The section "Other income and expenses" of the profit and loss account reflects income and expenses recognized by the organization in accounting as others in accordance with the conditions determined for their recognition in PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization" and PBU 10/99 "Expenses organizations ".
Line 060 "Interest receivable"
By the article "Interest receivable" (line 060) reflects income in the amount of interest due in accordance with agreements on bonds, deposits, government securities, etc., for the provision for use Money organizations, for the use by a credit institution of funds in the organization's account with this credit institution.
Income related to participation in authorized capital other organizations are not reflected in this article.
Amount on line 060 is equal to the credit turnover of account 91.1 "Other income" in correspondence with accounts 51, 52, 62, 76. The choice of account depends on the type of debt obligations on which interest is accrued.
Line 070 "Interest payable"
By the article "Interest payable" (line 070) the section "Other income and expenses" of the profit and loss account reflects the amount of interest payable on bonds, shares, for the provision of funds to the organization for use.
The expenses under this item do not include loans raised by the organization for the acquisition of property (goods, materials, fixed assets, etc.), as well as interest accrued on these loans. These costs are included in the cost of the purchased property.
Amount on line 070 is equal to the debit turnover of account 91.2 "Other expenses" in correspondence with accounts 60, 66, 67, 76.
Line 080 "Income from participation in other organizations"
By line 080 "Income from participation in other organizations" shows receipts from equity participation in the authorized capital of other companies, including interest and other income on securities, dividends on shares, as well as profit from joint activities.
In accounting and accounting statements such income is recognized after the organization - the source of payment of these incomes announces the forthcoming payment and a specific amount of income.
Enterprises for which the receipt of income from participation in other organizations is the main type of activity, reflect the amount of these incomes in line 010 of Form No. 2 "Profit and Loss Statement".
Amount on line 080 is equal to the credit turnover of account 91.1 "Other income" in correspondence with account 76.3 "Calculations of dividends and other income due".
Line 090 "Other income"
V article 090 "Other income" the income statement includes all income not included in other lines 060 - 080.
Line 140 "Profit (loss) before tax"
Line 140 is a calculated summary row showing financial results based on the results of the reporting period. The financial result is formed on account 99 "Profits and losses". The debit balance on account 99 shows the loss, and the credit balance shows the profit for the reporting period.
Line amount 140 is equal to the sum of lines 050, 060, 080, 090 (profit and income) minus lines 070 and 100 (expenses).
The amount on line 140 must be equal to the final balance on account 99 "Profits and losses", which is added up taking into account the balance referred to here on accounts 90.9 "Profit (loss) from sales" and 91.9 "Balance of other income and expenses".
Line 141 "Deferred tax assets"
The order of formation and reflection of deferred tax assets in accounting it is regulated by part 3 of PBU 18/02 "Accounting for income tax calculations".
According to PBU 18/02, a deferred tax asset means that part of deferred income tax that should lead to a decrease in this tax payable to the budget in subsequent tax periods... Deferred tax assets arise if reporting period the same expenses in accounting are recognized in larger amount than in tax accounting. An example of this is the different procedure for calculating depreciation for the purposes of accounting and tax accounting.
By line 141 "Deferred tax assets" profit and loss statements reflect the difference between debit and credit turnovers on account 09 "Deferred tax assets". The difference can be either positive or negative.
Organizations have the right, when drawing up financial statements, to reflect in balance sheet the netted amount of a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability when the following conditions exist simultaneously:
- the presence in the organization of deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities;
- Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are included in the calculation of income tax.
However, in the income statement, these amounts are shown separately.
Line 142 Deferred tax liabilities
Deferred tax liability means that part of the deferred income tax, which should lead to an increase in income tax payable to the budget in subsequent reporting periods.
Deferred tax liabilities arise if in the reporting period the same expenses in accounting are recognized in a lesser amount than in tax accounting. At the same time, as in the case of deferred tax assets, it is assumed that in the following periods this difference will be settled, that is, the expense will be fully recognized in accounting.
Amount on line 142 is equal to the difference between debit and credit turnover on account 77 "Deferred tax liabilities".
Line 150 "Current income tax"
This line reflects the amount of income tax formed according to tax accounting data for the reporting period and reflected in accounting on account 68 "Taxes and fees".
Current income tax is income tax for tax purposes, which is determined based on the amount of contingent expense (contingent income), adjusted by the amount of a permanent tax liability (asset), an increase or decrease in a deferred tax asset and a deferred tax liability of the reporting period.
With absence permanent differences deductible and taxable temporary differences that give rise to permanent tax liabilities (assets), deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, the contingent income tax expense will be equal to the current income tax.
Conditional expense (income) for income tax is equal to the value determined as the product of accounting profit generated in the reporting period by the income tax rate in effect at the reporting date and is accounted for in accounting on a separate subaccount of account 99 for accounting for contingent expenses (conditional income) for income tax.
An entity can determine the amount of current income tax based on data accounting or based on the data of the income tax return. The method of determination should be fixed in accounting policies.
In this case, the amount of the current income tax must correspond to the amount of the calculated income tax reflected in the income tax return.
If errors were found in previous reporting periods that do not affect the current income tax of the reporting period, then the amounts of adjustments should be reflected in a separate line item of the income statement after the current income tax item. Changes in the accounting data of previous periods are not made. At the same time, the amount of such errors is corrected tax return... It is specified for the period to which the identified errors relate, that is, changes are made to the declaration for previous period... In view of the above, the amount of income tax adjustments associated with the discovery of errors relating to previous reporting periods does not affect the current income tax.
Line 190 "Net profit (loss) of the reporting period"
On line 190 of the profit and loss statement, the amount is reflected net profit or loss at the end of the reporting period.
Line 190 amount is equal to the sum of lines 140 and 141 minus lines 142 and 150. This amount must be equal to the final balance on account 99 "Profits and losses", which, when the balance is restructured, is debited to account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".
Accounting for production costs (works, services).
Accounting for material costs, labor costs, deductions for social events, depreciation of non-current assets, other operating costs, other operating costs
Production costs. Classification of costs by economic elements. Their grouping by economic elements, calculation items in planning and accounting. The task of accounting for expenses by elements. Concept and nomenclature of expense items
In accordance with the accounting regulation PBU 10/1999 "Expenses of the organization", a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of deposits at the decision of participants (property owners).
Any expenses are recognized as expenses provided that they are incurred for the implementation of activities aimed at generating income.
The expenses of the enterprise, depending on their nature, the conditions of implementation and the directions of the organization's activities, are divided into:
· Expenses for ordinary activities - expenses associated with the manufacture of products and their sale, purchase and sale of goods, works, services. These are expenses that make up the cost of goods, products, works, services.
· other expenses.
Other expenses include:
1.operating expenses are the costs associated with:
1. - the provision for a fee for temporary use of the assets of the organization;
2. - granting for a fee the rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;
3. - participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;
4. - sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), goods, products;
5. - interest paid by the organization for the provision of funds (credits, loans) to it for use;
6. - payment for services provided credit institutions;
7. - deductions to estimated reserves created in accordance with the accounting rules (reserves for doubtful debts, for the depreciation of investments in securities and others), as well as provisions created in connection with the recognition of contingent facts economic activity;
8. - other operating expenses.
2. extraordinary expenses are:
1. - fines, penalties, penalties for violation of the terms of contracts;
2. - compensation for losses caused by the organization;
3. - losses of previous years, recognized in the reporting year;
4. - amounts accounts receivable for which the deadline has expired limitation period, other debts unrealistic for collection;
5. - exchange rate differences;
6. - the amount of the depreciation of assets;
7. - transfer of funds (contributions, payments, etc.) related to charitable activities, expenses for sports events, recreation, entertainment, cultural and educational events and other similar events;
7.8.- other non-operating expenses.
3.h extraordinary expenses - these are expenses arising as a consequence of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.).
The contradictions between accounting and tax accounting on the formation of costs are as follows:
Some expenses in BU are accepted in full, and in NU - in a limited amount. (for example, entertainment expenses, interest for using a loan);
Some expenses, according to PBU, relate to operating expenses, and according to the Tax Code - to non-operating expenses (payment for bank services, interest on a loan);
Some expenses under PBU refer to extraordinary ones, and under NK - to non-operating ones (losses from fires, natural disasters);
In BU and NU, there are different rules for calculating certain costs (depreciation, reserves, etc.).
Thus, there are many contradictions and therefore, since 2002, enterprises have been keeping 2 types of accounting: accounting and tax.
Production costs are classified according to the following criteria.
1. Cost center (industries, workshops, sites, etc.) and by the nature of production (main, auxiliary).
Primary production associated with the implementation of the production process of products intended for sale. Ancillary production not directly related to the production of basic products, but contribute to it.
2. By type of expenses costs group by cost element and costing items... The costs of the enterprise for the production of products are made up of the following elements:
1) material costs (minus the cost of returnable waste);
2) labor costs;
3) deductions for social needs;
4) depreciation of fixed assets;
5) other expenses (postal and telegraph, telephone, travel expenses, etc.)
Grouping by calculation items includes:
1) "raw materials and materials";
2) " recyclable waste»(Deducted);
3) "purchased products, semi-finished products and services of a production nature of third-party enterprises and organizations";
4) "fuel and energy for technological purposes";
5) "wages of production workers";
6) "deductions for social needs";
7) "expenses for preparation and development of production";
8) "general production costs»;
nine) " general running costs»;
10) “losses from marriage”;
11) "other production costs";
12) "business expenses".
The result of the first eleven articles forms production cost products, and the result of all twelve articles - full cost products.
3. By way of inclusion in cost price of certain types of products (works, services) costs are divided into straight and indirect.
Direct costs are the costs attributed to certain types of products, works, services based on primary documents.
Indirect- these are costs that simultaneously relate to all types of products, works, services (for example, costs of lighting, heating, etc.) They are included in the cost of products (works, services) when determining the total amount at the end of the month by distribution.
4. By economic role in the production process, costs are divided by main and overhead.
The main are the costs directly related to technological process production: raw materials and basic materials and other expenses, excluding general production and general production and general expenses.
Overhead costs are incurred in connection with the organization, maintenance and management of production. They consist of general production and general expenses.
5. By composition costs are divided by single element and complex. Single element costs are called, consisting of one element - wages, depreciation, etc. Integrated refers to costs that are made up of multiple elements, such as shop floor and general plant costs, which include the salaries of the relevant personnel, depreciation, and other one-element costs.
6. In relation to the volume of production costs are divided by variables and conditionally permanent... TO variable include expenses, the amount of which changes in proportion to the change in the volume of production (for example, the wages of production workers, etc.) conditionally fixed costs almost does not depend on changes in the volume of production (general and general production costs).
7. By the frequency of occurrence costs are divided by current and one-off... TO current expenses are expenses that have a frequent frequency, for example, the consumption of raw materials and materials, and to one-time(one-time) - the cost of preparing and mastering the release of new types of products, etc.
8. By participation in the production process allocate production and commercial expenses. TO production include all costs associated with the manufacture of marketable products and form its production cost. Non-production (commercial) costs associated with the sale of products to customers. Commercial and production costs form the full cost of marketable products.
9. Cost efficiency divided into productive and unproductive. Productive the costs of producing products of the established quality with rational technology and organization of production are considered. Unproductive costs are the result of shortcomings in technology and organization of production (losses from downtime, product rejects, overtime pay, etc.).
10. Depending on on the nature, conditions of implementation and areas of activity organization costs are divided into:
1) expenses for ordinary activities;
2) other expenses.
In accordance with clause 2 of PBU 10/99, an organization's expenses are recognized as a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a reduction in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions by the decision of participants (property owners) ...
In the Tax Code distinguish the following classifications of expenses:
1. In accordance with Article 252 NC RF expenses depending on their nature, conditions of implementation and areas of activity organizations are divided into:
· Costs associated with production and sales;
· Non-operating expenses.
2. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 253 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation costs linked with production and (or) sale, are subdivided on economic content on:
· Labor costs;
· The amount of accrued depreciation;
· other expenses.
3. According with article 318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation production and distribution costs incurred during the reporting period to determine the share of production and distribution costs, related to shipped products , are subdivided into:
· straight (material costs determined in accordance with subparagraphs 1 and 4 of paragraph 1 of Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, labor costs of personnel involved in the production of goods, performance of work, provision of services, as well as the amount of a single social tax calculated on the indicated amounts of labor costs, the amount of accrued depreciation on fixed assets used in the production of goods, works, services);
· indirect (all other amounts of expenses, except non-operating expenses, determined in accordance with Article 265 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, carried out by the taxpayer during the reporting (tax) period.
4. All expenses for tax purposes can be divided into:
· Expenses taken into account for tax purposes in full;
Expenses limited for tax purposes (for example, entertainment expenses, etc.)
Material costs include the cost of materials and different types raw materials purchased from outside for the purpose of manufacturing products, performing necessary work or the provision of related services.
The purchase price of purchased materials consists of the following costs:
Contractual value;
Markups (markups);
Commissions paid to intermediary organizations;
Commodity exchange services, including brokerage services;
Services of transport and other organizations for delivery and storage;
The cost of containers and container materials, including packaging.
The cost of returnable waste (residues of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products formed during the production process and completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the initial resources) is deducted from the material costs included in the cost of production. In the current accounting, recyclable waste is subject to one of two options:
1) at market prices equal to or exceeding the actual cost of their acquisition - when sold to the outside as a full-fledged material;
2) at a reduced cost consumable(at the price of possible use) - when released to the main production, if they can be used for the production of products with increased costs (reduced output), as well as for other internal needs or sold to the outside.
To labor costs relate:
Remuneration for work actually performed, issued in the form of cash or material values;
Payment in accordance with the current legislation of annual and additional leaves (or their compensation in case of non-use), grace hours for adolescents, breaks in the work of nursing mothers;
Lump-sum payments in the form of remuneration for seniority as a bonus to the salary for work experience in a specialty in this area National economy;
Various payments for unworked time, payable in accordance with the current legislation: payment for the time an employee is on study leave, severance pay upon dismissal, in case of referral to courses for continuing education with a break from work, etc.;
Payments according to regional coefficients, due to the need for regional regulation of wages of workers (districts Far north, waterless and high mountain areas);
Payment for forced absenteeism or below paid work;
The difference in the salary of an employee, paid in connection with his transfer from another organization, with the preservation of it for a certain period (if provided by law);
Incentive and / or compensatory payments;
Payment for work on a rotational basis in the amount of the tariff rate, salary for the time spent on the way from the collection point or the place where the organization is located to the place of work and back in accordance with the schedule of work on the shift;
Salaries to employees during their training in the system of advanced training and retraining of personnel with a separation from the main job;
Payment to donor workers for the days of examination, blood donation and rest, provided after each donation day;
Remuneration for the work of students and students of universities, colleges, technical schools, lyceums and schools during the period of their internship in organizations as part of student teams, as well as during their vocational guidance;
Remuneration of labor of employees hired from outside to perform work in accordance with contracts of a civil nature within the amounts provided for in the estimate for their implementation and payment documents;
Amounts accrued and issued or transferred for the work performed to persons involved in the organization in accordance with special agreements with government agencies
Other payments that form the wage fund, except for labor costs, financed from the organization's net profit and other earmarked income.
Social contributions include accrual to the wage fund for the implementation of social expenditures (payment of old-age pensions, disability, benefits for temporary disability, unemployment, etc.). Their composition contains obligatory deductions in accordance with the current legislation in accordance with the established norms. The amount of deductions is determined by multiplying the current rate (norm) by the corresponding extrabudgetary fund for accrued wages included in the cost of products (works, services) for the element "Labor costs". In this case, those types of payment for which insurance premiums are not charged.
Depreciation of fixed assets includes:
The amount of accrued depreciation charges for the full restoration of the organization's own fixed assets in accordance with the accepted accrual methods defined in the accounting policy;
The amount of accrued depreciation charges for the complete restoration of leased fixed assets operated on a long-term lease or lease basis;
The amount of accrued depreciation charges for the complete restoration of fixed assets provided free of charge to organizations Catering serving the personnel of their organization and employees of other organizations;
The amount of accrued depreciation deductions for the full restoration of the cost of premises and equipment provided by organizations to medical institutions for the organization of medical centers in order to provide medical services labor collective and located on the territory of this organization;
The amount of the increase in depreciation charges for full restoration based on the results of the revaluation of fixed assets made in accordance with the current legislation.
Amount of depreciation charges for full restoration intangible assets included in other costs.
Other costs combine all other costs not included in the previous cost elements:
Payment of interest for Bank loan received for the acquisition of fixed assets and inventories, prior to the acceptance of these assets for accounting;
Business travel expenses;
Payment of the cost of works on certification of products, confirming its compliance with the necessary consumer qualities;
Various taxes, fees and charges (including payments on mandatory types insurance);
Awards for inventions and rationalization proposals;
Lifting;
Third party payments for fire and security services;
payment for training and retraining of personnel;
Payment of postal and telegraph, office expenses;
Costs for warranty repair and service;
Payment for lease in the situation of renting individual objects related to fixed assets, or their individual parts;
Contributions to the repair fund created by the organization itself on the basis of the standards for deductions developed by it and book value fixed assets;
Amortization of intangible assets;
Other costs included in the cost of production, but not related to the above.
Material costs in the structure of the cost of production occupy the largest specific weight. Therefore, correct accounting and strict control over their implementation ensure the reliability of data on the cost of production and contribute to its reduction.
Material costs at manufacturing enterprises as part of the cost of production are reflected in the following items:
♦ raw materials and basic materials;
♦ semi-finished products own production;
♦ recyclable waste (deducted);
♦ auxiliary materials;
♦ fuel and energy for technological purposes.
The account is kept on account 10 "Materials" according to the corresponding sub-accounts.
Based on the analysis of Part 1 of Article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the list of costs provided for by this article, labor costs can be grouped on the following grounds:
By the form of payment;
By intended purpose.
By the form of payment, labor costs are subdivided into:
1) payments made in cash;
2) payments made in kind;
3) payment to the employee.
Payments made in cash are the main method of remuneration, which are recorded on account 70 "Payments with employees for wages." According to Article 131 Labor Code RF payment wages produced in cash in the currency of the Russian Federation (in rubles). Also, in accordance with this article, labor remuneration can be carried out in non-monetary form (in kind). An independent type of labor costs is the payment by the employer in favor of the employees of certain expenses. The most common case is the employer's insurance of their employees, provided for in clause 16 of article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
By purpose, labor costs can be grouped as follows:
1) any accruals to employees, carried out on various grounds;
2) incentive charges and allowances;
3) bonuses and one-time incentive payments;
4) compensation charges related to the operating mode;
5) compensation charges related to working conditions;
6) expenses related to the maintenance of employees.
Specific types of labor costs listed in Article 255 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation are allocated in accordance with the classification by purpose.
In accordance with the laws Russian Federation O pension provision, on employment of the population, on medical insurance, on state social insurance, employees of the organization are subject to social insurance and provision.
For this purpose, monthly deductions for social needs are made from accrued wages and other similar payments at the established rate. The rate of insurance premiums of the organization in Pension Fund... Social Insurance Fund. Mandatory funds health insurance and the State Employment Fund are established annually by Federal Law.
To determine the amount of deductions for social needs and settlements with each social fund a special calculation is drawn up. The calculated amounts of deductions for social needs are referred to the same accounts to which the accrued wages and other similar payments were attributed, with an increase in the organization's debt to each social fund.
The account of deductions for social needs and settlements with social insurance and security bodies is carried out on passive account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security". Accounting for settlements with each fund is carried out on the corresponding sub-accounts of account 69 on the basis of the accountant's calculations, extracts from the current account and payment orders for transferring funds to the relevant funds.
Account 02 "Depreciation of Fixed Assets" is intended to summarize information on depreciation accumulated during the operation of fixed assets.
The accrued amount of depreciation of fixed assets is reflected in accounting on the credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs (sales costs). The organization - the lessor reflects the accrued amount of depreciation on fixed assets leased to the credit of account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" and the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" (if the rent forms operating income).
Upon disposal (sale, write-off, partial liquidation, transfer free of charge, etc.) of fixed assets, the amount of depreciation accrued on them is debited from account 02 "Depreciation of fixed assets" in the credit of account 01 "Fixed assets" (subaccount "Disposal of fixed assets"). A similar entry is made when writing off the amount of accrued depreciation for missing or completely damaged fixed assets.
Account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" is intended to summarize information on amortization accumulated during the use of objects of intangible assets of the organization (except for objects for which depreciation deductions are written off directly to the credit of account 04 "Intangible assets").
The accrued amount of amortization of intangible assets is reflected in accounting on the credit of account 05 "Amortization of intangible assets" in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs (sales costs).
When objects of intangible assets are retired (sold, written off, transferred free of charge, etc.), the amount of amortization charged on them is debited from account 05 "Depreciation of intangible assets" on credit to account 04 "Intangible assets".
The following accounts are intended to account for the costs of production (performance of work, provision of services):
20 "Main production";
21 “Semi-finished products of our own production”;
23 "Auxiliary facilities";
25 "General production costs";
26 "General expenses";
28 "Defect in production";
29 " Service production and farms ";
96 "Provisions for future expenses";
97 "Deferred expenses".
In the accounting policy of the organization with respect to accounting for expenses, in general, should be reflected the following points:
1) the method of writing off general and general production costs (they can be written off as conditionally fixed costs directly to the debit of account 90 (the method of forming the partial cost of production) or included in the cost of production on account 20, 23, 29 (the method of forming full cost);
2) the method of distribution of indirect costs between the objects of costing. Indirect costs (general expenses, if they are written off to accounts 20, 23, 29, general production costs) are distributed among the objects of calculation in proportion to the distribution base, which can be used as:
Sum of direct material costs,
The amount of expenses for wages,
The amount of direct costs of materials and wages,
The sum of all direct costs.
3) a method of grouping expenses by cost item for generating information for management purposes, calculating the cost. For example, the main items of the calculation can be: raw materials and materials; recyclable waste (deducted); purchased products and semi-finished products; fuel and energy for technological purposes; basic and additional wages of production workers; compulsory deductions from wages; expenses for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment; general production costs; general running costs; losses from marriage; business expenses; other production costs.
All of the above accounting accounts for cost accounting (except for account 96) are active in relation to the balance. On the debit of these accounts, expenses are taken into account, and on credit - their write-off. At the end of the month, the costs recorded on the collection and distribution accounts (25, 26, 28, 97) are written off to the accounts of the main and auxiliary industries, as well as service industries and farms.
From the credit of accounts 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production" and 29 "Service production and economy" write off the actual cost of goods (work, services). The balance of these accounts characterizes the amount of work in progress costs.
In small organizations, to account for production costs, as a rule, accounts 20 "Main production", 26 "General business expenses", 97 "Deferred expenses" or only account 20 are used.
Determining among the accounts of cost accounting is the calculation account 20 "Main production". It summarizes information about the costs of production, the products (work, services) of which determines the content of the organization's statutory activities.
To account for the availability and movement of semi-finished products in organizations, account 21 "Self-produced semi-finished products" is used. Semi-finished products of our own production can be used later in the production of products or sold. On the debit of account 21 "Semi-finished products of own production" in correspondence with account 20 "Main production" reflect the costs associated with the manufacture of semi-finished products. Semi-finished products are debited from the credit of account 21, depending on the direction of their use, either to the debit of account 20 "Main production" when spent in their own production, or to the debit of account 90 "Sales" when sold to other organizations and persons.
Accounting for semi-finished products is usually carried out according to production cost(actual, regulatory or planned) with the addition of selling expenses. The costs of transporting semi-finished products of own production between production units within the organization are included in their cost price.
In production organizations, settlements for semi-finished products between production units allocated to a separate balance sheet are reflected on account 79 "Intra-enterprise settlements". In those organizations where semi-finished products of their own production on account 21 are not taken into account, they are reflected as part of work in progress on account 20 "Main production".
Semi-finished products can be outsourced. If this is done systematically, then count 43 applies. Finished products”, And not account 21“ Semi-finished products of our own production ”. But if this is an episodic fact, then the write-off of semi-finished products at their cost to the debit of account 90 is made from the credit of account 21.
At journal-order form accounting for production costs is carried out in the journal-order No. 10, which is made on the basis of the final data of the sheets for accounting for the costs of workshops (f. No. 12), accounting for the costs of service industries and farms (f. No. 13), accounting for losses in production (f. No. 14), accounting for general business expenses, deferred expenses and commercial expenses (f. No. 15), etc.
In the journal-order No. 10, all production costs are reflected by elements of costs from the loan of the corresponding material and settlement accounts, as well as internal turnovers on production cost accounts (write-off of general production and general business expenses, services and work of ancillary production). The data of the journal order is used to compile the calculation of costs for items and calculate the cost of production.
In the production process, when recording transactions in accounting, some costs can be directly and directly attributed to a specific type of product or cost object. Such costs are called direct costs. Other costs cannot be directly attributed to specific products, they are called indirect or indirect.
The division of costs into direct and indirect depends largely on the specific situation. If the organization produces one type of product (products), then all costs can be classified as direct. If the organization produces several types of products, then the consumption of materials is distributed for each type of product. Such distribution can be carried out in proportion to the consumption of material assets according to the norms established for a unit of production; the established flow rate; quantity or weight of manufactured products, etc.
Direct costs, as a rule, include material costs and costs of paying for the main production personnel. To direct material costs includes raw materials and basic materials that become part of the finished product, and their cost is directly and directly transferred to a specific product. Direct labor costs include labor costs that can be directly attributed to a certain type of finished product. This is the wages of workers employed in the production of goods.
TO indirect costs includes general production overhead costs, which are a collection of various costs associated with production, but which cannot be directly attributed to a specific type of finished product (products). These costs are difficult to track in the manufacture of the product. At the same time, the production cost of the product, of course, should include general production costs. They are included in the cost of production using the cost allocation method (in proportion to the basic wages of production workers, direct costs, etc.).
Overheads arise in connection with the organization and maintenance of the production process and its management and include general production and general business costs. General production (shop) costs associated with the maintenance and management of production in the shops of the organization.
The main groups that form general production costs include:
Ancillary products and components;
Indirect labor costs (wages of workers who are not directly involved in the production of one product, but are associated with the production process within the organization as a whole: foremen, repairmen, auxiliary workers, as well as payment for vacations and overtime work);
Other indirect general production costs (costs of maintaining workshop buildings, Maintenance and Maintenance equipment, property insurance, rent, equipment depreciation, etc.).
The composition and size of general production costs are determined by estimates for the maintenance and operation of equipment, management and economic costs of the shop. Estimates are drawn up for each workshop separately. The purpose of cost planning and the allocation of independent calculation items in the actual cost of production is to constantly monitor compliance with estimates.
Planning and accounting of general production costs are carried out according to the following nomenclature of articles:
Depreciation production equipment and Vehicle;
Deductions to the repair fund or the cost of repairing production equipment and vehicles;
Equipment operating costs;
Wages and social contributions of workers servicing equipment;
Expenses for testing, experiments and research;
Labor protection of shop workers;
Losses from rejects, from downtime for internal production reasons, etc.
Synthetic accounting of overhead costs is kept on the active collecting and distribution account 25 "Overhead costs".
Based on the primary documents confirming the fact and the amount of general production costs incurred, the following entries are made on the accounting accounts:
At the end of the month, the amount of general production expenses recorded in the debit of account 25 “General production expenses” is written off by distribution to the prime cost of certain types of products in proportion to the amount of basic wages of production workers (direct costs of materials, etc.).
5. Accounting for administrative expenses. Accounting for other operating expenses. Other expenses of ordinary activities. Extraordinary expenses... PBU 10/1999 "Organization expenses"
General running costs(administrative and management costs) are also classified as overheads. They relate to the management and maintenance of the organization as a whole. The composition and amount of these costs are determined by the estimate.
Synthetic accounting of general business expenses is kept on the active collecting and distribution account 26 "General business expenses", and analytical - on account 26 "General business expenses" according to budget items in a separate statement.
Planning and accounting of general business expenses is carried out according to the following nomenclature of items:
Office travel expenses;
Hospitality expenses related to the activities of the organization;
Stationery and postal and telegraph expenses;
Depreciation of fixed assets for general business purposes;
Deductions to the repair fund or the cost of current repairs of buildings, structures and general utility equipment;
Expenses for the maintenance of buildings, structures and general utility equipment;
Expenses for testing, experiments, research, maintenance of general business laboratories;
Labor protection costs of employees of the organization;
Training and retraining of personnel;
Mandatory deductions, taxes and fees;
Overhead general expenses, etc.
All actual costs are collected and reflected accounting records
At the end of each month, general business expenses are written off to the credit of account 26. General business expenses are allocated between finished goods and work in progress remaining at the end of the reporting month. Then the costs attributable to finished products are distributed among its individual types in proportion to the selected base or the method of write-off. These expenses can be written off in two ways:
1) inclusion in the production costs of specific types of products by distribution similar to the distribution of general production costs;
2) write-off of general business expenses as conditionally fixed to the Sales account by distribution between the types of products sold.
When writing off general business expenses to account 90 "Sales", they are distributed according to the types of products, works or services sold in proportion to sales proceeds, production cost of products or other indicator.
The choice of one or another method of writing off general business expenses should be reflected in the accounting policy of the organization. Of course, the second method greatly simplifies the write-off of general business expenses. However, it is applicable provided that all products, which include general business costs, are sold or the share of these costs in the cost of production is insignificant.
Actual data after accounting and distribution of overhead costs are entered in the statement of consolidated accounting for production costs (works, services).
One of critical indicators to assess the performance of the business are it. They have a direct impact on the outcome of the work. In addition to the prime cost and selling expenses, the expenses under the name “other” are highlighted in a separate line in the Statement of financial results. The procedure for their calculation and entry into a financial document is regulated by the legislation on accounting.
Other costs are:
Information used to fill in line "2350"?
The information base for line 2350 of the financial document in question is the final indicator for Dt 91-2 "Other expenses". At the same time, the following are not taken into account:
- accounts for which interest payable is accounted for
- value added tax invoices
- excise taxes
- other similar mandatory financial resources that the company receives from counterparties and citizens
The indicator for Dt 91-2 corresponds to the credit of various accounts: account. 01, count. 02, count. 10, count. 50, count. 52, count. 60, count. 62, count. 76.
In the financial report, it is allowed not to make a detailed reflection of other expenses:
- If the accounting rules provide or do not prohibit their reflection in this form.
- If the company's income and the costs associated with them arose from one identical fact of entrepreneurial actions and are not particularly significant in the final parameter financial condition enterprises.
Line 2350: data entry examples
The indicator entered in line 2350 of the report in question is the sum of other corporate expenses without the total value of line 2330. For clarity, it may look like this:
P. 2350 = BEFORE count. 91/2 - p. 2330,
where to count. 91/2 - the sum of the annual turnover on the debit of subaccount 91-2.
Attention! When preparing a simplified accounting document, nothing is deducted from the total other costs of the company.
Let's consider a practical example of the calculation procedure and rules for filling in line 2350.
First option: the company shows the amounts on a gross basis.
In this case, the volume of other expenses simply equals the final debit on subaccount 91-2:
P. 2350 = BEFORE count. 91/2
This excludes excise taxes, interest payable and similar payments that the company receives from third-party business entities and citizens, reflecting on account 91-2.
Method two: a collapsed view of the metrics.
P. 2350 = BEFORE count. 91/2 for unbalanced other costs + (KO account 91/1 - TO 91/2) for netted income and funds spent,
where KO count. 91/1 - total turnover for Kt 91-1.
For example:
To count. 91-2 is equal to 9870 thousand rubles.
KO count. 91/1 is 7890 thousand rubles.
Then p. 2350 = 9870 + (7890 - 9870) = 9870 - 1980 = 7890
The amount of expenses related to other expenses of the organization is entered in brackets (round) in the document on the results of the company's work. So, the result from the above example should be reflected in line 2350 in the following form: (7890).
So, in the course entrepreneurial activity in addition to basic costs, firms incur other costs. Due to the fact that their number constitutes a significant share in the total volume of expenses, the legislation distinguishes them into a separate group and requires that the annual financial report with the code "2350". The legislator gave economic entities the freedom to classify their own expenses with fixing it in their own.
Filling in line 2350 is based on the resulting accounting data, namely the total debit of subaccount 91-2 in correspondence with various accounts. The calculation of the amount depends on the option chosen by the company for reflecting the result: collapsed or expanded. The total value is indicated in the reporting document enclosed in parentheses.
Write your question in the form below
Account 91 "Other income and expenses" is designed to summarize information about other income and expenses of the reporting period.
On the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" during the reporting period, the following is reflected:
receipts related to the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or monetary funds;
receipts related to the granting of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property for a fee - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for settlements or funds;
receipts related to participation in the authorized capital of other organizations, as well as interest and other income on securities - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
profit received by the organization under a simple partnership agreement - in correspondence with score 76"Settlements with different debtors and creditors" (subaccount "Settlements for dividends and other income due");
proceeds associated with the sale and other write-offs of property, plant and equipment and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, products, goods - in correspondence with accounts of accounting of settlements or monetary funds;
receipts from operations with tare - in correspondence with tare and settlement accounts;
interest received (to be received) for the provision of funds for use by an organization, as well as interest for the use by a credit institution of funds held in an organization's account with this credit institution - in correspondence with accounts for accounting for financial investments or funds;
fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, received or recognized for receipt - in correspondence with accounts of accounting of settlements or monetary funds;
receipts related to the gratuitous receipt of assets - in correspondence with the account for accounting for deferred income;
receipts in compensation for losses caused to the organization - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
profit of previous years, revealed in the reporting year, - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements;
sums accounts payable for which the limitation period has expired - in correspondence with accounts payable;
Other income.
The debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" during the reporting period reflects:
costs associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization's assets, rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property, as well as costs associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations - in correspondence with expense accounts;
the residual value of assets for which depreciation is charged, and the actual cost of other assets written off by the organization - in correspondence with the accounting accounts of the corresponding assets;
expenses related to the sale, disposal and other write-off of fixed assets and other assets other than cash in Russian currency, goods, products - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
expenses on operations with packaging - in correspondence with expense accounts;
the interest paid by the organization for the provision of funds (credits, loans) to it for use - in correspondence with the accounts of settlements or monetary funds;
expenses related to payment for services rendered by credit institutions - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, paid or recognized for payment - in correspondence with accounts for accounting settlements or monetary funds;
expenses for the maintenance of production facilities and facilities being mothballed - in correspondence with cost accounting accounts;
reimbursement of losses caused by the organization - in correspondence with settlement accounts;
losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year - in correspondence with accounts for accounting calculations, depreciation charges, etc .;
deductions to reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities, for the depreciation of material assets, for doubtful debts - in correspondence with the accounts of these reserves;
amounts of receivables for which the limitation period has expired, other debts that are unrealistic for collection - in correspondence with accounts receivable;
expenses related to the consideration of cases in courts - in correspondence with accounts for accounting settlements, etc.;
other expenses.
Sub-accounts can be opened to account 91 "Other income and expenses":
91-1 "Other income";
91-2 "Other expenses";
91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses".
On subaccount 91-1 "Other income" receipts of assets recognized as other income are taken into account.
On subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses" other expenses are taken into account.
Sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses" is designed to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.
Entries on sub-accounts 91-1 "Other income" and 91-2 "Other expenses" are made cumulatively during the reporting year. Monthly comparison of debit turnover on subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses" and credit turnover on subaccount 91-1 "Other income" is determined by the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month. This balance is written off monthly (final turnovers) from subaccount 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses" to score 99"Profit and loss". Thus, the synthetic account 91 "Other income and expenses" has no balance at the reporting date.
At the end of the reporting year, all sub-accounts opened to account 91 "Other income and expenses" (except for sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses") are closed by internal records on sub-account 91-9 "Balance of other income and expenses".
Analytical accounting for account 91 "Other income and expenses" is kept for each type of other income and expenses. Moreover, the construction analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial, business transaction, should provide the ability to identify the financial result for each transaction.
Account 91 "Other income and expenses"
corresponds with accounts
| by debit | on a loan |
|
01 Fixed assets 02 Depreciation of property, plant and equipment 03 Profitable investments in material assets 04 Intangible assets 07 Equipment for installation 10 Materials 16 Deviation in the value of material assets 19 Value added tax on acquired assets 20 Main production 28 Waste in production 58 Financial investments 68 Settlements with the budget 69 Calculations for social insurance and security 70 Payments to staff on remuneration 81 Own shares (shares) 94 Shortages and losses from damage to valuables 98 Deferred income 99 Profit and loss |
07 Equipment for installation 08 Investments in non-current assets 10 Materials 11 Animals for growing and fattening 14 Provisions for depreciation of tangible assets 15 Procurement and acquisition of material values 20 Main production 21 Semi-finished products of our own production 23 Ancillary production 28 Waste in production 29 Service industries and farms 41 Products 43 Finished goods 45 Goods shipped 50 Cashier 51 Settlement accounts 52 Foreign exchange accounts 55 Special bank accounts 57 Transfers in transit 58 Financial investments 59 Provisions for impairment of investments in securities 60 Settlements with suppliers and contractors 62 Settlements with buyers and customers 63 Provisions for doubtful debts 66 Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings 67 Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings 71 Settlements with accountable persons 73 Payments to personnel for other transactions 75 Settlements with founders 76 Settlements with different debtors and creditors 79 On-farm settlements 81 Own shares (shares) 96 Provisions for liabilities 98 Deferred income 99 Profit and loss |
Application of the chart of accounts: account 91
- On which account (91 or 99) should the sanctions for violation of tax laws be reflected?
Organizations are subdivided into expenses for ordinary activities and other expenses (clause 4 of PBU ... of the legislation can be reflected in the composition of other expenses, since they satisfy ... the connection is a specific accounting procedure (on account 91 or account 99) economic actors it is recommended ... other expenses of the organization with their reflection on account 91 "Other income and expenses" in correspondence with the account ... 76 "Settlements with different debtors and ...
- Pledge. Accounting and taxation
X 1%) 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 2 "Other expenses" 66 "... the loan provided" 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 1 "Other income" 50 ... accounts 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors "and the credit of account 91" Other income and expenses ... ", subaccount 91-1" Other income "...
- How to account for store design development costs
Is the main one, then the income should be reflected on account 91 "Other income and expenses" (clause 7 ... PBU 9/99). To summarize information about income ... the organization will take into account as other income, then the costs associated with this agreement ... (76) Credit 91, subaccount "Other income" (90) - the income for the transferred right is reflected ... is written off in expenses: Debit 98 Credit 91, subaccount "Other income" (90 ...
- Fixed assets conservation. Accounting and taxation
Production of products. These expenses are recognized as other expenses and are reflected in the accounting in ... account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses" (Instructions for the use of the Chart of Accounts ... accounting is accrued on a straight-line basis (method). determined on an accrual basis Then, ... years Other income from the sale of equipment is recognized 62 91-1 826 ... the value of the sold depreciable property and expenses related to its sale ...
- Exchange rate differences: accounting and taxation
The accounting is reflected in the structure of other expenses or income on account 91 "Other income and expenses". VAT on exchange rate differences ... the differences should be included in other income (positive) or expenses (negative). Example 1 ... the differences are included in other income (positive) or expenses (negative). If the contract ... accounting refers to non-operating income and expenses. As in accounting, recalculation ... there are no differences between accounting and tax accounting - income and expenses are reflected in ...
- Accounting in the MCP when returning to the founder the fixed assets purchased at the expense of subsidies
Income during the operation of the OS). As you can see, in this option account 91 "Other income and expenses ..." is also involved, and income and expenses fully compensate each other ... additional capital to other income ...
- How to reflect in accounting penalties and fines for late payment of insurance premiums?
Associated with the calculation of insurance premiums, account 91 "Other income and expenses". Moreover, according to p ... 15 PBU 10/99, other expenses are to be credited ... of the report - as part of other expenses (that is, they are recorded on account 91). At the same time, we recall ... and losses ", either in accordance with the Recommendation, or on account 91, as other expenses ... (taking into account that the list of other expenses given in clause ...
- When will the security deposit be recognized as taxable income of the lessor?
There is no expense for the lessor. In turn, there is no income from the landlord ... which gives rise to the use of this payment. Income and expenses for the participants in the lease relations appear ... 000 rubles. the company should be recognized as income and included in tax base on ... credit of account 90 "Sales", subaccount 90-1 "Revenue"; or as part of other income ... with the reflection of the amounts on the credit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-1 "Other income". Revenue is recognized ...
- On the accounting of expenses in the form of losses from mortality at the unified agricultural tax
They reduce the income received for expenses in the form of losses from mortality and forced slaughter ... with other expenses and are referred to financial results. It is reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses", and ... the credit of account 11 (clause 13 ... losses as material expenses, reflecting them directly on the accounts of the main production. ...
- The procedure for accounting and tax accounting of lost property transferred for safekeeping
...), that is, it is accounted for in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses". However, the conditions with ... which PBU 10/99 connects the recognition of expense ... of lost property with the balance of expense (other expense reflected in account 91) for accounting purposes ... 98 Credit 91, subaccount "Other income" - the difference included in other income (in ...? ("Income tax: accounting for income and expenses", No. 3, March 2015 ...
- The procedure for taxation of unallocated metal accounts (OMC) of the organization
Each transaction and was reflected in the accounting on account 91 "Other income and expenses", in ... reflected in other non-operating income (sale with use of compulsory medical insurance) and expenses (purchase from ... to each transaction and was reflected in accounting on account 91 "Other income and expenses", in ... reflected in other non-operating income (sale using OMS) and expenses (purchase with ... , according to which the date of transfer of ownership is recognized as the date of receipt of income and expense ...
- Correcting errors in accounting policies: estimated liabilities and values
On the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" (subaccount "Other expenses") and the credit of account 63 "... to employees of vacation days and the amount of expenses corresponding to these days, it is easy to calculate. Proceeding ..., 28, 44) and the credit of account 96 "Reserves for future expenses". The use of funds ... contributions are reflected in the debit of account 96 and the credit of accounts 70 "Calculations from ... you need. The reserve is reflected in the debit of account 91 and credit of account 14" Provisions for ...
- Accounting for the sale of goods, the value of which is expressed in foreign currency
As part of other income or other expenses and are reflected on account 91 “Other income and expenses”, sub-account 1 “Other income” or 2 “Other expenses”. In ... tax accounting, as well as ... will be reflected as other income (expenses) in accounting and as non-operating income (expenses) in tax ... reflected as other income (expenses) in accounting and how non-operating income (expenses) in tax ...
- Inseparable leasehold improvements as recorded by the lessee
A form of investment in inseparable improvements. Income and expenses from write-off from accounting ... the period to which they relate. Income and expenses from the write-off of fixed assets ... are to be credited to the profit and loss account as other income and expenses (clause 31 of PBU ... funds ") are written off from account 01 to account 91" Other income and expenses ". way ... for inseparable improvements and agreed by the parties; DEBIT 91, subaccount "Other expenses" CREDIT ...
- Trademark and trade mark: how to account?
Transferred from account 08 to account 04 "Intangible assets") then and only ... as other income. Debit 04 Credit 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 91-1 "Other income" Debit 91, subaccount 91-2 "Other expenses" Credit ... of the additional capital of the organization formed from the sums of the revaluation of this asset carried out ... from the additional capital of the organization to the accounting account retained earnings(uncovered ... they are reflected in the debit of account 44 "Sales expenses" and the credit of account 05.
We have analyzed account 90 "Sales", which reflects the financial result from the main activities of the enterprise. Now we will analyze the accounting on account 91 "Other income and expenses", the data of this account also form the final financial result for. What does other income and expense include?
What does other income and expense include?
On account 91 other income and expenses are taken into account.
Other income Is income not related to the ordinary activities of the organization. What does other income include?
Other income includes:
- income from the lease of fixed assets and intangible assets;
- dividends from contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations;
- interest on securities;
- proceeds from the sale of fixed assets, materials (if this is not the usual activity of the organization);
- fines, penalties, penalties received from counterparties;
- assets received at no cost;
- income received in the form of compensation for losses caused to the organization;
- profit of previous years, revealed in the current year;
- accounts payable with expired prescription;
- revaluation of assets.
Other income also includes other income. This issue will be dealt with in more detail in the near future when we turn to the topic of taxation.
other expenses- these are expenses of the organization that are not related to the ordinary activities of the organization.
What do other expenses include?
Other expenses include
- expenses related to the lease of assets;
- associated with participation in the authorized capital of other organizations;
- associated with the write-off, sale and disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets, materials;
- interest on loans, borrowings;
- payment for bank services;
- deductions to reserves;
- paid fines, penalties, penalties;
- compensation for damages caused;
- losses of previous years;
- expired receivables;
- exchange rate differences from foreign exchange transactions;
- depreciation of assets;
- charity expenses;
- other expenses.
They are subdivided into operational and non-operational.
Note that income and expenses resulting from emergencies, on this account are not taken into account, but are credited immediately to the account. 99 "Profits and losses".
Video help "Account 91. Accounting for other income and expenses"
This video tutorial explains how to keep accounting of other income and expenses (account 91), which sub-accounts, transactions and typical operations. The lesson is taught by the teacher of the site "Accounting and Tax Accounting for Dummies", Chief Accountant Gandeva N.V. To watch online, click on the video ⇓
Accounting for other income and expenses
On the debit of account 91, expenses are taken into account, on a loan - income.
In its structure, 91 accounting accounts resemble accounts. 90 "Sales". At count. 91 also has several sub-accounts:
- subaccount 1 - income is taken into account on the loan,
- subaccount 2 - expenses are taken into account on debit,
- subaccount 9 - this subaccount is the balance of income and expenses.
