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Until now, historians put forward various theories about the emergence of Kievan Rus as a state. For a long time it has been taken as the basis official version, according to which the date of birth is called 862. But after all, the state does not appear “from scratch”! It is impossible to imagine that before this date there were only savages in the territory where the Slavs lived, who could not create their own state without help from “outsiders”. After all, as you know, history moves along an evolutionary path. For the emergence of the state must be certain prerequisites. Let's try to understand the history of Kievan Rus. How was this state created? Why has it fallen into disrepair?

The emergence of Kievan Rus

AT this moment domestic historians adhere to 2 main versions of the emergence of Kievan Rus.

Norman. It relies on one weighty historical document, namely the Tale of Bygone Years. According to this theory, the ancient tribes called on the Varangians (Rurik, Sineus and Truvor) to create and manage their state. Thus, they could not create their own public education. They needed outside help.
Russian (anti-Norman). For the first time, the rudiments of the theory were formulated by the famous Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. He argued that the entire history of the ancient Russian state was written by foreigners. Lomonosov was sure that there was no logic in this story, the important question of the nationality of the Varangians was not revealed.

Unfortunately, until the end of the 9th century, there are no mentions of the Slavs in the annals. It is suspicious that Rurik "came to rule the Russian state" when it already had its own traditions, customs, its own language, cities and ships. That is, Russia did not arise from scratch. Old Russian cities were very well developed (including from a military point of view).

According to generally accepted sources, the year 862 is considered the date of foundation of the ancient Russian state. It was then that Rurik began to rule in Novgorod. In 864, his associates Askold and Dir seized the princely power in Kyiv. Eighteen years later, in 882, Oleg, who is usually called the Prophet, captured Kyiv and became the Grand Duke. He managed to unite the scattered Slavic lands, and it was during his reign that a campaign against Byzantium was made. More and more new territories and cities joined the grand ducal lands. During the reign of Oleg, there were no major clashes between Novgorod and Kyiv. This was largely due to blood ties and kinship.

The formation and flourishing of Kievan Rus

Kievan Rus was powerful and developed state. Its capital was a fortified outpost located on the banks of the Dnieper. Taking power in Kyiv meant becoming the head of vast territories. It was Kyiv that was compared with the “mother of Russian cities” (although Novgorod, from where Askold and Dir arrived in Kyiv, was quite worthy of such a title). The city retained the status of the capital of the ancient Russian lands until the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

Among the key events of the heyday of Kievan Rus can be called Baptism in 988, when the country abandoned idolatry in favor of Christianity.
The reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise led to the fact that at the beginning of the 11th century the first Russian code of laws appeared under the name "Russian Truth".
The Kyiv prince intermarried with many famous ruling European dynasties. Also, under Yaroslav the Wise, the raids of the Pechenegs forever turned, which brought Kievan Rus a lot of trouble and suffering.
Also from the end of the X century on the territory of Kievan Rus began its own coin production. Silver and gold coins appeared.

The period of civil strife and the collapse of Kievan Rus

Unfortunately, an understandable and uniform system of succession to the throne was not developed in Kievan Rus. Various grand-princely lands for military and other merits were distributed among combatants.

Only after the end of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, such a principle of inheritance was established, which involved the transfer of power over Kyiv to the eldest in the family. All other lands were divided among members of the Rurik dynasty in accordance with the principle of seniority (but this could not remove all the contradictions and problems). After the death of the ruler, there were dozens of heirs claiming the "throne" (starting from brothers, sons, and ending with nephews). Despite certain rules of inheritance, the supreme power was often established by force: through bloody clashes and wars. Only a few independently abandoned the control of Kievan Rus.

Applicants for the title of the Grand Duke of Kyiv did not shy away from the most terrible deeds. Literature and history describe a terrible example with Svyatopolk the Accursed. He went to fratricide only in order to gain power over Kyiv.

Many historians come to the conclusion that it was internecine wars that became the factor that led to the collapse of Kievan Rus. The situation was also complicated by the fact that the Tatar-Mongols began to actively attack in the 13th century. "Small rulers with big ambitions" could unite against the enemy, but no. The princes dealt with internal problems "in their own area", did not compromise and desperately defended their own interests to the detriment of others. As a result, Russia became completely dependent on the Golden Horde for a couple of centuries, and the rulers were forced to pay tribute to the Tatar-Mongols.

The prerequisites for the coming collapse of Kievan Rus were formed under Vladimir the Great, who decided to give each of his 12 sons his own city. The beginning of the collapse of Kievan Rus is called 1132, when Mstislav the Great died. Then immediately 2 powerful centers refused to recognize the grand ducal power in Kyiv (Polotsk and Novgorod).

In the XII century. there was a rivalry of 4 main lands: Volyn, Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk. As a result of internecine clashes, Kyiv was periodically looted and churches burned. In 1240 the city was burned by the Tatar-Mongols. The influence gradually weakened, in 1299 the residence of the metropolitan was transferred to Vladimir. To manage the Russian lands, it was no longer necessary to occupy Kyiv

The Old Russian state, from 882 also Kievan Rus, is a medieval state in Eastern Europe that arose in the 9th century as a result of the unification of East Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty.

In the period of its highest prosperity, the Old Russian state with its capital in Kyiv occupied the territory from the Taman Peninsula in the south, the Dniester and the upper reaches of the Vistula in the west to the upper reaches of the Northern Dvina in the north. By the middle of the XII century, it entered a state of feudal fragmentation and actually broke up into a dozen separate Russian principalities, ruled by different branches of the Rurikovich. Kyiv, having lost its political influence in favor of several new centers of power, continued to be formally considered the main table of Russia until the Mongol invasion (1237-1240), and the Kiev principality remained in the collective possession of the Russian princes.

There are several historiographic names of the state that prevailed in the literature at different times - "Old Russian state", "Ancient Russia", "Kievan Rus", "Kievan state". At present, three historiographic names are most widely used - "Old Russian state", "Kievan Rus" and "Ancient Rus".

The term "Kievan Rus" arose in the first half of the 19th century, having undergone a significant evolution over the history of its use.

In the 2nd floor. XIX century, the term acquired a new, chronological meaning - the initial stage of Russian history and statehood. In this case, the Kyiv period usually ended in 1169, which was associated with the pre-revolutionary historiography notion of the transfer of the capital of Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir. This is how the term was used by V. O. Klyuchevsky, while under the territory of "Kievan Rus" he understood all of Southern Russia

The final approval of the concept of "Kievan Rus" in the state-political sense occurred in the Soviet era, when Academician B. D. Grekov published his main works, which became textbooks: "Kievan Rus" (1939) and "Culture of Kievan Rus" (1944). Specifying the meaning of the term, Grekov noted the following:

“I consider it necessary to point out once again that in my work I am dealing with Kievan Rus not in the narrow territorial sense of this term (Ukraine), but precisely in that broad sense of the “Rurikovich empire”

In the same years, another part of Soviet historians (V. V. Mavrodin, A. N. Nasonov) introduced the term “Old Russian state” into scientific circulation.

However, at present, the term "Kievan Rus" is considered obsolete for a number of reasons and is gradually becoming obsolete in the Russian-speaking scientific community.

3. Russia in the X-XII centuries. Baptism of Russia
1. In ancient times, our ancestors were pagans. In the capital of Ancient Russia, Kyiv, there were large pagan sanctuaries. On the main of them, the princely one, there were idols decorated with gold and silver. From time to time people were sacrificed to the idols of pagan "deities".
2. Kyiv Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich decided to change his faith. Next to his possessions there were large cities with beautiful temples and wonderful singing, knowledge flourished there, new books were created. Paganism could not give anything of the sort. The prince began to talk with the squad and representatives of different religions: what faith should he accept?
3. According to an ancient legend, the prince sent an embassy from Kyiv to Constantinople, the capital of the mighty Byzantine Empire. Russian ambassadors visited the arches of the huge Hagia Sophia. The priests everywhere lit candles and celebrated the service with such pomp and solemnity that they amazed the ambassadors. They returned to Vladimir and spoke about what they saw with praise.
4. Vladimir decided to be baptized according to the rite of the Church of Constantinople. The two emperors who then ruled Byzantium fought a hard war. Vladimir agreed that he would send an army to help them, and they would give him their sister Anna as a wife. The Russian army went on a campaign.
5. Vladimir was baptized in Kyiv by a priest. Most likely, this happened on the banks of the river. After the ruler, the children and close associates of the Grand Duke entered the water. Having ceased to be a pagan, the prince could become the husband of a Byzantine "princess".
6. Without waiting for the bride from Constantinople, Vladimir began negotiations on this subject with the ruler of Korsun-Chersonesus, a rich Byzantine city in the Crimea. Defiantly neglecting the "princess" Anna, he offered to give him the daughter of the Korsun "prince" as his wife. But the answer to the proposal of the Kyiv ruler was a mocking refusal.
7. Then the army of the prince of Kyiv came to the Crimea, under the walls of Chersonesus. The townspeople locked the gates, preparing for a siege. The prince ordered to make embankments, in order to overcome the Korsun walls with their help. But the besieged slowly undermined the embankments and carried the earth away. As a result, the embankments could not be compared with the walls of the city. However, Vladimir promised to stand for at least three years, but still overcome the stubbornness of the defenders.
8. The long blockade of the city did its job: among the townspeople there were those who considered surrender a more acceptable outcome of the war than the painful conditions of the siege. One of them was the priest Anastas. He shot an arrow with a note where he advised to "take over" the aqueduct - pipes leading drinking water to the city. When Korsun was left without water, the city opened the gates.
9. In the end Vladimir Svyatoslavich entered the city. Unable to restrain his anger, he executed the local strategist with his wife, and gave his daughter as a wife to one of his supporters. However, the city was not at all intended for destruction and plunder. Taking it, the prince forced Byzantium to fulfill all obligations under the agreement.
10. It is unlikely that the prince of Kyiv knew the Slavic letter. Among the Korsun priests there were those who could speak Slavic and Varangian, for it was a large trading city. They had conversations with the ruler of a large northern country, enlightening him with a living word. It was then that Vladimir mastered the principles of the Christian faith.
11. Princess Anna finally arrived on a Byzantine ship. She married Vladimir Svyatoslavich according to the rite of the Eastern Christian Church. Before her, the prince, guided by pagan custom, had many wives. Now he broke up with them, because a Christian cannot be married to several women at the same time. Some of Vladimir's former spouses remarried with his nobles. Others chose to refrain from a new wedding.
12. AT Returning from Korsun, Vladimir ordered the destruction of pagan sanctuaries in his capital. Wooden idols depicting "deities" flew to the Dnieper.
13. The people of Kiev went into the water with all the crowds of the great city. In one day, many thousands of citizens were baptized. The ceremony was performed by priests from Anna's retinue, as well as Anastas Korsunyanin and other representatives of the clergy from Korsun.
14. After the Baptism in Kyiv, the construction of several small churches began. Later, the majestic Church of the Tithes appeared.. Our country did not know such significant stone buildings before.
15. Later schools arose in the temples. Children were taught Slavic and Greek literacy, introduced them to books.
16. These books were first brought to Kyiv and other cities of Russia from abroad. And then they began to be made in our country. On the Russia arose its own book-writing workshops and excellent painters, skillfully decorating book wisdom with miniatures.. Soon the first books about Russian history appeared in Kyiv. They are called chronicles. It was in the annals that the story of how Russia was baptized was preserved.
4. Feudal fragmentation of Ancient Russia

In 1097, a congress of princes took place in Lyubech, at which the principle “everyone keeps his fatherland” was proclaimed. Historians attribute the final split of the united Old Russian state to the 30s. 12th century

Feudal fragmentation is a natural stage in the development of the Kyiv state. The reasons for this phenomenon should be sought, first of all, in the economic independence of many lands and the claims of the princes to the Kyiv Great Table. Dynastic contradictions aggravated due to the introduced ladder system of Yaroslav the Wise, according to which the eldest in the family became the Grand Duke. A wealthy boyar class rose up, supporting the princes in their desire to secede from Kyiv. However, there were often conflicts between the boyars and local princes for power and influence.

By the middle of the XII century. 15 principalities stood out, only formally dependent on Kyiv; by the beginning of the thirteenth century. their number increased to 50. Let's consider the most influential and powerful principalities before the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars.

The Kiev principality gradually lost its authority as the main center of Russia. The decline in the prestige of Kyiv was also facilitated by its economic weakening, associated with the loss of the former meaning of the path “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, the outflow of the population from the principality due to threats posed by nomads, and the desolation of the lands due to the constant military campaigns of the princes to Kyiv. The fierce struggle of contenders for the title of Grand Duke of the middle of the XII century. led to the frequent change of princes in Kyiv. Since the 80s. 12th century Vladimir-on-Klyazma becomes the residence of the Grand Duke.

The Vladimir-Suzdal principality, in contrast to Kyiv, was experiencing an economic upswing. This was facilitated by the remoteness of the territory of the principality from the nomads and the presence of natural barriers - rivers and forests. The most important trade route, the Volga, ran through the Vladimir-Suzdal land, connecting North-Eastern Russia with the countries of the East. All these factors contributed to the constant influx of population, the growth of old and the emergence of new cities.

The process of shifting the political center of the Old Russian state from Kyiv to Vladimir was facilitated by the skillful policy of the ambitious princes of the Vladimir-Suzdal land. The son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri (1125--1157) put a lot of effort into making his principality strong and independent. However, Yuri did not give up trying to seize the throne of Kyiv, for which he received the nickname Dolgoruky. On April 4, 1147, Yuri invited his ally Svyatoslav Olgovich to Moscow for a feast. Moscow was first mentioned in the annals, and this date is considered the time of the foundation of the city.

In 1157, after the death of Yuri, his son Andrei (1157-1174) began to reign. Andrei made the cities and the nobility his social support, moved the capital to Vladimir, and subsequently founded a residence in Bogolyubovo, for which he received his nickname - Bogolyubsky. These actions of the prince are explained by his desire for an independent policy - in Rostov and Suzdal there was a strong opposition to the princely power in the person of the boyars. In 1169 Andrei Bogolyubsky captured Kyiv. But, having given it to plunder, Andrei did not want to stay there and returned to Vladimir, which once again emphasized the decline in the importance and authority of Kyiv. In 1174, the prince was killed in his residence by conspiring boyars led by the Kuchkovichi. Andrei Bogolyubsky, although he did not sit in Kyiv, bore the title of Grand Duke. After several years of struggle for the Vladimir-Suzdal throne, Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212), so named for the large number of sons, won. The active policy of Vsevolod contributed to the expansion of the territory of the principality, the flourishing of cities.

The Galicia-Volyn principality was located in the southwest of Russia. Remoteness from nomads and active trade with neighboring countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland) led to a significant economic recovery. In 1199, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavovich (1170-1205) united the Galician and Volyn principalities. Having suppressed the influence of the boyars, Roman established a strong princely power. His son Daniil Romanovich (1221 - 1264) in 1240 succeeded, having occupied Kyiv, to unite the Kyiv land and southwestern Russia, but everything changed the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, who devastated the lands of Daniil.

Novgorod land is located in the north of the Old Russian state, so the nomads did not reach Novgorod. The location of Novgorod at the crossroads of trade routes led to the accumulation of wealth from the local boyars, strengthening their role in making important decisions. In 1136, after the uprising of the Novgorodians, the boyars drove out Prince Vsevolod and seized power, Novgorod became a boyar republic. The main governing body was the veche, where all the most important decisions on domestic and foreign policy were made. The functions of governing Novgorod were performed by the posadnik, who was elected from among the boyars; Novgorodians also invited princes, but they did not play a significant role in government. The princes led military campaigns, and the prince's combatants maintained order in the city.

The history of the emergence of the state, uniting the tribes of the Eastern Slavs, still causes a lot of controversy. There are two theories of the formation of the Old Russian state: Norman and anti-Roman. About them, as well as about the reasons for the emergence and development of the state in Russia today, and will be discussed.

Two theories

The date of formation of the Old Russian state is considered to be 862, when the Slavs, due to strife between the tribes, invited a "third" side - the Scandinavian princes Rurik to restore order. However, in historical science there are disagreements about the origin of the first state in Russia. There are two main theories:

Norman theory(G. Miller, G. Bayer, M. M. Shcherbatov, N. M. Karamzin): referring to the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", the creation of which belongs to the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor, scientists came to the conclusion that statehood in Russia - the work of the Normans Rurik and his brothers;
Anti-Norman theory(M.V. Lomonosov, M.S. Grushevsky, I.E. Zabelin): the followers of this concept do not deny the participation of the invited Varangian princes in the formation of the state, but believe that the Ruriks did not come to an “empty” place and this form of government is already existed among the ancient Slavs long before the events described in the annals.

Once, at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, Mikhailo Vasilyevich Lomonosov beat Miller for a "false" interpretation of the history of Russia. After the death of the great Russian scientist, his research in the field of the history of the Old Russian state mysteriously disappeared. After some time they were discovered and were published under the editorship of the same Miller. It is interesting to note that modern research has shown that the published works do not belong to the hand of Lomonosov.

Rice. 1. Collection of tribute from the Slavic tribes

Reasons for the formation of the ancient Russian state

Nothing in this world just happens. For something to happen, there must be a reason. There were prerequisites for the formation of the state among the Slavs:

Unification of Slavic tribes to confront more powerful neighbors: At the beginning of the 9th century, the Slavic tribes were surrounded by stronger states. In the south, there was a large medieval state - the Khazar Khaganate, to which northerners, glades and Vyatichi were forced to pay tribute. In the north, the hardy and warlike Normans demanded a ransom from the Krivichi, Ilmen Slovenes, Chud and Merya. Only the unification of the tribes could change the existing injustice.
The destruction of the tribal system and tribal ties: Military campaigns, development of new lands and trade have led to the fact that in tribal communities based on property equality and housekeeping together, stronger and richer families appear - tribal nobility;
Social stratification: The destruction of the tribal and communal system among the Slavs led to the emergence of new strata of the population. Thus, a layer of tribal nobility and combatants was formed. The first included the descendants of the elders who managed to amass more wealth. The second, combatants, are young warriors who, after military campaigns, did not return to agriculture, but became professional warriors who defended the rulers and the community. A layer of ordinary community members, as a token of gratitude for the protection of the soldiers and princes, presented gifts, which later turned into a mandatory tribute. In addition, a layer of artisans also emerged, who abandoned agriculture and exchanged their “fruits” of labor for food. There were also people living solely at the expense of trade - a layer of merchants.
Urban Development: In the 9th century, trade routes (land and river) played an important role in the development of society. All new strata of the population - nobility, combatants, artisans, merchants and farmers sought to settle in the villages on the trade routes. Thus, the number of inhabitants increased, the social system changed, new orders appeared: the power of princes turned into state power, tribute - into obligatory state tax, small towns- in large centers.

Rice. 2. Gifts to combatants for protection from enemies

two centers

All of the above main stages in the development of statehood in Russia naturally led in the first half of the 9th century to the formation on the map modern Russia two centers - two early ancient Russian states:

in the north- Novgorod Union of Tribes;
on South- association with the center in Kyiv.

By the middle of the 9th century, the princes of the Kyiv Union - Askold and Dir achieved the liberation of their tribes from the "offerings" of tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. Events in Novgorod developed differently: in 862, due to strife, the inhabitants of the city invited the Norman prince Rurik to reign and own the lands. He accepted the offer and settled in the Slavic lands. After his death, his entourage Oleg took the reign into his own hands. It was he who in 882 went on a campaign against Kyiv. Thus, he united the two centers into one state - Rus or Kievan Rus.

What have we learned?

Today, the following questions on history (Grade 6) were briefly considered: what century does the formation of the Old Russian state belong to (9th century), what events became the prerequisites for the emergence of statehood in Russia, and who were the first Russian princes (Rurik, Oleg, Igor). These theses can be used as a cheat sheet for preparing for exams in history.

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