Distance in the light. Minimum clear distance between pipelines and building structures Vertical distance between communications

* Taking into account the use of one lane for car parking.

Notes (edit)

1 The width of streets and roads is determined by calculation depending on the intensity of traffic and pedestrians, the composition of elements placed within the transverse profile (roadways, technical lanes for laying underground communications, sidewalks, green spaces, etc.), taking into account sanitary and hygienic requirements and civil defense requirements. As a rule, the width of streets and roads in red lines is taken m: main roads - 50-75; main streets - 40-80; streets and roads of local importance - 15-25.

2 In conditions of difficult terrain or reconstruction, as well as in areas with a high urban planning value of the territory, it is allowed to reduce the design speed for high-speed roads and streets of continuous movement by 10 km / h with a decrease in the radii of curves in the plan and an increase in longitudinal slopes.

3 For the movement of buses and trolleybuses on main streets and roads in large, large and large cities, an extreme lane with a width of 4 m should be provided; for the passage of buses during rush hours at an intensity of more than 40 units / h, and in conditions of reconstruction - more than 20 units / h, it is allowed to set up a separate carriageway with a width of 8-12 m.

On main roads with a predominant movement of trucks, it is allowed to increase the width of the traffic lane up to 4 m.

4 In climatic subareas IA, IB and IG, the largest longitudinal slopes of the carriageway of main streets and roads should be reduced by 10%. In areas with a volume of snow supply during the winter of more than 600 m / m within the carriageway of streets and roads, strips up to 3 m wide should be provided for storing snow.

5 The width of the pedestrian part of sidewalks and paths does not include the areas required for the placement of kiosks, benches, etc.

6 In climatic subareas IA, IB and IG, in areas with a volume of snowfall of more than 200 m / m, the width of sidewalks on main streets should be at least 3 m.

7 In conditions of reconstruction on streets of local importance, as well as with an estimated pedestrian traffic of less than 50 people / h in both directions, it is allowed to arrange sidewalks and paths 1 m wide.

8 When sidewalks are directly adjacent to the walls of buildings, retaining walls or fences, their width should be increased by at least 0.5 m.

9 It is allowed to provide for the gradual achievement of the design parameters of main streets and roads, traffic intersections, taking into account the specific dimensions of traffic and pedestrians with the obligatory reservation of the territory and underground space for prospective construction.

10 In small, medium and large cities, as well as in the conditions of reconstruction and when organizing one-way traffic, it is allowed to use the parameters of main streets of regional significance for the design of main streets of city-wide significance.

Norms, standards and rules for horizontal distances (in the light) from the nearest underground engineering networks to buildings and structures, between adjacent engineering underground networks when they are placed in parallel, at the intersection of engineering communications, the vertical distance (in the light). Distance between pipes and cables. Distances between pipelines, cables, refuse chutes, pipes and other utilities and other objects - tables. Distance from pipe to ... Distance from cable to .... table.

Horizontal distances (in the light) from the nearest underground engineering networks to buildings and structures should be taken according to the corresponding table "SP 42.13330 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements"

Horizontal distances (in the light) from the nearest underground engineering networks to buildings and structures should be taken according to the table below. The minimum distances from underground (above ground with embankment) gas pipelines to buildings and structures should be taken in accordance with SP 62.13330 "Gas distribution systems. Updated edition of SNiP 42-01-2002 (this review is not considered the issue)."

Table (SP 42.13330) Distance, m, horizontally (in the light) from underground networks to buildings and structures

Network engineering	Distance, m, horizontally (in the light) from underground networks to
	foundations of buildings and structures	foundations of fences for enterprises, overpasses, overhead and communication supports, railways	extreme path axes		side stone of the street, road (edge of the carriageway, fortified shoulder strip)	the outer edge of the ditch or the foot of the road embankment	foundations of supports of overhead power transmission lines with voltage
	foundations of buildings and structures		railways with a track gauge of 1520 mm, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and the edge of the excavation	railways of 750 mm gauge and trams			up to 1 kV outdoor lighting, tram and trolley-bus contact network	over 1 to 35 kV	over 35 to 110 kV and above
Water supply and pressure sewerage
Gravity sewerage (household and rainwater)
Drainage
Associated drainage
Heating network:
	2 (see note 3)

Power cables of all voltages and communication cables
Channels, communication tunnels
External pneumatic waste pipelines

* Refers only to distances from power cables.

Notes (edit)
1. For climatic subdistricts IA, IB, IG and ID, the distance from underground networks (water supply, domestic and rain sewers, drainages, heating networks) during construction with the preservation of the permafrost state of the foundation soils should be taken according to technical calculation.
2. It is allowed to provide for the laying of underground engineering networks within the foundations of supports and overpasses of pipelines, a contact network, provided that measures are taken to exclude the possibility of damage to networks in the event of settling of foundations, as well as damage to foundations in an accident on these networks. When placing engineering networks to be laid with the use of construction dewatering, their distance to buildings and structures should be set taking into account the zone of possible violation of the strength of the foundation soils.
3. Distances from heating networks with channelless laying to buildings and structures should be taken as for a water supply system.
4. Distances from power cables with a voltage of 110-220 kV to the foundations of fences of enterprises, overpasses, contact network supports and communication lines should be taken as 1.5 m.
5. The horizontal distances from the lining of underground underground structures made of cast-iron tubing, as well as reinforced concrete or concrete with glued waterproofing, located at a depth of less than 20 m (from the top of the lining to the surface of the earth), should be taken
- to sewerage networks, water supply systems, heating networks - 5 m;
- from lining without pasting waterproofing to sewerage networks - 6 m,
- for other water-bearing networks - 8 m;
- the distance from the lining to the cables is taken: with voltage up to 10 kV - 1 m, up to 35 kV - 3 m.
In irrigated areas with non-subsiding soils, the distance from underground engineering networks to irrigation canals should be taken (to the edge of canals), m:
- 1 - from a gas pipeline of low and medium pressure, as well as from water pipelines, sewerage systems, drains and pipelines of flammable liquids;
- 2 - from high-pressure gas pipelines up to 0.6 MPa, heat pipelines, utility and rainwater drainage systems;
- 1.5 - from power cables and communication cables;
- distance from the irrigation canals of the street network to the foundations of buildings and structures - 5.

The horizontal distances (in the light) between adjacent engineering underground networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken according to the table below "SP 42.13330 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements"

12.36 Distances horizontally (in the light) between adjacent engineering underground networks when they are placed in parallel should be taken according to Table 16, and at the inputs of engineering networks in buildings of rural settlements - not less than 0.5 m. The 4 m distances indicated in Table 16 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the slopes of the trenches, but not less than the depth of the trench to the bottom of the embankment and the edge of the excavation. The minimum distances from underground (above ground with embankment) gas pipelines to utility networks should be taken in accordance with SP 62.13330. and at the inputs of engineering networks in buildings of rural settlements - at least 0.5 m.When the difference in the depth of the adjacent pipelines is more than 0.4 m, the distances indicated in Table 16 should be increased taking into account the steepness of the slopes of the trenches, but not less than the depth of the trench to the soles of the embankment and the edge of the notch. The minimum distances from underground (above ground with embankment) gas pipelines to utility networks should be taken in accordance with SP 62.13330. "Gas distribution systems. Updated edition of SNiP 42-01-2002" (the issue is not considered in this review).

Table (SP 42.13330) Distance, m, horizontally (in the light) to neighboring engineering networks when they are placed in parallel

Network engineering	Distance, m, horizontally (in the light) to
	plumbing	household sewage	drainage and rainwater drainage	power cables of all voltages	communication cables	heating networks		canals, tunnels	external pneumatic waste chutes
	plumbing	household sewage	drainage and rainwater drainage	power cables of all voltages	communication cables	outer wall of a channel, tunnel	shell-free gasket	canals, tunnels	external pneumatic waste chutes
Water pipes	See note. one	See note 2
Household sewerage	See note. 2
Rain sewerage
Power cables of all voltages
Communication cables
Heating network:
from the outer wall of the channel, tunnel
from the shell of the channelless laying
Channels, tunnels
External pneumatic waste pipelines

* In accordance with the requirements of section 2 of the rules of the PUE.

Notes (edit)
1. When several water supply lines are laid in parallel, the distance between them should be taken depending on the technical and engineering-geological conditions in accordance with SP 31.13330.
2. Distances from the domestic sewage system to the drinking water supply system should be taken, m:
  - to the water supply from reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipes - 5;
  - to a water supply system made of cast iron pipes with a diameter of up to 200 mm - 1.5,
  - with a diameter over 200 mm - 3;
  - to the water supply from plastic pipes - 1.5.
3. The distance between the sewerage and industrial water supply networks, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes, as well as on the nomenclature and characteristics of soils, should be 1.5 m.

When engineering networks intersect each other, the vertical (clear) distances should be taken in accordance with the requirements of SP 18.13330. "CODE OF RULES GENERAL PLANS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES Master plans for industrial enterprises" Updated edition of SNiP II-89-80

When crossing engineering communications, the vertical distance (in the light) must be at least:
- a) between pipelines or electric cables, communication cables and railway and tramways, counting from the foot of the rail, or roads, counting from the top of the coating to the top of the pipe (or its case) or electric cable, according to the calculation for the strength of the network, but not less than 0 , 6 m;
- b) between pipelines and electric cables placed in canals or tunnels and railways, the vertical distance, counting from the top of the overlap of canals or tunnels to the foot of the railroad rails, is 1 m, to the bottom of a ditch or other drainage structures or the base of an embankment of a railway earth canvases - 0.5 m;
- c) between pipelines and power cables up to 35 kV and communication cables - 0.5 m;
- d) between power cables with a voltage of 110-220 kV and pipelines - 1 m;
- e) in conditions of reconstruction of enterprises, subject to compliance with the requirements of the PUE, the distance between cables of all voltages and pipelines is allowed to be reduced to 0.25 m;
- f) between pipelines for various purposes (with the exception of sewer pipelines crossing water pipelines and pipelines for poisonous and foul-smelling liquids) - 0.2 m;
- g) pipelines transporting drinking-quality water should be placed above sewer or pipelines transporting poisonous and foul-smelling liquids, by 0.4 m;
- h) it is allowed to place steel pipelines enclosed in cases transporting drinking water below the sewer, while the distance from the walls of the sewer pipes to the edge of the case must be at least 5 m in each direction in clay soils and 10 m in coarse and sandy soils , and sewer pipelines should be made of cast iron pipes;
- i) the inlets of the household drinking water supply with a pipe diameter of up to 150 mm may be provided below the sewer without a case, if the distance between the walls of intersecting pipes is 0.5 m;
- j) for channelless laying of pipelines of water heating networks of an open heat supply system or hot water supply networks, the distance from these pipelines to the sewer pipelines located below and above should be taken as 0.4 m.

Minimum clear distances from pipelines to building structures and to adjacent pipelines

Nominal diameter of pipelines, mm	Distance from the surface of the heat-insulating structure of pipelines, mm, not less
up to the wall	before overlap	to the floor	to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the adjacent pipeline
vertically	horizontally
25-80
100-250
300-350

500-700


1000 - 1400
Note - When reconstructing heat points using existing building structures, a deviation from the dimensions indicated in this table is allowed, but taking into account the requirements of clause 2.33.

table 2

Minimum width of aisles

Name of equipment and building structures, between which passages are provided	Clear passage width, mm, not less
Between pumps with electric motors up to 1000 V	1,0
The same, 1000 V and more	1,2
Between the pumps and the wall	1,0
Between pumps and switchboard or instrumentation panel	2,0
Between protruding parts of equipment (water heaters, mud collectors, elevators, etc.) or protruding parts of equipment and the wall	0,8
From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the thermal insulation structures of pipelines	0,7
For servicing fittings and expansion joints (from the wall to the flange of the fittings or to the expansion joint) with a pipe diameter, mm:
up to 500	0,6
from 600 to 900	0,7
When installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation without a passage between them, but with the provision of passages around the double installation	1,0

Table 3

The minimum clear distance between pipelines and building structures

Name	Clear distance, mm, not less
From protruding parts of fittings or equipment (taking into account the thermal insulation structure) to the wall
From protruding parts of pumps with electric motors up to 1000 V with a discharge pipe diameter of no more than 100 mm (when installed against a wall without a passage) to a wall
Between protruding parts of pumps and electric motors when installing two pumps with electric motors on the same foundation against a wall without a passage
From the valve flange on the branch to the surface of the thermal insulation structure of the main pipes
From the extended valve spindle (or handwheel) to the wall or ceiling at mm
The same, for mm
From the floor to the bottom of the insulating reinforcement structure
From wall or from valve flange to water or air outlet
From the floor or ceiling to the surface of the insulating structure of the branch pipes

APPENDIX 2

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE DESIGNED THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF WATER HEATERS OF HEATING AND HOT WATER SUPPLY

1. The calculated thermal performance of water heaters, W, should be taken according to the calculated heat fluxes for heating, ventilation and hot water supply, given in the design documentation of buildings and structures. In the absence of design documentation, it is allowed to determine the calculated heat fluxes in accordance with the instructions of SNiP 2.04.07-86 * (by aggregated indicators).

2. The design thermal performance of water heaters for heating systems should be determined at the design temperature of the outside air for heating design, ° С, and taken according to the maximum heat fluxes determined in accordance with the instructions in clause 1. With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the calculated thermal performance of the water heater, W, is determined by the sum of the maximum heat fluxes for heating and ventilation:

3. The estimated thermal performance of water heaters, W, for hot water supply systems, taking into account heat losses by supply and circulation pipelines, W, should be determined at water temperatures at the break point of the water temperature graph in accordance with the instructions in clause 1, and in the absence of design documentation - according to heat fluxes determined by the following formulas:

For consumers - according to the average heat flow for hot water supply for the heating period, determined in accordance with clause 3.13, and SNiP 2.04.01-85, according to the formula or depending on the adopted heat supply in the tanks according to Appendix 7 and 8 of the specified chapter (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * -);

For consumers - according to the maximum heat flows for hot water supply, determined according to clause 3.13, b SNiP 2.04.01-85, (or according to SNiP 2.04.07-86 * - ).

4. In the absence of data on the amount of heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, heat flows for hot water supply, W, are allowed to be determined by the formulas:

in the presence of storage tanks

in the absence of storage tanks

where is the coefficient taking into account the heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, taken according to table. one.

Table 1

In the absence of data on the number and characteristics of water-folding devices, the hourly consumption of hot water for residential areas may be determined by the formula

where is the coefficient of the hourly unevenness of water consumption, taken from Table 2.

Note - For hot water supply systems serving both residential and public buildings, the hourly unevenness coefficient should be taken as the sum of the number of residents in residential buildings and the conditional number of residents in public buildings, determined by the formula

where is the average water consumption for hot water supply during the heating period, kg / h, for public buildings, determined according to SNiP 2.04.01-85.

In the absence of data on the purpose of public buildings, it is allowed when determining the coefficient of hourly unevenness according to table. 2 conventionally, the number of inhabitants is taken with a coefficient of 1.2.

table 2

Continuation of table. 2

APPENDIX 3

METHOD FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING WATER HEATERS

1. The calculation of the heating surface of heating water heaters, sq. M, is carried out at the temperature of the water in the heating network corresponding to the design temperature of the outside air for the design of heating, and for the design capacity determined in accordance with Appendix 2, according to the formula

2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken:

at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the water temperature in the return pipe of the heating systems at the outside air temperature;

at the outlet from the water heater - equal to the water temperature in the supply pipe of heating networks behind the central heating station or in the supply pipeline of the heating system when installing a water heater in the ITP at the outside temperature.

Note - With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the temperature of heated water in the return pipeline at the inlet to the water heater should be determined taking into account the water temperature after connecting the pipeline of the ventilation system. When the heat consumption for ventilation is not more than 15% of the total maximum hourly heat consumption for heating, it is allowed to take the temperature of the heated water in front of the water heater equal to the temperature of the water in the return pipe of the heating system.

3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken:

at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipe of the heating network at the inlet to the heat point at the outside air temperature;

at the outlet of the water heater - 5-10 ° C higher than the temperature of the water in the return pipe of the heating system at the design temperature of the outside air.

4. Estimated water consumption and, kg / h, for calculating water heaters for heating systems should be determined by the formulas:

heating water

heated water

With independent connection of heating and ventilation systems through a common water heater, the calculated water flow rate and, kg / h, should be determined by the formulas:

heating water

heated water

where, respectively, are the maximum heat fluxes for heating and ventilation, W.

5. The temperature head, ° С, of the heating water heater is determined by the formula

APPENDIX 4

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A SINGLE-STAGE CIRCUIT

1. Calculation of the heating surface of hot water heaters should be made (see Fig. 1) at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature, if there is no break in the temperature graph, and according to the calculated performance, determined according to Appendix 2

where is determined in the presence of storage tanks according to the formula (1) of Appendix 2, and in the absence of storage tanks - according to the formula (2) of Appendix 2.

2. The temperature of the heated water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to 5 ° C, if there are no operational data; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 60 ° С, and with vacuum deaeration - 65 ° С.

3. The temperature of the heating water should be taken: at the inlet to the water heater - equal to the temperature of the water in the supply pipe of the heating network at the inlet to the heat point at the outside air temperature at the break point of the water temperature graph; at the outlet of the water heater - equal to 30 ° С.

4. Estimated water consumption and, kg / h, for calculating a hot water heater should be determined by the formulas:

heating water

heated water

5. The temperature head of the hot water heater is determined by the formula

6. The heat transfer coefficient, depending on the design of the water heater, should be determined according to Appendix 7-9.

APPENDIX 5

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A TWO-STAGE CIRCUIT

The method for calculating hot water supply water heaters connected to a heating network according to a two-stage scheme (see Fig. 2-4) with a limitation of the maximum flow of network water at the input, which has been used so far, is based on an indirect method, according to which the thermal performance of the first stage of water heaters is determined by the balance load of hot water supply, and stage II - according to the difference in loads between the calculated and the load of the first stage. At the same time, the principle of continuity is not observed: the temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the first stage water heater does not coincide with the temperature of the same water at the inlet to the second stage, which makes it difficult to use it for machine counting.

The new calculation method is more logical for a two-stage scheme with a limitation of the maximum flow of network water at the input. It is based on the position that at the hour of maximum draw-off at the outside air temperature calculated for the selection of water heaters corresponding to the break point of the central temperature graph, it is possible to stop the supply of heat for heating, and all the network water goes to the hot water supply. To select the required standard size and number of shell-and-tube sections or the number of plates and the number of strokes of plate water heaters, the heating surface should be determined by the design capacity and temperatures of heating and heated water from the thermal calculation in accordance with the formulas below.

1. The calculation of the heating surface, sq. M, hot water heaters should be carried out at the water temperature in the supply pipeline of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and values of the heat transfer coefficient, according to the formula

where is the estimated thermal performance of hot water heaters, determined according to Appendix 2;

Heat transfer coefficient, W / (m2 · ° С), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to Appendix 7-9;

The mean logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water (temperature head), ° C, is determined by formula (18) of this appendix.

2. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II is carried out on the basis that the heated water in stage II is heated to a temperature of = 60 ° С, and in stage I - to a temperature determined by a technical and economic calculation or taken at 5 ° С less than the temperature of the supply water in the return pipeline at the break point of the graph.

The estimated thermal performance of water heaters of stages I and II, W, is determined by the formulas:

3. The temperature of the heated water, ° С, after the I stage is determined by the formulas:

with dependent connection of the heating system

with independent connection of the heating system

4. The maximum consumption of heated water, kg / h, passing through the I and II stages of the water heater, should be calculated based on the maximum heat flow for hot water supply, determined by the formula 2 of Appendix 2, and water heating to 60 ° C in the II stage:

5. Heating water consumption, kg / h:

a) for heat points in the absence of a ventilation load, the heating water flow rate is assumed to be the same for the I and II stages of water heaters and is determined:

when regulating the supply of heat according to the combined load of heating and hot water supply - according to the maximum consumption of network water for hot water supply (formula (7)) or according to the maximum consumption of network water for heating (formula (8)):

The largest of the obtained values is taken as the calculated one;

when regulating the supply of heat according to the heating load, the estimated consumption of heating water is determined by the formula

; (9)

. (10)

In this case, the temperature of the heating water at the outlet of the stage I water heater should be checked with the formula

. (11)

If the temperature determined by formula (11) is below 15 ° С, then it should be taken equal to 15 ° С, and the heating water consumption should be recalculated using the formula

; (12)

b) for heating points in the presence of a ventilation load, the flow rate of heating water is taken:

for stage I

; (13)

for stage II

. (14)

6. Heating water temperature, ° С, at the outlet of the stage II water heater:

7. Heating water temperature, ° С, at the inlet to the stage I water heater:

. (16)

8. Heating water temperature, ° С, at the outlet of the stage I water heater:

. (17)

9. Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, ° С:

. (18)

APPENDIX 6

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATING HOT WATER HEATERS CONNECTED IN A TWO-STAGE CIRCUIT WITH STABILIZATION OF WATER FLOW FOR HEATING

1. The heating surface of water heaters (see Fig. 8) of hot water supply, m2, is determined at the water temperature in the supply pipe of the heating network corresponding to the break point of the water temperature graph, or at the minimum water temperature if there is no break in the temperature graph, since in this mode there will be a minimum temperature difference and values of the heat transfer coefficient, according to the formula

where is the estimated thermal performance of hot water heaters, W, is determined according to Appendix 2;

Average logarithmic temperature difference between heating and heated water, ° С, is determined according to Appendix 5;

Heat transfer coefficient, W / (m2 · ° С), is determined depending on the design of water heaters according to Appendix 7-9.

2. The heat flux to the II stage of the water heater, W, with a two-stage connection scheme for hot water heaters (according to Fig. 8), required only for calculating the heating water consumption, with a maximum heat flux for ventilation no more than 15% of the maximum heat flux for heating is determined by formulas:

in the absence of heated water storage tanks

in the presence of heated water storage tanks

, (3)

where - heat losses of pipelines of hot water supply systems, W.

In the absence of data on the magnitude of heat losses by pipelines of hot water supply systems, the heat flow to the II stage of the water heater, W, is allowed to be determined by the formulas:

in the absence of heated water storage tanks

in the presence of heated water storage tanks

where is the coefficient taking into account the heat loss by pipelines of hot water supply systems, is taken according to Appendix 2.

3. The distribution of the calculated thermal performance of water heaters between stages I and II, the determination of the design temperatures and water consumption for calculating water heaters should be taken according to the table.

Name of calculated values	Scope of the scheme (according to Fig. 8)
industrial buildings, a group of residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating	residential and public buildings with a maximum heat flow for ventilation no more than 15% of the maximum heat flow for heating

I stage of a two-stage scheme
Estimated thermal performance of the first stage of the water heater
	, with vacuum deaeration + 5


The same, at the outlet of the water heater
	Without storage tanks

	With storage tanks
Heating water consumption, kg / h
II stage of a two-stage scheme
Estimated thermal performance of the II stage of the water heater
Heated water temperature, ° С, at the water heater inlet	With storage tanks Without storage tanks
The same, at the outlet of the water heater	= 60 ° C
Heating water temperature, ° С, at the water heater inlet
The same, at the outlet of the water heater
Heated water consumption, kg / h	Without storage tanks
Heating water consumption, kg / h	With storage tanks in the absence of circulation In the presence of circulation,	With storage tanks,
Notes: 1 In case of independent connection of heating systems, instead of should be taken; 2 The value of subcooling in stage I, ° С, is taken: with storage tanks = 5 ° С, in the absence of storage tanks = 10 ° С; 3 When determining the design flow rate of heating water for stage I of the water heater, water flow rate from ventilation systems is not taken into account; 4 The temperature of the heated water at the outlet of the heater in the central heating station and in the central heating station should be taken equal to 60 ° С, and in the central heating station with vacuum deaeration - = 65 ° С; 5 The value of the heat flux for heating at the break point of the temperature graph is determined by the formula.

APPENDIX 7

THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL SECTIONAL SHELL-PIPE WATER-WATER HEATERS

Horizontal sectional high-speed water heaters in accordance with GOST 27590 with a pipe system of straight smooth or profiled pipes are distinguished by the fact that to eliminate the deflection of the pipes, two-section support partitions are installed, which are part of the tube sheet. This design of the support baffles facilitates the installation of tubes and their replacement in the field, since the holes in the support baffles are aligned with the holes in the tube sheets.

Each support is installed with an offset relative to each other by 60 ° C, which increases the turbulization of the coolant flow passing through the annular space, and leads to an increase in the heat transfer coefficient from the coolant to the tube wall, and, accordingly, the heat removal from 1 square meter of the heating surface increases. Brass tubes are used with an outer diameter of 16 mm, a wall thickness of 1 mm in accordance with GOST 21646 and GOST 494.

An even greater increase in the heat transfer coefficient is achieved by using profiled brass tubes instead of smooth brass tubes in the tube bundle, which are made from the same tubes by extruding transverse or helical grooves on them with a roller, which leads to turbulence of the near-wall fluid flow inside the tubes.

Water heaters consist of sections, which are interconnected by rolls along the pipe space and nozzles - along the annular space (Fig. 1-4 of this appendix). The branch pipes can be split on flanges or one-piece welded. Depending on the design, water heaters for hot water supply systems have the following symbols: for a detachable design with smooth tubes - РГ, with profiled ones - РП; for a welded structure - respectively SG, SP (the direction of flows of heat exchanging media is given in clause 4.3 of this set of rules).

Fig. 1. General view of a horizontal sectional shell-and-tube water heater with turbulator supports

Fig. 2. Constructive dimensions of the water heater

1 - section; 2 - kalach; 3 - transition; 4 - block of supporting partitions; 5 - tubes; 6 - supporting partition; 7 - ring; 8 - bar;

Fig. 3. Kalach connecting

Fig. 4. Transition

An example of a conventional designation of a split-type water heater with an outer diameter of a section body of 219 mm, a section length of 4 m, without a thermal expansion compensator, for a nominal pressure of 1.0 MPa, with a pipe system of smooth tubes of five sections, climatic version UZ: PV 219 x 4 -1, O-RG-5-UZ GOST 27590.

The technical characteristics of the water heaters are given in Table 1, and the nominal dimensions and connection dimensions are given in Table 2 of this Appendix.

Table 1

Technical characteristics of water heaters GOST 27590

Section body outer diameter, mm	Number of tubes in a section, pcs.	Cross-sectional area of the annular space, sq. M	Cross-sectional area of tubes, sq.m	Equivalent diameter of the interstring space, m	Heating surface of one Section, sq.m, with a length, m	Thermal performance, kW, section length, m	Weight, kg
Pipe system
smooth (version 1)	profiled (version 2)	section length, m	kalacha, execution	transition

		0,00116	0,00062	0,0129	0,37	0,75		23,5	37,0	8,6	7,9	5,5	3,8
		0,00233	0,00108	0,0164	0,65	1,32		32,5	52,4	10,9	10,4	6,8	4,7
		0,00327	0,00154	0,0172	0,93	1,88		40,0	64,2	13,2	12,0	8,2	5,4
		0,005	0,00293	0,0155	1,79	3,58		58,0	97,1	17,7	17,2	10,5	7,3
		0,0122	0,00570	0,019	3,49	6,98		113,0	193,8	32,8	32,8	17,4	13,4
		0,02139	0,00939	0,0224	5,75	11,51		173,0	301,3	54,3	52,7	26,0	19,3
		0,03077	0,01679	0,0191	10,28	20,56		262,0	461,7	81,4	90,4	35,0	26,6
		0,04464	0,02325	0,0208	14,24	28,49		338,0	594,4	97,3	113,0	43,0	34,5
Notes 1 The outer diameter of the tubes is 16 mm, the inner diameter is 14 mm. 2 Thermal performance is determined at a water velocity inside the tubes of 1 m / s, equal flow rates of heat exchanging media and a temperature head of 10 ° C (temperature difference in heating water 70-15 ° C, heated water - 5-60 ° C). 3 The hydraulic resistance in the tubes is no more than 0.004 MPa for a smooth tube and 0.008 MPa for a profiled tube with a section length of 2 m and, accordingly, no more than 0.006 MPa and 0.014 MPa for a section length of 4 m; in the annular space, the hydraulic resistance is 0.007 MPa with a section length of 2 m and 0.009 MPa with a section length of 4 m. 4 The mass is determined at an operating pressure of 1 MPa. 5 Thermal performance is given for comparison with heaters of other standard sizes or types.

Distance "in the light"- 2.40. Clearance distance is the smallest distance between two outer surfaces. A source …

Distance between the inner faces of the structure supports (Bulgarian; Български) svetl otvor (Czech; Čeština) světlost (German; Deutsch) lichte Spannweite; Lichtweite (Hungarian; Magyar) szabad nyílás (Mongolian) ... ... Construction vocabulary

Clear staircase width- 3.7. The clear width of the ladder is the minimum distance between the inner surfaces of the ladder bowstrings. Source: NPB 171 98 *: Manual fire ladders. General technical requirements. Test methods 3.8 clear staircase width: Minimum ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Clear width of floating dock- 21. Clear width of a floating dock Clear width Sun The smallest distance measured perpendicular to the center plane of a floating dock between the protruding structures of its inner sides Source: GOST 14181 78: Floating docks. Terms, ... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

span- The distance between the inner faces of the structure supports [Terminological dictionary for construction in 12 languages (VNIIIS Gosstroy USSR)] Other topics for construction products EN clear span DE lichte SpannweiteLichtweite FR portee libre ... Technical translator's guide

clear height- 3.1.4 headroom e smallest vertical distance above the center line, free from all obstructions (such as rungs, risers, etc.) (see Figure 1) Source: GOST R ISO 14122 3 2009: Safety of machinery. Facilities… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

The clear distance between the supports, measured at the calculated high water level minus the width of the intermediate supports (Bulgarian; Български) opening onto the bridge (Czech; Čeština) světlé rozpětí mostu (German; Deutsch) ... ... Construction vocabulary

SNiP 41-02-2003

APPENDIX B (mandatory)

Table B.1 - Vertical distances

Structures and engineering networks	The smallest clear vertical distances, m

To water supply, drain, gas pipeline, sewerage	0,2
Up to armored communication cables	0,5
Up to power and control cables up to 35 kV	0.5 (0.25 in confined spaces) - subject to note 5
To oil-filled cables with voltage st. 110 kV	1.0 (0.5 in confined spaces) - subject to note 5
To a telephone duct unit or to an armored communication cable in pipes	0,15
To the foot of the railways of industrial enterprises	1,0
Ditto, railways of the general network	2,0
»Tram tracks	1,0
To the top of the road surface of general use motor roads of I, II and III categories	1,0
To the bottom of a ditch or other drainage structures or to the base of an embankment of a railway subgrade (when heating networks are located under these structures)	0,5
To metro structures (when heating networks are located above these structures)	1,0

Up to the railroad head	Dimensions "S", "Sp", "Su" in accordance with GOST 9238 and GOST 9720
To the top of the carriageway	5,0
Up to the top of the footpaths	2,2
To parts of the tram contact network	0,3
The same, trolley	0,2
To overhead power lines with the largest sag of wires at voltage, kV:
up to 1	1,0

Notes (edit)
1 The deepening of heating networks from the surface of the earth or road surface (except for highways of I, II and III categories) should be taken at least:
a) to the top of the overlap of channels and tunnels - 0.5 m;
b) to the top of the chamber overlaps - 0.3 m;
c) to the top of the shell of channelless laying 0.7 m. In the impassable part, overlappings of chambers and ventilation shafts for tunnels and canals protruding above the ground are allowed to a height of at least 0.4 m;
d) at the input of heating networks into the building, it is allowed to take deepenings from the surface of the earth to the top of the overlap of channels or tunnels - 0.3 m and to the top of the shell of channelless laying - 0.5 m;
e) with a high level of groundwater, it is allowed to provide for a decrease in the depth of the deepening of channels and tunnels and the location of ceilings above the earth's surface to a height of at least 0.4 m, if the conditions for the movement of transport are not violated.
2 In case of above-ground laying of heating networks on low supports, the clear distance from the ground surface to the bottom of the thermal insulation of pipelines must be, m, not less than:
with a group of pipes width up to 1.5 m - 0.35;
with a group of pipes more than 1.5 m wide - 0.5.
3 When laying underground, heating networks at the intersection with power, control and communication cables can be located above or below them.
4 In case of channelless laying, the clear distance from the water heating networks of an open heat supply system or hot water supply networks to the sewer pipes located below or above the heating networks is taken to be at least 0.4 m.
5 Soil temperature at the intersection of heating networks with electric cables at the depth of laying power and control cables with voltage up to 35 kV should not increase by more than 10 ° С in relation to the highest average monthly summer ground temperature and by 15 ° С to the lowest average monthly winter ground temperature at a distance of up to 2 m from the extreme cables, and the ground temperature at the depth of the oil-filled cable should not increase by more than 5 ° С in relation to the average monthly temperature at any time of the year at a distance of up to 3 m from the extreme cables.
6 The deepening of heating networks at the places of the underground intersection of the railways of the common network in heaving soils is determined by calculation from the conditions under which the influence of heat release on the uniformity of frost heaving of the soil is excluded. If it is impossible to provide a given temperature regime by deepening heating networks, ventilation of tunnels (channels, cases), replacement of heaving soil at the intersection or overhead laying of heating networks is provided.
7 Distances to the telephone duct unit or to the armored communication cable in the pipes should be specified according to special standards.
8 In places of underground intersections of heating networks with communication cables, telephone duct blocks, power and control cables with a voltage of up to 35 kV, it is allowed, with appropriate justification, to reduce the vertical distance in the light when installing reinforced thermal insulation and observing the requirements of paragraphs 5, 6, 7 of these notes.

Table B.2 - Distances horizontally from underground water heating networks of open heat supply systems and hot water supply networks to sources of possible pollution

Source of pollution

The smallest clear distances horizontally, m

1. Structures and pipelines of domestic and industrial sewerage systems: when laying heating networks in channels and tunnels with channelless laying of heating networks D y ≤ 200 mm The same, D y> 200 mm

2. Cemeteries, landfills, cattle burial grounds, irrigation fields: in the absence of groundwater, in the presence of groundwater and in filter soils with the movement of groundwater towards heating networks

3. Cesspools and cesspools: in the absence of groundwater in the presence of groundwater and in filter soils with the movement of groundwater towards heating networks

1,0 1,5 3,0

Note - When the sewerage networks are located below the heating networks with parallel laying, the horizontal distances should be taken at least the difference in the elevation of the networks, above the heating networks - the distances indicated in the table should increase by the difference in the depth of the installation.

Table B.Z - Distances horizontally from the building structures of heating networks or the shell of pipeline insulation during channelless laying to buildings, structures and engineering networks

		The smallest clear distances, m
	Underground laying of heating networks
To the foundations of buildings and structures: when laying in channels and tunnels and non-subsiding soils (from the outer wall of the tunnel channel) with a diameter
	D y< 500	2,0
	D y = 500-800	5,0
	D y = 900 and more	8,0

	D y< 500	5,0
	DN ≥ 500	8,0
b) with channelless laying in non-subsiding soils (from shells of channelless laying) with a pipe diameter, mm:

	D y< 500	5,0
	DN ≥ 500	7,0
The same, in collapsing soils of type I at:
	DN ≤ 100	5,0
	D y> 100 doD y<500	7,0
	DN ≥ 500	8,0
To the axis of the nearest track of the 1520 mm track gauge		4.0 (but not less than the depth of the heating network trench up to

Buildings, structures and engineering networks
	the soles of the embankment)
The same, track 750 mm	2,8
To the nearest construction of the railway bed	3.0 (but not less than depth
roads	heating network trenches up to
	the base of the extreme
	structures)
To the axis of the nearest track of the electrified railroad	10,75
roads
To the axis of the nearest tramway	2,8
To the side stone of the street of the road (the edges of the carriageway,	1,5
reinforced shoulder strip)
To the outer edge of the ditch or the foot of the road embankment	1,0
To the foundations of fences and pipe supports	1,5
To masts and poles of outdoor lighting and communication networks	1,0
To the foundations of bridge supports of overpasses	2,0
To the foundations of the supports of the overhead railways	3,0
Ditto for trams and trolleybuses	1,0
Up to power and control cables up to 35 kV and	2.0 (see note 1)
oil-filled cables (up to 220 kV)
To the foundations of the supports of overhead power lines at
voltage, kV (when approaching and crossing):
up to 1	1,0
St. 1 to 35	2,0
over 35	3,0
Up to the telephone duct block, armored cable	1,0
communication in pipes and up to radio transmission cables
Before the water pipes	1,5
The same, in collapsing soils of type I	2,5
To drainage and rainwater drainage	1,0
To the industrial and household sewerage (with a closed	1,0
heat supply system)
Up to gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.6 MPa when laying	2,0
heating networks in channels, tunnels, as well as with channelless
laying with associated drainage
The same, more than 0.6 to 1.2 MPa	4,0
Up to gas pipelines with pressure up to 0.3 MPa with channelless	1,0
laying heating networks without associated drainage
The same, more than 0.3 to 0.6 MPa	1,5
The same, more than 0.6 to 1.2 MPa	2,0
Up to the trunk of the trees	2.01 (see note 10)
Before the bushes	1.0 (see note 10)
To canals and tunnels for various purposes (including up to	2,0
irrigation network canal edges - irrigation ditches)
Before subway structures when lining from the outside	5.0 (but not less than depth
pasting insulation	heating network trenches up to
	foundation of the structure)
The same, without gluing waterproofing	8.0 (but not less than depth
	heating network trenches up to
	foundation of the structure)
Before the fencing of the underground lines	5

Buildings, structures and engineering networks	The smallest clear distances, m
To the tanks of automobile filling stations (gas stations): a) with channelless laying b) with channel laying (provided ventilation shafts are installed on the heating network channel)	10,0 15,0
Overhead laying of heating networks
To the nearest construction of the subgrade of railways To the axis of the railway track from intermediate supports (when crossing railways) To the axis of the nearest tramway To the side stone or to the outer edge of the road ditch To the overhead power line with the greatest deviation of wires at voltage, kV: St. 1 up to 20 35-110 150 220 330 500 Up to a tree trunk Up to residential and public buildings for water heating networks, steam pipelines with pressure Р у< 0,63 МПа, конденсатных тепловых сетей при диаметрах труб, мм: Д у от 500 до 1400 Д у от 200 до 500 Д у < 200 До сетей горячего водоснабжения То же, до паровых тепловых сетей: Р у от 1,0 до 2,5 МПа св. 2,5 до 6,3 МПа	3 Dimensions "C", "Sp", "Su" in accordance with GOST 9238 and GOST 9720 2.8 0.5 (see note 8) 1 3 4 4,5 5 6 6,5 2,0 25 (see note 9) 20 (see note 9) 10 (see note 9)
Notes (edit) 1 It is allowed to reduce the distance given in Table EL3, provided that the ground temperature (taken from climatic data) at the place where the cables pass at any time of the year will not increase by more than 10 ° C in the entire area where the heating networks approach the cables. C for power and control cables with voltage up to 10 kV and at 5 ° C - for power control cables with voltage 20 - 35 kV and oil-filled cables up to 220 kV. 2 When laying heat and other engineering networks in common trenches (with their simultaneous construction), it is allowed to reduce the distance from heating networks to the water supply and sewerage system to 0.8 m when all networks are located at the same level or with a difference in laying marks of no more than 0.4 m. 3 For heating networks laid below the foundation of the foundations of supports, buildings, structures, the difference in the elevations of the laying, taking into account the natural slope of the soil, must be additionally taken into account, or measures must be taken to strengthen the foundations. 4 With parallel laying of underground heating and other engineering networks at different depths given in Table B.3. the distances should be increased and not less than the difference in the laying of the networks should be taken. In the cramped conditions of laying and the impossibility of increasing the distance, measures should be taken to protect engineering networks from collapse during the repair and construction of heating networks. 5 With parallel laying of heating and other engineering networks, it is allowed to reduce the distances given in table R3_ to structures on networks (wells, chambers, niches, etc.) to a value of at least 0.5 m, providing for measures to ensure the safety of structures during the production of construction -installation work. 6 Distances to special communication cables should be specified in accordance with the relevant standards. 7 The distance from the ground pavilions of heating networks for placing shut-off and control valves (in the absence of pumps in them) to residential buildings is taken at least 15 m.In particularly cramped conditions, it is allowed to decrease it to 10 m. 8 When laying overhead heating networks in parallel with an overhead power line with a voltage of more than 1 to 500 kV outside settlements, the horizontal distance from the extreme wire should be taken not less than the height of the support. 9 When laying temporary (up to 1 year of operation) water heating networks (bypasses) overhead, the distance to residential and public buildings can be reduced while ensuring safety measures for residents (100% inspection of welded seams, testing of pipelines by 1.5 times the maximum working pressure, but not less than 1.0 MPa, the use of completely covered steel valves, etc.). 10 In exceptional cases, if it is necessary to lay heating networks underground closer than 2 m from trees, 1 m from shrubs and other green spaces, the thickness of the heat-insulating layer of pipelines should be taken twice.