The concept of PPP in Western countries. Public-private partnership projects in Russia and abroad. Mechanism of functioning of projects based on PPP principles

BULLETIN OF PERM UNIVERSITY

2012 ECONOMY Vol. 3 (14)

SECTION IV. INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMY

INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF PUBLIC PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT

I.Yu. Merzlov, Ph.D. Sciences, Assoc. Department of Management

Perm State National Research University, 614990, Perm, st. Bukireva, 15

The international experience in the development of public-private partnerships (PPP) is generalized on the example of such economically developed countries as Great Britain, Ireland, France, USA and Canada. Particular emphasis is placed on legislation and development institutions responsible for the implementation of PPP policies. This alignment of emphasis is associated, first of all, with the need to identify the best world practices in order to determine the most favorable conditions for the practical implementation of PPP approaches in Russia.

Key words: public-private partnership; PPP development center; criterion "price-quality ratio".

The world experience of the last two decades in the field of practical implementation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) at the levels of national economies has confirmed the fact that this approach is one of the most effective tools for attracting investments in capital-intensive infrastructure projects. In addition, it is objectively clear that for the systemic development of this direction, the presence of an appropriate legislative base is necessary. It is also extremely important to create a special institute, the main task of which should be to systematize the principles of PPP and to organize practical work both at the federal and regional levels.

The United Nations Commission on Socio-Economic Development notes that there are 51 PPP development institutions operating in various countries of the world, 24 of them in Europe, 2 in North America, 5 in South America, 7 in Africa , 13 - in Asia. In addition, there are 9 international organizations whose competencies, along with other functions, include the development of PPPs (for example, the UN, EBRD, International Finance Corporation, etc.).

Let us consider the most typical examples of developed economic powers, the generalization of the experience of which will make it possible to provide

setting up an institutional basis for creating the prerequisites for the effective development of PPP in our country.

Great Britain. The first attempts to attract private capital to implement investment projects initiated by the state date back to the early 80s. XX century These measures were carried out by the Thatcher government in order to reduce the influence of the public sector on the country's economy. In fact, the situation began to change in 1992, when the country began to implement the targeted program Private Finance Initiative (PFI), designed to stimulate more active participation of the private sector in public projects.

Currently, PFI has become part of the overall government program for the development of PPPs in the UK, which includes privatization processes and any other form of joint activities between the state and the private sector, including the provision of guarantees. At the same time, the most specific features of the PFI program are the following: first of all, PFI projects are considered from the standpoint of how their implementation will improve the quality of life of the population, and not from the standpoint of the state acquiring new assets; the private party undertakes a long-term service obligation

any asset or service; the government, in turn, takes on a long-term commitment to meet the demand for the relevant product or service; a significant part of the risks for the project is assumed by the private party; The main criterion used when deciding on the initiation of a PPP project is the assessment of the value for money (VFM). In this case, the VFM assessment is understood as a system of criteria related to the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of a service, product or process, for example, a comparison of the cost of costs and the value of results, quantitative and qualitative assessment of methods for the involvement, use and management of resources.

Currently, PPP projects in the UK have a different sectoral focus, including projects implemented in socially significant areas (schools, hospitals, prisons, courts, fire departments, police, waste recycling and housing), transport infrastructure, information technology, product manufacturing. military use and leisure. The largest projects are being implemented in the transport industry. In particular, this is the reconstruction of the London Underground, the expansion of the highway network and the construction of large bridges.

In PPP projects in the UK, as a rule, risks are distributed as follows. The private party assumes the risk associated with the construction of the property, as well as the risk of non-delivery of products and / or failure to provide services specified in the contract. If the private party retains the right to use the assets, it also assumes the risk of changes in demand. The state, in turn, assumes the risk of changes in demand in the volumes in which it plans to purchase products and / or services of a private party, as well as inflation risk. In our opinion, such a distribution of risks makes PPP an effective investment tool.

The effectiveness of the implementation of the PPP policy in the UK is also confirmed by the fact that, based on information from independent audit reports, more than two thirds of all PPP projects in the country were implemented on time and there was no overspending in excess of the established budget. For comparison, according to world statistics, less than a third of private investment projects are implemented on time and within the initially established costs. In addition, PPP projects in the UK have consistently provided higher

saving financial resources in comparison with any alternative forms of government funding.

The positive results of the PFI program contributed to the fact that the first ever PPP development center was created in the UK in 1999 - Partnerships United Kingdom (PUK), whose shareholders were private companies (51%) and the state (49%, including 44.6% belong to the UK Treasury and 4.4% to the Scottish government). At the time of creation, the number of employees was 20 people, currently - 75 people.

The main functions of PUK are: assistance to the public sector in the selection of suppliers and the implementation of the procurement process, as well as in the management of PPP projects through the involvement of external consultants. The organization's charter clearly states that the main purpose of PUK functioning is to take care of the interests of the state on the basis of the VFM principle.

At the same time, in order to minimize the potential conflict of interests between the state and private business, the UK Treasury has established an Advisory Council, whose members can only be government officials. This Council does not have the right to interfere in the process of decisions made by PUK, but at the same time is obliged to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the functioning of the PPP center from the standpoint of observing state interests.

It is legally stipulated that state ordering organizations, at their discretion, can apply either to a PPP center or to any other commercial organization that provides consulting services in the field of structuring investment projects, including those based on PPP principles. This decision was made in order to maintain a competitive environment and, as a result, to ensure high quality project management, as well as to minimize bureaucracy. In fact, the vast majority of PPP projects are implemented with the participation of PUK. The credibility of the PPP center is also added by the fact that it functions under the patronage of the UK Treasury.

The bulk of the income received by PUK is formed as a payment to government customers for the services provided for the preparation and implementation of PPP projects.

In addition, the PUK can be a party (shareholder) in special purpose vehicles (SPVs) created at the initial stage of a PPP project. An example is

participation of PUK in the project organization "Cooperation of Schools", where it is a shareholder together with the Ministry of Education. In turn, this organization is responsible for the implementation of the target investment program "Building Schools of the Future".

Since 2007, amid the growing global financial crisis, many PPP projects have remained underfunded due to the fact that private businesses increasingly began to scale back their investment plans. In such conditions, in order to further stimulate the private party to participate in PPP projects in 2009, an infrastructure finance unit (TIFU) was created within the treasury. The primary tasks of this unit were financing PPP projects subject to their compliance with predetermined criteria, advising the government on long-term infrastructure projects, as well as providing commercial expertise for large projects.

It should be noted the tasks that are currently being set for PUK and TIFU in order to further develop the PPP methodology:

1. Ensuring the further development of methodological approaches to public procurement.

2. Improving the legal structure of the PPP contractual framework.

3. Ensuring greater predictability and transparency in the structuring and implementation of PPP projects.

4. Decrease in transaction costs.

5. Improving reporting on the progress of PPP projects in order to increase the level of its consistency and information content.

6. Development of guarantee instruments and mechanisms for attracting financing in cases where the state acts first as a borrower, and subsequently as a lender of a private party, which should result in a decrease in the cost of attracted resources.

Thus, the UK's experience in the systematic implementation of PPP approaches in the country's economy has become a kind of benchmark and model for a number of other countries.

Ireland. Private sector engagement with government in Ireland began with the establishment of hospitals and schools with faith-based organizations and toll road management. The decision to develop PPP on a systematic basis was made in early 1998, which was facilitated by a colossal deficit in financing infrastructure projects. The combined efforts of the Irish Union

employers and workers, the Federation of Builders and the National Socio-Economic Council contributed to the adoption in December 1999 of the National Development Plan 2000-2006, which formalized PPP as one of the ways to develop the national economy. At the same time, PPP is defined as an agreement between the public and private sector, which fixes a clear distribution of risks between participants and gives the right to the private party to provide socially significant services using public infrastructure, on principles different from standard public procurement.

At the initial stage, the steps to introduce PPP in practice were extremely balanced and careful. In June 1999, the government announced that the program would begin with eight basic pilot projects related to schools, public transport, roads and waste management. Nevertheless, the National Development Plan included a fairly large-scale task of increasing investments in PPP projects, which was reflected in the government's reports. So, of the 17.6 billion Irish pounds invested in 2000-2006. in infrastructure development, 1.85 billion was spent on projects implemented in the form of PPP.

Three factors have contributed to the growing importance of PPPs:

1. An opportunity was provided to quickly enter the PPP projects of stakeholders. It is especially important that the government ensured absolute transparency of projects for the private party in terms of receiving any information about projects proposed for implementation.

2. The ongoing process of improving the situation in the field of budgetary financing has allowed the government to pay more attention to the macroeconomic, social and other positive effects of PPP projects in comparison with tax revenues.

3. Despite a number of institutional difficulties that arose during the implementation of the pilot projects, it was initially decided on the need to complete each ongoing project, which ultimately contributed to the successful implementation of PPP approaches.

The PPP law itself was adopted on March 22, 2002. This contributed to the further development of the PPP Program and by mid-2003, 36 large PPP projects were approved, the average cost of each of which was about 6.4 million euros, and along with them another more than 100 small

PPP projects. Most of the projects were related to water resources, and the largest ones were related to road construction. The vast majority of projects were implemented at the municipal level. In addition, the government has begun the practice of providing grants to municipalities to stimulate small-scale PPP projects in areas not directly related to the main areas of infrastructure development (for example, business parks, culture, leisure, tourism and affordable housing). Nevertheless, the number of PPP projects increased slowly, which, first of all, was associated with a longer than expected by the private party, the procedure for concluding contracts. In addition, in the total volume of infrastructure projects, PPP projects accounted for only 5%, while the National Development Plan provided for 10%.

In order to further stimulate the evolution of the PPP process, the National Development Financial Agency was created, the main functions of which were to mobilize financial resources for PPP projects and provide advisory assistance to ministries and departments in the preparation and implementation of PPP projects.

France. On June 17, 2004, the President of France signed Order No. 2004-559 "On PPP Contracts", which defined the basic approaches to organizing PPP projects in the country. In particular, a definition of a PPP contract was given: it is a civil contract, according to which the state or a company representing the interests of the state entrusts a third party, during the investment period or the period established by the financing conditions, complex project work related to construction, redevelopment , repair, maintenance or management of fixed assets or intangible assets. Moreover, the project must have a high social significance.

The entry into force of this order led to the fact that the Ministry of Finance initiated the creation of the French PPP Development Center (Mission d'Appui aux PPP (MAPPP)) (MAPPP), which was officially opened in May 2005. authorities (initiators of PPP projects) in the preparation and implementation of PPP projects throughout France.

The PPP Center was established as a structural unit of the Ministry of Finance and employs six people. All decisions made by the center and related to the regulations

functioning are coordinated with the ministry.

The main functions of MAPPP are as follows: development of a methodology for conducting public procurement and evaluating PPP projects; checking the completeness of documents for compliance of the PPP project under consideration with legal, financial and quality requirements (including according to the VFM criterion); verification of the reliability and correctness of the submitted feasibility study of the project; assistance in choosing private consultants; conducting a comprehensive assessment of the project before its final approval by the Ministry of Finance. In addition, the center develops methodological materials in order to provide consulting assistance to relevant ministries and departments in the process of PPP development. The Center publishes newsletters and participates in various conferences and other events aimed at expanding the scope of PPP and exchange of experience between participants. At the same time, the center does not have the authority to independently implement PPP projects, does not hold tenders and any other activities related to the public procurement process.

Funding for the current activities of MAPPP is carried out exclusively under the corresponding line of the state budget. Accordingly, MAPPP is not entitled to receive remuneration from relevant ministries and departments (initiators of PPP projects). Projects at the regional and local levels can be implemented without MAPPP involvement.

Further development of PPPs in France was facilitated by the adoption of Law No. 2008735 of 28 July 2008 "On PPP Contracts", which developed and clarified the provisions of the order mentioned above. In particular, criteria for the effectiveness of concluded PPP contracts were introduced. In the past few years, the largest number of PPP projects have been implemented in the field of road construction and maintenance, as well as water supply.

USA. In the United States, there is no federal law establishing uniform approaches to the implementation of PPP projects. At the same time, the analysis of the legislation shows the presence in the overwhelming majority of states of existing regulatory documents regulating specific areas (by industry) of the application of PPP approaches.

The main institution responsible for the development of PPPs in the country is the National Council for Public-Private Partnerships (NCPPP), which was formed in 2005.

a commercial organization within the government of Columbia, whose mission is to promote and promote PPP approaches at all levels of government in those areas where it is necessary, as well as to create the preconditions for business cooperation between the state and the private sector in order to improve the quality of goods and services based on effective cost management in socially significant areas for the country's population.

The Council defines PPP as follows: it is a form of agreement between any level of government (federal, state or municipality) and a private business representative. This agreement provides for the sharing of experience and assets of each of the parties in order to create products or provide services necessary for society as a whole. In addition to the allocation of resources, the terms of the agreement provide for the distribution of risks and revenues for the project between the parties involved.

NCPPP solves the following tasks:

Provides general information to popularize PPP approaches.

Promotes information exchange between the state and private partners in terms of the practical implementation of PPP approaches.

Conducts training seminars and trainings on PPP.

Provides methodological support during the preparation and implementation of international PPP projects, including an analysis of the regulatory framework related to PPP.

There are two types of membership for private sector representatives on the Council:

1. Sponsorship. Such participants can be representatives of business, non-profit public organizations and other organizations that are willing to pay membership fees. Sponsoring members are eligible to serve on the board of directors.

2. Major participation. Such participants can be organizations of any industry and organizational and legal forms. This category of members does not have the right to vote in management decisions on behalf of the Council. This form of participation allows you to submit your own initiatives for the development of PPPs for making a final decision by the board of directors.

In addition, a number of other organizations are operating in the United States related to the development of PPPs in the country: in the development of transport infrastructure - the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), in the field of support

international projects - the Department of State: Global Partnership Initiative and The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), as well as a number of regional PPP centers (for example, California: Performance Based Infrastructure, Maryland: Transport Authority, Texas ; Transportation Authority).

Canada. Canadian legislation defines PPP as a form of joint cooperation between the public and private sectors, based on the experience of each of the partners and designed to best ensure the solution of socially significant problems for the population based on effective management of resources, risks and income distribution.

At the federal level in Canada, there are two organizations whose activities are aimed at the development of PPP.

One of them is the Center for the Development of Federal PPP Projects (PPP Canada), established in February 2009. He is the manager of the PPP Canada Fund, which in turn provides financing for innovative federal-scale PPP projects. In addition, PPP Canada provides advisory support to the government in matters related to the implementation of investment projects, and is also actively trying to implement PPP principles in other federal investment programs related to the development of the country's infrastructure.

The second organization, which is called the Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships (CCPPP), was created in 1993 and aims to promote and attract public attention to PPP issues through systematic research and organization of annual conferences and special seminars.

At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the peculiarity of Canadian legislation, which is that all projects with a planned cost of more than 50 million Canadian dollars should be implemented only on the principles of public procurement. Lower cost projects can be implemented on PPP principles.

The study of the experience of organizing and functioning of PPP in developed countries made it possible to distinguish three main groups of PPP centers according to their functions:

1. Centers whose functions are limited to the evaluation of PPP projects prepared by the executive authorities and the development of methodological recommendations for the implementation of PPP projects.

2. Centers performing the broadest possible functions for the development of PPPs, including providing comprehensive consultations to executive authorities, promoting the development of the business and political environment for the successful functioning of PPPs in various industries, searching and disseminating best practices.

3. Centers with a sole function of disseminating best practices.

Experience shows that centers belonging to the third group sooner or later expand their functionality and move to the first or second group.

In addition, all PPP Centers existing in developed countries can be classified according to the quality of interaction with the Ministry of Finance, dividing them into two groups:

1. PPP centers, which are structural units of the Ministry of Finance. The advantages of such centers include the following: better interaction with the body that makes the final decision on PPP projects is provided, and the likelihood of conflicts of interest is minimized. At the same time, there is also a significant drawback - there is no authority for independent decision-making, which increases the overall time for consideration of the project. In addition, the centers are, in fact, state structures, therefore, manifestations of bureaucracy may appear in them.

2. PPP centers, which are independent institutional units. The advantages of such centers include the fact that they inspire more confidence in the private sector, and also less restrict employees in the level of remuneration, which helps to attract more highly qualified specialists. But at the same time, it is possible to slow down the pace of the approval procedures with the executive authorities.

Another classification of PPP centers can be carried out according to the criterion of the sources of financing used, thus dividing all centers into three groups:

1. Centers funded from the budget. Such centers constitute the overwhelming majority.

2. Centers that receive remuneration for the services provided and are self-supporting.

3. Centers using both sources of funding.

In addition to the differences identified, it is necessary to note the common features inherent in all PPP centers:

1. They do not have the right to make a final decision on the implementation of a particular PPP project. Such powers usually remain within the ministry of finance or other similar executive authority. Nevertheless, the recommendations of the centers in the overwhelming majority of cases coincide with the final decision of the ministry making the decision.

2. All PPP centers in one form or another are engaged in business planning.

3. Provide assistance to project proponents in the selection of financial, technical and other consultants.

4. Participate in the public procurement process, including requesting proposals for the conclusion of contracts, making an analysis of the proposals received, and assisting the executive authorities in concluding a contract.

Common to all countries (except for the United States) is that at the legislative level, regulatory and legal documents that establish general rules for the implementation of PPPs have been approved and are in effect.

Thus, the complexity and an increasing number of PPP projects have led to the fact that at the state level in many countries of the world, special centers or structural units for the development, implementation and monitoring of PPP projects began to be created. It is important to understand that a qualitative and quantitative leap in the development of PPPs in the countries under consideration occurred precisely after the emergence of the corresponding institution, strengthened by a well-developed legislative framework. Therefore, we can conclude that the effective development of PPP in Russia in the long term is possible only if such centers are created and the subsequent development of a practice-oriented legislative framework at the federal and regional levels.

Bibliography

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Great Britain. Url:

treasury.gov.uk>

2. The official website of the Commission of the Organization

nization of the united nations for socio-economic development. Url: (date of access: 30.03.2012).

3. Official site of the Canadian PPP Development Committee. Url:<

http://www.pppcouncil.ca> (date accessed:

4. The official website of the US National PPP Council. Url: (date of access: 30.03.2012).

5. Official site of the National PPP Development Finance Agency of Ireland. Url:< http://ppp.gov.ie>(date of the application:

6. Official site of the UK PPP Development Center (PUK). Url: (date of access: 30.03.2012).

7. Official site of the Development Center

PPP Portugal. Url:< http://

http://www.parpublica.pt> (date accessed:

S. Official site of the French PPP Development Center. Url:< http://www.cefoppp.org>(date of access: 30.03.2012).

9. Sheshukova T.G., Ponomareva S.V. Methodology for the transformation of financial statements in the context of the transition to IFRS in the oil and gas complex // International accounting. 2005. No. 11. S. 17-23.

The history of the development of public-private partnerships in the world

In world practice, the most successful experience, widespread use and a high level of development of forms of PPP are observed, as a rule, in the highly developed countries of Western Europe and North America. As for promising economic leaders (China, India, Russia, Brazil, etc.), they are still noticeably inferior to them both in the degree of development of PPP forms and in the breadth of application.
Interest in public-private partnerships arose quite a long time ago: the first construction of the canal on a concession basis in France dates back to 1552. PPP in a concession form was actively used by many countries, especially for the construction of railways. Active interaction between business and the state took place in the 30s of the twentieth century, but in the pre-war and war times, such interaction was rather forced, associated with overcoming the world economic crisis, organizing the war economy, and post-war restoration of the national economy.
Many developing countries that introduced PPP practices in the mid-1990s faced chronic inefficiencies, inadequate pricing policies and corruption in critical infrastructure units. This meant that service providers in these sectors were financially insolvent and unable to provide adequate services to their customers, let alone expand services. Governments were forced to take financial recovery measures because could no longer support unprofitable enterprises. Private sector participation in infrastructure development has been a way to reduce the drain on government funds. Private sector participation was expected to lead to more efficient service delivery. On the other hand, government authorities intended to take measures to rationalize pricing methods and improve companies' access to private capital.
Expectations led to a boom in PPPs in developing countries in the 1990s. In 1990-2001, more than 130 low and middle income countries adopted programs to involve the private sector in infrastructure projects.
At the same time, the private sector participated in 2.5 thousand infrastructure projects, with attracted investments of 750 billion US dollars. The boom peaked in 1997, when the East Asian financial crisis began. The financial crisis, catastrophic currency devaluation and subsequent slowdown in economic growth have had a negative impact on many PPP contracts. If until 1997 there was a constant increase in private investment in infrastructure projects, then after the financial crises of 1997-1998, their decline is observed.
In particular, in Europe and Central Asia in 2001 there was a sharp drop in private investment in infrastructure - to 6.5 billion dollars, which is 3.5 times less than the previous year and 2.5 times less than the 1997 level.
In the period from 2003 to 2005, an increase in private sector investment in infrastructure projects based on the PPP principle is observed in most developed countries:
Table 1. Dynamics of the development of the PPP projects market in some countries of the world. (mln USD)

In the UK, there are a total of 725 PFI projects worth over £ 100 million since 1987, with a total capital cost of £ 47.5 billion (of which approximately 500 were in progress in mid-2006).
Currently, in most countries of the world, economic development is characterized by the consolidation of efforts by the state and the private sector in finding new forms and methods for creating, managing and regulating infrastructure. PPP projects are a real mechanism for interaction between the public sector and private capital in the creation, modernization, maintenance and operation of infrastructure facilities. As a rule, various countries begin their program for the development of public-private partnerships with concession projects in the road industry (toll roads, bridges, tunnels).
The “self-financing” nature of such projects (at least from the point of view of the state budget) makes them very attractive. However, in world practice, PPP mechanisms are used in many other areas (Table 2).
Table 2. Spheres of application of PPP mechanisms in different countries of the world.

Generalization of world experience in the process of the formation of a new role of the state in the framework of PPP allows us to develop specific proposals for the implementation of PPP in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which already has some experience in providing concessions in the field of infrastructure to private foreign companies.

PPP tools allow more efficient spending of public funds for the implementation of infrastructure projects in the field of transport, housing and communal services, education, health care, the creation of innovative technologies, etc.

All over the world, PPP projects are implemented through the participation of development financial institutions in them. The maximum multiplier effect is achieved in those projects where PPP tools are used in an integrated manner.

During the Second World War, in small American towns, business and government successfully cooperated to achieve common goals, relying on the traditions of communal cooperation. The idea of partnership between the state and business was actualized as a result of the privatization policy pursued in the United States and Great Britain in the 1980s.

The state, striving to get out of the sphere of production of public goods, saw in such a partnership an opportunity to improve the quality of public goods simultaneously with a decrease in the cost of their production for society.

Despite the fact that neoliberal economic policy was generally based on programs to increase competition, public-private partnership, which is based not on competition, but on cooperation and sharing of risks between the state and business, has become one of the mechanisms for transferring the implementation of part of state functions to private enterprises. The inevitable consequence of the partnership was the blurring of the boundaries between the public and private sectors, since for its successful implementation, state structures were forced to start thinking and acting in the logic of private enterprises, and private business to master the state logic and open its inner kitchen to public control.

Currently, the idea that PPP is an integral part of the neoliberal privatization programs, the departure of an ineffective state from those areas where it can be replaced by an effective private business, is shared by fewer and fewer researchers, and primarily because the sectors themselves have changed. and there was a mutual rapprochement between them.

Thus, in the private sector, the practice of social corporate responsibility appeared and began to develop rapidly, while in public administration, negotiations began to more often precede, and in some cases replace orders and directives. As a result, the conceptual basis of PPP is the task of reforming governance both in the private sector and in the public sector, proceeding from the needs of countries to adapt to the global economy, the development of information technologies and growing pressure from consumers interested in quality products and services. Talk about an ineffective state that should transfer the production of public goods to efficient private business is a thing of the past.

In world practice, the most successful experience, widespread use and a high level of development of forms of PPP are observed, as a rule, in the highly developed countries of Western Europe and North America. As for promising economic leaders (China, India, Russia, Brazil, etc.), they are still noticeably inferior to them both in the degree of development of PPP forms and in the breadth of application.

Interest in public-private partnerships arose quite a long time ago: the first construction of the canal on a concession basis in France dates back to 1552. PPP in a concession form was actively used by many countries, especially for the construction of railways. Active interaction between business and the state took place in the 30s of the twentieth century, but in the pre-war and war times, such interaction was rather forced in nature, associated with overcoming the world economic crisis, organizing the war economy, and post-war restoration of the national economy.

Many developing countries that introduced PPP practices in the mid-1990s faced chronic inefficiencies, inadequate pricing policies and corruption in critical infrastructure units. This meant that service providers in these sectors were financially insolvent and unable to provide adequate services to their customers, let alone expand services. Governments were forced to take financial recovery measures because could no longer support unprofitable enterprises. Private sector participation in infrastructure development has been a way to reduce the drain on government funds. Private sector participation was expected to lead to more efficient service delivery. On the other hand, government authorities intended to take measures to rationalize pricing methods and improve companies' access to private capital.

Expectations led to a boom in PPPs in developing countries in the 1990s. In 1990-2001, more than 130 low and middle income countries adopted programs to involve the private sector in infrastructure projects.

At the same time, the private sector participated in 2.5 thousand infrastructure projects, with attracted investments of 750 billion US dollars. The boom peaked in 1997, when the East Asian financial crisis began. The financial crisis, catastrophic currency devaluation and subsequent slowdown in economic growth have had a negative impact on many PPP contracts. If until 1997 there was a constant increase in private investment in infrastructure projects, then after the financial crises of 1997-1998, their decline is observed.

In particular, in Europe and Central Asia in 2001 there was a sharp drop in private investment in infrastructure - to 6.5 billion dollars, which is 3.5 times less than the previous year and 2.5 times less than the 1997 level.

Between 2003 and 2005, the growth of private sector investment in infrastructure projects based on the PPP principle has been observed in most developed countries.

Table 2.1. Dynamics of the development of the market for PPP projects in some countries of the world (million dollars)

In the UK, there are a total of 725 PFI projects worth over £ 100 million since 1987, with a total capital cost of £ 47.5 billion (of which approximately 500 were in progress in mid-2006).

Currently, in most countries of the world, economic development is characterized by the consolidation of efforts by the state and the private sector in finding new forms and methods for creating, managing and regulating infrastructure. PPP projects are a real mechanism for interaction between the public sector and private capital in the creation, modernization, maintenance and operation of infrastructure facilities. As a rule, various countries begin their program for the development of public-private partnerships with concession projects in the road industry (toll roads, bridges, tunnels).

The “self-financing” nature of such projects (at least from the point of view of the state budget) makes them very attractive. However, in world practice, PPP mechanisms are used in many other areas.

Aghazaryan Nerses Vardanovich, PhD student, Peoples 'Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Russia

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The development of PPP in the world can be divided into three stages
most countries are still at the first stage of PPP development, which includes the development of legal framework and standards for PPP
at the second stage are the overwhelming majority of developed countries in Europe, such as Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and from the rest of the world - such states as the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Japan and Russia
only the UK, Australia, South Korea and Ireland are in the third stage of PPP development
recently, in certain states, PPP projects began to appear in areas that were previously considered the exclusive prerogative of the state

Annotation:

The article analyzes the international experience of PPP development on the example of economically developed, developing countries, as well as countries with economies in transition. The work is aimed at identifying the best world practices in order to determine the most favorable conditions for the practical implementation of PPP approaches in Russia.
The article draws a number of key conclusions that PPP in infrastructure sectors allows countries and regions to attract funds for the development and improvement of energy, water supply, transport, telecommunications, information technology and other areas through the participation of private and public institutions. Where regional problems with aging infrastructure exist or more efficient services are required, partnerships with the private sector can strengthen new solutions for the integrated development of countries and regions.

JEL classification: H54, L32, O57

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Public-private partnerships combine the best of "two worlds": the private sector and its resources, management skills and technology, and the public sector with its regulatory activities and advocacy of the public interest. "

Economic commission for europe

PPP in the world

Areas of PPP development in the world

Transport infrastructure (railways, roads, airports),

Healthcare (hospitals and diagnostic centers),

Rental housing with affordable rent, Waste (including waste management),

Electricity (especially renewable energy sources),

Teleinformation infrastructures (Internet access),

Public transport, Prisons, etc

PPP in the world

Over the past 16 years since 1994 - 2009 almost 1,200 contracts completed

PPPs worth almost EURO 290 million,

In countries with PPP, governance is widely used, the necessary and reasonable conditions of the two mentioned groups, public services,

PPP preferences are set in different ways (for example, in Spain, infrastructure and hospitals; in Germany, schools and hospitals), but in each case there is a consistent, targeted strategy for appointing public authorities, a preferred course of action at all levels,

All countries have special institutes - for programming and

assistance in a broad sense, the choice of this form of action.

History reference

=> Globally, concession system systematized

for other services not funded by end-users

users ("social infrastructures"): the public sector is no longer able to respond to the ever-increasing expectations of citizens and consumers,

economic and financial contradictions limit

available funds for public services - hence degrading infrastructures, and delayed investments in health, education or transport:

over 20 years, the share of investments in the state budget was halved, to 5%.

The history of PPP at the EU level

On May 7, 2003, the Commission released the “Single Internal Market Strategy - Priorities for 2003-2006,” which refers to the need to develop legal issues for PPPs. Announcement of the release of the Green Paper on PPP.

On May 21, 2003, the Commission presented a green paper on general services. It provides a critical analysis of the Commission's policy on services and raises the question of the need and appropriateness of a common legal framework for these services at the EU level.

In the second half of 2003, the Commission plans to publish a "green paper" on work with public placement of orders and PPP.

On 4 April 2006, the European Council, the European Parliament and the Commission agreed on a financial framework for 2007-2013.

May 30, 2007 Adoption by the European Parliament of the Regulation on Subsidies from the Trans-European Transport Network Fund for 2007-2013. for the amount of approx. 8 billion euros.

On February 5, 2008, the Commission issued a statement on the interpretation of the application of EU law on public procurement and concessions in relation to institutionalized public-private partnerships (PPP).

On 16 September 2008, the EIB and the Commission established the European PPP Expertise Center (EPEC).