Market economy and its subjects. Major Subjects of Market Economy

Subjects market economy or business entities (economic agents) -active persons in the economy that independently make decisions and carry out economic actions.

The main subjects of economic activity in the market economy are:

· Households;

· Enterprises or business organizations;

· State.

Such a separation of subjects, in essence, reflects the two main spheres of economic activity of people. Household - generalized element of the consumer economy. Its main function in the economy: consumption end products and services.

Households - this is an economic image of a middle family leading a separate farm owned by joint propertyreceiving a total income and on average a steady cost structure is a convenient structural unit when describing the economic life of society. They seek to maximize the usefulness of purchased goods: rank their needs and carry out costs within the disposable income amount.

Enterprises and the state are structural elements of the second main sphere of human activity in the field of economics - the field of business activity.

It is thanks to this field that households receive income.

State (Governmental institutions) are, as a rule, non-profit budget organizations that implement functions government controlled Country and regulation of the economy at various levels from nationwide to local.

The goal of the state as an economic entity is to ensure a stable economic order and economic development of the country.

Enterprises or business organizations are mainly private firms of various economic status - from individual to major joint-stock companies.

Business -this is any type of direct activity in order to obtain income, providing for attracting equity, or indirect participation in such activities by investing in the case own capital. In this sense, it is not a business in this sense to work in a public institution or work on hiring in the company - not a business, but possession of shares or work on its own benzocolone - business.

Business offers full independence in the adoption of economic solutions and relevant responsibility for the results of these decisions.

The main function of business organizations is the production of the entire mass of goods and services and bringing them to the consumer. The purpose of their activities is to maximize profits.

The presented structure of economic entities reflects non-separate areas of people's participation in public production, and the distribution of each member of society on various areas of economic life.

Types of markets

The market as an independent education includes three main elements:

· Market of goods and services;

· Production factors market;

· financial market.

On the market of goods and services There are all three types of business entities: business acts as a manufacturer and seller of goods, and the state and households are their buyers.

Despite the fact that all three subjects interact in one market, the nature of the relationship between business household and business is somewhat different.

In the consumer market (business household), the interaction of a classic type: the goods are first produced, then enter the market and are bought by households, moving to their property.

A characteristic sign of the consumer market is that prices on it are actually forming after the production of goods. It was this market that was predominant at the early stage of development of capitalism, and it is this market that are subject to crisis, because The production calculated for the alleged demand may not coincide with the actual, as a result of which business revenues will be lower than expected.

Business can not force households to buy everything he produces. He may be interested in buyer low prices, benefits or advertising. In a developed market economy, the "sovereignty" of consumers manifests itself: to have income, the business is forced to work on the consumer.

In contrast to the consumer market, the main mass of government purchases on the market of goods and services is carried out in a contractual form. The overwhelming part of government spending acts in the form of government orders to the production of various products and services of nationwide importance. In this case, the work is carried out in accordance with the contracts in which prices for products, quantity and terms of delivery are negotiated in advance.

Thus, the market of goods and services to the government is, in fact, the contract market, i.e. A significantly more stable market with risk separation between business and government. The same, in essence, the contract of contracts in a modern mixed economy is a huge market of intermediate goods and services between business organizations.

The determining characteristics of the goods and services market is the transition of products from the ownership of the manufacturer to the ownership of the consumer as a result of the purchase and sale act. Towards the flow of goods and services are flowing flow (consumer).

Market factors production. We have already said that the factors of production include labor, land, capital and entrepreneurial abilities.

Under the conditions of frequent ownership, these factors are the property of households that are purchased by business for the production of goods and services.

The organizational market of factors is a dispersed market. In essence, these are three main interrelated markets:

· labor market;

· Land use market;

· Capital market.

The main distinctive feature of the factors market is that the product factor as a result of the purchase and sale act does not go to the property of the buyer, but remains the property of sellers.

In other words, the nature of the involvement in the production of factors belonging to households is more likely to rent rates than selling factors to business property. As a result of the use of business factors, a cumulative flow of household income is formed.

Financial market -this is the market, reflecting the demand and proposal of funds: money, bonds, shares. In the financial market, individuals and institutions offer money. It involves the functioning of the stock, currency exchange.

Based on the foregoing, it is possible to depict the circuit of the combination of products and income, which gives the general idea of \u200b\u200bthe interaction of individual market Subjects Through various markets (Fig. 1.4).

1 6

Household

Enterprises

State

7 8

11 12

Depending on who is subject to the property, its types and forms are allocated (see Table). IN Russian Federation State ownership of state property rights are committees to government management, created respectively at the federal level and level of subjects of the Federation. Municipal property rights are local governments.

Structure of species and forms of ownership in the Russian Federation

The basis of the modern market economy, including the regulated by the state, is private ownership in its various types and forms. The diversity of ownership of ownership reflects the different degree of development of productive forces and organizational and economic relations, an unequal commodity community in various fields of farm. In industrialized capitalist countries there is a wide variety of types and forms private property: The sole ownership of farmers; Labor Private Property (shop, shop, cafe, maintenance station, pharmacy, etc.); Private enterprise "HREF \u003d" / text / category / individualmznoe_chastnoe_predpriyatie / "Rel \u003d" Bookmark "\u003e Individual-like private enterprises with a relatively small number of employees working on hiring, joint-stock companies, etc. Such a mixed economy differs from fully monopolized or ratified by the fact that It reacts better on the diversity of changing social needs and more fully reflects them.

By sign of assignment All variety of ownership forms can be reduced to three groups: individual, collective and state.
Individual includes personal property on objects of consumption and home consumption, personal subsidiary farming, individual labor activities. In this type of ownership, all its aspects are presented in one person or family.

Collective is represented by cooperatives, collective, rental enterprises, partnerships, joint-stock enterprises, etc. The cooperative form of ownership is widespread in most countries of the world. The main area of \u200b\u200bcooperative activities is the processing and sale of agricultural products. On the territory of the former USSR, collective ownership was represented by collective farms and consumer societies on the village.

A variation of collective ownership is and joint-stock ownership.

State property happens: national, regional and municipal.

According to legal signs, it is distinguished by: Private property (citizens and legal entities), state (again federal, subjects of the federation and municipal) and mixed or joint property sharing.

Property objects are goods, workforce, land, natural resources, residential buildings, securities, capital in monetary or real form.

In each state, its relationship between various forms of ownership was established, and in each branch of the economy, in material production and in the intangible sphere approved the advantage of certain forms of certain forms.

The variety of ownership forms is determined by entrepreneurial activities of different levels. Entrepreneurship is an initiative of a physical or legal person
aimed at the production of products, execution different species works, provision of services and trade in commerce for profit. Subjects of business activities may be citizens not limited by law in legal capacity or legal capacity, as well as legal entities of all forms of ownership. The entrepreneur has the right to make decisions without restrictions and on its own risk of decisions and exercise any activity that does not contradict the law.

Classification of enterprises in the form of ownership:

1. Individual enterprise - The property of one person and work is only personally. An individual enterprise registers generally in the authorities and operates on general reasons. In relation to them, gentle taxation is applied.

2. Family Enterprise - This is the property of one family and the work of only members of this family. Related to family enterprises also applies gentle taxation.

3. Private enterprise - This is the property of a separate citizen who has the right to hire labor, the amount of which is not limited. It is taxed in full scheme.

A private enterprise must have a charter in which the basic principles of the work of this enterprise are negotiated. The company's charter should not contradict the current legislation.

4. Collective enterprises- These are the enterprises whose property belongs to a certain number of people who have the right to hire labor. Collective enterprises include:

¨ Rental companies - the state ownership or property of the team is rented;

¨ Cooperatives - Property of a specific team of people. At the same time, the owners are obliged to accept both active and passive participation in the work of the enterprise; - Economic societies - enterprises that exist on the basis of the Charter and the authorized capital, which is formed by mutual contributions to its participants.

5. State entrepreneurship.

Household societies The law recognizes enterprises, institutions, organizations created on the basis of the contract by legal entities and citizens by combining their property and business activities in order to profit. Societies are legal entities and can engage in any entrepreneurial activity that does not contradict legislation.
The founders and participants of the Company can be enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as citizens. Moreover, enterprises, institutions and organizations that have become participants in the Company are not liquidated as legal entities.

Economic societies include: joint-stock companies, limited liability (LLC) "href \u003d" / text / category / obshestva_s_ogranichennoj_otvetstvennostmzyu__ooo_ / "REL \u003d" BOOKMARK "\u003e Limited Liability Company, Societies with additional responsibility, full societies.

These legal forms of collective enterprises are called upon to regulate the forms of liability for entrepreneurial activities.

1. Joint Stock Company.

The Classical Joint Stock Company (Corporation) is an association of capital investors (shareholders), formed on the basis of the Charter and having the authorized capital, divided into a certain number of shares of equal nominal value, the founders of which can act individuals and legal entities. Society should consist of at least two participants, and their maximum number is not limited.

Joint-stock companies are the most democratic form of business, because it is to buy shares and become a shareholder (and thus the owner) of the enterprise, maybe with an open signature for shares any person. In world practice, there is, of course, a closed subscription to shares, as a rule, in the case when the founders of the joint-stock company have sufficient funds to fully form the authorized capital of the enterprise.

As the main features of the joint-stock form of the enterprise, the following can be called:

¨ Shareholders are not responsible for the obligations of the Company to its creditors. The property of society is fully separated from the property of individual shareholders. In the event of the insolvency of society, shareholders carry only the risk of a possible depreciation of the shares belonging to them;

¨ The joint-stock form of the enterprise allows you to combine the almost unlimited number of depositors, including small, and to maintain the control of large contributors for the activities of the enterprise;

¨ A joint-stock company is the most sustainable form of association of capital, since the disposal of any of the contributors does not entail the mandatory closure of the enterprise.

The limited risk of a predetermined amount is made by the Joint-Stock Company the most attractive form of investment of capital and, as a result, makes it possible to centralize large funds.

It can be said that the issue of shares is one of the most significant achievements of the market economy. This is a way to mobilize resources, the method of "spraying" risk and the method of instant overflow of funds from some industries to others.

2. Limited Liability Company. Another type of collective business involving limited economic responsibility is a limited liability company. They are enterprises with the authorized capital divided into shares, the size of which is determined by the constituent documents. The participants of the Company may be physical and legal entities, and the participants of the Company are responsible for its obligations only within their deposits. Much in a limited liability company reminds Joint-Stock Company, but there are also serious differences:

¨ First, this society is an enterprise without a closed type;

¨ Second, the creation of a joint stock company requires great efforts than limited liability companies.

3. Society with additional responsibility. Participants of such a society, in contrast to a limited liability company, are responsible for its debts with their contributions to the authorized capital, and if these amounts are insufficient than these amounts, the property belonging to them is equally for all participants a multiple amount to the contribution of each participant.

The limited amount of responsibility is provided for in the constituent documents.

4. Full Society. Such a society is complete, all participants of which are engaged in joint business activities and carry solidarity on the obligations of society with all their property.

5. Trust Society ¾ Society with additional responsibility, carrying out representative activities in accordance with the contract concluded with property trusts regarding the realization of their rights of owners. Under the property of the principal means cash, securities
and documents certifying the ownership of the principal.
Trust society carry out confidence operations:

¨ for citizens - storage and representative services for the service of the property of the principles;

¨ For legal entities - disposal of property, agency servants, conducting accounts for owners, their securities and management of voting shares transferred to a trust society by participating in the shareholders meeting "HREF \u003d" / TEXT / CATEGORY / OBSHEE_SOBRANIE_AKTCIONEROV / "REL \u003d" BOOKMARK "\u003e General meetings of the joint-stock company.

The role of property in the system of public relations.

Where there is economic activity, there is always a property problem. Property relations permeate the entire system of economic relations and accompany the person from the moment of his birth to death.

A person lives, produces and uses the results of labor in close cooperation with other people. By virtue of this, it can be argued that property is the relationship between people, expressing a certain form of assigning material goods, and especially the form of assigning means of production.

The most important step in the study of property made the economic thought of the last century. P.-H. Proudhonu () belongs to the famous phrase: "Property is theft". Such a definition did not receive universal recognition and was subjected to a reasonable criticism, but in the position of Proudhon, there was a very valuable detail ¾ if one person owns a thing, then another face is deprived of its ability to have it. So, not nature, but public relations underlie property.

They generate a whole range of relations between its participants, as well as between them and society. The social essence of these relationships is the expression of the economic relations inherent in this society.

For a more complete presentation of the property, it is necessary to determine the place that belongs to it in the system of social relations.

First, property is the basis, the foundation of the entire system of public relations. On the nature of the approved forms of ownership depend on the form of distribution, exchange, consumption. Thus, private property prevails in a market economy.

Secondly, the situation of certain groups, classes, layers in society depends on the property, the possibilities of their access to the use of all production factors.

Third, the property is the result of historical development. Its shapes change with changes in production methods. Moreover, the main driving force of this change is the development of productive forces. The production, personified by the windmill, wrote F. Engels, gives society with a suzerane headed, a steam car highlights an industrial bourgeoisie to the fore.

Fourthly, although within each economic system there is some kind of main-specific form of ownership, this does not exclude the existence and other of its forms, both olders who have passed from the previous economic system and new, peculiar transition growth to the new system. The interlacing and interaction of all forms of ownership has a positive impact on the entire course of the development of society.

Fifth, the transition from one forms of ownership to another can go an evolutionary way, on the basis of a competitive struggle for survival, gradually displacing all that dies, and the strengthening of what proves its viability in relevant conditions. At the same time, the revolutionary ways of changing the forms of ownership are also taken when new forms are forcibly approved by their domination.

So, in the theory of Marxism, the elimination of private ownership of the means of production was considered as the main content of the socialist revolution. In accordance with this theory, in Russia, after the conquest of power in October 1917, private property in industry, in transport, in construction, was liquidated. Collectivization in the village replaced the individual property of the peasants of the co-operative-collective farm (actually semi-state). As a result, the complete domination of the socialist, or public (i.e. state and semi-state), property.

After the state legislatively settles the property relations between these persons, they are endowed with the right of ownership. This right includes the powers of the owner to own, use and dispose of property.

The empower possession is a legally secured possibility of the economic domination of the owner over the thing. At the same time, it is about the economic domination over the thing that does not require that the owner is in direct contact. For example, leaving for a long business trip, the owner continues to remain the owner of the things in his apartment.

Owning a thing can be illegal. Legal is the ownership, which relies on any legal basis, i.e., on the legal title of possession. Legal possession is often referred to as the title. Illegal ownership of the legal basis does not relieve, and therefore it is a festivile. Things, P. general ruleare in possession of those who have something or another right to own them. The specified circumstance allows, when considering disputes about things to proceed from the presumption of the legality of actual ownership. In other words, the one who has a thing is assumed to have the right to own it, until the opposite is proven.

Illegal owners in turn are divided into conscientious and unfair. The owner is conscientious if he did not know and should not have known about the illegality of his own ownership. The owner is unfinished if he knew about it or had to know. In accordance with the general presumption of good faith, participants in civil rights and responsibilities (clause 3 of Article 10 of the Civil Code), should be proceeding from the assumption of the good faith of the owner.

The division of illegal owners on bona fide and unfair matters in the calculations between the owner and the owner of income and expenses, when the owner will recover its thing with the help of a WINDICATION CARE, as well as when solving the issue, can the owner can acquire ownership of tenure or not.

The empowerment is a legally secured possibility of extracting useful properties from the product in the process of its personal or production consumption and in production purposes. So, the sewing machine can be used to tailor not only your family, but also to the side of the fee. The empower usually relies on the state of ownership. But sometimes you can use the thing, and do not own it. For example, the atelier for rolling of musical instruments is renting them with the fact that the use of the tool takes place in the atelier room, let's say at certain hours and days. The same and when using slot machines.

The empowerment is a legally secured opportunity to determine the fate of things by committing legal acts regarding this thing. Does not be doubted that in cases where the owner sells his thing, she takes it on a deposit, transfers in the form of a contribution to the economic society or a partnership or as a donation to a charity foundation, he operates a thing. It is much more difficult to legally qualify the actions of the owner regarding the thing when he destroys the thing that has become unnecessary, or throws it, or when the thing in its properties is designed to use only one act of production or consumption. If the owner destroys the thing or throws it, it disposes of a thing by committing a one-sided deal, as the will of the owner is aimed at refusal of ownership. But if the right of ownership ceases as a result of a single use of a thing (for example, you eat an apple or burn firewood in the fireplace), then the will of the owner is not at all to stop the right of ownership, but to extract its useful properties from the thing. Therefore, at the specified case, only the right to use the thing, but not the right to dispose of it.

Nowadays, current civil legislation, as the one that preceded him, is limited by the transfer of the owner of the authorities (sometimes the methods of their implementation), without defining any of them. And this adversely affects not only the disclosure of the content of property rights, but also in the practice of the application of legislation. It is difficult to answer the question of which the contents put the legislation into the concept of ownership and whom can be considered the owner of the thing. In this question, it was possible to follow the example of either Roman law and delimit the concepts of possession and holding, or the legislation of the German Group and consolidate the double-owned institute with the release of the figure of the owner servant. Unfortunately, none of these options were elected. It is difficult so to answer the question whether the owner continues to remain the owner of the thing when you pass it or the owner of the thing for the period of hiring is recognized only the employer.

Disclosure of the content of property rights is not yet completed by the definition of owner owned by the owner. The fact is that the provisions of the same name may belong not only to the owner, but also in another person, including the carrier the right of economic management or the right of life inherited ownership. It is necessary, therefore, it is necessary to identify specific sign, which is inherent in the specified empowerment, as the empowerness of the owner. It is that the owner belonging to him the right person performs at its discretion. With regard to the right of ownership, the implementation of the right at discretion, including the order, it means that the authorities (will) of the owner relies directly to the law and exists regardless of the power of all other persons regarding the same thing. The power of all other persons not only relies on the law, but also depends on the authorities of the owner, due to it.

True, in civil law, this feature is known to be resolved, since the persons who belong to civil rights, all these rights (and not only the ownership) are carried out at their discretion (see paragraph 2 and paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the Civil Code). We believe, however, that since the specified feature regarding property rights is fixed specifically (see paragraph 2 of Article 209 of the Civil Code), the task is to identify the content inherent to it in relation to the right of ownership, which, and was done. The owner is entitled to make any actions that do not contradict the law and other legal acts belonging to him and do not violate the rights and protected interests of others, including to alienate their property to other persons, to transfer them, remaining the owner, rights Ownership, use and disposal of property, to give property to a deposit and burden it in other ways to dispose of it in a different way (paragraph 2 of Article 209 of the Civil Code).

Ownership has the property of elasticity or elasticity. This means that it is inherent in the ability to restore in the same volume as soon as its restrictions will disappear.

Ownership is due to the number of exceptional rights. This means that the owner is endowed with the right to exclude the impact of all third parties on the scope of economic domination belonging to him by the property, including those with the help of self-defense measures.

The said, however, does not mean that the power of the owner in relation to the things belonging to him is limitless. In accordance with the prevailing orientation of civil regulations, the owner can indeed make any actions in relation to his property, but not only contradictory laws and other legal acts. The owner is obliged to take measures confirming the damage to the health of citizens and the environment, which can be applied when implementing its rights. He must refrain from the behavior that concerns his neighbors and other persons, and even more so with actions committed exclusively with the intention to cause someone harm. In addition, the owner should not exceed the general limits of civil rights established by Article 10 of the Civil Code. The owner is also responsible in cases, on conditions and within the limits provided for by law and other legal acts, to allow limited use by its property by other persons. These circumstances are subject to accounting in the formulation of the general definition of ownership. Finally, giving the definition of property rights, should be relying on general definition subjective civil law that applies to ownership. In relation to the ownership of this general definition should be specified, taking into account the law of specific signs inherent in the law. Based on previously outlined provisions, we will give the definition of subjective ownership.

Subjective ownership of ¾ is a system of legal norms regulating relations in possession, use and disposal by the owner who belong to him at the discretion of the owner and in its interests, as well as to eliminate the intervention of all third parties in the sphere of its economic domination.

In cases where the owner himself owns and enjoys a thing, it is usually enough for his right to make third parties abstain from encroachment on this thing. But it happens not always. To dispose of the thing (sell it, pass in the hiring, lay, etc.), the owner, as a rule, should enter into relationship with some particular person (for example, with those who want to buy a thing, get it in hiring or pledge). Although by establishing relations with a specific person, the owner and exercises its right, their regulation goes beyond the right of ownership, and the owner itself acts in the mask of the seller, the lifter, the pledger, etc. If the ownership is violated, it all depends on whether it remains This is right or not. If it is preserved, the restoration of the violated relationship occurs with the help of the rules of the institute of ownership. If the right of ownership is not preserved (let's say, the thing is destroyed), then to restore violated rights will have to resort to the norms of other legal institutions (for example, obligations from harm or insurance law). Thus, the norms that form the institution of ownership are in constant contact and interaction with the norms of other legal institutions, both civil-related and other sectoral affiliation. This circumstance is subject to accounting when choosing legal norms regulating one or another plot of property relations, including property relations.

What rights are needed.The experience of many countries has shown that to create an effective market system based on competition, it is necessary to legislative consolidation of three different property facilities. This, firstly, real estate (real estate), secondly, movable property (movable) and, thirdly, intellectual property.

Real estates include industrial and non-production premises, roads, transportation facilities, various infrastructure facilities.

One of the most important objects of real estate is land. Private property on Earth is the basis of most personal states in a market economy. It is necessary that a person be able to get the undisputed ownership of a clearly defined area of \u200b\u200bland, including the right to use at its discretion and without significant restrictions. Then, if the Earth can make more benefits not to its owner, but another person (this is evidenced by his willingness to pay a high price for this land), then it can be sold, and revenue from the sale will be used for other purposes.

Clear ownership that can be protected in court (if necessary) is the basis for purchase and sale transactions real estate.

Movable includes property allowing its free movement: machines, equipment, tools, cars, furniture, securities, etc.

Ownership of these values \u200b\u200bcan be confirmed by the relevant documents. When changing the owner, appropriate changes are made to the documents. Some, not too expensive, real estate (furniture, tools, etc.) is transmitted from hand to hand without special legal design. To confirm the property rights sufficient accounts from the store.

The third type is intellectual property ¾ Exceptional right to use for commercial purposes of creative activities (literary, artistic, scientific, works of performing artists, recording, radio and television programs, inventions, useful models, industrial designs, trademarks, service marks). In our "computer age" the protection of intellectual property should be paid to special attention.

It performs in the form of inventions, software of electronic technology, manuscripts, achievements in art and other products of human intelligence. Patents, copyrights, trademarks and other registering documents give the right to these types of ownership. They are vital to stimulate creativity and innovation, and reliable protection of such intellectual property is one of the indispensable conditions for the existence of a market economy. This explains why in countries with such economies is concerned with respect to "piracy" in relation to materials protected by copyright or patents. After all, Pirates receive income from this property, although they do not own it and did not carry the costs of its creation. Such "piracy" reduces the incentive to inventiveness and other creative activities.

When preserving the unshakable right to intellectual property is possible "disintegration", i.e., the sale of this right in parts. For example, when leased, the right of ownership is maintained, but for a fixed fee, it is possible to use the property object for profit. Software creators retain ownership of their programs, but other persons can use programs based on licensing agreements.

Many other examples can be given when property rights and disposal are preserved by one person, but the right to use can be transferred to another person. At the same time, the owner of the ownership object is to determine how it should be used: the rules of law impede the illegal use of rented funds, protecting their owner.

An important legislative innovation is to establish the possibility of acquiring a citizen to the property held as an employer residential premises In the House of State or Municipal Housing Fund (by redemption or for other grounds provided by the legislation on the privatization of housing). It is assumed that in the future, it will be one of the most important forms of meeting the housing needs of the population and will help to form a housing market, the development of which in turn should actively contribute to solving a housing problem.

In addition, the special basis for the occurrence of the right of ownership of citizens was now complete payment of the contribution by a member of the consumer cooperative for the use of the apartment, the cottage, a garden house, a garage, a different room or structure. By virtue of the direct indication of the law (paragraph 2 of Article 51 of the Fundamentals of Civil Law, paragraph 2 of Article 13 of the property of ownership of the RSFSR), this circumstance terminates the right of cooperative ownership of the appropriate property object, turning it into the object of ownership of a citizen. All this gives grounds for approval of a consistent expansion of the range of property of citizens aimed at meeting the needs of the population.

This is evidenced by the appearance of citizens of new varieties for us. valuable papers - stocks, treasury commitments, certificates, etc., not only nominal, but also bearer. Thus, the wider opportunity to participate in commercial relations to most citizens, and not just professional entrepreneurs opens. Revenues from securities, deposits in credit institutions and in the property of production enterprises where citizens are working in depositors should be considered as recognized and encouraged by the law sources of their personal property (cf. p. 1st.10 and paragraph 3 of Article 11 of the Property Law In RSFSR), many of which directly or indirectly have predominantly labor origin (for example: income on deposits in the property of rental and other enterprises).

When all elements mentioned above, the elements of the property relationship are enshrined, the market economy gets the necessary space for effective operation and development.

Transformation of ownership forms due to changes in the material conditions of economic activity

In the entire history of the development of human society, several types of economic organisms emerged. They developed in a certain sequence - in the order of transition from the simplest economic structures to more and more complex.

The initial and longest was the era of primitive-communal system, which ended 7-9 thousand. Some years ago, and from which there were no more individual tribes living in hard-to-reach places of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In this era, two stages are distinguished: the period of collecting and assigning vitality given by nature and the second period when people began to create useful products with their work. Man at that time was in full dependence on the environment. Primitiveness of labor tools excluded the possibility of the struggle for survival alone. Natural was joint activities, and the only possible and necessary collective property. Jointed together and guarded the occupied community section of the earth, the tools of collective labor, the total dwelling. The fruits of collaboration assigned the entire generic team. The minimum of the results dictated the equalization distribution.
Improving labor tools and the forms of farming expanded the needs of primitive people and made changes to the community's economic organism. The appearance of onions and arrows has created the opportunity to extract the beast alone and laid the beginning of the decay of the equalization forms of distribution.

With the development of agriculture and cattle breeding communities specialize in the production of certain products, their economic extraction occurs, there is an intercommunal exchange of labor products.

Inside the community, a new type of farm began to develop, an individual (family) assignment begins, and the generic organization itself is gradually turning into a community. In most countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America and now a community - component Their public device. Community property was of great importance in the life of the peasantry and the Cossacks in Russia later.

At the turn of IV and III thousand. BC e. There was a slave-owned society. Its founded was private ownership of land and on slave. She predetermined the essence of the socio-economic relations of this society. Civil wars provided a massive influx of prisoners by cheap labor for slave-owned latifunds. Over time, the low-performance work of slaves with raising market prices on them as a result of the weakening of the military power of slave owner states, they made a disadvantageous purchase and content of slaves. Large land owners began to crush their estates into small areas and give them to processing slaves and lost their lands with free peasants. Podnevant peasants were forced to give their masters a significant part of the products produced. The property relationship has undergone another change, the transition to the feudal economic device.
The socio-economic relations of feudalism had a number of major differences and advantages compared to slavery. Fondalam owned by the Earth shared on the Lord and Peasant. The latter in many countries entered the use of rural communities and then crushed at the stationery, which were given to peasants for the management of the economy. Peasants and artisans had personal property, passing by inheritance. It applied to agricultural tools, working and productive cattle, bird, residential building, household buildings. The economic dependence of the serf peasantry from the landowner was realized in the form of a barbecue, long-term and money rent. Gradually, the relationship of the serfs with the feudal turned into contractual and state-cash. The dependent worker was increasingly started to resemble the tenant.

More progressive compared to all preceding systems is a capitalist economy. There are not only land, but also all the fixed assets of production are in private ownership of the bourgeoisie. Capitalism puts an end to non-economic coercion to work, the personal dependence of the employee from the owner of the production means. The new system is based on the free labor of employees and freedom of entrepreneurial activity. The desire to obtain more income was and serves as a powerful incentive of the development and improvement of production. Private capitalist property has not exhausted its capabilities of the progress of society as a whole.
Capitalism in the industrial sphere began with simple work cooperation, when under the same roof, under the start of one owner of the owner, many people unite for the fulfillment of homogeneous work. At the second stage, a more complex form of organizational and economic relations came to the change of simple cooperation - Manufactory. This form of economic activity is based on predominantly manual tools of labor and division of labor inside the workshop. It began in Europe from the middle of the XVI century. and lasted until the last third of the XVIII century. Specialization of labor, its fragmentation, when creating a finished product, developed the workshop in the working work, led to an increase in labor productivity. Manufactory has prepared the necessary prerequisites for the transition to the manufacturing stage of production.

The transition to machine production (end of the XVIII of the middle of the XIX century) failed under the capitalist economy a qualitatively new technical basis, which could not not make changes to the content and property relationship. Scientific and technical progress has strengthened the concentration of production, led to the birth of large plants, factories. Sole capital for the development of new productions has become missing. The second half of the XIX century. marked up the largest discoveries in science and technology, the rapid development of machine production. Structural changes occur in the capitalist economy occur, steam-building, railway, river and maritime transport, and by the end of the century - the automotive industry, aircraft construction. Individual capital of the development of new capital-intensive industries was unable to be accelerated by collective, joint-stock formation of economy.

From the concentration of production, monopolies are born, which focus in their hands the production and sale of a significant part of one or another products, and, consequently, economic power.

In the current century, the form of capitalist property has repeatedly changed under the influence of continuous enhancement of the public production. In Western countries, the most common has become a mixed form of ownership, in which wide sections of the population can take part. The further higher level of the socialization of the economy led to the population of part of the national economy. In the 80s, the proportion of the state in the national wealth of the country amounted to about 20% in the United States and Japan, in countries Western Europe¾ 35-40%.

In modern conditions, the greatest degree of socialization of the economy in an international scale is caused by the fact that not only transnational capital is also being developed, but also the economic integration of capitalist states.

Thus, the durability and the power of private ownership is its mobility. It changes in accordance with the new scale of the socialization of the economy, opens up the procurement of the development of productive forces and improving the efficiency of economic activities. Comparing what capitalism was in the distant past and what he became now, we notice that this system is developing through self-denial of its initial economic oblats. This is natural - the historical process. It is based on internal objective laws that are implemented through economic activities and determine its focus.

Development and prospects of ownership

In the process of forming market relations, the share of state ownership is gradually decreasing, it develops various forms of individual and collective ownership: individual enterprises, partnerships with full and limited liability, joint-stock companies of open and closed types, cooperatives, associations, etc.

Various forms of ownership, functioning in the general system of economic relations, cannot be isolated from each other. Overcoming its specifics, they are inevitably intertwined. Based on this weave, mixed ownership forms may occur. The objective basis of this weave is a mutual addition and use of those specific possibilities that are laid in each of the specific forms of management. So, in Russian AO, the property of individual citizens, teams and states is now merged. The creation and development of AO is the main way of defoding property.

Farm farms (these are individual enterprises) in many cases do not lose production and economic ties with collective farms and state farms, which they "inherited" the land and a certain part of the means of production.

Changes at the level of microeconomics were expressed in the fall in the role and values \u200b\u200bof private property.

Literature

1. Belousov Applied Economics and Entrepreneurial: Tutorial. Voronezh: Publishing House of VSU, 1998.-472c.

2. "Economic theory", Moscow, 19c.

3. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part first) -m., 1995

4. Yermishin Economic Theory, M., 1994.-324c.

5. Kovalev businessman. -N.: Higher. Shk., 1995.-320c.

6. Kameam on the basics of economic theory.-M.: Vlados, 1994.-384c.

7. Sharsov economic theory. Part 1.-Voronezh: Publishing House of VSU, 1995.-264c.

Order No. 1841.

Course work On the topic: "Subjects of the economy and their species"

Introduction ......................................................................................... ..3

Chapter 1. Subjects of the economy ................................................ ... 5

1. 1. Subjects of the market economy ....................................... ... 5

1. 2. Functions of subjects of modern market economy and economic goals in the market system of the economy .............................9

Chapter 2. The interests of the subjects of the economy ...................................13

2. 1. Economic interests and economic mechanism ............ 13

2. 2. Economic interests of agents .................................... .16

Conclusion ..................................................................... ... 22

List of used sources .....................................................25

Introduction

Economic agents include households ( individuals and families), enterprises (firms) and the state (government bodies, government agencies), as well as non-commercial organizations. This is the most common, somewhat conditional division.

The situation and the role of each economic agent is determined by its attitude towards the factors of the production that he owns.

The urgency of the topic of work. Market relations involve decentralization of production, relatively independent decision-making and exercise of economic activities by the subjects of the economy. At the same time, in the process of reforming the economic system of Russian society as the main objectives of such transformations, an improvement in the quality of life of the population was proclaimed, eliminating one of the largest shortcomings of a command and administrative economy - rejection of the achievements of scientific and technological progress by the reproduction process, as well as improving the efficiency of the system as a whole . Russia's transition from a deep decline to stabilization and economic growth causes the need to identify factors contributing to the consolidation and strengthening of this trend. The latter includes the improvement of the organization and management of production, the use of NTP achievements in the reproduction process, as well as the increase in labor productivity. Each of them is associated with the economic interests of the subjects of the economy, from the coordination of which the solution of the tasks has depends.

The purpose of this work is to study the subjects of the economy and their interests.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

Consider the concept of subjects;

Consider the subjects of the market economy;

Learn the functions of economic agents;

Analyze the interests of the subjects of the economy.

The object of study in this work is economic entities, the subject is a market economy.

Chapter 1. Economics Subjects

1. 1. Subjects of the Market Economy

The market is a seller's interaction system and buyer.

The origin and development of the market system was due to two reasons:

1. Development division of laborwhich has given the opportunity and the need for an exchange that spilled out when the emergence of money in buying - selling. The exchange was possible, because as a result of specialization, a significant excess product appeared at the manufacturer. The division of labor leads to an increase in performance, which, in turn, makes it possible to produce this product in an amount greater than the manufacturer itself;

2. Private property.

For a market economy, characteristic are:

1. Private property

2. Freedom of choice

3. Personal economic interests as the main motive behavior of people

4. Competition

5. Price mechanism coordinating economic ties

The market performs the following functions:

1. Information, through constantly changing prices, the market reports to manufacturers, where and what products are missing and where and what products are made with excess;

2. Regulatory, i.e. The market establishes proportionality in the development of the economy, regulates the distribution of resources by industry and the fields of farms in such a way that the level and structure of production are as close as possible to the level and structure of needs;

3. Stimulating, i.e. firms that are not able to improve technology, reduce production costs and improve its quality, cease to make a profit and even suffer losses;

4. Sanging, i.e., the market clears public production from economically unstable, non-visual business units and, on the contrary, gives green light to more entrepreneurial and effective.

In modern conditions market system Of the self-regulating transformed into an adjustable, which led to the complication of the subject structure of the market economy.

Household - an economic unit operating in the consumer economy can consist of one or more faces. It provides the production and reproduction of human capital, independently makes decisions, is the owner and supplier of any factor of production in a market economy, seeks to maximize personal needs (and not for increasing profits).

The company (firm) is an economic unit operating in order to obtain income (profits), seeks to maximize income, independently makes decisions, uses factors of production for manufacturing products to sell it. It involves the investment in the case of its own or borrowed capital, which entails risk and responsibility. The income received income (firm) spends not just for personal consumption, but to expand production.

Bank - financial and credit institution regulating motion cashnecessary for the normal functioning of the economy.

The state (government) is represented by various government agencies that carry out legal and political power to ensure that it is necessary to control economic entities and on the market to achieve public goals. Budgetary organizations that represent the state are not intended to obtain profits, and implement the functions of state regulation of the economy.

Figure 1. General model of interaction of subjects of market economy

The interaction of households, firms and states can be represented by the model of economic circuit.

The economic circuit model allows you to explore the behavior of firms and households in the markets of production factors and consumer goods.

In the market factors manufactured, households act as sellers, offering companies serving here in the role of buyers, labor, land, capital, entrepreneurial abilities. By purchasing everything you need to create consumer goods, companies produce their production.

The second household meeting with firms occurs in the consumer goods market. But now their roles changed: firms are speaking as sellers, and households are buyers. Movement of the external circle of the scheme, which moves the flows of goods, closes.

But simultaneously with the movement of goods there cash streams. The movement of money begins with firms that are the owners of the starting money capital necessary to acquire factors of production. Money paid in exchange for production factors perform in the form of production costs. But, being in the hands of owners production resourcesMoney takes the form of income on production factors, and being spent on the purchase of consumer goods, perform in the form of household expenses. And finally, after the sale of goods produced by them and services, money performs in the form of income owners of firms.

The model shows that in the economy there are two oppositely directed flows: the flow of goods and the flow of money spent on their acquisition. Both streams are continuous, proceed at the same time and represent the main element of the mechanism of the operation of a market economy. An important consequence of the models of the circuit is that the total sales of firms is equal to the total amount of household income.

1. 2. Functions of subjects of modern market economy and economic goals in the market system of the economy

A distinctive feature of economic agents is the adoption and implementation of independent decisions in the field of economic activity.

Modern market economy is based on the interaction of the private and public sectors of the economy. Depending on the degree of intensity of impact on the economy and the priority tasks solved by the state, the following models of modern market economy are distinguished: socially oriented economy, mixed economy and corporate economy.

Under the first model, the target orientation of government programs is related to the protection of the interests of citizens, and the principles of economic regulation are expressed in long-term programs. The share of the public sector in the economy is 30%. (Germany) With a mixed economy, the state creates conditions for the development of entrepreneurship using mainly tactical methods. The share of the public sector here is relatively small (USA).

The corporate economy implies the target orientation of government programs to protect the interest of large-scale business and the definition of key priorities (Japan, Sweden).

Concerning russian economyShe historically relied on primacy or state or community, or public ownership, which necessitated the specifics of the main problems of modern market reforms.

If we evaluate the economic goals of the modern business system on the scale of the whole society, they can be reduced to the following basic provisions:

1. Ensuring economic growth and higher level and quality of life of the population.

2. Improving the efficiency of using limited production resources across the entire society, that is, the achievements of best results with minimal costs.

3. Achieving the full employment of the working-age population. All who can and want to work should be provided by jobs.

4. Stable level prices. Constantly changing prices lead to a change in behavior of people and enterprises, create tensions and uncertainty in economic activity.

5. Economic freedom. All business entities should have a high degree of freedom in their economic activity.

6. Fair distribution of income. We have already said that justice in distributional relations does not mean equalized. It consists in equal capital and equal labor to equal income and that no group of the population remained in poverty with excessive luxury of others.

7. Maintain a reasonable export and import ratio, that is, if possible, an active trade balance in international economic and financial relations.

Such in general terms of the foundation and characteristic signs Market economy.

Chapter 2. Interests of Economics Subjects

2. 1. Economic interests and economic mechanism

Economic relations arise between people under the influence of economic interests. Economic interest is the conscious need of a person, groups of persons, society as a whole in economic benefits.

Require satisfaction, the need give rise to economic interest. Under the influence of economic interests, people enter each other into economic relations. Thus, the need to satisfy food needs forces people to make food production and join production, and then in distribution and exchange relationships, as a result of which consumption relationships arise, during which food needs are satisfied.

Thus, there is a whole chain of links between needs and their satisfaction: the need for their awareness of economic interest Economic relations (relationships of production, distribution and exchange) satisfaction of the need (consumption relationship). It can be seen from this chain that economic interests create motives for economic activities, speaking in the form of driving force of the entire economic system.

Three main types of economic interests are distinguished: personal, group, or collective, and public. Including personal and group interests can be class, that is, to express the interests of a whole class.

The specific content of the economic interests of individuals depends on their place in the system of economic relations, primarily property relations. Obviously, the economic interest of the owner of the workforce other than the interest of its owner of large capital. And he, and the other interested in the maximum return on their property, but as we will see in the future, the return on capital may be in the opposite dependence on the return of labor. This suggests that the interests of people and classes can contradict each other.

For the economy as a functional system, the coincidence of all types of interest is important, when personal interest is part of group, and group, including class, is part of public interest. Missing interests leads to the ineffective functioning of the economy and ultimately to disorder.

So, economic interest - system economic needs business entities (employee, corporation, cooperation, consumer, state). Reflecting the unity of all economic needs, in contrast to objective target needs (the need for bread, shoes, machine, etc.), is aimed at economic relations, in life conditions as a whole. Therefore, interest acts as an incentive of the activities of the subject of the economy, determining its economic behavior and actions.

An important role in ensuring compliance of economic interests and thus in the functioning of the economy as the system plays an economic mechanism. Under the shopping mechanism means a combination of measures, levers, governing effects aimed at ensuring the production of necessary goods and bring them to consumers.

Central place in the economic mechanism is occupied by incentives. In the economy, the stimulus appears as a motion of the economic activity of subjects, based on a visual demonstration of communication between the result of this activity and the degree of economic interests of the subjects. Incentives can be applied to individual people, encouraging them to work efficiently, and to whole enterprises, encouraging them to the production of certain goods.

By types of incentives are divided into material and intangible.

Material incentives are based on the possibility of obtaining material goods and services as a remuneration for economic activities. Such incentives are also called economic. Intangible incentives are based on an intangible remuneration, protruding in the form of moral or creative satisfaction from the results of economic activity. Such satisfaction can give the work itself if it is interesting and contained creatively. In addition, such incentives can be based on the feeling of fear, pride, honor and other feelings that are not related to material needs. These incentives are also called non-economic.

By influencing the system of incentives for the economic interests of people, the economic mechanism coordinates their activities as autonomous subjects, ensuring the internal organizedness of the economy as a system. Under the influence of the economic mechanism, people find their place in the system of organizational and economic relations, and these relationship themselves acquire a specific functional nature, that is, they appear as a relationship between people performing certain economic functions.

A special role of the economic mechanism plays in the field of distribution and exchange, where it provides the relationship between producers of various goods and their consumers. Through it, consumers make a kind of order to manufacturers. On the one hand, the economic mechanism ensures the identification of the needs of both consumer and production purposes, determines the priority of their satisfaction and, taking into account this, ensures the distribution of "orders" on the relevant material benefits and services between manufacturers on public production divisions, industries and enterprises. On the other hand, taking into account these "orders" with the help of the economic mechanism there is a distribution of available resources, their use as factors of production and then distribution and bring to consumers produced goods.

It is under the influence of the economic mechanism that manufacturers receive answers to such main issues of the economy: what and for whom to produce? How and how much to produce? With the help of various incentives, it makes it makes choosing in favor of the production of certain benefits, produce them in a certain amount and direct consumers. Thus, the economic mechanism ensures the solution of the problem No. 1 of any economy - the problem of choice: the choice of areas of use of limited resources, methods of their use, choosing the distribution directions produced with their help.

2. 2. Economic interests agents

The interests of economic agents are determined by their position in the economic system performed by them.

If we consider directly the interests of the subjects of the economy, then it can be noted that they (as well as their implementation) vary greatly depending on the type of economic entity, the scope, structure and nature of the use of its property. For example, the needs and interests of the state, as an economic entity, on the one hand, are associated with an increase in the production and consumption of society, since the state is an expressive of his interests, on the other - with the interests and needs of state structures arising in the process of their functioning (as in economic resources and in investment, and consumer benefits).

The interests of households differ greatly depending on the set of economic resources available by them to the market. Foreign economic entities include households, enterprises, state structures located outside the considered national economy. The latter can realize their interests in the framework of the economic system, in relation to which they are foreign, which is caused as global competition (in the field of production efficiency, the level of profit rate, the market price of natural and labor resources, etc.) and the international process division of labor. The main difference between the interests of foreign business entities from domestic lies in the fact that in the process of their implementation, it is greater importance to its own tasks, which often contradict the interests of the country, within which their economic activity is carried out.

Households seek to maximize the usefulness of goods purchased for income; They rank their needs and carry out expenses within their budgets.

Decisions made by enterprises (firms) are ambiguous: they are determined not only by the desire to maximize profits, but also by other motifs, for example, the seizure and retention of share in the market, expansion of production, the assertion of economic power.

Performing functions that can not implement the market, the state is intended to ensure a national interest, contribute to the growth of the wealth of the nation. The exceptional role of nationwide interest, especially in transitional epochs, is not always aware of the members of society. But it is precisely this interest, directed to the solution of indigenous problems, countries in accordance with its position in the world, the availability of resources, the peculiarities of a social device, history and traditions, is the leading and determinant.

At one time, T. Weblin with a famous fraction of irony noticed that one should not represent a "economic person" in the form of a mechanical ball, a kind of "general calculator of pleasure and burden", which is guided exclusively by money motis. "Economic man" is one of the most common concepts, a kind of model of a person in terms of his goals, means of achieving and knowledge (information), which he is guided. The behavior of a person as a consumer and as a participant in production is very ambiguous. Economic interests are one of the components of his interests representing a rather complicated and controversial system. It should be borne in mind that in addition to pure personal interests, people are guided by the interests of the team, villages or city, the region in which they live. In decisions and actions of people there are more and wider interests - national, society as a whole.

As the main factor that determines the interdependence of the interests of the economic entities, the social nature of production acts, since at any level a lot is found household connections. The integrating function of the social nature of production is determined by the public division of labor and is manifested in a vertical aspect, connecting into a single whole (a higher-level subject) entities-elements, linking the private interests of each of them with the common interests of the subject-system; And in the horizontal - due to the relationship of the "manufacturer-consumer" type between individual economic entities, which is predetermined by the economic separation of their functions.

The interdependence of the interests of business agents is dictated by the need to increase the efficiency of production, which is achieved through the public division of labor. As a result, the specialization of individual subjects is deepening. In modern conditions, only very large economic units can carry out a full production cycle. The deepening of the process of separation of labor causes an increase in the number of subjects of production relations, their specialization in the provision of separate production and consumer purposes, as well as resources, which causes the lengthening of technological chains, the complication of the process of formation and improving part of resources (for example, labor), a qualitative change of the methods of meeting the needs . As a result, to implement every final interest, it is necessary to directly participate increasing number of subjects of the economy, each of which, in turn, has its own needs.

As the main objective causes of the contradictions of the economic interests of the economic entities, the overall source of economic resources used to meet their needs, the limitedness of the latter and produced on their basis, the economic isolation of the economic entities. Thus, it can be concluded that the objective causes of contradictions in the economic interest system are caused by a single source of realization of these interests and contradictions between types, forms and types of interests themselves.

The increase in the volume of social production serves as the main source of permanent deepening the degree of interest. Economic growth is, first of all, an increase in production efficiency on the basis of limited economic resources, it does not include the effectiveness of distribution, exchange and consumption processes. Meanwhile, interest is implemented along with the satisfaction of the needs, which are its material basis. And the quality of this process is determined by the efficiency of the use of resources not only in the production phase, but also at all stages of the reproduction process - from production to consumption. An additional factor in the relationship between the implementation of the Company's interests and economic growth within its economic system is the reproduction of resources at a qualitatively new level.

Conclusion

The subject structure of the market economy is a system of relationship between a plurality of subjects, expressing their goals, equitable, but counter-consistent economic interests, the nature, forms of organization and interaction on the movement of goods and services.

Subjects of the market economy are: entrepreneurs; workers selling their work; end consumers; owners of loan capital; owners of securities; Traders, etc. The main subjects of the market economy are customary to divide into four groups: a household; Enterprise (firm), bank and state (government).

The situation and the role of each economic agent is determined by its attitude towards the factors of the production that he owns. Some have capital and possess the economic power, determine the form of management, participate in management, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities. Others manage only their own workforce, their ability to influence the organization of production, income distribution, participation in management is limited.

To households, it is customary to belong to those who carry out operations related to the management of the household, i.e. mainly consumption. It is assumed that all economic resources are ultimately owned by households. They receive income, providing economic factors - labor, capital, land, etc., with which they have, in other words, by providing factor services.

Received revenues are used by them to purchase the necessary goods, as well as to create savings. How consumers households are independent, i.e. They are entitled to make decisions on their own, but this independence is limited to the amount of income and the regulatory system that exists in society.

Enterprises (firms), in contrast to households, which mainly perform the function of consumption, mainly carry out production activities, as well as investment. Enterprises differ in the forms of ownership (private cooperative, state), size and scope of production, types of industrial activities, etc. IN economic statistics Enterprises (firms) are often divided into two types of agents: non-financial and financial.

Enterprises (firms) are engaged in entrepreneurial, commercial activities whose goal is to extract profits. Some specific functions perform non-profit organizations in society, such as charitable funds, trade union organizations, sports societies, associations of entrepreneurs. Their main task is to directly satisfy the needs of people, and not profit. So, the goal of non-commercial organizations in the field of sports is the physical development of the personality and training of athletes.

Although the basic functions of the state are in providing public needs and security, it has always played an important role in the economic life of society. The state actively interferes with the economy using various forms and methods. There are various indicators and criteria for the economic activity of the state, among them - the proportion of government spending in GDP; share of taxes in GDP; The size of state property and products produced by state-owned enterprises.

Subjects of the economy are elements open systemIn the process of functioning of which, there is a change in both external and internal, with respect to them, the medium. Therefore, each of them is characterized by their own needs. These needs are directly related to economic interests.

List of sources used

1. Akimov A.V. Basics of the National Economy / Infra - M, M.: 2004. - with. 332.

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Economy / Ed. A.S. Bulat. -M.: Economist, 2006. p. 273.

Order No. 1841.

Course work on the topic: "Subjects of the economy and their types"