt, and in tax accounting only for arrears in connection with the sale of goods, performance of work or services. In this case, the differences are regarded as temporary, and the amounts of tax charged on them are reflected on accounts 09 and 77. However, it cannot be argued that the fact of differences between the two accounting for reserve sources is a regularity.

Reserve for doubtful debts in accounting

The reserve for doubtful debts in accounting means the reflection in the balance sheet of the amount of accounts receivable minus the created allowances.

The rules for creating a backup source in accounting are as follows:

Obligation to reserve for any doubtful arrears.
Obligation to be formed by all legal entities without exception.
Formation regardless of whether a similar collateral will be created in tax accounting.
Applies to any type of debt.
It is created not only for overdue debts, but also for debts with an undisturbed due date, but causing doubts.
The possibility of self-recognition of the obligation as doubtful, the counterparty as insolvent, and payment is unlikely.
Possibility of self-indication of the amount of reserve deductions.
In terms of unspent amounts, mandatory write-off to financial results at the end of the year following the year of formation of the reserve source.

The accounting policy of the company should contain information on the procedure for creating and using accruals.

Ways to create a provision for doubtful debts

When creating a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting, the following methods can be used, for example:

Interval

It consists in reflecting the amount of reserves on a quarterly or monthly basis based on the duration of the delay as a percentage of the amount owed.

Expert

Provides the ability to create, for each doubtful liability, an amount that management believes the counterparty will not pay when due.

Statistical

It implies the formation of the amount of provisions based on data for several years as a share bad debt in the total amount of receivables.

The method of creating a reserve source should be reflected in the accounting policy of the company.

The procedure for creating a provision for doubtful debts

The procedure for reserving funds implies an inventory of "accounts receivable", the identification of individual debts as doubtful and the formation of a reserve. Moreover, in tax accounting, you need to determine how much time has passed since the expiration date for debt repayment.

For example, you can divide the provisioning process into several steps.

Step 1. Determination of the Degree of Insolvency of the Debtor

At this stage, it is necessary to determine whether the debt can be considered doubtful.

Step 2. Determination of the criteria for insolvency

This is necessary to reflect them in accounting policies. The criteria can be represented, for example, by indicators of the financial condition of the debtor.

Step 3. Reservation of funds, adhering to the rules prescribed in clauses 2, 3 of PBU 21/2008.

The fact of creating allowances must be formalized by order and reflected in accounting entries.

Bookkeeping Reservation

The accounting of reserves for doubtful debts is kept on account 63. If, according to the results of the inventory, a doubtful debt is revealed, then the amount of deduction is referred to other expenses. That is, an entry is made on the credit of account 63 in correspondence with the other expenses account. Further, if the term limitation period the debt ends, then the obligation is written off at the expense of reserved funds... If the counterparty extinguishes the debt, then reserved amount is recovering.

The main document for reducing or calculating a reserve source is accounting information payment. In this case, the transactions for reflecting transactions in accounting will be as follows:

In the booze. reporting obligations that are in doubt are reflected in the balance sheet on line 1230 minus the funds reserved. Provisions for liabilities in doubt are reflected in the Statement of Financial Performance in line 2350 “Other expenses”.

The created backup source in the future can be:

restored at the end of the year following the year of its creation;
used in the form of writing off bad accounts receivable at his expense.

However, if the debt is written off at a loss, this does not mean at all that it has been canceled completely. After writing off, such debt will be reflected on the balance sheet, since in the event of a change in the financial situation of the debtor, it can be collected.

Reservation in tax accounting

The creation of a reserve for doubtful debts in tax accounting takes place in accordance with the norms of Article 266 Tax Code... This backup

In what cases is account 63 used, how to use it, what entries to reflect the formation and write-off of the amount of the reserve of doubtful debts - our article will help you answer these and many other questions.

Account 63

Account 63 reflects the turnover and balances of amounts on operations related to the formed reserves for doubtful debts of counterparties. This account may reflect the amount of reserves formed in connection with:

violation by suppliers of the terms and conditions of shipment of goods;
non-compliance by customers with the terms and conditions of payment for the services (work) received.

The account also reflects the write-off of the amounts of debts recognized as uncollectible (by a court decision, in connection with the liquidation, bankruptcy of the counterparty, the expiration of the statute of limitations, under other conditions).

Operations for the formation of a reserve are carried out according to CT 63, for their write-off and downward adjustments, Dt 63 is used.

Consider typical wiring:

Debit	Credit	Operation description	A document base
91.2	63	The amount of the provision for doubtful debts was formed at the expense of other expenses	Minutes of the decision of the board, statement of accounts receivable, accounting reference-calculation
63	62	The amount of debt recognized as uncollectible for collection was written off at the expense of the reserve previously formed on account 63	Minutes of the decision of the board, statement of accounts receivable, accounting statement-calculation, judgment, document on liquidation (bankruptcy), etc.
63	91.1	The amount of the unused reserve was taken into account, which was restored	Accounting reference-calculation
63	76.2	Writing off the amount of the provision in connection with the satisfaction of the claim	Letter of claim, accounting statement-calculation

Formation of a reserve on account 63

In April 2016, JSC Samorodok and LLC Yantar signed a contract for the supply of amber souvenirs. According to the agreement, "Yantar" ships "Nugget" a batch of souvenirs in the amount of 124.380 rubles, payment for which must arrive within 20 days after shipment.

In fact, were carried out following operations for the shipment and payment of souvenirs:

04/03/2016 "Yantar" shipped the full consignment to "Nugget".
Until 04.24.2016 no payment for souvenirs was received from “Samorodok”.
05/12/2016 "Nugget" partially repaid the debt in the amount of 64,140 rubles.
As of December 31, 2016, the balance of the debt was not repaid by “Samorodk”.

In connection with the violation of the terms of the agreement on the part of “Samorodok”, the management of “Yantar” made a decision to recognize the debt of “Samorodok” as doubtful, in connection with which a reserve was formed for the amount of the debt.

These operations were carried out by the Yantar accountant in the following way:

Debit	Credit	Operation description	Sum	A document base
91.2	63	Reflected is the amount of the reserve formed for the debt of "Nugget" due to the violation of the last terms of payment under the contract	RUB 124.380	Minutes of the decision of the board, accounting statement-calculation, supply agreement, statement of accounts receivable
09	68 "Income tax"	SHE included (deferred tax asset) 124.380 * 20%	RUB 24.876	Accounting reference-calculation
51	62 "Goods shipped"	A partial amount was received from “Nugget” to repay the debt for the shipped souvenirs	RUB 64.140	Bank statement
63	91.1	The amount of the provision previously formed has been partially reduced	RUB 64.140	Accounting reference-calculation, bank statement
68 "Income tax"	09	The amount of SHE accrued earlier was reduced due to a decrease in the amount of the reserve (64,140 rubles * 20%)	RUB 12.828	Accounting reference-calculation
63	91.1	The amount of the reserve equal to the amount of the outstanding debt of “Nugget” was restored (124,380 rubles - 64,140 rubles)	RUB 60.240	Accounting reference-calculation
68 "Income tax"	09	Reflected the amount of SHE repaid in connection with the reflection of the restored reserve	RUB 12.828	Accounting reference-calculation
91.2	63	Reflected is the amount of the reserve formed for the debt of "Nugget" outstanding at the end of 2016	RUB 60.240	Accounting reference-calculation
09	68 "Income tax"	SHE was taken into account from the amount of debt outstanding by "Nugget" at the end of 2016 (60,240 rubles * 20%)	RUB 12.048	Accounting reference-calculation

Operations for the tax formation of the reserve

In January 2016, Sovremennik JSC and Smena LLC signed a contract for the supply of porcelain tableware. According to the agreement, Sovremennik ships to Smena a batch of dishes in the amount of 1,341,740 rubles, payment for which must be received within 20 days after shipment. The dishes were shipped to the Smena warehouse on 04/12/2016, but no payment was received from Smena until 05/03/2016.

To reflect the operation to form a reserve in tax accounting, the Sovremennik accountant determined the proceeds, which, on an accrual basis, amounted to:

on 06/30/2016 - 17,410,000 rubles;
on 09/30/2016 - 21,520,000 rubles.

In the tax accounting of Sovremennik on June 30, 2016, a reserve was formed for the debt of Smena:

RUB 1.341.740 * 50% = RUB 670.870

Due to the fact that as of September 30, 2016, the delay in payment of "Change" is more than 90 days, Sovremennik JSC has the right to create a reserve in tax accounting in the amount of up to 100% of the debt. In this case, the amount of the reserve should not be more than 10% of the amount of proceeds as of 09/30/2016 - 2,152,000 rubles. (RUB 21.520.000 * 10%).

In the tax accounting of Sovremennik on September 30, 2016, a reserve was formed for the debt of Smena:

(RUB 1.341.740 * 50%) * 2 = RUB 1.341.740

In connection with the recognition of “Smena” bankrupt, the amount of debt was written off at the expense of the reserve.

The accounting reflects the following:

Debit	Credit	Operation description	Sum	A document base
91.2	63	A reserve has been formed for the debt of "Smena"	RUB 1.341.740
09	68 "Income tax"	The amount of SHE was taken into account ((1,341,740 rubles - 670,870 rubles) * 20%)	RUB 134.174	Accounting reference-calculation
68 "Income tax"	09	Redeemed SHE	RUB 134.174	accounting reference-calculation
63	62 "Goods shipped"	The write-off of the amount of bad debt of "Smena" is reflected	RUB 1.341.740	Minutes of the decision of the board, accounting statement-calculation

Reserve utilization transactions

As of 01.04.2016, JSC “Artemida” records the amount of unused reserve in the amount of 43.120 rubles. The list of doubtful and bad debts of JSC "Artemida" as of 01.04.2016 looks like this:

A reserve has been formed for the amount of Hercules' doubtful debts.

In connection with the liquidation of "Minotaur" and the classification of the debt as hopeless, the amount of the debt was written off at the expense of the previously formed reserve.

On the fact of transactions performed, the amount of the reserve as of 01.04.2016 amounted to 169.570 rubles. (43.120 rubles + 168.410 rubles - 41.960 rubles).

Consider the postings made by the accountant of "Artemis":

Debit	Credit	Operation description	Sum	A document base
91.2	63	The amount of the reserve formed as of 04/01/2016 is reflected in the structure of other expenses	RUB 169.570
63	62	The debts of the "Minotaur", recognized as hopeless in connection with its liquidation, were written off at the expense of the reserve amounts	RUB 41.960	Accounting reference-calculation, statement of receivables
63	91.1	Reflected the recovery of the amount of the reserve unused at the end of 2016	RUB 169.570	Accounting reference-calculation, statement of receivables

Recovery of the amount of the reserve

In February 2016, JSC "Crocus" and LLC "Fikus" signed a contract for the supply of flower products. According to the agreement, Crocus ships to Ficus a batch of Dutch tulips in the amount of 84.340 rubles, payment for which must be received within 18 days after shipment. 02/04/2016 tulips arrived at the warehouse of "Ficus" (batch in full). Until 23.02.2016, payment from Ficus was not received, in connection with which a reserve was formed. The debt was repaid on 02/28/14, the reserve was restored.

Operations for the formation and restoration of the reserve in the balance sheet of "Crocus" were carried out in this way.

Unfortunately, in practice, organizations are often faced with overdue receivables from their buyers (customers), and possibly other debtors. The doubtful debt reserve is created in order to accounting statements organization, the data on its accounts receivable were reliable. Therefore, if there is a doubtful debt, it is necessary to create a reserve, even if the organization is a small business entity.

In order for the data in the financial statements to be reliable, the assets and liabilities of the organization are subject to adjustment taking into account estimated values... In relation to receivables, the estimated value is the allowance for doubtful debts, that is, the amount of receivables is reflected in the balance sheet less the created allowance.

Note! The reserve is included in tax expenses, therefore, it is beneficial for organizations to use this right and create a provision for doubtful debts for the purposes of tax accounting.

The main regulations on the formation of reserves for doubtful debts:

Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part two) of 08/05/2000 N 117-FZ (as amended on 12/29/2014) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on 03/01/2015).
Regulations on the maintenance of accounting and financial reporting in Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of July 29, 1998 No. 34n
Accounting Regulations ", approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.07.1999 No. 43n
Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1995 N 49 (as amended on November 8, 2010) "On approval Methodical instructions on inventory of property and financial obligations "
Accounting Regulations, approved by by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 No. 106n.

Let's define the concepts

Doubtful debt is an organization's receivables that have not been repaid or, with a high degree of probability, will not be repaid within the terms established by the contract, and are not secured by appropriate guarantees (pledge, retention of the debtor's property, surety, bank guarantee, deposit).

Overdue debt is a receivable that has not been repaid within the terms established by agreements and (or) judicial acts or other documents that establish or change the maturity date of the debt.

Bad debt - a receivable that has expired set time limitation period, as well as the debt for which, in accordance with civil law, the obligation is terminated due to the impossibility of its execution on the basis of an act government body or liquidation of the organization.

Restructured debt is a debt for which the debtor has been provided with an installment plan or deferral of debt repayment, including within the framework of a debt restructuring agreement, a settlement agreement approved by a court and entered into legal force.

Accounting and tax accounting. There are differences!

When forming a reserve for doubtful debts, it is important to take into account that the rules for creating it in accounting and tax accounting differ, in particular:

By right of creation. In accounting, the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts is an obligation (paragraph 1, clause 70 of the Regulation on accounting and reporting). In tax accounting, the creation of such a reserve is a right, given that the organization applies the accrual method (clause 3 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
On the subject of debt. In accounting, reserves are created for any receivables recognized by the organization as doubtful (clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting). In tax accounting, reserves are created only for the debts of buyers and customers for products, goods, works and services (paragraph 1, clause 1 of article 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation);
By the date of the debt. In accounting, not only indebtedness with the maturity date, but also indebtedness, the maturity of which has not yet come, can be considered doubtful (paragraph 2, clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting). In tax accounting, doubtful debts include debts that have not been repaid on time, provided by the contract(Clause 1 of Art.266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Consider the rules for creating a reserve for accounting and tax accounting.

Rules for accounting purposes	Rules for tax accounting purposes
A reserve is required if there is a doubtful receivable	The accountant decides for himself whether to create a reserve or not
Contributions to the reserve are other expenses (clause 11 of PBU 10/99). They are reflected on the debit of account 91 and credit of account 63	The company takes into account the amounts of deductions to the reserve as part of non-operating expenses
Any receivable that is not repaid within the terms established by the contract (or will be overdue with a high probability), and at the same time is not provided with guarantees	It is possible to form a reserve only for debt related to the sale of goods (works, services). There are others mandatory conditions
The accountant independently determines the amount of the provision for each debt based on the financial position of the counterparty and the risk of non-payment	The percentage of deductions to the reserve is established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation
The total amount of the reserve is not limited	The total amount of the provision cannot exceed 10% of revenue

Accounting

The amount of reserves is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repayment of the debt in full or in part (paragraph 4, clause 70 of the Regulation). This value is an estimated value (clause 3 of PBU 21/2008 "Changes in Estimated Values", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.10.2008 No. 106n,), a change in which is recognized as an adjustment in the value of an asset (liability) or a value reflecting the redemption of the value of an asset, due to the emergence of new information, which is based on an assessment of the current state of affairs in the organization, expected future benefits and obligations and is not a correction of an error in the financial statements (paragraph 2 of PBU 21/2008).

Methods for calculating the allowance for doubtful debts:

The chosen method and methodology for calculating the allowance for doubtful debts must be consolidated in the accounting policy for accounting purposes. For example, if the method of expert assessment of each doubtful debt is chosen, then in the accounting policy it is necessary to prescribe specific criteria (for example, indicators of the debtor's solvency and financial condition) on which such an assessment is based. If the method of calculating the provision is chosen depending on the period of delay of each doubtful debt, then in the accounting policy it is necessary to set the appropriate percentage values of deductions to the reserve (they may or may not be the same as those used in tax accounting).

When forming a reserve for doubtful debts, the following conditions must be met:

The reserve is created for settlements with other organizations and citizens for products, goods, works and services. The reserve does not include the amounts of advances transferred to suppliers (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of 15.10.2003 N 16-00-14 / 316 “On the doubtful debt of the organization). Thus, the reserve is created only for the debt of buyers (customers).
The reserve is created based on the results of the inventory of the organization's accounts receivable.
The amount of the provision is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on the financial condition (solvency) of the debtor and the assessment of the likelihood of repayment of the debt in full or in part.

After creating a reserve, the organization must constantly monitor the movement of those debts for which the reserve was created, since accounting records are made out in section analytical accounting for each debtor.

It should be noted that the accounting legislation does not provide for restrictions either on the amount of the created reserve, or on the timing of the doubtful debt. At the same time, the current accounting legislation does not prevent the use of the method of recognizing receivables as hopeless, established by Art. 266 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and for accounting purposes.

Therefore, if the procedure for the formation of reserves in tax and accounting is different, then:

for discrepancies arising from different definitions of the timing for the reservation (i.e., in accounting, the amount of the reserve is created, for example, in the amount of 100% for the outstanding debt after 45 days), deductible temporary differences will arise in accounting, which lead to the formation of a deferred tax asset (clauses 8, 11, 14 PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002, No. 114n).
for discrepancies arising when the estimated amount of deductions to the reserve in accounting exceeds 10% of the amount of proceeds from sales, the organization forms permanent differences(clauses 4, 7 of PBU 18/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of November 19, 2002, No. 114n).

Contributions to the reserve for doubtful debts are a change in the estimated value (clause 4 of PBU 21/2008). Changes in accounting estimates are reflected in accounting as expenses of the reporting period in which these changes occurred. Thus, deductions to the reserve must be reflected in accounting with the frequency with which the organization forms financial statements (Article 15 of the Law of December 6, 2011 No. 402-FZ).

The amounts of created reserves for doubtful debts are included in the financial results and are reflected in the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and credit of account 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts”.

Write-off of bad debt, previously recognized as doubtful in the accounting, for which a reserve was formed, is reflected accounting entry on the debit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" in correspondence with account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers" or account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

Bad debt in the amount exceeding the reserve created for this debt is written off to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Debt written off after the expiration of the limitation period is reflected on off-balance sheet account 007 "Debt of insolvent debtors written off at a loss" within 5 years from the date of write-off to monitor the possibility of its recovery in the event of a change in the debtor's property status.

In case of receipt of payment for accounts receivable, for which reserves were previously formed (or changes in the reliability data of the counterparty in positive side), the amounts of reserves are subject to recovery. In accounting, the amounts of recovered reserves are reflected in the debit of account 63 "Provisions for doubtful debts" in correspondence with account 91 "Other income and expenses".

Doubtful debt reserve inventory

The basic requirements for the inventory of the reserve for doubtful debts in accounting are defined in clause 3.54 of the Methodological Instructions on the inventory of property and financial liabilities.

The monitoring of receivables for each debt for the creation or use of a reserve for doubtful debts should be carried out continuously. It must be carried out as of the date of the financial statements.

Within five years after writing off bad receivables, it is necessary to monitor the possibility of collecting it when the debtor's property status changes.

Reflection of the reserve in the financial statements

Show accounts receivable in the financial statements minus the formed reserve. Disclose information about the created reserve in the notes to Balance sheet and the Statement of Financial Results. This procedure is established by PBU 4/99, clause 35.

In the future, the created reserve can be:

restored upon repayment of debt (in this case, the amount of the restored reserve is included in other income with reflection on account 91 "Other income and expenses");
restored due to the lack of payment by the buyer for the year following the year of creation of the reserve (paragraph 4, clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting and reporting), while the amount of the restored reserve is included in other income on account 91 "Other income and expenses";
used, that is, bad accounts receivable will be written off at the expense of the reserve (clause 77 of the Regulation on accounting and reporting).

Carrying over of the reserve to the next year

In accordance with the Regulation on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation No. 34n, clause 70, if by the end of the year following the year of creation of the reserve, its value is not fully consumed, then the balance of the reserve must be included in the financial results of the reporting year. It follows from this that if the debt remains doubtful at the end of 2015, then the unused balance of the reserve should be referred to account 91 of the “Other income” subaccount. The requirements of PBU No. 34n determine that the amount of doubtful debt must be taken into account again before compiling annual reporting when forming a reserve at the end of 2015.

We propose to make only an adjustment to the reserve at the end of the year, i.e. increase or decrease the amount of the provision, rather than write off the full amount of the unused provision with subsequent restoration. Such a scheme will allow avoiding additional entries on account 91 and not overstating the indicators, which are also reflected in the statement of financial results.

Example

The organization LLC "Doubtful" entered into a supply agreement with LLC "Phantom" No. 451 dated June 16, 2014 for total amount RUB 525 750 (including VAT 18% - RUB 80 199). The buyer violated the terms of the contract by missing the payment deadline. At the time of payment, LLC "Doubtful" paid the amount of 229,800 rubles. (including VAT 18% - RUB 35,054).

LLC Phantom recognized doubtful accounts receivable for the remainder of the debt (after payment of part accounts payable(525,750 - 229,800 = 295,950 rubles)) and accrues a reserve for doubtful debts: as of 08/31/2014 in the amount of 50% of the debt amount (the period of occurrence is from 45 to 90 calendar days). The amount of the reserve amounted to 147,975 rubles.

Upon receipt of partial payment from the buyer on account of the debt in the amount of 200,000.00 rubles. (including VAT 18% - 30,508.47 rubles) the reserve for the paid part of the debt is being restored.

Sold goods of LLC "Doubtful"

Debit 62.01 Credit 90.01 - 525750

VAT charged on sales

Debit 90.03 Credit 68.02 - 80199

Reflected the cost of goods sold

Debit 90.02 Credit 41.01 - 375000

Part of the debt was paid by the buyer of Doubtful LLC

Debit 51 Credit 62.01 - 229800

Accrued provision for recognized debt of LLC "Doubtful" (maturity from 45 to 90 days)

Debit 91.02 Credit 63 - 147,975

Received payment from the buyer LLC "Doubtful"

Debit 51 Credit 62.01 - 200,000

Restoration of the provision for the paid part of the debt

Debit 63 Credit 91.01 - 200,000

Help-calculation of reserves for doubtful debts

			Doubtful debt			Reserves			It remains to accrue
Counterparty contract	Payment term, number of days in arrears	Sum		Accrued earlier	Accrued. If (2) is greater than or equal to 45 days (3) / 2, 2 is greater than 90 days (3) * (4)		Recovery (4) is greater than (3) then (4) - (3)	Attached to income (expense)		Amount (4) * (5) - (6)	It remains to accrue (3) - (8)

LLC "Doubtful" contract dated 16.06.2014	21.06.2014	525750		-	147975		-	-		147975	147975
August	71	525750		-	147975		-	-		147975	147975

Consider another example that characterizes the write-off of bad accounts receivable (at the expense of a reserve).

LLC "Bars" completed and handed over design work LLC "Hopeless", which did not make payment under the contract. LLC Bars, based on the results of an inventory of calculations, recognized doubtful accounts receivable, which was not repaid in due time. According to the accounting policy, LLC Bars applies the accrual method and creates a reserve for doubtful debts in accounting and tax accounting. After the expiration of the limitation period, the identified debt was rightfully recognized as hopeless (unrecoverable) and written off.

One year after the debt has been written off, Hopeless LLC repays its debt.

December 31, 2014 Bad debt was written off due to the created reserve for doubtful debts

Debit 63 Credit 62.01 - 1250407 rubles.

The written off bad debt of LLC Hopeless is accounted for off the balance sheet.

Debit 007 - 1250407 rubles.

LLC "Hopeless" paid the debt

Debit 51 Credit 62.01 - 1250407 rubles.

Debt previously written off is included in other income

Debit 62.01 Credit 91.01 - 1250407 rubles.

The amount of the repaid debt has been written off from the off-balance sheet account

Credit 007

Tax accounting

A doubtful debt for the formation of reserves in tax accounting is a debt to a taxpayer in connection with the sale of goods, performance of work, provision of services if this debt has not been paid off within the terms established by the agreement and is not secured by a pledge, surety, bank guarantee.

The amounts of reserves for doubtful debts are determined based on the results of an inventory of receivables carried out as of the last day of the reporting (tax) period. Taxpayers who pay advance payments based on actual profits calculate reserves at the end of each month, other taxpayers - at the end of 1, 2, 3 quarters and at the end of the year. The amounts of deductions to reserves are included in non-operating expenses

The amount of deductions to the reserve is determined for each doubtful debt, depending on the period of delay:

Attention! It should be remembered that in tax accounting there is a limitation on the maximum amount of the reserve - it should not exceed 10% of the proceeds of the period for which the reserve is created. At the same time, the organization, at its discretion, can set a lower limit on the amount of deductions to the reserve (for example, 5% of revenue).

When writing off a debt due to the expiration of the limitation period, the write-off for tax accounting purposes should be made in the following way: reporting period when the specified period has expired, and not when the organization carried out an inventory and issued an order (Letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 28, 2013 No. 03-03-06 / 1/38).

Thus, it is in the interests of the organization itself to make a timely inventory of debt (at least as often as on the last day of each reporting period for income tax), so as not to make adjustments to the tax returns, and also so that the data on debt write-off in tax and accounting are the same.

As you remember, you create a reserve based on the amount of the debt that the Tax Code of the Russian Federation allows you to classify as doubtful.

Therefore, you need to identify debts that meet the following conditions at the same time:

associated with the sale of goods, works, services;
are not repaid within the period established by the contract;
are not secured by a pledge, surety or bank guarantee.

Next, the amount of the reserve created in the next reporting (tax) period is limited (subject to the limitation of 10 percent of the amount of proceeds). Please note that the revenue figure is determined excluding VAT.

Then you need to determine the maximum amount of deductions to the reserve (PSO).

Let's use the formula: PSO = B x 10%,

where B is the amount of proceeds from the sale of goods (works, services, property rights) received at the end of the reporting (tax) period.

You can create a reserve for less than 10% of the proceeds of the reporting (tax) period. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation does not prohibit this, but the courts confirm (see Resolution of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the North Caucasus District of 10.25.2004 N F08-5008 / 2004-1902A). Such a solution may be advisable in situations where deductions to the reserve according to the general standard of 10% will lead to a loss or zero financial result(for example, with high revenues, but small profits). Your standard should be specified in the accounting policy for tax purposes.

Finally, the reserve should be adjusted taking into account the balance for the previous period.

Results:

RSO> or = PSO, the reserve includes the amount of deductions corresponding to the PSO.

RNO< ПСО, в резерв включается сумма отчислений, соответствующая РСО.

The amount of deductions determined in this way is included in non-operating expenses for the last day of the reporting (tax) period (clause 3 of article 266, clause 7 of clause 1 of article 265, clause 2 of clause 7 of article 272 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Example

LLC "Breeze" recorded in the accounting policy for 2014 the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts for tax purposes. At the beginning of the IV quarter, the balance of the reserve amounted to 36,500 rubles. The amount of revenue for 2014 - 12,567 thousand rubles.

As of December 31, the accountant has identified overdue receivables for the payment of delivered goods to counterparties

Counterparty	Amount of debt according to the agreement, including VAT (rubles)	The amount that can be recognized as doubtful debt for the purpose of creating a provision, including VAT (RUB)	Delay period	Amount of deductions to the reserve (RUB)
Sigma LLC	98000	98000	98 days	98000
LLC "Toro"	216 380	216380	59 days	108190 (216380 × 50%)
LLC "Transsbyt"	97600	97600	11 days	-
LLC "Melkhior"	287400	230400 (287400 - 57000)	75 days	115200 (230400 × 50%)
Total				321390

In addition, LLC "Breeze" has accounts payable to LLC "Melkhior" for payment of advertising services in the amount of 57,000 rubles.

Then the accountant determined the amount of deductions to the reserve - he gave them in the table. The reserve limit is RUB 1,256,700. (12,567,000 rubles × × 10%).

The calculated deductions to the reserve for doubtful debts (RUB 321,390) do not exceed it limit size... Therefore, the amount of the reserve will be RUB 321,390.

In non-operating expenses as of December 31, 2014, the accountant accounted for deductions to the reserve in the amount of RUB 321,390. The accountant did not reveal any bad debts that can be written off at the expense of the reserve. Therefore, for the next year, LLC transfers the unused balance of the reserve in the amount of 321,390 rubles.

If the reserve for doubtful debts in tax accounting in the next year is not created, then the amount of the unused balance of the reserve at the end of the year must be included in non-operating income.

The bottom line!

Users of financial statements see the actual amount of accounts receivable, taking into account the calculated reserve and can correctly estimate financial condition organizations.

Doubtful debt reserve transactions

Companies must control receivables. After all, banks pay attention to frozen receivables and may refuse a loan. Look at the bad debt reserve transactions.

Bad debt reserve accounting entries

Bad debts are written off at the expense of the reserve that the company must create, even if it is a small business entity. It includes doubtful debts. These are debts to the organization, which counterparties are unlikely to repay (clause 70 of the Regulations on accounting, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 29, 1998 No. 34n, letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated January 14, 2015 No. 07-01-06 / 188).

The fact that the company will most likely not wait for payment from the debtor may be evidenced by the following:

the debtor constantly violates the terms of payment under the contract;
the company has information about financial problems the debtor.

The procedure for creating and using the reserve should be fixed in the accounting policy (clause 7 of PBU 1/2008). The entire amount of doubtful accounts receivable (including VAT) can be deducted to the reserve. And you can reserve each debt only in the part that, in the opinion of the organization, the counterparty will not repay.

It happens that the counterparty is both a supplier and a customer. Then, before writing off the receivables, you should find out if there are any accounts payable to him. In this case, you must first offset the debts. If, after that, an overdue receivable remains in the accounting, only this amount the company has the right to include in non-operating expenses. Such clarifications were given by the Ministry of Finance of Russia in a letter dated October 4, 2011 No. 03-03-06 / 1/620. When calculating simplified tax, written off receivables are not included in expenses. After all, the list of costs taken into account in the special regime does not provide for such an expense (clause 1 of article 346.16 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

Do not rush to write off the debt to travel agents. As a rule, they sell a tourist product and individual services under intermediary agreements.

In this case, the customer's debt on payment for services cannot be taken into account in the expenses of the travel agent. After all, this is a debt to the principal. And he, in turn, can write it off only after the agent transfers him the right to claim against the customer.

In any case, in order to write off accounts receivable, the organization must have documents confirming the occurrence of the debt (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 8, 2013 No. 03-03-06 / 1/11347). We are talking about invoices, acts, payment documents. The agreement and the act of reconciliation of settlements do not apply to such documents - letter of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated December 6, 2010 No. ШС-37-3 / 16955.

If the company previously applied the simplification, and then switched to general regime, it cannot take into account losses from the write-off of bad debts that arose during the period of application of the special regime (