GOST 8.417-81
This standard (GOST 8.417-81) establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units.
Standard (GOST 8.417-81) does not apply to units used in scientific research and when publishing their results, if they do not consider and use the results of measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities evaluated according to conventional scales *.
The standard corresponds to CT SEV 1052-78 in part general provisions, units The international system, non-SI units, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units (see Reference Appendix 4).
* Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials.
GENERAL PROVISIONS according to GOST 8.417-81
1.1. Units of the International System of Units *, as well as decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them are subject to mandatory use (see Section 2 of this standard).
1.2. It is allowed to use on a par with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the above units that have found wide application in practice.
1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some that have become widespread in practice, multiples and sub-multiples of them, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and with units according to clause 3.1.
1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values of quantities should be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2.
It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the withdrawal period of which will be established in accordance with international agreements ...
STATE SUPPORT SYSTEM
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
GOST 8.417-81
(ST SEV 1052-78)
USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
Moscow
DEVELOPED USSR State Committee for Standards CONTRACTORSYu.V. Tarbeev, Dr. Tech. sciences; K.P. Shirokov, Dr. Tech. sciences; P.N. Selivanov, Cand. tech. sciences; ON THE. EryukhinaINTRODUCED USSR State Committee for Standards Member of Gosstandart OK. IsaevAPPROVED AND COMMITTED INTO ACTION Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements UNITSPHYSICALVELICHIN State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities |
GOST 8.417-81 (ST SEV 1052-78) |
from 01.01 1982
This standard establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units.The standard does not apply to units used in scientific research and when publishing their results, if they do not consider and use the results measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities, assessed according to conventional scales *. * Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials. The standard corresponds to ST SEV 1052-78 in terms of general provisions, units of the International System, units that are not part of the SI, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units ( see reference annex 4).
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. Units of the International System of Units *, as well as decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them are subject to mandatory use (see Section 2 of this standard). * International system of units (international abbreviated name - SI, in Russian transcription - SI), adopted in 1960 by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCMW) and refined at subsequent GCMV. 1.2. It is allowed to use on a par with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the above units that have found wide application in practice. 1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some that have become widespread in practice, multiples and sub-multiples of them, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and with units according to clause 3.1. 1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values of quantities should be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2. It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the expiration date of which will be established in accordance with international agreements. 1.5. In the newly approved normative technical documentation measuring instruments must be calibrated in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them, or in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2. 1.6. The newly developed normative and technical documentation on methods and means of verification should provide for the verification of measuring instruments, calibrated in newly introduced units. 1.7. The SI units established by this standard and the units allowed for use in clauses 3.1 and 3.2, should be applied in the educational processes of all educational institutions, in textbooks and teaching aids... 1.8. Revision of the regulatory, technical, design, technological and other technical documentation in which units are used that are not provided for in this standard, as well as bringing them in line with paragraphs. 1.1 and 1.2 of this standard, measuring instruments calibrated in units to be withdrawn are carried out in accordance with clause 3.4 of this standard. 1.9. In contractual and legal relations on cooperation with foreign countries, with participation in the activities of international organizations, as well as in technical and other documentation supplied abroad together with export products (including transport and consumer packaging), international designations of units are used. In the documentation for export products, if this documentation is not sent abroad, it is allowed to use Russian designations of units. (New edition, Amendment No. 1). 1.10. In the normative and technical design, technological and other technical documentation for various types of products and products used only in the USSR, preferably Russian designations of units are used. At the same time, regardless of which designations of units are used in the documentation for measuring instruments, when specifying units of physical quantities on the plates, scales and shields of these measuring instruments, international designations of units are used. (New edition, Amendment No. 2). 1.11. In printed publications, it is allowed to use either international or Russian designations of units. Simultaneous use of both types of designations in the same edition is not allowed, with the exception of publications on units of physical quantities.2. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
2.1. The basic SI units are given in table. one.Table 1
The magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Definition |
|
international |
|||||
Length | The meter is the length of the path traversed by light in a vacuum during the time interval 1/299792458 S [XVII CGPM (1983), Resolution 1]. | ||||
Weight |
kilogram |
A kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram [I GKMV (1889) and III GKMV (1901)] | |||
Time | A second is a time equal to 9192631770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom [XIII GCMW (1967), Resolution 1] | ||||
Electric current strength | An ampere is a force equal to the strength of a constant current, which, when passing through two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-sectional area, located in a vacuum at a distance of 1 m from one another, would cause an interaction force equal to 2 × 10 -7 N [CIPM (1946), Resolution 2, approved by the IX CGPM (1948)] | ||||
Thermodynamic temperature | Kelvin is a unit of thermodynamic temperature equal to 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water [X III GCMW (1967), Resolution 4] | ||||
Amount of substance | A mole is the amount of matter in a system containing as many structural elements as there are atoms in carbon-12 weighing 0.012 kg. When using a mole, the structural elements must be specified and can be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons and other particles or specified groups of particles [XIV CMPP (1971), Resolution 3] | ||||
The power of light | Candela is the force equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source emitting monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540 × 10 12 Hz, the luminous intensity of which in this direction is 1/683 W / sr [XVI CGMW (1979), Resolution 3] | ||||
Notes: 1. In addition to the Kelvin temperature (designation T) it is also allowed to use the Celsius temperature (designation t) defined by the expression t = T - T 0, where T 0 = 273.15 K by definition. Kelvin temperature is expressed in Kelvin, Celsius temperature - in Celsius (international and Russian designation ° С). A degree Celsius is equal in size to a Kelvin. 2. The interval or temperature difference Kelvin is expressed in Kelvin. The interval or difference in Celsius temperatures can be expressed in both Kelvin and Celsius degrees. 3. The designation of the International Practical Temperature in the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, if it is necessary to distinguish it from the thermodynamic temperature, is formed by adding the index "68" to the designation of the thermodynamic temperature (for example, T 68 or t 68). 4. The unity of light measurements is ensured in accordance with GOST 8.023-83. |
table 2
Name of quantity |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Definition |
||
international |
||||
Flat angle | Radian is the angle between two radii of a circle, the length of the arc between which is equal to the radius | |||
Solid angle |
steradian |
The steradian is a solid angle with a vertex in the center of the sphere, cutting out on the surface of the sphere an area equal to the area of a square with a side equal to the radius of the sphere |
Table 3
Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed from the names of basic and additional units
The magnitude |
||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
|
international |
||||
Square | ||||
Volume, capacity |
cubic meter |
|||
Speed |
meter per second |
|||
Angular velocity |
radians per second |
|||
Acceleration |
meter per square second |
|||
Angular acceleration |
radian per second squared |
|||
Wave number |
meter minus the first degree |
|||
Density |
kilogram per cubic meter |
|||
Specific volume |
cubic meter per kilogram |
|||
ampere per square meter |
||||
ampere per meter |
||||
Molar concentration |
mole per cubic meter |
|||
Ionizing particle flux |
second to minus first power |
|||
Particle flux density |
second to minus first degree - meter to minus second degree |
|||
Brightness |
candela per square meter |
Table 4
SI derived units with special names
The magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Expression in terms of basic and additional, SI units |
|
international |
|||||
Frequency | |||||
Strength, weight | |||||
Pressure, mechanical stress, elastic modulus | |||||
Energy, work, amount of heat |
m 2 × kg × s -2 |
||||
Power, energy flow |
m 2 × kg × s -3 |
||||
Electric charge (amount of electricity) | |||||
Electric voltage, electric potential, electric potential difference, electromotive force |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -1 |
||||
Electrical capacity |
L -2 M -1 T 4 I 2 |
m -2 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2 |
|||
m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -2 |
|||||
Electrical conductivity |
L -2 M -1 T 3 I 2 |
m -2 × kg -1 × s 3 × A 2 |
|||
Magnetic induction flux, magnetic flux |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -1 |
||||
Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction |
kg × s -2 × A -1 |
||||
Inductance, mutual inductance |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -2 |
||||
Light flow | |||||
Illumination |
m -2 × cd × sr |
||||
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity) |
becquerel |
||||
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose index (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) | |||||
Equivalent dose of radiation |
Table 5
Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed using the special names given in table. 4
The magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Expression in terms of basic and additional SI units |
|
international |
|||||
Moment of power |
newton meter |
m 2 × kg × s -2 |
|||
Surface tension |
Newton per meter |
||||
Dynamic viscosity |
pascal second |
m -1 × kg × s -1 |
|||
pendant per cubic meter |
|||||
Electrical displacement |
pendant per square meter |
||||
volts per meter |
m × kg × s -3 × A -1 |
||||
Absolute dielectric constant |
L -3 M -1 × T 4 I 2 |
farad per meter |
m -3 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2 |
||
Absolute magnetic permeability |
henry per meter |
m × kg × s -2 × A -2 |
|||
Specific energy |
joule per kilogram |
||||
Heat capacity of the system, entropy of the system |
joule per kelvin |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 |
|||
Specific heat, specific entropy |
joule per kilogram-kelvin |
J / (kg × K) |
m 2 × s -2 × K -1 |
||
Surface energy flux density |
watt per square meter |
||||
Thermal conductivity |
watt per meter-kelvin |
m × kg × s -3 × K -1 |
|||
joule per mole |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × mol -1 |
||||
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity |
L 2 MT -2 q -1 N -1 |
joule per mole kelvin |
J / (mol × K) |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 × mol -1 |
|
watt per steradian |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × sr -1 |
||||
Exposure dose (X-ray and gamma radiation) |
pendant per kilogram |
||||
Absorbed dose rate |
gray per second |
3. UNITS NOT INCLUDED IN THE SI
3.1. The units listed in table. 6, are allowed for use without any time limit on a par with SI units. 3.2. Without limiting the term, it is allowed to use relative and logarithmic units, with the exception of the unit neper (see p. 3.3). 3.3. The units shown in table. 7 is temporarily allowed to be applied pending the adoption of relevant international decisions on them. 3.4. Units, the ratios of which with SI units are given in reference annex 2, are withdrawn from circulation within the time frames provided for by the programs of measures for the transition to SI units, developed in accordance with RD 50-160-79. 3.5. In justified cases in industries National economy it is allowed to use units that are not provided for in this standard by introducing them into industry standards in agreement with the State Standard.Table 6
Non-SI units allowed for use on a par with SI units
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Correlation with the SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
Weight | |||||
atomic mass unit |
1.66057 × 10 -27 × kg (appr.) |
||||
Time 1 | |||||
86400 s |
|||||
Flat angle |
(p / 180) rad = 1.745329 ... × 10 -2 × rad |
||||
(p / 10800) rad = 2.908882 ... × 10 -4 rad |
|||||
(p / 648000) rad = 4.848137 ... 10 -6 rad |
|||||
Volume, capacity | |||||
Length |
astronomical unit |
1.49598 × 10 11 m (appr.) |
|||
light year |
9.4605 × 10 15 m (appr.) |
||||
3.0857 × 10 16 m (appr.) |
|||||
Optical power |
diopter |
||||
Square | |||||
Energy |
electron-volt |
1.60219 x 10 -19 J (appr.) |
|||
Full power |
volt-ampere |
||||
Reactive power | |||||
Mechanical stress |
newton per square millimeter |
||||
1 It is also allowed to use other units that have become widespread, for example, week, month, year, century, millennium, etc. 2 It is allowed to use the name "gon" 3 It is not recommended to use it for precise measurements. If it is possible to shift the designation l with the number 1, the designation L is allowed. Note. Units of time (minute, hour, day), flat angle (degree, minute, second), astronomical unit, light year, diopter and atomic mass unit are not allowed to be used with prefixes |
Table 7
Units temporarily admitted for use
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Correlation with the SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
Length |
nautical mile |
1852 m (exact) |
In nautical navigation |
||
Acceleration |
In gravimetry |
||||
Weight |
2 × 10 -4 kg (exact) |
For gems and pearls |
|||
Linear density |
10 -6 kg / m (exact) |
||||
Speed |
In nautical navigation |
||||
Rotation frequency |
revolution per second |
||||
rpm |
1/60 s -1 = 0.016 (6) s -1 |
||||
Pressure | |||||
Natural logarithm of the dimensionless ratio of a physical quantity to a physical quantity of the same name, taken as the initial one |
1 Np = 0.8686 ... V = 8.686 ... dB |
4. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF DECIMAL MULTIPLE AND PRICE UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR NAMES AND DESIGNATIONS
4.1. Decimal multiples and fractional units, as well as their names and designations should be formed using the multipliers and prefixes given in table. eight.Table 8
Multipliers and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples and their names
Factor |
Prefix |
Prefix designation |
Factor |
Prefix |
Prefix designation |
||
international |
international |
||||||
5. RULES FOR WRITING THE DESIGNATIONS OF UNITS
5.1. To write the values of quantities, the designation of units by letters or special characters (... °, ... ¢, ... ¢ ¢) should be used, and two types of letter designations are established: international (using letters of the Latin or Greek alphabet) and Russian (using letters of the Russian alphabet) ... The unit designations established by the standard are given in table. 1 - 7. International and Russian designations for relative and logarithmic units are as follows: percentage (%), ppm (o / oo), ppm (pp m, ppm), bel (V, B), decibel (dB, dB), octave (- , oct), decade (-, dec), background (phon, background). 5.2. Letter designations of units should be printed in roman type. In the notation of units, the dot is not used as a sign of abbreviation. 5.3. Unit designations should be used after numeric: values of quantities and placed in a line with them (without wrapping to the next line). A space should be left between the last digit of the number and the designation of the unit, equal to the minimum distance between words, which is determined for each type and size of font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81. Exceptions are designations in the form of a sign raised above the line (clause 5.1), before which no space is left. (Modified edition, Amendment No. 3). 5.4. If there is a decimal fraction in the numerical value of a quantity, the unit designation should be placed after all digits. 5.5. When specifying the values of quantities with maximum deviations, the numerical values with maximum deviations should be enclosed in brackets and the designation of the unit should be impeded after the brackets or the designations of the units should be put down after the numerical value of the quantity and after its maximum deviation. 5.6. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the headings of the columns and in the names of the rows (sidebars) of the tables. Examples:
Nominal flow rate. m 3 / h |
Upper limit of indications, m 3 |
Division price of the extreme right roller, m 3, no more |
||
100, 160, 250, 400, 600 and 1000 |
||||
2500, 4000, 6000 and 10000 |
||||
Traction power, kW | ||||
Overall dimensions, mm: | ||||
length | ||||
width | ||||
height | ||||
Track, mm | ||||
Clearance, mm | ||||
APPENDIX 1
Mandatory
RULES FOR FORMATION OF COHERENT SI UNITS
Coherent derived units (hereinafter referred to as derived units) of the International System, as a rule, are formed using the simplest equations of communication between quantities (defining equations), in which the numerical coefficients are equal to 1. For the formation of derived units, the quantities in the coupling equations are taken to be equal to SI units. Example. The unit of speed is formed using the equation that determines the speed of a straight-line and uniformly moving pointv = s / t,
Where v- speed; s- the length of the covered path; t- point movement time. Substitution instead of s and t their SI units gives
[v] = [s]/[t] = 1 m / s.
Therefore, the SI unit of speed is the meter per second. It is equal to the speed of a rectilinear and uniformly moving point, at which this point in time 1 s moves at a distance of 1 m. If the relationship equation contains a numerical coefficient other than 1, then to form a coherent derivative of the SI unit, values with values in SI units are substituted into the right side, giving, after multiplying by the coefficient, a total numerical value equal to 1. Example. If the equation is used to form a unit of energy
Where E- kinetic energy; m is the mass of a material point; v is the speed of movement of a point, then a coherent unit of SI energy is formed, for example, as follows:
Therefore, the unit of SI energy is the joule (equal to the Newton meter). In the examples given, it is equal to the kinetic energy of a body with a mass of 2 kg, moving at a speed of 1 m / s, or a body with a mass of 1 kg, moving at a speed
APPENDIX 2
Reference
The ratio of some non-SI units to SI units
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Correlation with the SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
Length |
angstrom |
||||
x-unit |
1.00206 × 10 -13 m (appr.) |
||||
Square | |||||
Weight | |||||
Solid angle |
square degree |
3.0462 ... × 10 -4 sr |
|||
Strength, weight | |||||
kilogram-force |
9.80665 N (exact) |
||||
kilopond |
|||||
gram-force |
9.83665 × 10 -3 N (exact) |
||||
ton-force |
9806.65 N (exact) |
||||
Pressure |
kilogram-force per square centimeter |
98066.5 Ra (exactly) |
|||
kilopond per square centimeter |
|||||
millimeter of water column |
mm water Art. |
9.80665 Ra (exact) |
|||
millimeter of mercury |
mmHg Art. |
||||
Voltage (mechanical) |
kilogram-force per square millimeter |
9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact) |
|||
kilopond per square millimeter |
9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact) |
||||
Work, energy | |||||
Power |
Horsepower |
||||
Dynamic viscosity | |||||
Kinematic viscosity | |||||
ohm-square millimeter per meter |
Ohm × mm 2 / m |
||||
Magnetic flux |
maxwell |
||||
Magnetic induction | |||||
gplbert |
(10/4 p) A = 0.795775 ... A |
||||
Magnetic field strength |
(10 3 / p) A / m = 79.5775 ... A / m |
||||
Heat amount, thermodynamic potential (internal energy, enthalpy, isochoric-isothermal potential), heat of phase transformation, heat of chemical reaction |
calorie (int.) |
4.1858 J (exact) |
|||
thermochemical calorie |
4.1840 J (appr.) |
||||
calorie 15-degree |
4.1855 J (appr.) |
||||
Absorbed radiation dose | |||||
Equivalent dose of radiation, equivalent dose indicator | |||||
Exposure dose of photon radiation (exposure dose of gamma and X-ray radiation) |
2.58 × 10 -4 C / kg (exact) |
||||
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source |
3,700 × 10 10 Bq (exact) |
||||
Length | |||||
Angle of rotation |
2 p rad = 6.28 ... rad |
||||
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference |
amperage |
||||
Brightness | |||||
Square |
APPENDIX 3
Reference
1. The choice of a decimal multiple or sub-multiple of a SI unit is dictated primarily by the convenience of its use. From the variety of multiples and sub-multiples that can be formed using prefixes, a unit is chosen that leads to numerical values of a quantity that are acceptable in practice. In principle, multiples and sub-multiples are chosen so that the numerical values of the quantity are in the range from 0.1 to 1000. 1.1. In some cases, it is advisable to use the same multiple or sub-multiple unit, even if the numerical values are outside the range from 0.1 to 1000, for example, in tables of numerical values for one value or when comparing these values in the same text. 1.2. In some areas, the same multiples or sub-multiples are always used. For example, in drawings used in mechanical engineering, linear dimensions are always expressed in millimeters. 2. Table 1 of this annex shows the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for use. Presented in table. 1 multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for a given physical quantity should not be considered exhaustive, since they may not cover the ranges of physical quantities in the developing and newly emerging fields of science and technology. Nevertheless, the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units contribute to the uniformity of the representation of the values of physical quantities related to various fields of technology. The same table also contains multiples and sub-multiples of units used on a par with SI units, which have become widespread in practice. 3. For values not covered by the table. 1, multiples and sub-multiples should be used, selected in accordance with paragraph 1 of this appendix. 4. To reduce the likelihood of errors in calculations, decimal multiples and sub-multiples are recommended to be substituted only in the final result, and in the process of calculations all values are expressed in SI units, replacing prefixes with powers of 10. 5. In table. 2 of this annex shows the common units of some logarithmic quantities.Table 1
Name of quantity |
Designations |
|||
SI units |
units not included in the SI |
multiples and sub-multiples of non-SI units |
||
Part I. Space and time |
||||
Flat angle |
rad; glad (radian) |
m rad; mkrad |
... ° (degree) ... (minute) ... "(second) |
|
Solid angle |
sr; cp (steradian) |
|||
Length |
m; m (meter) |
… ° (degree) … ¢ (minute) … ² (second) |
||
Square | ||||
Volume, capacity |
l (L); l (liter) |
|||
Time |
s; s (second) |
d; day (day) min; min (minute) |
||
Speed | ||||
Acceleration |
m / s 2; m / s 2 |
|||
Part II. Periodic and related phenomena |
||||
Hz; Hz (hertz) |
||||
Rotation frequency |
min -1; min -1 |
|||
Part III. Mechanics |
||||
Weight |
kg; kg (kilogram) |
t; t (ton) |
||
Linear density |
kg / m; kg / m |
mg / m; mg / m or g / km; g / km |
||
Density |
kg / m 3; kg / m 3 |
Mg / m 3; Mg / m 3 kg / dm 3; kg / dm 3 g / cm 3; g / cm 3 |
t / m 3; t / m 3 or kg / l; kg / l |
g / ml; g / ml |
Movement amount |
kg × m / s; kg × m / s |
|||
Momentum moment |
kg × m 2 / s; kg × m 2 / s |
|||
Moment of inertia (dynamic moment of inertia) |
kg × m 2, kg × m 2 |
|||
Strength, weight |
N; N (newton) |
|||
Moment of power |
N × m; N × m |
MN × m; MN × m kN × m; kN × m mN × m; mN × m m N × m; μN × m |
||
Pressure |
Ra; Pa (pascal) |
m Pa; μPa |
||
Voltage | ||||
Dynamic viscosity |
Pa × s; Pa × s |
mPa × s; mPa s |
||
Kinematic viscosity |
m 2 / s; m 2 / s |
mm 2 / s; mm 2 / s |
||
Surface tension |
mN / m; mN / m |
|||
Energy, work |
J; J (joule) |
(electron-volt) |
GeV; GeV MeV; MeV keV; keV |
|
Power |
W; W (watt) |
|||
Part IV. Heat |
||||
Temperature |
TO; K (kelvin) |
|||
Temperature coefficient | ||||
Heat, amount of heat | ||||
Heat flow | ||||
Thermal conductivity | ||||
Heat transfer coefficient |
W / (m 2 × K) |
|||
Heat capacity |
kJ / K; kJ / K |
|||
Specific heat |
J / (kg × K) |
kJ / (kg × K); kJ / (kg × K) |
||
Entropy |
kJ / K; kJ / K |
|||
Specific entropy |
J / (kg × K) |
kJ / (kg × K); kJ / (kg × K) |
||
Specific amount of heat |
J / kg; J / kg |
MJ / kg; MJ / kg kJ / kg; kJ / kg |
||
Specific heat of phase transformation |
J / kg; J / kg |
MJ / kg; MJ / kg kJ / kg; kJ / kg |
||
Part V. Electricity and magnetism |
||||
Electric current (strength of electric current) |
A; A (ampere) |
|||
Electric charge (amount of electricity) |
WITH; Cl (pendant) |
|||
Spatial density of electric charge |
C / m 3; Cl / m 3 |
C / mm 3; Cl / mm 3 MS / m 3; MCL / m 3 C / s m 3; Cl / cm 3 kC / m 3; kC / m 3 m C / m 3; mC / m 3 m C / m 3; μC / m 3 |
||
Surface electric charge density |
С / m 2, Kl / m 2 |
MS / m 2; MCL / m 2 C / mm 2; Cl / mm 2 C / s m 2; Cl / cm 2 kC / m 2; kC / m 2 m C / m 2; mC / m 2 m C / m 2; μC / m 2 |
||
Electric field strength |
MV / m; MV / m kV / m; kV / m V / mm; V / mm V / cm; In / cm mV / m; mV / m m V / m; μV / m |
|||
Electric voltage, electric potential, electric potential difference, electromotive force |
V, V (volts) |
|||
Electrical displacement |
C / m 2; Cl / m 2 |
C / s m 2; Cl / cm 2 kC / cm 2; kC / cm 2 m C / m 2; mC / m 2 m С / m 2, μC / m 2 |
||
Electric displacement flux | ||||
Electrical capacity |
F, F (farad) |
|||
Absolute dielectric constant, electric constant |
m F / m, μF / m nF / m, nF / m pF / m, pF / m |
|||
Polarization |
С / m 2, Kl / m 2 |
S / s m 2, C / cm 2 kC / m 2; kC / m 2 m С / m 2, mC / m 2 m C / m 2; μC / m 2 |
||
Electric moment of the dipole |
С × m, Kl × m |
|||
Electric current density |
A / m 2, A / m 2 |
MA / m 2, MA / m 2 A / mm 2, A / mm 2 A / s m 2, A / cm 2 kA / m 2, kA / m 2, |
||
Linear density of electric current |
kA / m; kA / m A / mm; A / mm A / s m; A / cm |
|||
Magnetic field strength |
kA / m; kA / m A / mm; A / mm A / cm; A / cm |
|||
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference | ||||
Magnetic induction, magnetic flux density |
T; Tl (tesla) |
|||
Magnetic flux |
Wb, Wb (weber) |
|||
Magnetic vector potential |
T × m; T × m |
kT × m; kT × m |
||
Inductance, mutual inductance |
H; Mr (henry) |
|||
Absolute magnetic permeability, magnetic constant |
m H / m; μH / m nH / m; nH / m |
|||
Magnetic moment |
A × m 2; A m 2 |
|||
Magnetization |
kA / m; kA / m A / mm; A / mm |
|||
Magnetic polarization | ||||
Electrical resistance | ||||
Electrical conductivity |
S; See (siemens) |
|||
Specific electrical resistance |
W × m; Ohm × m |
G W × m; GOm × m M W × m; MOhm × m k W × m; kΩ × m W × cm; Ohm × cm m W × m; mΩ × m m W × m; μΩ × m n W × m; nOhm × m |
||
Specific electrical conductivity |
MS / m; MSm / m kS / m; kS / m |
|||
Reluctance | ||||
Magnetic conductivity | ||||
Impedance | ||||
Impedance modulus | ||||
Reactance | ||||
Active resistance | ||||
Admittance | ||||
Admittance module | ||||
Reactive conductivity | ||||
Conductance | ||||
Active power | ||||
Reactive power | ||||
Full power |
V × A, B × A |
|||
Part VI. Light and associated electromagnetic radiation |
||||
Wavelength | ||||
Wave number | ||||
Radiation energy | ||||
Radiation flux, radiation power | ||||
Luminous energy (radiant intensity) |
W / sr; W / Wed |
|||
Energy brightness (radiance) |
W / (sr × m 2); W / (sr × m 2) |
|||
Energy illumination (irradiance) |
W / m 2; W / m 2 |
|||
Energetic luminosity (irradiance) |
W / m 2; W / m 2 |
|||
The power of light | ||||
Light flow |
lm; lm (lumen) |
|||
Light energy |
lm × s; lm × s |
lm × h; lm × h |
||
Brightness |
cd / m 2; cd / m2 |
|||
Luminosity |
lm / m 2; lm / m 2 |
|||
Illumination |
l x; lux (lux) |
|||
Light exposure |
lx × s; lx × s |
|||
Luminous equivalent of radiation flux |
lm / W; lm / W |
|||
Part VII. Acoustics |
||||
Period | ||||
Batch frequency | ||||
Wavelength | ||||
Sound pressure |
m Pa; μPa |
|||
Particle Oscillation Speed |
mm / s; mm / s |
|||
Volumetric velocity |
m 3 / s; m 3 / s |
|||
Sound speed | ||||
Sound energy flow, sound power | ||||
Sound intensity |
W / m 2; W / m 2 |
mW / m 2; mW / m 2 m W / m 2; μW / m 2 pW / m 2; pW / m2 |
||
Specific acoustic resistance |
Pa × s / m; Pa × s / m |
|||
Acoustic impedance |
Pa × s / m 3; Pa × s / m 3 |
|||
Mechanical resistance |
N × s / m; N × s / m |
|||
Equivalent absorption area of a surface or object | ||||
Reverberation time | ||||
Part VIII Physical chemistry and molecular physics |
||||
Amount of substance |
mol; mol (mol) |
kmol; kmol mmol; mmol m mol; μmol |
||
Molar mass |
kg / mol; kg / mol |
g / mol; g / mol |
||
Molar volume |
m 3 / moi; m 3 / mol |
dm 3 / mol; dm 3 / mol cm 3 / mol; cm 3 / mol |
l / mol; l / mol |
|
Molar intrinsic energy |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Molar enthalpy |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Chemical potential |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Chemical affinity |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Molar heat capacity |
J / (mol × K); J / (mol × K) |
|||
Molar entropy |
J / (mol × K); J / (mol × K) |
|||
Molar concentration |
mol / m 3; mol / m 3 |
kmol / m 3; kmol / m 3 mol / dm 3; mol / dm 3 |
mol / 1; mol / L |
|
Specific adsorption |
mol / kg; mol / kg |
mmol / kg; mmol / kg |
||
Thermal diffusivity |
M 2 / s; m 2 / s |
|||
Part IX. Ionizing radiation |
||||
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose index (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) |
Gy; Gr (gray) |
m G y; μGy |
||
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity) |
Bq; Bq (becquerel) |
table 2
Name of the logarithmic quantity |
Unit designation |
Initial value of the quantity |
Sound pressure level | ||
Sound power level | ||
Sound intensity level | ||
Difference in power levels | ||
Strengthening, weakening | ||
Attenuation coefficient |
APPENDIX 4
Reference
INFORMATION DATA ON COMPLIANCE WITH GOST 8.417-81 ST SEV 1052-78
1. Sections 1 - 3 (clauses 3.1 and 3.2); 4, 5 and compulsory Appendix 1 to GOST 8.417-81 correspond to sections 1 - 5 and the appendix to ST SEV 1052-78. 2. Reference Appendix 3 to GOST 8.417-81 corresponds to the information annex to ST SEV 1052-78.(ST SEV 1052-78)
USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS
Moscow
DEVELOPED USSR State Committee for Standards
CONTRACTORS
Yu.V. Tarbeev, Dr. Tech. sciences; K.P. Shirokov, Dr. Tech. sciences; P.N. Selivanov, Cand. tech. sciences; ON THE. Eryukhina
INTRODUCED USSR State Committee for Standards
Member of the State Standard OK. Isaev
APPROVED AND COMMITTED INTO ACTION Resolution of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449
STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF SSR
State system ensuring the uniformity of measurements UNITS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Units of physical quantities |
GOST 8.417-81 (ST SEV 1052-78) |
By the decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated March 19, 1981 No. 1449, the introduction period was established
from 01.01 1982
This standard establishes units of physical quantities (hereinafter referred to as units) used in the USSR, their names, designations and rules for the use of these units
The standard does not apply to units used in scientific research and in the publication of their results, if they do not consider and use the results of measurements of specific physical quantities, as well as units of quantities evaluated according to conventional scales *.
* Conventional scales mean, for example, Rockwell and Vickers hardness scales, photosensitivity of photographic materials.
The standard corresponds to ST SEV 1052-78 in terms of general provisions, units of the International System, units that are not part of the SI, rules for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, rules for writing unit designations, rules for the formation of coherent derived SI units ( see reference annex 4).
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. Units of the International System of Units *, as well as decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them are subject to mandatory use (see Section 2 of this standard).
* International system of units (international abbreviated name - SI, in Russian transcription - SI), adopted in 1960 by the XI General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCMW) and refined at subsequent GCMV.
1.2. It is allowed to use on a par with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clauses. 3.1 and 3.2, their combinations with SI units, as well as some decimal multiples and sub-multiples of the above units that have found wide application in practice.
1.3. It is temporarily allowed to use, along with the units of clause 1.1, units that are not included in the SI, in accordance with clause 3.3, as well as some that have become widespread in practice, multiples and sub-multiples of them, combinations of these units with SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and with units according to clause 3.1.
1.4. In newly developed or revised documentation, as well as publications, the values of quantities should be expressed in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them and (or) in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2.
It is also allowed in the specified documentation to use units according to clause 3.3, the expiration date of which will be established in accordance with international agreements.
1.5. The newly approved normative and technical documentation for measuring instruments should provide for their calibration in SI units, decimal multiples and sub-multiples of them, or in units allowed for use in accordance with clause 1.2.
1.6. The newly developed normative and technical documentation on methods and means of verification should provide for the verification of measuring instruments, calibrated in newly introduced units.
1.7. The SI units established by this standard and the units allowed for use in clauses 3.1 and 3.2 should be applied in the educational processes of all educational institutions, in textbooks and teaching aids.
1.8. Revision of the regulatory, technical, design, technological and other technical documentation in which units are used that are not provided for in this standard, as well as bringing them in line with paragraphs. 1.1 and 1.2 of this standard, measuring instruments calibrated in units to be withdrawn are carried out in accordance with clause 3.4 of this standard.
1.9. In contractual and legal relations on cooperation with foreign countries, with participation in the activities of international organizations, as well as in technical and other documentation supplied abroad together with export products (including transport and consumer packaging), international designations of units are used.
In the documentation for export products, if this documentation is not sent abroad, it is allowed to use Russian designations of units.
(New edition, Amendment No. 1).
1.10. In the normative and technical design, technological and other technical documentation for various types of products and products used only in the USSR, preferably Russian designations of units are used. At the same time, regardless of which designations of units are used in the documentation for measuring instruments, when specifying units of physical quantities on the plates, scales and shields of these measuring instruments, international designations of units are used.
(New edition, Amendment No. 2).
1.11. In printed publications, it is allowed to use either international or Russian designations of units. Simultaneous use of both types of designations in the same edition is not allowed, with the exception of publications on units of physical quantities.
2. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
2.1. The basic SI units are given in table. one.
Table 1
The magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Definition |
|
international |
|||||
A meter is the length of the path traversed by light in a vacuum for a time interval of 1/299792458 S. |
|||||
kilogram |
The kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. |
||||
A second is a time equal to 9192631770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom |
|||||
Electric current strength |
An ampere is a force equal to the strength of a constant current, which, when passing through two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross-sectional area, located in a vacuum at a distance of 1 m from one another, would cause an interaction force equal to 2 × 10 -7 N [CIPM (1946), Resolution 2, approved by the IX CGPM (1948)] |
||||
Thermodynamic temperature |
Kelvin is a unit of thermodynamic temperature equal to 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water [XIII GCMW (1967), Resolution 4] |
||||
Amount of substance |
A mole is the amount of matter in a system containing as many structural elements as there are atoms in carbon-12 weighing 0.012 kg. When using a mole, structural elements must be specified and can be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons and other particles or specified groups of particles. |
||||
The power of light |
Candela is a force equal to the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source emitting monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540 × 10 12 Hz, the luminous intensity of which in this direction is 1/683 W / sr |
||||
Notes: 1. In addition to the Kelvin temperature (designation T) it is also allowed to use the Celsius temperature (designation t) defined by the expression t = T - T 0, where T 0 = 273.15 K by definition. Kelvin temperature is expressed in Kelvin, Celsius temperature - in Celsius (international and Russian designation ° С). A degree Celsius is equal in size to a Kelvin. 2. The interval or temperature difference Kelvin is expressed in Kelvin. The interval or difference in Celsius temperatures can be expressed in both Kelvin and Celsius degrees. 3. The designation of the International Practical Temperature in the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, if it is necessary to distinguish it from the thermodynamic temperature, is formed by adding the index "68" to the designation of the thermodynamic temperature (for example, T 68 or t 68). 4. The unity of light measurements is ensured in accordance with GOST 8.023-83. |
(Modified edition, Amendments No. 2, 3).
2.2. Additional SI units are given in table. 2.
table 2
Name of quantity |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Definition |
||
international |
||||
Flat angle |
Radian is the angle between two radii of a circle, the length of the arc between which is equal to the radius |
|||
Solid angle |
steradian |
The steradian is a solid angle with a vertex in the center of the sphere, cutting out on the surface of the sphere an area equal to the area of a square with a side equal to the radius of the sphere |
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).
2.3. SI derived units should be formed from basic and additional SI units according to the rules for the formation of coherent derived units (see mandatory Appendix 1). SI derived units with special names can also be used to form other SI derived units. Derived units with special names and examples of other derived units are given in table. 3 - 5.
Note. SI electrical and magnetic units should be formed in accordance with the rationalized form of the electromagnetic field equations.
Table 3
Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed from the names of basic and additional units
The magnitude |
||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
|
international |
||||
square meter |
||||
Volume, capacity |
cubic meter |
|||
Speed |
meter per second |
|||
Angular velocity |
radians per second |
|||
Acceleration |
meter per square second |
|||
Angular acceleration |
radian per second squared |
|||
Wave number |
meter minus the first degree |
|||
Density |
kilogram per cubic meter |
|||
Specific volume |
cubic meter per kilogram |
|||
Electric current density |
ampere per square meter |
|||
ampere per meter |
||||
Molar concentration |
mole per cubic meter |
|||
Ionizing particle flux |
second to minus first power |
|||
Particle flux density |
second to minus first degree - meter to minus second degree |
|||
candela per square meter |
Table 4
SI derived units with special names
The magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Expression in terms of basic and additional, SI units |
|
international |
|||||
Strength, weight |
|||||
Pressure, mechanical stress, elastic modulus |
|||||
Energy, work, amount of heat |
|||||
Power, energy flow |
|||||
Electric charge (amount of electricity) |
|||||
Electric voltage, electric potential, electric potential difference, electromotive force |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -1 |
||||
Electrical capacity |
L -2 M -1 T 4 I 2 |
m -2 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2 |
|||
Electrical resistance |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × A -2 |
||||
Electrical conductivity |
L -2 M -1 T 3 I 2 |
m -2 × kg -1 × s 3 × A 2 |
|||
Magnetic induction flux, magnetic flux |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -1 |
||||
Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction |
|||||
Inductance, mutual inductance |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × A -2 |
||||
Light flow |
|||||
Illumination |
|||||
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity) |
becquerel |
||||
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose index (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) |
|||||
Equivalent dose of radiation |
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).
Table 5
Examples of SI derived units, the names of which are formed using the special names given in table. 4
The magnitude |
|||||
Name |
Dimension |
Name |
Designation |
Expression in terms of basic and additional SI units |
|
international |
|||||
Moment of power |
newton meter |
||||
Surface tension |
Newton per meter |
||||
Dynamic viscosity |
pascal second |
||||
Spatial density of electric charge |
pendant per cubic meter |
||||
Electrical displacement |
pendant per square meter |
||||
Electric field strength |
volts per meter |
m × kg × s -3 × A -1 |
|||
Absolute dielectric constant |
L -3 M -1 × T 4 I 2 |
farad per meter |
m -3 × kg -1 × s 4 × A 2 |
||
Absolute magnetic permeability |
henry per meter |
m × kg × s -2 × A -2 |
|||
Specific energy |
joule per kilogram |
||||
Heat capacity of the system, entropy of the system |
joule per kelvin |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 |
|||
Specific heat, specific entropy |
joule per kilogram-kelvin |
m 2 × s -2 × K -1 |
|||
Surface energy flux density |
watt per square meter |
||||
Thermal conductivity |
watt per meter-kelvin |
m × kg × s -3 × K -1 |
|||
Molar intrinsic energy |
joule per mole |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × mol -1 |
|||
Molar entropy, molar heat capacity |
L 2 MT -2 q -1 N -1 |
joule per mole kelvin |
J / (mol × K) |
m 2 × kg × s -2 × K -1 × mol -1 |
|
Luminous energy (radiant intensity) |
watt per steradian |
m 2 × kg × s -3 × sr -1 |
|||
Exposure dose (X-ray and gamma radiation) |
pendant per kilogram |
||||
Absorbed dose rate |
gray per second |
3. UNITS NOT INCLUDED IN THE SI
3.1. The units listed in table. 6, are allowed for use without any time limit on a par with SI units.
3.2. Without limiting the term, it is allowed to use relative and logarithmic units, with the exception of the unit neper (see p. 3.3).
3.3. The units shown in table. 7 is temporarily allowed to be applied pending the adoption of relevant international decisions on them.
3.4. Units, the ratios of which with SI units are given in reference Appendix 2, are withdrawn from circulation within the time frames provided for by the programs of measures for the transition to SI units, developed in accordance with RD 50-160-79.
3.5. In justified cases, in sectors of the national economy, it is allowed to use units that are not provided for by this standard, by introducing them into industry standards in agreement with the State Standard.
Table 6
Non-SI units allowed for use on a par with SI units
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Correlation with the SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
atomic mass unit |
1.66057 × 10 -27 × kg (appr.) |
||||
Flat angle |
(p / 180) rad = 1.745329 ... × 10 -2 × rad |
||||
(p / 10800) rad = 2.908882 ... × 10 -4 rad |
|||||
(p / 648000) rad = 4.848137 ... 10 -6 rad |
|||||
Volume, capacity |
|||||
astronomical unit |
1.49598 × 10 11 m (appr.) |
||||
light year |
9.4605 × 10 15 m (appr.) |
||||
3.0857 × 10 16 m (appr.) |
|||||
Optical power |
diopter |
||||
electron-volt |
1.60219 x 10 -19 J (appr.) |
||||
Full power |
volt-ampere |
||||
Reactive power |
|||||
Mechanical stress |
newton per square millimeter |
||||
1 It is also allowed to use other units that have become widespread, for example, week, month, year, century, millennium, etc. 2 It is allowed to use the name "gon" Note. Units of time (minute, hour, day), flat angle (degree, minute, second), astronomical unit, light year, diopter and atomic mass unit are not allowed to be used with prefixes |
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).
Table 7
Units temporarily admitted for use
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Correlation with the SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
nautical mile |
1852 m (exact) |
In nautical navigation |
|||
Acceleration |
In gravimetry |
||||
2 × 10 -4 kg (exact) |
For gems and pearls |
||||
Linear density |
10 -6 kg / m (exact) |
In the textile industry |
|||
Speed |
In nautical navigation |
||||
Rotation frequency |
revolution per second |
||||
rpm |
1/60 s -1 = 0.016 (6) s -1 |
||||
Pressure |
|||||
Natural logarithm of the dimensionless ratio of a physical quantity to a physical quantity of the same name, taken as the initial one |
1 Np = 0.8686 ... V = 8.686 ... dB |
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).
4. RULES FOR THE FORMATION OF DECIMAL MULTIPLE AND PRICE UNITS, AS WELL AS THEIR NAMES AND DESIGNATIONS
4.1. Decimal multiples and sub-multiples, as well as their names and designations, should be formed using the factors and prefixes given in table. eight.
Table 8
Multipliers and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and sub-multiples and their names
Factor |
Prefix |
Prefix designation |
Factor |
Prefix |
Prefix designation |
||
international |
international |
||||||
4.2. Joining the name of a unit of two or more prefixes in a row is not allowed. For example, instead of the name of the micromicrofarad unit, you should write picofarad.
Notes:
1 Due to the fact that the name of the basic unit - kilogram contains the prefix "kilo", to form multiple and sub-multiple units of mass, a sub-multiple unit of gram (0.001 kg, kg) is used, and prefixes must be attached to the word "gram", for example, milligram ( mg, mg) instead of microkilograms (mkg, μkg).
2. Fractional unit of mass - "gram" is allowed to be used without attaching a prefix.
4.3. The prefix or its designation should be written together with the name of the unit to which it is attached, or, accordingly, with its designation.
4.4. If the unit is formed as a product or ratio of units, the prefix should be attached to the name of the first unit included in the work or in the relation.
It is allowed to use the prefix in the second multiplier of the product or in the denominator only in justified cases when such units are widespread and the transition to units formed in accordance with the first part of the paragraph is associated with great difficulties, for example: ton-kilometer (t × km; t × km), watt per square centimeter (W / cm 2; W / cm 2), volt per centimeter (V / cm; V / cm), ampere per square millimeter (A / mm 2; A / mm 2).
4.5. The names of multiples and sub-multiples of a unit raised to a power should be formed by attaching a prefix to the name of the original unit, for example, to form the names of a multiple or sub-multiple of a unit of area - a square meter, which is the second degree of a unit of length - a meter, the prefix should be attached to the name of this last unit: square kilometer, square centimeter, etc.
4.6. The designations of multiples and sub-multiples of a unit raised to a power should be formed by adding the appropriate exponent to the designation of a multiple or sub-multiple of this unit, and the indicator means raising a multiple or sub-multiple to a power (together with the prefix).
Examples: 1.5 km 2 = 5 (10 3 m) 2 = 5 × 10 6 m 2.
2.250 cm 3 / s = 250 (10 -2 m) 3 / (1 s) = 250 × 10 -6 m 3 / s.
3.0.002 cm -1 = 0.002 (10 -2 m) -1 = 0.002 × 100 m -1 = 0.2 m -1.
5. RULES FOR WRITING THE DESIGNATIONS OF UNITS
5.1. To write the values of quantities, the designation of units by letters or special characters (... °, ... ¢, ... ¢¢) should be used, and two types of letter designations are established: international (using letters of the Latin or Greek alphabet) and Russian (using letters of the Russian alphabet) ... The unit designations established by the standard are given in table. 1 - 7.
International and Russian designations for relative and logarithmic units are as follows: percentage (%), ppm (o / oo), ppm (ppm, ppm), bel (V, B), decibel (dB, dB), octave (-, oct), decade (-, dec), background (phon, background).
5.2. Letter designations of units should be printed in roman type. In the notation of units, the dot is not used as a sign of abbreviation.
5.3. Unit designations should be used after numeric: values of quantities and placed in a line with them (without wrapping to the next line).
A space should be left between the last digit of the number and the designation of the unit, equal to the minimum distance between words, which is determined for each type and size of font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.
Exceptions are designations in the form of a sign raised above the line (clause 5.1), before which no space is left.
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).
5.4. If there is a decimal fraction in the numerical value of a quantity, the unit designation should be placed after all digits.
5.5. When specifying the values of quantities with maximum deviations, the numerical values with maximum deviations should be enclosed in brackets and the designation of the unit should be impeded after the brackets or the designations of the units should be put down after the numerical value of the quantity and after its maximum deviation.
5.6. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the headings of the columns and in the names of the rows (sidebars) of the tables.
Nominal flow rate. m 3 / h |
Upper limit of indications, m 3 |
Division price of the extreme right roller, m 3, no more |
||
100, 160, 250, 400, 600 and 1000 |
||||
2500, 4000, 6000 and 10000 |
||||
Traction power, kW |
||||
Overall dimensions, mm: |
||||
Clearance, mm |
||||
5.7. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the explanations of the designations of quantities to formulas. Placement of unit designations on the same line with formulas expressing dependencies between quantities or between their numerical values presented in alphabetic form is not allowed.
5.8. The letter designations of the units included in the product should be separated by dots on the middle line, like multiplication signs *.
* In typewritten texts, it is allowed not to raise the point.
It is allowed to separate the letter designations of the units included in the work with spaces, if this does not lead to a misunderstanding.
5.9. In letter designations of unit ratios, only one slash should be used as a division sign: a slash or a horizontal. It is allowed to use the designations of units in the form of a product of the designations of units raised to powers (positive and negative) **.
** If for one of the units included in the ratio, the designation in the form of a negative power is set (for example, s -1, m -1, K -1; s -1, m -1, K -1), apply a slash or horizontal bar not allowed.
5.10. When using a slash, the designations of units in the numerator and denominator should be placed in a string, the product of the designations of units in the denominator should be enclosed in brackets.
5.11. When specifying a derived unit consisting of two or more units, it is not allowed to combine letter designations and names of units, i.e. give designations for some units, and names for others.
Note. It is allowed to use combinations of special characters ... °, ... ¢, ... ¢¢,% and o / oo with letter designations of units, for example ... ° / s, etc.
APPENDIX 1
Mandatory
RULES FOR FORMATION OF COHERENT SI UNITS
Coherent derived units (hereinafter referred to as derived units) of the International System, as a rule, are formed using the simplest equations of communication between quantities (defining equations), in which the numerical coefficients are equal to 1. For the formation of derived units, the quantities in the coupling equations are taken to be equal to SI units.
Example. The unit of speed is formed using the equation that determines the speed of a straight-line and uniformly moving point
v = s / t,
where v- speed;
s- the length of the covered path;
t- point movement time.
Substitution instead of s and t their SI units gives
[v] = [s]/[t] = 1 m / s.
Therefore, the SI unit of speed is the meter per second. It is equal to the speed of a rectilinear and uniformly moving point, at which this point in time 1 s moves at a distance of 1 m.
If the relationship equation contains a numerical coefficient other than 1, then to form a coherent derivative of the SI unit, values with values in SI units are substituted into the right side, giving, after multiplying by the coefficient, a total numerical value equal to 1.
Example. If the equation is used to form a unit of energy
where E- kinetic energy;
m is the mass of a material point;
v- the speed of the point,
then the coherent unit of SI energy is formed, for example, as follows:
Therefore, the unit of SI energy is the joule (equal to the Newton meter). In the examples given, it is equal to the kinetic energy of a body with a mass of 2 kg, moving at a speed of 1 m / s, or a body with a mass of 1 kg, moving at a speed
APPENDIX 2
Reference
The ratio of some non-SI units to SI units
Name of quantity |
Note |
||||
Name |
Designation |
Correlation with the SI unit |
|||
international |
|||||
angstrom |
|||||
x-unit |
1.00206 × 10 -13 m (appr.) |
||||
Solid angle |
square degree |
3.0462 ... × 10 -4 sr |
|||
Strength, weight |
|||||
kilogram-force |
9.80665 N (exact) |
||||
kilopond |
|||||
gram-force |
9.83665 × 10 -3 N (exact) |
||||
ton-force |
9806.65 N (exact) |
||||
Pressure |
kilogram-force per square centimeter |
98066.5 Ra (exactly) |
|||
kilopond per square centimeter |
|||||
millimeter of water column |
mm water Art. |
9.80665 Ra (exact) |
|||
millimeter of mercury |
mmHg Art. |
||||
Voltage (mechanical) |
kilogram-force per square millimeter |
9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact) |
|||
kilopond per square millimeter |
9.80665 × 10 6 Ra (exact) |
||||
Work, energy |
|||||
Power |
Horsepower |
||||
Dynamic viscosity |
|||||
Kinematic viscosity |
|||||
Specific electrical resistance |
ohm-square millimeter per meter |
Ohm × mm 2 / m |
|||
Magnetic flux |
maxwell |
||||
Magnetic induction |
|||||
gplbert |
(10 / 4p) A = 0.795775 ... A |
||||
Magnetic field strength |
(10 3 / p) A / m = 79.5775 ... A / m |
||||
The amount of heat, thermodynamic potential (internal energy, enthalpy, isochoric-isothermal potential), heat of phase transformation, heat of a chemical reaction |
calorie (int.) |
4.1858 J (exact) |
|||
thermochemical calorie |
4.1840 J (appr.) |
||||
calorie 15-degree |
4.1855 J (appr.) |
||||
Absorbed radiation dose |
|||||
Equivalent dose of radiation, equivalent dose indicator |
|||||
Exposure dose of photon radiation (exposure dose of gamma and X-ray radiation) |
2.58 × 10 -4 C / kg (exact) |
||||
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source |
3,700 × 10 10 Bq (exact) |
||||
Angle of rotation |
2p rad = 6.28 ... rad |
||||
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference |
amperage |
||||
Revised edition, Rev. No. 3.
APPENDIX 3
Reference
1. The choice of a decimal multiple or sub-multiple of a SI unit is dictated primarily by the convenience of its use. From the variety of multiples and sub-multiples that can be formed using prefixes, a unit is chosen that leads to numerical values of a quantity that are acceptable in practice.
In principle, multiples and sub-multiples are chosen so that the numerical values of the quantity are in the range from 0.1 to 1000.
1.1. In some cases, it is advisable to use the same multiple or sub-multiple unit, even if the numerical values are outside the range from 0.1 to 1000, for example, in tables of numerical values for one value or when comparing these values in the same text.
1.2. In some areas, the same multiples or sub-multiples are always used. For example, in drawings used in mechanical engineering, linear dimensions are always expressed in millimeters.
2. Table 1 of this annex shows the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for use.
Presented in table. 1 multiples and sub-multiples of SI units for a given physical quantity should not be considered exhaustive, since they may not cover the ranges of physical quantities in the developing and newly emerging fields of science and technology. Nevertheless, the recommended multiples and sub-multiples of SI units contribute to the uniformity of the representation of the values of physical quantities related to various fields of technology.
The same table also contains multiples and sub-multiples of units used on a par with SI units, which have become widespread in practice.
3. For values not covered by the table. 1, multiples and sub-multiples should be used, selected in accordance with paragraph 1 of this appendix.
4. To reduce the likelihood of errors in calculations, decimal multiples and sub-multiples are recommended to be substituted only in the final result, and in the process of calculations all values should be expressed in SI units, replacing prefixes with powers of 10.
5. Table 2 of this annex shows the common units of some logarithmic quantities.
Table 1
Name of quantity |
Designations |
|||
units not included in the SI |
multiples and sub-multiples of non-SI units |
|||
Part I. Space and time |
||||
Flat angle |
rad; glad (radian) |
mrad; mkrad |
... ° (degree) ... (minute) ... "(second) |
|
Solid angle |
sr; cp (steradian) |
|||
m; m (meter) |
… ° (degree) … ¢ (minute) … ² (second) |
|||
Volume, capacity |
l (L); l (liter) |
|||
s; s (second) |
d; day (day) min; min (minute) |
|||
Speed |
||||
Acceleration |
||||
Part II. Periodic and related phenomena |
||||
Hz; Hz (hertz) |
||||
Rotation frequency |
min -1; min -1 |
|||
Part III. Mechanics |
||||
kg; kg (kilogram) |
t; t (ton) |
|||
Linear density |
or g / km; g / km |
|||
Density |
kg / m 3; kg / m 3 |
Mg / m 3; Mg / m 3 kg / dm 3; kg / dm 3 g / cm 3; g / cm 3 |
or kg / l; kg / l |
|
Movement amount |
kg × m / s; kg × m / s |
|||
Momentum moment |
kg × m 2 / s; kg × m 2 / s |
|||
Moment of inertia (dynamic moment of inertia) |
kg × m 2, kg × m 2 |
|||
Strength, weight |
N; N (newton) |
|||
Moment of power |
mN × m; μN × m |
|||
Pressure |
Ra; Pa (pascal) |
mPa; μPa |
||
Voltage |
||||
Dynamic viscosity |
Pa × s; Pa × s |
mPa × s; mPa s |
||
Kinematic viscosity |
m 2 / s; m 2 / s |
mm 2 / s; mm 2 / s |
||
Surface tension |
||||
Energy, work |
J; J (joule) |
(electron-volt) |
GeV; GeV MeV; MeV keV; keV |
|
Power |
W; W (watt) |
|||
Part IV. Heat |
||||
Temperature |
TO; K (kelvin) |
|||
Temperature coefficient |
||||
Heat, amount of heat |
||||
Heat flow |
||||
Thermal conductivity |
||||
Heat transfer coefficient |
W / (m 2 × K) |
|||
Heat capacity |
||||
Specific heat |
kJ / (kg × K); kJ / (kg × K) |
|||
Entropy |
||||
Specific entropy |
kJ / (kg × K); kJ / (kg × K) |
|||
Specific amount of heat |
MJ / kg; MJ / kg kJ / kg; kJ / kg |
|||
Specific heat of phase transformation |
MJ / kg; MJ / kg kJ / kg; kJ / kg |
|||
Part V. Electricity and magnetism |
||||
Electric current (strength of electric current) |
A; A (ampere) |
|||
Electric charge (amount of electricity) |
WITH; Cl (pendant) |
|||
Spatial density of electric charge |
C / m 3; Cl / m 3 |
C / mm 3; Cl / mm 3 MS / m 3; MCL / m 3 C / cm 3; Cl / cm 3 kC / m 3; kC / m 3 mC / m 3; mC / m 3 mC / m 3; μC / m 3 |
||
Surface electric charge density |
С / m 2, Kl / m 2 |
MS / m 2; MCL / m 2 C / mm 2; Cl / mm 2 C / cm 2; Cl / cm 2 kC / m 2; kC / m 2 mC / m 2; mC / m 2 mC / m 2; μC / m 2 |
||
Electric field strength |
||||
Electric voltage, electric potential, electric potential difference, electromotive force |
V, V (volts) |
|||
Electrical displacement |
C / m 2; Cl / m 2 |
C / cm 2; Cl / cm 2 kC / cm 2; kC / cm 2 mC / m 2; mC / m 2 mС / m 2, μC / m 2 |
||
Electric displacement flux |
||||
Electrical capacity |
F, F (farad) |
|||
Absolute dielectric constant, electric constant |
||||
Polarization |
С / m 2, Kl / m 2 |
С / сm 2, C / cm 2 kC / m 2; kC / m 2 mС / m 2, mC / m 2 mC / m 2; μC / m 2 |
||
Electric moment of the dipole |
||||
Electric current density |
A / m 2, A / m 2 |
MA / m 2, MA / m 2 A / mm 2, A / mm 2 A / cm 2, A / cm 2 kA / m 2, kA / m 2, |
||
Linear density of electric current |
||||
Magnetic field strength |
||||
Magnetomotive force, magnetic potential difference |
||||
Magnetic induction, magnetic flux density |
T; Tl (tesla) |
|||
Magnetic flux |
Wb, Wb (weber) |
|||
Magnetic vector potential |
kT × m; kT × m |
|||
Inductance, mutual inductance |
H; Mr (henry) |
|||
Absolute magnetic permeability, magnetic constant |
mH / m; μH / m |
|||
Magnetic moment |
A × m 2; A m 2 |
|||
Magnetization |
||||
Magnetic polarization |
||||
Electrical resistance |
||||
Electrical conductivity |
S; See (siemens) |
|||
Specific electrical resistance |
GW × m; GOm × m MW × m; MOhm × m kW × m; kΩ × m W × cm; Ohm × cm mW × m; mΩ × m mW × m; μΩ × m nW × m; nOhm × m |
|||
Specific electrical conductivity |
||||
Reluctance |
||||
Magnetic conductivity |
||||
Impedance |
||||
Impedance modulus |
||||
Reactance |
||||
Active resistance |
||||
Admittance |
||||
Admittance module |
||||
Reactive conductivity |
||||
Conductance |
||||
Active power |
||||
Reactive power |
||||
Full power |
||||
Part VI. Light and associated electromagnetic radiation |
||||
Wavelength |
||||
Wave number |
||||
Radiation energy |
||||
Radiation flux, radiation power |
||||
Luminous energy (radiant intensity) |
||||
Energy brightness (radiance) |
W / (sr × m 2); W / (sr × m 2) |
|||
Energy illumination (irradiance) |
W / m 2; W / m 2 |
|||
Energetic luminosity (irradiance) |
W / m 2; W / m 2 |
|||
The power of light |
||||
Light flow |
lm; lm (lumen) |
|||
Light energy |
||||
cd / m 2; cd / m2 |
||||
Luminosity |
lm / m 2; lm / m 2 |
|||
Illumination |
lx; lux (lux) |
|||
Light exposure |
||||
Luminous equivalent of radiation flux |
||||
Part VII. Acoustics |
||||
Batch frequency |
||||
Wavelength |
||||
Sound pressure |
mPa; μPa |
|||
Particle Oscillation Speed |
||||
Volumetric velocity |
m 3 / s; m 3 / s |
|||
Sound speed |
||||
Sound energy flow, sound power |
||||
Sound intensity |
W / m 2; W / m 2 |
mW / m 2; mW / m 2 mW / m 2; μW / m 2 pW / m 2; pW / m2 |
||
Specific acoustic resistance |
Pa × s / m; Pa × s / m |
|||
Acoustic impedance |
Pa × s / m 3; Pa × s / m 3 |
|||
Mechanical resistance |
N × s / m; N × s / m |
|||
Equivalent absorption area of a surface or object |
||||
Reverberation time |
||||
Part VIII Physical chemistry and molecular physics |
||||
Amount of substance |
mol; mol (mol) |
kmol; kmol mmol; mmol mmol; μmol |
||
Molar mass |
kg / mol; kg / mol |
g / mol; g / mol |
||
Molar volume |
m 3 / moi; m 3 / mol |
dm 3 / mol; dm 3 / mol cm 3 / mol; cm 3 / mol |
l / mol; l / mol |
|
Molar intrinsic energy |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Molar enthalpy |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Chemical potential |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Chemical affinity |
J / mol; J / mol |
kJ / mol; kJ / mol |
||
Molar heat capacity |
J / (mol × K); J / (mol × K) |
|||
Molar entropy |
J / (mol × K); J / (mol × K) |
|||
Molar concentration |
mol / m 3; mol / m 3 |
kmol / m 3; kmol / m 3 mol / dm 3; mol / dm 3 |
mol / 1; mol / L |
|
Specific adsorption |
mol / kg; mol / kg |
mmol / kg; mmol / kg |
||
Thermal diffusivity |
M 2 / s; m 2 / s |
|||
Part IX. Ionizing radiation |
||||
Absorbed dose of radiation, kerma, absorbed dose index (absorbed dose of ionizing radiation) |
Gy; Gr (gray) |
|||
Nuclide activity in a radioactive source (radionuclide activity) |
Bq; Bq (becquerel) |
(Modified edition, Amendment No. 3).
table 2
Name of the logarithmic quantity |
Unit designation |
Initial value of the quantity |
Sound pressure level |
||
Sound power level |
||
Sound intensity level |
||
Difference in power levels |
||
Strengthening, weakening |
||
Attenuation coefficient |