Tasks
Mr. X there was an urgent need for an operation to remove the appendix. And he has enough money to do this operation. Finished with his appendix, Mr. X states: “Economists are wrong when they say that needs cannot be satisfied. Personally, I have completely satisfied my need.” Do you agree with Mr. X or not?
Tasks
Nadia Ivanova, after graduating from high school, could work as a cutter at the Krasny Bogatyr factory, receiving a salary of 300,000 rubles a month, as a secretary-typist with a salary of 400,000 rubles a month, or as a salesperson, having an income of 500,000 per month. However, Nadia decided to become a student and entered the Higher School of Economics, rightly assessing the prospects for her future profession. What is the opportunity cost of her choice?
Tasks
Petya Sidorov decided to play tennis. Court visits are expensive. With limited funds, Petya will obviously have to give up the cost of meeting other needs. What in this case can act as an alternative cost:
- - the cost of visiting theaters;
- - the cost of learning Japanese;
- - the cost of food and clothing;
- - the cost of riding?
Traditional and market economic systems § 3.4
Types of economic systems
Traditional
Command
Market
mixed
Traditional system
- dominance of subsistence farming.
- There is no commodity-money exchange.
- commitment to tradition.
- Lack of technical progress.
- Land and capital are in common ownership.
market system
- The manufacturer decides what, how and for whom to produce.
- Land and capital are in private hands.
- The state ensures order in society within the framework of the law.
What type of system characterizes the text?
“... In October 1922, a new Land Code was adopted in our country, according to which the peasants received the right ... to choose the forms of land use. Strict centralization ... was abolished. The factories independently solved the issues of procurement of raw materials and the sale of finished products.
- The Indian economy has elements of the traditional economic system.
- The economy of the country of Orange is a market economy, because its ruler, the Duke of Orange, owns and manages all the enterprises of this country.
- Freedom of enterprise and choice is an important characteristic of the traditional economy
Think.
In a market economy, there is freedom of enterprise. Is it possible to say that an entrepreneur in a market economy is free to produce absolutely whatever he wants?
Command and mixed economic systems
command system
- The state strictly regulates production, exchange and distribution.
- Planning.
- Land and capital are predominantly owned by the state.
mixed economy
I - scope of market mechanisms
II - the scope of command mechanisms, i.e. control by the state.
1. What most accurately reflects the economic system of Russia?
a) command economy;
b) market economy;
c) transitional economy;
d) traditional economy.
2. In the country of Limonia, private firms may produce goods and services in any legal manner. In this country:
a) market economy;
b) traditional economy;
c) command economy;
d) None of the above apply.
3. Private property, free pricing system and competition are the basis for:
a) any economic system;
b) traditional economy;
c) command economy;
d) market economy.
4. The special role of the profitability motive in a market economy is that it:
a) forces producers to produce what buyers need;
b) forces buyers to buy what manufacturers produce;
c) keeps people away from risk;
d) undermines consumer sovereignty.
slide 1
Topic of the consultation: "Types of economic systems"
Tomskaya Zh.V., teacher of the highest category, MBOU secondary school No. 7
slide 2
Distribution of tasks by parts of work
Part of the work Number of tasks Maximum primary score % of the maximum primary score from the tasks of this part from 59 Type of tasks
Part 1 20 20 33.9 Multiple choice
Part 2 8 13 22.0 Short answer
Part 3 9 26 44.1 Long answer
Total 37 59 100
slide 3
An economic system is an established and operating set of principles, rules, laws that determine the form and content of the main economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product. (Goods and services)
slide 4
The type of economic system is characterized by: forms of ownership, ways of distributing limited resources; ways of regulating the economy.
slide 5
The main questions of the economy:
What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?
slide 6
A mixed economy is a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are privately owned, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out both by markets and with significant state participation.
Slide 7
1. What to produce Products of agriculture, hunting, fishing. Few products and services are produced. What to produce is determined by customs and traditions that change slowly Determined by groups of professionals: engineers, economists, computer specialists, industry representatives - "planners" Determined by consumers themselves Producers produce what consumers want, i.e. what can be bought
Slide 8
Lines of comparison Traditional Centralized (command and administrative, planning) Market
2. How to produce? They produce in the same way as and with what their ancestors produced. Determined by the plan. Determined by the producers themselves.
Slide 9
Lines of comparison Traditional Centralized (command and administrative, planning) Market
3. For whom to produce? Most people exist on the brink of survival. The surplus product goes to the chiefs or landowners, the rest is distributed according to custom. "Planners", directed by political leaders, determine who and how much will receive goods and services. Consumers get what they want, producers get profit
Slide 10
Social market economy model
Market State
Directs production to meet the growing and changing needs of people Contributes to an increase in the cost of human development Assumes the coexistence of various forms of ownership Acts as a social guarantor of stability Protects people in a market economy
slide 11
Lines of comparison Traditional Centralized (command and administrative, planning) Market
Definition A method of organizing economic life based on backward technology, widespread manual labor, a multi-structural economy A method of organizing economic life in which capital and land, almost all economic resources are owned by the state A method of organizing economic life in which capital and land are in private property of individuals
slide 12
Own
Own
Private
Public
Property of citizens Property of legal entities created by them
State property Municipal property
slide 13
The main forms of economic organization of production:
Subsistence economy - an economy in which people produce products only to satisfy their own needs, without resorting to exchange, to the market Commodity economy - an economy in which products are produced for sale, and the connection between producers and consumers is carried out through the market
Centralized (command), market and mixed economies Traditional economy
Slide 14
Advantages of a planned (command) economy:
Focus on creating a satisfactory standard of living for all (provided a low, but relatively standard of living, but relatively satisfactory for all people). Price stability. Timely payment of wages. Confidence in the future. The absence of a colossal gap in the incomes of citizens and the enrichment of a small part of families at the expense of the impoverishment of other members of society. No unemployment. A higher degree of social protection of citizens from the state. Free and accessible for all basic services (medical, educational).
slide 15
Disadvantages of a planned (command) economy:
Lack of opportunity for manufacturers of goods to make their own business decisions. The obligation of enterprises to strictly fulfill the state plan. The focus on "volume", i.e. on the production of as many goods as possible, and not on the production of quality products. Approximation of five-year plans, resulting in a shortage of some goods and an excess of others. The receipt by the management of the enterprise of unreasonably high bonuses for overfulfillment of underestimated planned targets. The reluctance of consumers to buy exactly those goods that are produced by domestic enterprises in accordance with the state plan. The emergence of "black" markets for the sale of scarce goods at speculative prices. Solving the shortage problem with the help of special stores and a coupon-card system. Low quality goods. Weak introduction of advanced production technologies due to its focus on the plan, not profit. Low level of agricultural development. Food problem. Too expensive administrative apparatus, which should monitor the implementation of the state economic plan. State support even for those enterprises that bring losses, produce goods that are not in consumer demand.
slide 16
Advantages of a market economy:
Greater freedom of choice for producers and consumers. A large apparatus of officials is not needed to manage the economy. Providing consumers with the goods they need. A wide range of goods and services. Constant focus on finding modern methods for the production of new products, on the introduction of new technologies that provide high quality products and high profits for firms. The impact of competition between firms on the efficiency of their work, on reducing prices and improving the quality of goods and services. Lack of shortages due to the quick response of entrepreneurs to consumer requests. High productivity of farms due to private ownership of land.
Lesson topic:
Types of economic systems
Lesson Objectives:
- study the types of economic systems;
- to get acquainted with the main characteristics of economic systems;
- to promote the formation of skills of practical, independent, research activities of students;
- contribute to the systematization of knowledge on the topic "Economic systems", based on interdisciplinary connections.
economic system
- it is a way of organizing the economic life of society to solve the issues facing it:
- What to produce?
- How to produce?
- For whom to produce?
Types of economic systems
- Traditional
- Market
- mixed
System types
Advantages
Traditional
Flaws
Command-administrative
Name of countries
Market
mixed
System types
Advantages
Flaws
Name of countries
Task 1. Fill in the table:
backward technique
Manual labor Agricultural production
Vulnerability to external influences
Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan
Mastery is passed down from generation to generation; Stability and predictability of society
Traditional
Some goods are more than needed, others are less (surplus - shortage); backwardness of technical development. It all depends on agriculture and foreign trade. State planning.
Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea
Stability of society, economy, the possibility of rapid distribution and redistribution of resources
Command-administrative
Greater freedom of choice for producers and consumers. Introduction of advanced technologies. High quality products.
A big difference in incomes of citizens, in the standard of living Problems: unemployment, paid services
Market
Germany, USA, Japan, UK
Producers themselves decide what to produce, and buyers decide what and how much to buy. A large number of industries have been developed. Trade relations are extensive. High production growth.
The state can undermine the normal
the functioning of the market order, if it interferes too much with market laws.
Russia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland
mixed
Conclusion
We live in an age of competition and the market, and we understand perfectly well that the most important thing for all countries, and especially for Russia, is to find our place in this world, to develop better and better.
Reflection
- - I was surprised...
- - I learned…
- - Now I can
- - I remembered…
- - I didn't get it.
Three basic questions in any economic system
- What to produce ? (what goods and services, in what quantity)
- How to produce? (using what technologies and what resources)
- For whom to produce? (how these goods and services will be distributed)
Three ways to solve the basic questions of the economy:
- Traditionally
2) Command methods
3) Through the market
economic system - a certain way of organizing the economic life of society.
Signs for defining an economic system
- Type of ownership on the means of production who owns the capital);
- Way coordination and management economic activity ( who decides how to allocate scarce resources).
Traditional system – a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are in general ownership, and limited resources are distributed in accordance with long-term traditions and customs.
Signs of a traditional economy:
- backward technique
- Manual labor
- agricultural production
- Craftsmanship is passed down from generation to generation
- Stability and predictability of society
- Goodness and product quality
- Vulnerability to external influences
Command (planned) system – way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned states , and the distribution of limited resources is carried out according to the instructions central authorities management and in accordance with plan .
market system – a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are in private property, and limited resources are distributed through market .
mixed system – way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are in private property, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out as markets , and with significant participation states .
Table. How do the traditional, command (planned) and market economies answer the main questions of the economy ?»
economic system
Decision making method
What to produce ?
Traditional
How to produce ?
Those goods that were produced by ancestors
Command (planned)
Market
For whom to produce ?
Traditionally, the same
Goods according to the state plan
Those goods that people need, otherwise they will not be able to sell
According to the customs.
The issue is resolved by the state, enterprises are not very interested in updating equipment
All produced goods are distributed by the government on the principles of equality. Prices for goods are set by the state.
The issue is solved by private firms, the most advanced technology is selected.
Competition between firms.
For those who have money to buy them. There is an inequality, because people have different incomes. Free prices apply.
1 slide
2 slide
An economic system is an ordered set of socio-economic and organizational relations between producers and consumers of goods and services. economic system
3 slide
Various criteria can underlie the selection of economic systems: the economic state of society at a certain stage of development (Russia in the era of Peter I, Nazi Germany); stages of socio-economic development (socio-economic formations in Marxism); economic systems characterized by three groups of elements: spirit (the main motives of economic activity), structure and substance in the German historical school; types of organization associated with ways of coordinating the actions of economic entities in ordoliberalism; a socio-economic system based on two features: the form of ownership of economic resources and the method of coordinating economic activity.
4 slide
5 slide
The traditional economy is based on the dominance of traditions and customs in economic activity. an economic system in which the distribution of limited resources occurs in accordance with customs; the pace of change and development in it is extremely low; people do what their parents used to do; most of the goods are consumed where they are produced Elements of the traditional economy are found in the most remote areas of the world: in isolated tribes or groups (peoples of the Far North, peoples of Africa) Traditional economic system
6 slide
The command economy is due to the fact that most enterprises are state-owned. an economic system in which resources are state property; the most important decisions affecting the allocation of resources are made by government agencies Typical command economies: Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Albania, USSR, Eastern European countries Command economies
7 slide
The market economy is defined by private ownership of resources, the use of a system of markets and prices to coordinate and manage economic activity. economic system in which economic decisions at the national level are the result of decisions made by individual sellers and buyers in the market Market economic system is typical for countries: Argentina, India, Turkey, Indonesia and others Market economic system
8 slide
A mixed economy is an economic system where both the state and the private sector play an important role in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of all resources and material goods in the country. an economic system that combines elements of public ownership of the means of production with private property A mixed economic system is typical for most countries in the modern world: Japan, Sweden, the USA, Canada, Finland and others. There are five main tasks solved by a mixed economy: providing employment; full use of production capacities; price stabilization; parallel growth of wages and labor productivity; equilibrium of the balance of payments. mixed economy
9 slide
Transitional economy - an economy that is in a state of change, transition from one state to another, both within one type of economy and from one type of economy to another, occupies a special place in the development of society. At present, various approaches to the study of transitional processes occurring in the economies of post-socialist countries are being proposed. The complexity and versatility of the problem of transition (transformation) of the economy from one type to another, according to a number of authoritative researchers, lies both in the deep root foundations of individual transformation processes and in their interaction. transitional economy
10 slide
Summing up, we note that economic systems are multidimensional. They can be formalized: ES = f(A1, A2, A3 ... An). In other words, an economic system (ES) is defined by its properties (A), where there are n such properties. This means that an economic system cannot be defined in terms of a single characteristic.
