Socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom. Topic: socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom

Agricultural development

In the first years after the reform of 1861, an economic recession was observed in Russia, caused by a radical restructuring of economic life.

The reform hit the landlords the hardest. The rapid transition to new forms of farming, which many advocates of change had hoped for, dragged on in real life.

To manage the economy with the help of hired workers, the landowners needed to have significant sums of money. After all, it is necessary to pay wages to workers, to purchase their own equipment and working livestock. Most of the nobles had none of this. Before the abolition of serfdom, the peasants cultivated the lord's land with their tools and with the use of their livestock, and, consequently, after the liberation, both the cattle and the tools remained with the peasants, and the landowners had to acquire everything again.

True, under the terms of the reform of 1861, the landowners received large sums of money. But most of them quickly squandered this money and failed to use it to rebuild their farms. In addition, when issuing a ransom, the government withheld from it all the landowners' debts. Therefore, many nobles did not receive much money.

The landowners were forced to lease most of the land to the peasants. Therefore, the development of landlord economy in the 60-70s. in most agricultural provinces, the so-called work-off system took place: the peasants cultivated the remaining landowner lands that were not leased out with their inventory, which was their payment for the leased plots.

In addition, the majority of landlords had no reason to strive to conduct their farms in a new way: the reform of 1861 retained numerous vestiges of serfdom. The main part of the land belonged to the landowners, in their hands were arable land, meadows, forests, watering places. The landlord also had the opportunity to force the peasants to work on the master's land in a legal manner: the temporarily obligated position of the peasants, mutual responsibility in the community, the unequal position of the peasants, etc.

During this period, a favorable situation developed for the development of arable farming. Abroad, the price of bread rose significantly, and the demand for Russian grain increased. But even this circumstance could not push the Russian landlords to more active economic activity.

The peasant economy also experienced a crisis. Renting land tied peasant farms to landowners. But the peasants had no other choice, since under the reform they received insufficient allotments. In addition, despite a significant increase in the price of bread (by more than 100%), the rent for land grew even faster (by 300 and even 400%). Peasant farms were also burdened with all kinds of fees (redemption payments, state and zemstvo taxes, etc.). According to contemporaries, the average family accounted for about 30 rubles a year in various payments, which for most peasants was an unbearable amount.

In addition, the reform, having freed the peasants from personal dependence, did not equalize them with the landowners in civil rights. She transferred the peasants from the category of serfs to the category of the so-called taxable class. The state taxed representatives of this class with a poll tax, that is, a tax not on property, but on a person, regardless of his income.

After the reform of 1861, the peasant community was preserved and even strengthened. It helped the peasants to pay taxes, supported approximately equal income of its members. However, the community, in which there was mutual guarantee and restrictions on freedom of movement, fettered the economic activity of the peasants.

Industry development.

In the first years after the reform of 1861, contrary to the expectations of many, there was no rapid growth in industrial production in Russia, no increase in the number of factories and factories.

The industrialists were waiting for the peasant reform, realizing that for the development of factory and trade business, free working hands and a broad labor market were needed. The reform, it would seem, solved this problem, since the peasants, on the one hand, were freed from personal dependence, and on the other hand, many of them were ready to go to the city to earn money.

However, at first, other circumstances became decisive. At the time of the abolition of serfdom, many factories and factories were not hired, but workers attached to them. As soon as these people gained freedom, their hatred of forced labor forced them to quit their jobs in droves and leave the factories, selling their houses and gardens for next to nothing. Not helped to return the workers and increased wages several times. Therefore, in the first period after the reform, many enterprises reduced production.

This was especially characteristic of ironworks and cloth factories, which employed the labor of serfs on a large scale. Only 10 years later, having mastered the new conditions, they began to increase their production.

An unfavorable picture was also observed in the cotton industry. True, it was connected with another reason, which coincided in time with the peasant reform. A significant part of these factories, which used mainly civilian labor, worked on cotton imported from abroad. In 1861, a world commercial and industrial crisis broke out, cotton prices rose sharply, which led to a reduction in production.

Despite the difficulties, the Russian economy managed to rebuild fairly quickly. This happened largely due to the economic policy of the state.

financial policy. The government began economic reforms with changes in the activities of banks. In 1860, the State Bank was opened, which was intended to finance private enterprises. He was supposed to "promote the power of credit" to the development of the most important industries: metallurgical, machine-building, sugar, textile; support private banks.

In the 60-70s. private banks began to appear, first of all in St. Petersburg, and then in Moscow and other cities. Their creation had a huge impact on the economic development of Russia. Without them, the formation of new forms of entrepreneurship would be impossible. One of the founders of banking was V. A. Kokorev, who got rich on wine farms. At the end of the 60s. on his initiative, the Moscow merchant bank was created, in 1870 - the Volga-Kama bank to finance industrial enterprises, which soon became one of the largest in the country.

Railway construction.

The formation of banks was closely connected with railway construction, which was also strongly encouraged by the government. The interest of the authorities in the development of this sector of the economy was due to two reasons. Firstly, the Crimean War showed a serious backlog of the communications system in Russia. Secondly, the government sought to increase the export of grain abroad in order to obtain additional income. Therefore, railways were built from grain provinces to seaports. The government has developed a program to attract private individuals and foreign capital to railway construction, providing for them substantial benefits and incentives.

The years 1868-1872 entered the history of our country as a period of "railway fever". If by 1861 the length of railways in Russia was 2 thousand km, then by the beginning of the 80s. - over 22 thousand km. This construction has grown a new generation of entrepreneurs, closely associated with officials and government orders. Minister of War D. A. Milyutin wrote that “with the knowledge of the highest authorities, concessions for railways are distributed to favorites and favorites directly to improve their financial situation, in order to get several million in the form of profits to one or another person.”

Having built a railway line of 500-600 versts, the capitalist pocketed 25-30 million rubles. The government paid especially generously for the construction of railways connected with military needs. In addition, it allowed some entrepreneurs to purchase wagons and steam locomotives abroad at state expense, to import rails and other materials necessary for construction duty-free.

Most of the new roads were built directly in the interests of industry and trade (Novki - Shuya, Kineshma - Ivanovo - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod). From 1861 to 1877, the transportation of goods by rail increased 25 times, while by river transport - only by 59%.

Railway construction became a powerful factor in the development of industry, as it presented a huge demand for metal products (rails, wagons, steam locomotives), fuel, and consumer goods for an entire army of construction workers.

industrial rise.

In the second half of the 60s. in Russia began a rapid industrial boom. By the 80s. in the most important branches of industry, the industrial revolution was completed - factory production triumphed over handicraft and manufactory.

The Urals continued to be the main area of metallurgical production. The creation of a new metallurgical region in the south of Russia was also proceeding at a rapid pace. In the area of the Seversky Donets (Donbass) river, industrial deposits of iron ore and coal were explored, and nearby, in Krivoy Rog, iron ore. In the Donbass, the English industrialist John Hughes founded a metallurgical plant, having received a government order for the production of rails. In terms of coal mining, Donbass came out on top in Russia. In the Caucasus, in the region of Baku, oil production was concentrated.

The industrial regions in the south of Russia were free from the remnants of serfdom and developed much faster than the old centers of industrial production.

In the 60-70s. the formation of the machine-building industry began (until 1861, only agricultural machines were produced in Russia). In the early post-reform years, two major plants were built: Putilovsky in St. Petersburg provided Russian roads with rails, and at Kolomenskoye in the Moscow province, for the first time in the country, the construction of bridges for railway transport, the production of steam locomotives, freight cars and platforms was organized. Petersburg and Moscow became centers of large-scale engineering.

As in the pre-reform period, the leading position in the industry was occupied by the cotton industry. Rising cotton prices on the world market forced industrialists to turn their attention to domestic opportunities. Textile companies began to buy land in Central Asia, which was recently annexed to Russia. The first "movement to Central Asia" was started by the industrialist T. S. Morozov. Its representatives distributed high-quality varieties of Egyptian and American cotton to local residents and entered into contracts for the purchase of future crops. The output of the cotton industry has quadrupled in 30 years.

Sugar beet industry has made great strides, which developed in the black earth provinces of European Russia. It increased its production from 1.9 million poods in 1862 to 12.5 million poods in 1880.

The development of industry contributed to the growth in the number of workers. In less than 15 years (from 1865 to 1879) the number of industrial workers increased one and a half times and reached almost a million people. Replenishment came at the expense of the peasants who came to the city to earn money and gradually broke away from agriculture. The first major action by Russian workers for their rights was the strike at the Krenholm manufactory in 1872.

Nevertheless, Russian industry, despite a powerful breakthrough, lagged far behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the scale and size of production per capita, in terms of technical equipment, and especially in terms of growth in labor productivity.

The rapid economic development of the 70s. was replaced by a sharp slowdown in growth in the early 1980s. The main reasons for this were: the war with Turkey, which absorbed huge amounts of money; the oppressed state of the peasantry, crushed by redemption payments, taxes and duties, which severely limited its purchasing power; lower prices for grain and other Russian goods abroad.

The abolition of serfdom contributed to the rapid growth of the capitalist structure in the Russian economy. The fastest development of new forms of economy occurred in industry. The growth of commodity production in agriculture was hampered by the presence of serf remnants.

5.1 Social organization

The Russian Empire stood out among other European states as a huge country (18 million square versts) with a rapidly growing population: in 1860 - 73 million, in 1881. - 100 million people. Almost 90 % The population lived in the European part of Russia, on 22% of the country's territory. The bulk was employed in agriculture, but the share of the urban population was constantly growing.

In the 20 years that have passed since the reform, there have been significant changes in the social structure of Russian society.

The number of nobles owning land was sharply reduced. At the end of the 70s. they numbered a little more than half of the entire nobility. But the nobles made up the bulk of officials, holding high government posts. In 1863, officials were allowed to combine public service with business activities.

The peasantry, which constituted the bulk of the country's population, was undergoing a process of differentiation. There was a "de-peasantization": outflow to the cities to earn money for the ruined peasants. At the same time, the share of the prosperous peasantry increased to 20%.

After 1861 increased growth rates of the commercial and industrial bourgeoisie , mainly due to the wealthy peasantry and small business, as well as urban philistinism. Belonging to the nobility, estates and titles still retained their attractiveness for the wealthy peasants and merchants. Outstanding business qualities, participation in charity gave them access to the nobility.

In the 70s - 80s. new organizations of industrialists appear . Along with the stock exchange committees that arose before the reform, committees of trade and manufactories, representative organizations of a branch type were created: the Council of the Congress of Miners of the South of Russia (1871), the Council of the Congress of Miners of the Ural Mining Region (1880).

The abolition of serfdom led to the rapid growth of the wage-working class. This social group was heterogeneous. Most of them were agricultural workers, workers in small handicrafts, construction, forestry and laborers. In large-scale industry and in railway transport, the number of wage laborers increased from 706,000 a year.

5.2 Agriculture

As a result of the reform, the size of peasant allotments in most provinces decreased (on average by 20 %) and ranged from 2 - 3 to 40 - 50 acres per yard. Ownership of the land was given to the peasant community , distributed and redistributed allotments between households. Differences in the size of the allotments arose due to the difference in the communities: the Cossacks had an average of more than 50 acres per household, and the former landlord peasants - about 7 acres. The sale of allotments was prohibited.

After the reform, the landlords, who did not have the means for cultivating the land, began to sell them off. Only for 1861 - 1877. landownership decreased from 87 to 73 million acres. Wealthy peasants became the main buyers of the land. In 1862 -1882. they acquired 6 million acres of private land.

Wealthy peasants also hired workers, used equipment, and improved the quality of products. The leasing of land to peasants for working off was widely used.

In general, the development of agriculture was accompanied by an increase in the harvest of grain and industrial crops, and an increase in the area under crops. Plowing the land in I860 to 1881 increased by 14 % and reached 94 million acres. On the eve of the reform of marketable grain was no more than 5% of the net collection, in the late 70s. - already 11 - 13 %. The number of livestock has increased.

Savka N.V., teacher of history and social studies
MOU "February secondary school No. 1",
2010 www.savkanv.ru

Agricultural development

The basis of agriculture
remained after the reform
landowners and peasants
economy. In the first years after
reforms in agriculture
there was a decline in production.
Why?

Capitalism
State with
republican form
board
social system,
which:
holy and inviolable
is an
private property on
means of production
citizens are personally free,
are entitled to all rights and
freedoms
where in people's lives
play the most important role
money
where the main classes
societies are
capitalists and hired
workers
where are well developed
industry and trade

Changes in the economy of the landowner

Advantages
Losses
1. The landowners received a ransom.
1. There was not enough money to organize
capitalist economy, because
debts are kept.
2. Received rent for
land given to peasants.
2. After the liberation of the peasants
landowners lost not only
laborers, but also tools,
working cattle, they need
purchase.
3. The peasants worked out
duty until graduation
buyout deal.
3. Labor labor of peasants
was unproductive as before, but its presence is not
created incentives for
economic restructuring.
4. The main part of arable land, 4. The landowners had no experience and
forests, watering holes remained at
knowledge for farming the landowners.
new.
Determine the benefits and losses of landlords as a result of the release
peasants (pp. 158-159). Make a conclusion.

Changes in the peasant economy

Advantages
1. Possibility of redemption of land
put on.
Losses
1. Often put on less
pre-reform.
2. Freedom to dispose of products 2. Money was spent on redemption
after taxes and other payments.
payments, poll tax,
zemstvo tax, etc., which did not give
develop the economy.
3. Peasant community
restricted freedom
movement, mutual responsibility
limited development.
4. The need to rent due to
small allotments increased
duties of the peasants, limited
development opportunities.
Determine the benefits and losses to the peasant economy after
reforms (p. 159). Make a conclusion.

Reasons for the slow transition of agriculture to an economic footing

The unwillingness of the landowners to rebuild the economy
Lack of funds from the landlords to transfer the economy to
capitalist way
Temporarily obligated position of peasants
Workout system
Preservation and influence of the peasant community
The burden of peasant farms with various duties
and payments

There are two types of capitalist development
agriculture˸ Prussian and American –
the Prussian way - landlord economy slowly
reorganized in a capitalist fashion;
serfdom survivals are preserved;
The American way - the elimination of feudal
vestiges, the creation of a farm, where
farm laborers are used.

Industry development
Fact 1.
Worked in plants and factories

gave up forced labor and
were returning to the village.
Fact 2.
In 1861 the global commercial and industrial crisis broke out, the

mainly on imported cotton.
What conclusion can be drawn from these
facts?

The development of industry in the first post-reform years

1. Worked in factories and factories
ascribed peasants, having received freedom,
gave up forced labor and
were returning to the village.
2. In 1861 the global commercial and industrial crisis broke out, the
cotton prices. The Russian cotton industry worked in
mainly on imported cotton.
Conclusion: the first 10 years after the reform
industry was in decline
production, adapting to
organization of production in new
conditions.

Economic policy of the state

financial policy.
Changes in the banking sector:
1. The State Bank was opened for
financing of private
enterprises (1860).
2. Support create private
banks (60-70s).
Railway construction
Russian railways were needed:
1. Lack of transport is negative
affected the defense
states.
2. Railway transport is essential for development
domestic and foreign trade.
?

financial reform
National Bank.
1860
1. Financing
enterprises
2. Promoting development
industries:
metallurgical;
textile;
sugar;
engineering
V.A. Kokorev

financial reform
merchant bank
Volzhsko-Kamsky bank.
Russian - Asian Bank.

Railway construction
1861 - 2 thousand km.
War Minister
D.A. Milyutin.
1881 - 24 thousand km.

"Railway Fever" (1868-1872)

to the construction of iron
roads with benefits and
prizes attracted private
persons and foreign capital
(concession). Especially
construction was encouraged
roads associated with the military
needs.
1861 – 2 thousand km of railways
1881 – 22 thousand km of railways (2nd place in the world after the USA in terms of rates)
Carriage of goods by rail increased 25 times.
At the end of the 70s. railways connected large grain regions with industrial centers and the most important seaports - the Black Sea and
Baltic. Railway construction gave a powerful impetus
industrial development. At this time, new industries are born:
transport engineering (steam locomotive and car building), coal and
oil, chemical, etc.

industrial rise

By the beginning of the 80s. in a major
industry ended
industrial revolution. In the main
industries and
transport, manual labor was forced out
machine. steam engines and
machine tools formed the basis
technical equipment
mining,
metalworking and textile
industries.
In the 80s. radical
reconstruction of the industrial
production, covering the most important
industries. Among them were booty
mineral fuel, smelting
coking pig iron, production of cement and
soda. There is development
electrical energy.
Oil refinery in the 1880s v
Baku region
Write in a notebook in the form
title tables
economic regions of Russia
and their specialization (p. 162163).
(check on next slide)

Main economic regions

Ural
Metallurgical
production
South of Russia (Donbass)
Coal mining, iron
ores, metallurgical
industry (Eng. John Hughes)
Caucasus (Baku region)
Oil production
Center of Russia (Moscow
province)
large engineering
Petersburg
large engineering
middle Asia
Cotton
industry
central Russia
Beet sugar industry

Formation of the working class

From 1865 to 1879 number of workers in
industry grew by one and a half times and
reached 1 million people. Basically replenishment.
went at the expense of the peasants who left for the city for
earnings and remaining in the city.
The life of the workers was very hard. In 1872
the first strike of workers took place in the struggle for
your rights (at the Krenholm manufactory)
The enterprise employed up to 5,000 Estonian and Russian workers. Working conditions were extremely
heavy. On August 14, about 500 weavers stopped
job and made demands: reduction by 1
hour of the working day, reduction of fines,
providing children working time to attend school, etc.
The administration made partial concessions (the working day was reduced by 30
minutes, the deductions for the hospital and the church were canceled), but when work resumed,
concessions were cancelled. Active participants in the strike were arrested, some
fired. On September 11, a strike of all workers began. The strikers took their way to
factory, released the arrested, threw stones at the arriving troops. 12
September troops managed to suppress the resistance of unarmed workers.

The abolition of the serfdom
contributed to a stormy
growth of capitalist
structure in the Russian economy.
The process went faster
industry, because
agriculture
many
feudal
vestiges.
In terms of scale and size of production per capita, the Russian
industry lagged behind the advanced capitalist countries. At the beginning
In the 1880s, development slowed down due to the war with Turkey in 1877-1878,
lower prices for grain and other goods abroad, the extreme impoverishment of the peasants.

Let's repeat:

1. The industrial revolution in Russia is closely connected with...
a) railway construction;
b) temporarily obligated state of the peasantry;
c) the assignment of peasants to plants and factories.
2. A phenomenon that hindered the development of capitalism in agriculture ...
a) the temporarily obligated position of the peasants;
b) the personal freedom of the peasants;
c) export of agricultural products from Russia.
3. An agreement concluded by the state with a private entrepreneur,
by a foreign firm for the use of industrial enterprises,
natural resources, the construction of railways and other economic
objects is called:
A) a loan
B) rent;
B) a concession

4. What was the role of the state in the development of the economy in the post-reform
period?
A) The state encouraged the development of entrepreneurship, construction
railways, the creation of banks.
B) the state taxed entrepreneurs, railway builders and
bankers with additional taxes.
C) the state took the position of an observer, not interfering in the process
economic development.
5. The industrial revolution in industry has ended in Russia:
A) in the 60s. 19th century
B) in the 70s. 19th century
B) in the 80s. 19th century
D) did not end in the 19th century.
6. New economic regions in the 80-90s. 19th century:
A) Central Asia, Moscow, St. Petersburg.
B) Ural, Central Russia, Siberia.
C) Caucasus, Moscow, Petersburg.
D) Caucasus, Central Asia, South of Russia.

From the description of the life of the peasants of the Pinezhsky district of the Arkhangelsk province after
reforms of the 1860s:
“There are no redistributions of manor land ... The land is divided according to cash men
sex to souls, and for 10 years it is considered integral to the family ... Descent
for redistribution is always made up of householders. Women with the right to vote
in no case do they participate in gatherings ... The influence of village elders on sentences
the redistribution meeting has no weight, but there are cases when more outstanding
the peasants, although not openly and by persuading others, contribute their
top. The apportionment of payments and duties for the amount of land is made
annually ... The peasant got a piece of land during the redistribution
provided without the consent of the world ... to mortgage and change with community members
only, but neither to sell nor to inherit on the right of ownership
maybe. In addition to the general duties to help everyone in difficult situations,
There are no special obligations in this regard.
S. 1. What was the name of the form of economic association of Russian peasants, about
referred to in the document? What were collectivist
traditions of Russian peasants?
C2. Was there equality among the peasants? Justify your opinion.
C3. Explain how the orders that existed at that time
prevented the final ruin of the poor peasants. What prevented
peasant entrepreneurship?

The industrial revolution in Russia, which began in the 30s of the XIX century, predetermined the beginning of the industrial upsurge and the development of commodity-money relations. A particularly powerful impetus was given to socio-economic development after the abolition of serfdom.

Economic development of Russia after the Peasant reform

A necessary condition for the transition to a new level of market-capitalist relations was the transformation of the auxiliary infrastructure - the construction of new highways, navigable fairways, railways and stations.

Railway transport

Especially acute in the Russian Empire was the issue of railways. The first railway was built between St. Petersburg and Moscow on November 1, 1851. In the mid-1960s, railroad construction accelerated. Moscow became the central axis of construction.

On August 1, 1862, the first train left Nizhny Novgorod for Moscow. In 1869, a road was built that connected the southern provinces with Moscow. Railways also entangled Siberia, so in 1891 the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was basically completed. By the mid-1990s, the total length of Russia's railways was 28.7 thousand miles.

Thanks to the railways, small county towns developed, towns that no one had heard of. Conversely, large cities could be in the peripheral zone, far from the railways. For example, in 1871, from the merger of two small villages Ivanovo and Voznesensky, a large industrial center Ivanovo-Voznesensk with a developed textile industry arose. But the nearby city of Vladimir gradually began to stop in development, as it was quite far from the railway.

Rice. 1. Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Factory N. Garelina.

Metallurgical industry

After the Peasant Reform, the country's industrial sector slowed down a little in its development, as many sectors, including metallurgical ones, switched from forced labor to freelance labor. In addition, it was necessary to re-equip many enterprises in a new way.

Only by the beginning of the 70s of the 19th century, iron smelting reached the volumes of the late 50s. Such slow growth rates occurred due to the complete restructuring of the equipment of the Ural factories.
At the same time, there is an accelerated growth rate of the mining and metallurgical industries in the Donets Basin.
Mechanical engineering in the Russian Empire was underdeveloped and could not fully provide the railway with rolling stock. Therefore, steam locomotives and wagons were imported at that time mainly from England, since there was practically no domestic engineering industry.
Alexander II did everything possible to encourage domestic engineering, and in the early 70s, it was finally put into production. By the beginning of the 80s, basically the entire railway fleet consisted of cars and steam locomotives of domestic production.

From the late 60s to the mid-80s of the 19th century, the main industrial regions of Petersburg, Moscow, Ural and Yuzhny were formed in the Russian Empire. Textile production was concentrated in the Moscow industrial region, the Petersburg industrial region was the center of mechanical engineering. The Southern and Ural industrial regions were the main metallurgical bases of the Russian Empire.

Socio-economic development of agriculture

The development of agriculture in the Russian Empire after the Peasant Reform of 1861 was not as successful as in industry. True, by 1881 Russia came out on top in the world in the export of bread.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the landlords had to re-adapt to the new economic conditions of the market and rebuild their economy. The meager “cuts” created during the reforms forced the peasants to bow to the landowner in order to rent land from him.
What could a peasant offer a landowner for renting allotments? Often nothing but their own work. The peasant continued to work out the corvee from the landowner, only now with his own equipment and his horses. Such working out was a semi-serfdom relic and hindered the further development of market relations.
The advanced landowners strove to build their farms with a capitalist bias. They raised their own livestock, bought implements, introduced technical innovations in agriculture and hired workers for piecework. However, not all were able to withstand competition with enslaving forms of exploitation.
After 1861, a clear stratification of the peasantry began to be observed in the village: the family, which had surplus crops left, and which now did not need to be shared with the landowner, gradually became prosperous. On the other hand, ruined peasants appeared in the village, who eked out a beggarly existence and could not improve their situation in any way. The bulk of the peasants living in the volosts and counties consisted of the poor and the middle peasants. On average, almost every peasant family accounted for up to 34 rubles of annual payments, which was a devastating blow to the finances of any family.

Rice. 2. The return of the peasants from the funeral in the winter. V.P. Perov 1880.

After the Peasant Reform of 1861, the attitude of the landowner towards the peasants changed greatly. If earlier the landowner could still come to the aid of the peasant (because he was the property of the landowner), now the former owner squeezed the last strength out of the peasant when he worked out the corvée. Only a few of the most humane landlords tried to improve the ruined relations between the landowner and the peasant. All this led to further class contradictions between the landowner and the peasant.

Socio-economic development in the Chernozem region gradually gained momentum. The first generation of peasants managed to partially pay for their allotments after the Peasant Reform. Allotments of land began to be inherited.
Things were quite different in the non-Chernozem provinces. Here, allotments of land did not bring such profitability. Allocated allotments did not pay for themselves at all. This forced the peasants to move to work in the city. Although at the same time, the peasant did not have the right to get rid of the allotment without paying for it.

Rice. 3. Peasants go to work in the city.

Many workers broke away from the countryside and stayed in the city forever. So the cities were replenished with the population due to the peasants who came to work.

Socio-economic processes in the Russian Empire proceeded far from the same in different parts of the vast country. However, despite all the inconsistency and incompleteness of the reforms, they accelerated the transition from a subsistence economy to commodity-market relations of the capitalist order. The industrial revolution was completed mainly by the 90s of the 19th century. By this time, the Russian Empire had reached the world level in many indicators of light and heavy industry.

What have we learned?

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 and liberal reforms significantly improved the conditions for the development of productive forces and the formation of new capitalist relations. This process was controversial and far from unambiguous, which showed the imperfection and incompleteness of the liberal reforms of Alexander II.

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The development of agriculture The basis of agriculture after the reform remained the landlord and peasant farms. In the first years after the reform in agriculture, there was a decline in production. Why?

Changes in the economy of the landowner Advantages Losses 1. The landowners received a ransom. 1. There was not enough money to organize a capitalist economy, since debts were kept. 2. Received rent for land leased to peasants. 2. After the liberation of the peasants, the landowners lost not only their working hands, but also the tools of labor, working livestock, they need to be purchased. 3. The peasants worked out their duties until the end of the redemption transaction. 3. The labor labor of the peasants was still unproductive, but its presence did not create incentives for the restructuring of the economy. 4. The main part of arable land, forests, watering places remained with the landowners. 4. The landowners did not have the experience and knowledge to manage the economy in a new way.

Changes in the farm of the peasant Advantages 1. Possibility of redemption of the land allotment. Losses 1. Often put on was less than pre-reform. 2. Freedom of disposal of products 2. The money was spent on redemption after taxes and other payments, the payment of poll tax, zemstvo tax, etc., which prevented the development of the economy. 3. The peasant community limited freedom of movement, mutual responsibility limited development. 4. The need for rent due to small allotments increased the duties of the peasants, limited the possibilities for development.

According to the text of the document “Letters from the Village” by A. N. Engelhardt, answer the questions: ü What are segments? ü What benefit did the landowners derive from the segments? ü How did the existence of segments affect the situation of peasant farms? Compare the indicators of agricultural development before and after the reform according to the proposed table and draw the appropriate conclusions. Development of agriculture in Russia in the post-reform period (60-70 years of the XIX century). Agricultural development indicators. crop areas. The yield of bread from one tithe. Average gross grain harvest. Noble landownership. 82.5 million acres. 5 centner. Indicators from the 1870s to the 90s of the XIX century. 103.8 million acres. 7 centner. 31.2 million tons. About 90 million acres. 54.1 million tons 53.2 million acres. Figures before 1861.

Reasons for the slow transition of agriculture to an economic footing Unwillingness of the landowners to reorganize the economy Lack of funds for the landowners to transfer the economy to the capitalist path Temporarily obligated position of the peasants Labor system Preservation and influence of the peasant community Burdened the peasant farms with various duties and payments

The development of industry in the first post-reform years 1. The ascribed peasants who worked in factories and factories, having received freedom, abandoned forced labor and returned to the village. 2. In 1861, a global commercial and industrial crisis broke out, and cotton prices rose sharply. The Russian cotton industry worked mainly on imported cotton. Financial policy Changes in the banking sector: 1. The State Bank was opened to finance private enterprises (1860). 2. Support for the creation of private banks (60s -70s).

"Railway fever" (1868 -1872) Private individuals and foreign capital (concessions) were attracted to the construction of railways with the help of benefits and bonuses. The construction of roads connected with military needs was especially encouraged. 1861 - 2 thousand km of railways 1881 - 22 thousand km of railways (2nd place in the world after the USA in terms of rates) Transportation of goods by rail increased 25 times. At the end of the 70s. railways connected large grain regions with industrial centers and the most important seaports - the Black Sea and Baltic. Railway construction gave a powerful impetus to the development of industry. At this time, new industries were born: transport engineering (locomotive and car building), coal and oil production, chemical, etc.

Industrial rise By the beginning of the 80s. In large-scale industry, the industrial revolution was completed. In the main branches of industry and transport, manual labor was replaced by machine labor. Steam engines and machine tools formed the basis of the technical equipment of the mining, metalworking and textile industries. In the 80s. a radical reconstruction of industrial production is being carried out, covering the most important sectors. Among them were the extraction of mineral fuel, the smelting of coke pig iron, the production of cement and soda. Electrical energy is being developed. Oil refinery 1880s in the Baku region

Main economic regions Ural Metallurgical production Southern Russia (Donbass) Mining of coal, iron ore, metallurgical industry (English John Hughes) Caucasus (Baku region) Oil production Center of Russia (Moscow province) Large-scale engineering St. Petersburg Large-scale engineering Central Asia Cotton and paper industry Central Russia Beet sugar industry

Formation of the working class From 1865 to 1879, the number of workers in industry increased one and a half times and reached 1 million people. Basically, the replenishment came at the expense of the peasants who left for the city to earn money and remained in the city. The life of the workers was very hard. In 1872, the first strike of workers took place in the struggle for their rights (at the Krenholm manufactory). Up to 5 thousand Estonian and Russian workers were employed at the enterprise. Working conditions were extremely difficult. On August 14, about 500 weavers stopped work and made demands: reduction by 1 hour of the working day, reduction in the provision of child workers with fines, to attend school, etc. The administration made partial concessions (the working day was reduced by 30 minutes, deductions for the hospital and the church were canceled ), but when work resumed, the concessions were nullified. Active participants in the strike were arrested, some were fired. On September 11, a strike of all workers began. The strikers occupied the roads to the factory, freed the arrested, threw stones at the arriving troops. On September 12, the troops succeeded in crushing the resistance of the unarmed workers.

The abolition of the serfdom contributed to the rapid growth of the capitalist structure in the Russian economy. The process went faster in industry, since many serf survivals were preserved in agriculture. In terms of scale and size of production per capita, Russian industry lagged behind the advanced capitalist countries. In the early 1880s, development slowed down due to the war with Turkey in 1877-1878. , lower prices for grain and other goods abroad, the extreme impoverishment of the peasants.