Demography- the science of population and its reproduction
Demographic crisis – population decline
Natural population growth - the excess of the number of people born over the number of deaths
Population explosion – a sharp increase in population growth as a result of a sharp decrease in mortality while maintaining a high birth rate
Population concentration – concentration of the population in separate centers and regions.
Focal settlement – in the Far North of Russia, occupying 66% of the country’s territory, where only one fifteenth of the Russian population lives – about 10 million people.
Continuous settlement zone - this is most of the European Russia, the south of Siberia and the Far East. This is 30% of the territory and 93% of the country's population.
Population density – is the number of people living in 1 square kilometer. Measured in people/km 2
SPN-average population density -the quotient of dividing the population by the area of the territory
Population reproduction – the process of production of people by people, the process of continuous change of generations.
Natural population movement – a set of four processes: fertility, mortality, marriage and divorce
Demographic transition or demographic revolution – transition from one type of population reproduction to another.
Archetype VN- characteristic of the early stages of human development in an appropriating economy. The population size is strictly limited by the resources of the territory. The mortality rate is almost equal to the birth rate, the population growth is very slow.
Traditional type HV - Connected with agricultural economy. People live “like our fathers and grandfathers lived.” Very high birth rate and enough high mortality rate, especially in childhood. Low natural population growth and low life expectancy: 25 – 35 years.
Modern type of population reproduction – regulation of the number of children in the family, reducing mortality, sometimes the EPN is negative, i.e. more die than are born.
Women's emancipation – abolition of restrictions, equal rights for women with men.
Urbanization – growth in the share of the urban population, increasing the role of cities and the spread of the urban lifestyle.
Population migration – resettlement, population movement.
Emigration – leaving the country.
Immigration - entry into the country.
Re-emigration- return of emigrated people to their former place of residence.
Types of internal migration : 1. irrevocable 2. Refundable: a – seasonal; b – pendulum or daily; c – irregular, for example, on vacation.
Depopulation – population decline
Non-violent relocation – voluntary resettlement, migration of people for various reasons.
Forced relocation – associated with repression and deportation of the population.
Demographic situation – the prevailing ratio of birth rate, death rate and migration mobility in the area, creating at a given time a certain gender and age structure population and its dynamics.
Labor resources - part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.
Working age in Russia: men 16-59 years old; women 16-54 years old
Labor resources – these are people of working age with the exception of disabled people of groups 1 and 2, plus working pensioners and teenagers.
Economically active population - These are the employed (working) population and the unemployed who are actively looking for work.
Labor market – the relationship between the demand for labor (entrepreneurs) and its supply (workers).
Shortage workers – shortage of workers: an excess of the number of jobs over the number of people willing to work.
Labor productivity – the amount of products created per unit of time. Or the amount of time it takes to produce a unit of product.
Settlement: 1-process of settling the territory; 2 – set settlements in this area
Settlement – a compactly built-up area with the necessary equipment for people to live and work.
Two main types of settlements : urban and rural
Types of rural settlements: group - villages, hamlets, villages, kishlaks, auls; dispersed or point settlement: farms, farms, ranches.
Rural population – people living in rural areas
Agricultural population – people employed in agriculture
Functions of settlements – their role, purpose in the life of society
Types of settlement functions : 1- city maintenance; 2-city-forming: central and special
Urban agglomeration – groups of nearby cities, united by close ties: labor, cultural, social, industrial and infrastructural.
Cities - millionaires - cities with a population of 1 million or more people. There are 15 of them in Russia (nand January 1, 2015):Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Samara, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh, Volgograd
Megalopolis – fusion of several urban agglomerations
Gardarika - this is what Europeans called Kievan Rus in the Middle Ages due to the large number of cities in Rus'.
Administrative - territorial division - a system of organization of the state, on the basis of which the bodies of state power and administration function.
Industrialization – creation of large-scale machine production in all sectors of the economy.
Hierarchy - arrangement of parts of a whole in order from highest to lowest.
Infrastructure – a set of services necessary for the normal life of the population.
Assimilation – the merger of one people with another, the absorption of one people by another, while the language that was previously spoken by the assimilated peoples is lost.
Fertility – the number of people born during the year for every thousand people.
Mortality - the number of people who died during the year out of every thousand people.
Natural population decline – natural mortality. All people, unfortunately, die sooner or later.
Unnatural population decline – associated with violent death, for example, during war, natural and other disasters.
Deurbanization – the process of relocation from cities to suburbs and villages.
Target- explore the distribution of the population and analyze the forms of settlement on the territory of Russia.
Tasks:
- - study the patterns of population settlement and its density;
- - analyze the natural geographical factors of population distribution;
- - explore the share of urban and rural population by federal districts;
- - characterize the types of rural settlements;
- - identify regional characteristics of the rural population by region Russian Federation.
When studying the topic “Urban and rural settlement of the population of the Russian Federation,” it is necessary to pay attention to the types of population settlement, as well as the unevenness of population settlement of the territory. Considering the issue of urban and rural settlement population, note, firstly, the features of modern urbanization, and, secondly, the fact that the nature of the settlement of the rural population of Russia differs according to natural climatic conditions and natural zones.
Patterns of population settlement
The change in historical types of settlement is based on the change in socio-historical formations. Moreover, each formation has its own historical type of settlement.
Scientists call the first type “dispersed tribal settlement,” characteristic of the primitive communal system, when sedentary life became widespread and the number of permanent settlements grew. Typical for this settlement were small settlements, usually located at long distances from each other.
The second type is the “ancient polis” (city) - it is characterized by city-states, including large ones (up to 1 million inhabitants), located along the coasts; mobility of the population, but migration is limited mainly to military campaigns.
The third type is the “feudal village” - the predominance of small rural settlements, the cities are small. Low mobility of the population, which is mainly due to economic factors; military and religious factors played a lesser role.
The fourth type is “urbanized settlement” - highly urbanized settlement, which assumes the presence of large cities, agglomerations, megacities and high population mobility.
The fifth type of settlement (it is called “new”) in the future will contribute to the formation of the same conditions for the level and quality of life in different settlements. Characteristic feature Such settlement is a high mobility of the population, which leads to a more even distribution of people across the territory.
The main indicator of population distribution is population density. However, the average population density does not reflect the entire picture of population distribution across the territory. For example, in Russia in 2014 the average population density is 8.4 people/sq. km, and the world - 52 people/sq. km. In Russia there are regions with higher and lower population densities, for example, the population density in the Moscow region (excluding Moscow residents) is 160 people/sq. km, and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - 0.07 people/sq. km.
In the world in 2014, the highest population density belongs to the city of Dhaka (the capital of Bangladesh) - 44,000 people/sq. km, and the lowest population density is in Nunavut (the largest and newest territory of Canada) - 0.02 people/sq. km.
The modern map of the world and Russia's population distribution reflects the uneven population settlement of the territory. The largest population lives in the Eastern (about 85%) and Northern (about 85%) hemispheres. The bulk of the population is concentrated in temperate, subtropical and subequatorial climate zones at altitudes up to 500 m above sea level.
Every 80 out of 100 inhabitants of the Earth live in lowlands and plains, which occupy about 30% of the land. Mountain areas are less populated; for example, the population of Bolivia, Peru and China (Tibet) lives in the mountains in areas exceeding 5000 m above sea level.
Since ancient times, the population's settlement has been greatly influenced by their employment in agriculture. Growing a labor-intensive crop like rice requires irrigated land, which has led to high population densities in East and South Asia.
The nature of the population distribution across the territory, including population density, is determined by a number of factors. Among them are natural and climatic conditions that have long attracted or repelled people. However, with the development of socio-economic conditions, the importance of the natural and climatic factor weakens.
Throughout the history of civilization, population settlement has been influenced by development transport routes. For example, with the invention of the compass at the end of the 15th century. The possibilities for the development of maritime transport have significantly expanded.
Currently, the role of socio-economic conditions and demographic factor(high or low natural and migration population growth) in population settlement.
Russia is characterized by the presence of two types of settlement of the territory: a zone of focal settlement and a zone of continuous settlement.
The population of the territory of Russia decreases from west to east and from south to north. Less than 10 million people live in the north of Russia, which occupies 2/3 of its territory. They live in settlements that are scattered across the vast expanses of tundra and taiga in separate islands. The unpopulation of this territory is primarily due to unfavorable natural and climatic conditions.
At the same time, the large European part of Russia, the south of Western and Eastern Siberia, and the southern part of the Far East are a zone of continuous settlement. The main settlement zone occupies 1/3 of the territory of Russia and concentrates more than 90% of the population. In the zone of continuous settlement there are all big cities Russia and, accordingly, in this territory, manufacturing industry and Agriculture.
IN Soviet period With the growth of socio-economic development, the northern and eastern territories of Russia were populated. For example, in 1938, the Murmansk region was formed in the north of the European part of Russia. This was facilitated by the growth of industry and population. The population of the Urals and the Far East during the Soviet period increased by 2.5 and 5 times, respectively. After the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of socio-economic reforms, trends in the distribution of the population changed, for example, the share of the Asian part of the Russian population began to decline. Thus, the population of a territory is influenced by natural conditions, economic development opportunities and the history of settlement of the territory.
The entire territory of Russia, with the exception of some areas, is practically populated, but it is populated extremely unevenly. Average density population - 8.6 people per 1 sq. km (in the European part - 29 people per 1 sq. km, and in the Asian part - about 2 people per 1 sq. km). The highest population density (which decreases gradually to the north, south and east) is observed in. The highest population density (320 people per 1 sq. km) is in the Moscow region, and the lowest is in the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (0.03 people per 1 sq. km).
Forms of settlement and types of settlements
Lives in settlements, which are divided into:
- cities;
- urban-type settlements;
- workers' settlements;
- resort villages;
- rural areas (villages, hamlets, auls, villages).
A city in Russia is considered a settlement in which at least 12 thousand people live, provided that 95% of them are workers and employees, as well as members of their families.
An urban-type settlement is considered to be a populated area with a population of at least 3 thousand people and the share of people unemployed in agriculture is 85%.
Residents of cities and towns are considered the urban population.
In Russia there are over a thousand cities and about 2,200 urban-type settlements.
Cities are distinguished by functions: industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort towns, etc., as well as by population: small (up to 20 thousand), medium (up to 100 thousand), large (up to 250 thousand), large (up to 500 thousand), largest (up to 1 million) and millionaire cities.
Millionaire cities : Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm.
Millionaire cities, as well as a number of the largest cities, together with adjacent smaller cities, form urban agglomerations . The largest agglomeration in Russia is Moscow (14 million people). Other large agglomerations: Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekatirinburg.
The next stage of urban development is megalopolises are not yet represented in Russia. The Moscow-Vladimir-Nizhny Novgorod megalopolis is in the process of formation; the formation of a megalopolis on the Moscow-St. Petersburg axis is possible.
Rural settlement differs from the urban one in its smaller size and specificity, i.e. the nature of the settlement of the rural population varies among natural zones depending on the conditions for economic activity, customs and traditions of the peoples living in those regions.
In the tundra zone large permanent settlements predominate along the banks of rivers, where residents engage in hunting and fishing, which are combined with temporary points where reindeer herders stop when moving herds.
In the northern settlements, medium in size, are also located along the banks of rivers and lakes, since timber is most often floated along them. Residents of these villages are engaged in logging and in the floodplains.
In the southern taiga a network of small settlements is usually confined to highlands, where small agricultural lands intersperse with forests and swamps.
In the southern part of the forest zone agriculture is no longer focal, but selective (up to 40% of the area is plowed). The network of settlements here is very dense, but the number of inhabitants in them is small (on average 100 inhabitants). This is due to the low fertility of podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils.
In and steppe zones Where the most fertile soils are located, there is continuous agriculture. The network of settlements here is less dense than in, but the settlements themselves are numerous.
In dry and agriculture again acquires the features of a focal type, therefore rural settlements large and located in river valleys and pastures.
In mountainous areas settlement is subject to altitudinal zoning: in river valleys there are large settlements whose residents are engaged in farming, and higher up there are small settlements of livestock breeders.
Urbanization in Russia
In Russia, as in most developed countries, paused: the ratio of urban and rural residents remained at the 1989 census level - 73% (or 106.4 million people) and 27% (or 38.8 million people), respectively.
Most of the urban population of Russia lives in large, largest cities and cities with millionaires. Moreover, almost a fifth of the country’s population lives in 13 cities with a population of over a million: The population of the two largest cities in Russia was: Moscow - 10.4 million people, 4.7 million people. The capital of the Russian Federation is one of the 20 largest cities in the world. Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest urbanization rates (not counting the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg) are: Murmansk region (92%), Magadan region (92%) and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (91%). The lowest indicators are in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (0%), Koryak Autonomous Okrug (26%), Evenkiy Autonomous Okrug (33%), and the Chechen Republic (34%).
Among the regions, it has the highest rates (78%), central District(77%), and (76% each). Least urbanized (50%).
Population settlement zones in Russia
Based on the density and characteristics of human settlement, the predominant types of settlements and the degree of economic development in Russia, several zones are distinguished.
Main settlement zone
It includes almost the entire European part of Russia, southern Siberia and the Far East and occupies 34% of the country's territory. Here is the zone of continuous settlement of the country and 93% of its population lives. Within this zone there is a high population density (50 people per 1 sq. km), a large number of large cities, and almost the entire manufacturing industry and agriculture (excluding reindeer husbandry) of the country are concentrated.
Far North Zone
It is located north of the main settlement zone and includes 64% of the country's territory. Dispersal within this zone is focal, i.e. individual settlements and their groups are scattered in islands in the vast expanses of tundra and taiga, near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes. The population density here is very low - 0.9 people per sq km and only 11.5 million people live. Currently, there is an outflow of population from this zone.
Arid zone
This zone is located in areas where large cities are formed near deposits, and rural settlements are where water comes.
The zone of continuous settlement, or the main zone of settlement, is characterized by a developed network of settlements, diversity and maturity of settlement forms, and concentrates the vast majority of large cities and large urban agglomerations, industrial centers. Hence the high population density of the main strip, covering the European part of Russia without the North and sparsely populated areas of the Caspian lowland, passing through the south of Siberia and the Far East.
This also includes the European republics of the bl. charge
From the north and south, the Main Zone of Settlement is bordered by zones that differ sharply in natural conditions.
Zone Far North characterized by focal settlement. There is a low population density here, which is explained by the severity of the climate, scattered settlements, sparse network railways, a small number of large industrial enterprises.
The arid zone of focal forms of settlement includes vast desert and semi-desert territories south of the main settlement zone, also sparsely populated and also with extreme, although different in nature, conditions. It covers the Northern Caspian region, Western Kazakhstan and most of Central Kazakhstan, Northern Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan. These territories are characterized by the production type of agriculture (transhumance and livestock farming), a developed fuel industry, and the sparseness of large base settlements located near permanent sources of water supply.
A zone of oases and industrial areas was formed at the junction of the mountainous and lowland parts of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. It includes areas with the highest bl. in the republics. charge by the density of the rural population, all large Central Asian cities. The national economic basis is characterized by a combination of developed agriculture on irrigated lands and leading branches of the processing industry, complemented by the mining industry. It thus represents the main strip of settlement of the southeastern macroregion (intermittent in places).
Mountain zone in the extreme south of the region. charge It is distinguished by very unique forms of settlement: here the outflow of the agricultural population is combined with some influx of population due to the following main types of development: industrial, hydroelectric, and recreational.
VI.Conclusion
Coming to the conclusion of my work, I would like to say that the era of Russia and bl. zar., are very different from each other. These or other features of these territories attract the population. Everyone chooses to their taste the place where they will live, but nevertheless, “improving cities as a living environment and places of concentration of various activities, the rational arrangement of urban networks in accordance with the geographical, cultural-historical, socio-economic characteristics of the territory is an important task in Russia and other countries of the world.” (G.M. Lappo)
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Some countries are said to have “more land than people” within their borders. This statement fully applies to Russia. Our country is very sparsely populated.
Uninhabited territory makes up more than half the area of Russia. At the same time, the European part is almost completely populated, not counting the Northern Economic Region, in which the population covers 2/3 of the territory. Eur o p tea y s st k a i
94% of the uninhabited territory is located in the Asian part: less than 1/3 of the area is permanently inhabited there. The most sparsely populated is the Far Eastern economic region, where developed territories occupy only 1/5 of the total area and where more than half of all unpopulated territories of Russia are located. Asian part
In Russia, historically, a main zone of settlement has developed. This strip is wide in the European part (from St. Petersburg to Rostov-on-Don) to the east it narrows and stretches along the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok.
Features of the main settlement zone: Occupies about 1/3 of the country's territory, this strip concentrates more than 90% of the population.
The focal settlement (in some places) of the Northern Zone is explained by both the severity natural conditions, and for economic reasons. People live near developed mineral deposits, in transport hubs, in processing areas natural resources(Norilsk, Magadan, Murmansk, etc.), in the valleys of large rivers. Features of the North Zone
Many areas of the Northern zone do not have a permanent population. The lack of population prevents the development of diverse and rich natural resources.
2. Degree of development of the territory. Historical reasons also influenced the concentration of population in the Main Belt. Invasions of nomadic tribes forced the population to move from the steppe and forest-steppe to the north and northeast, under the protection of forests. Thus, in the XIII-XIV centuries. the center of settlement moved from the Dnieper region to the forest belt between the Volga and Oka rivers.
3. Economic reasons. Crafts and trade began to develop. In the Urals, the influx of population was largely explained by the development (starting from the 18th century) of mineral wealth. Then the settlement of Siberia by Russians and the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway outlined the final contours of the Main Settlement Zone.
Different development of the territory has led to uneven distribution of the population or population of the territory. The population of an area can be measured by population density. Population density is the number of people per unit area (h/km²).
Population density is formed in the process historical development influenced economic laws, the level of socio-economic development of society and the natural geographic environment.
The average population density of the Russian Federation is approximately 8.5 people per 1 km². In terms of population density, Russia is inferior to most countries in the world and almost all CIS countries, except Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan.
The population density of any territory can be calculated using a formula; only for this you need to know the population and area of the given territory.
However, the average population figures in the country do not give full presentation on the distribution of population across the territory. The population is distributed very unevenly within each part of the country.
Example 1: calculate the population density of Russia (the area of Russia is 17,100,000 km², the population is 14,200,752 people). Pl. population = = 142,000,752 h. 17,100,000 km² 8.3 h/km² =
Example 2: calculate the population density of the Voronezh region (area of the Voronezh Region - 52,200 km², population - 2,248,400 people). Pl. = population Pl. population = 2248400 h. 52200 km² 43 h/km² =
Example 3: calculate the population density of the Anninsky district (the area of the Anninsky district is 2100 km², the population is 50,300 people). Pl. = population Pl. population = 50300 h. 2100 km² 23.95 h/km² =
In general, population density decreases towards the east. In the European part it is 27 people/km² (including in the Central economic region - 63, in the Volga region - 31, Ural - 25), in the Asian part - 2.5 people/km² (including in the West Siberian region - 6 , 2, East Siberian – 2, 2, Far Eastern – 1, 3).
59 subjects of the Federation have a population density above the national average, that is, more than 8 people/km². Occupying only 21.6% of the country's territory, they concentrate 84.2% of the population. In 46 regions the population density is above 20 people/km², and in 38 – above 30 people/km².
