Assignment - what is it? Banknotes and credit notes of the Russian Empire Banknotes as securities

The backwardness of the feudal economy based on the slave labor of serfs, numerous wars, the desire to intensively develop territories acquired during conquests and diplomatic victories - all this forced the state to additionally issue (issue) paper banknotes, often without security in the form of real silver or copper coins.

The first issue of banknotes consisted of 10,000 pieces with a denomination of 25 rubles, 5,000 pieces with a denomination of 50 rubles, 3,333 pieces with a denomination of 75 rubles and 2,500 pieces with a denomination of 100 rubles.

By order of the economic empress, the first Russian banknotes were made from old palace tablecloths and napkins, which in such an unusual way gave a second life in a new noble form, in the form of paper money.

At first, little paper money was issued and no care was taken to protect it. All banknotes, regardless of the denomination, were issued on the same sheets of white paper with the same inscriptions: "Love for the Fatherland" top and "Acts for the benefit of the onago"- at the bottom. In the center of the banknote was an uncrowned double-headed eagle with outstretched wings and a chain of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.
Already by the middle of 1771, craftsmen had learned to convert 25-ruble banknotes into 75-ruble banknotes, and it was decided to stop issuing 75-ruble banknotes. To further intimidate counterfeiters, the death penalty was introduced for counterfeiting money.

In addition to this misfortune, another soon arose: making sure that the people were happy to exchange awkward copper for convenient banknotes, they printed a mountain of paper money. There were not enough change coins for this mountain, and for a paper ruble they began to give sixty kopecks. The deceived population went through economic universities in practice and felt inflation much earlier than they learned this learned word.

The increased issue of banknotes, which exceeded the security, led to a fall in its rate. In 1797, the government decided to confiscate part of the banknotes put on the market; a solemn burning took place in the presence of Paul I of banknotes in the amount of 6 million rubles. Constant wars required emergency expenses, and by 1802 the total amount of banknotes rose from 151 million to 212 million rubles, which finally lowered the exchange rate of the paper ruble, the cost of banknotes depreciated by a third - 1 paper ruble was regarded as 68 copper kopecks, the fall of the ruble especially intensified during Patriotic War of 1812.

In 1770, a decree was issued allowing banknotes to be exchanged only for copper coins. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, the binding of banknotes to a copper coin led to a fall in the exchange rate of the latter, the emergence of a double count for silver and banknotes (for a copper coin) and to a general breakdown of the Russian monetary system
A decree of 1780 introduced a ban on the export of banknotes abroad.

In Crimea, Russian paper banknotes appeared after April 8, 1783, when Her Imperial Majesty Catherine II issued a manifesto on the annexation of Crimea, Taman and the Kuban Tatars to Russia.

And Catherine was subsequently thanked: her portrait was placed on a hundred-ruble bill, for which the people immediately called the banknote “ Katerinka". (The general appearance of the banknote was used when issuing the 100-ruble Soviet banknote of 1947)

7 interesting facts about Russian banknotes

1."Money is paper"?
The first paper money in Russia could have appeared under Elizaveta Petrovna. There was a Seven Years' War, copper was required primarily for casting cannons, and not for minting coins. But Elizaveta Petrovna was still dissuaded from the idea. Elizabeth's nephew Peter III was not lucky: he had already issued a decree "On the establishment of the State Bank", but three days before the opening of the bank there was a palace coup. Paper banknotes managed to be put into circulation by Catherine II. White paper with watermarks was produced at the Krasnoselsk paper mill. The watermark was a letter frame, which was read through the light: at the top - “love for the Fatherland”, below - “acts for the benefit of the onago”, and on the sides - “State treasury”. The corners were decorated with coats of arms of the kingdoms: Astrakhan, Moscow, Kazan and Siberia.
2. Insidious Napoleon
Until the Patriotic War of 1812, the making of banknotes remained so simple that their forgery was widely practiced. There is evidence that even the treacherous Napoleon issued fake Russian banknotes. What for? He did not want to leave his soldiers with empty wallets in Russia in case no one would give them their goods for nothing. According to legend, the French hid a machine for making fake banknotes at the Preobrazhensky cemetery in Moscow.
3. Brut ruble
A cashier named Brutus signed the banknotes of 1898-1910, including the ruble banknote. An avid gambler, Brutus lost a large amount of government money in cards in 1914, got upset and hanged himself. At the beginning of 1915 in Russia, everyone and sundry dabbled in gambling. Among superstitious players, there was an opinion that a noose or a personal item of a hanged man brings good luck in the game. Here everyone believed that the ruble signed by Brutus was “happy” and began a “hunt for a banknote”. The exchange rate of the "Brut ruble" so increased that the government had to intervene.
4. Swastika
It is no secret that the cross symbol with curved ends has long been loved in Russia, until in the 20th century it began to be used as a symbol of Nazism. In Russia, the swastika first appeared in official symbols in 1917 - when the Provisional Government issued new banknotes in denominations of 250 and 1000 rubles - the people called them Kerenka. On the 250-ruble banknote, the swastika was hidden in the center behind the eagle. It is interesting that the Buddhist “Infinity knot” also flaunted on the front side of the bill. The swastika is also present on the first Soviet banknotes - it was inherited, so to speak. stove Among the people, they have become associated with an unnecessary piece of paper, which even the last beggar on the street will not pick up.
5. Banknote in one pood of bread
1921 Famine, unbridled hyperinflation of Soviet rubles. The Kiev Natural Union “Reason and Conscience”, headed by engineer M. Kalina, issues settlement checks “pegged” to the hardest currency in the famine years - “1 pood of bread”. “A ruble of labor is a pood of bread” - such an inscription was emblazoned on a paper check, which was supposed to mark the transition to socialism and the abolition of the monetary system. But not a single pood of grain was given out for the checks received. "Reason and conscience" soon disappeared.
6. Solovki
A lot of indignation among people in the know was caused by the reverse side of the modern banknote of 500 rubles. It depicts the Solovetsky Monastery, the main historical and architectural landmark of the Arkhangelsk region. But the monastery on the banknote appears in a disfigured form. Half-ruined, without domes and crosses, so it was during the stay on Solovki of the special purpose camp (SLON). In addition, there are geographical discrepancies in the figure. Simply put, the artist fantasized. For the best protection, banknotes are often updated, improved, but an unsuccessful design is not touched.
7. 5000 rubles
And on the largest modern Russian banknote of 5000 rubles, we see the city of Khabarovsk. On the front side there is a monument to the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Count Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky. Nikolai Nikolaevich returned to us Amur, which was then in China. Muravyov received the title of Count of Amur for the conclusion of the contract. The reverse side of the banknote depicts the Tsar's Bridge across the Amur, called the "Amur Miracle". It was built incredibly quickly, and even in the conditions of the First World War, and then it became the longest bridge in the Old World. The banknote is protected from counterfeiting by micro-holes on the number “5000”, magnetic and luminescent elements, a security gray thread, watermarks, embossed inscriptions, seven microtext strips, but it is still counterfeited more often than other banknotes.

Definition

Assignation ruble

Banknotes of 1769-1785

Banknotes 1786-1818

Banknotes of 1802

Banknote - this the historical name of paper money issued in the Russian Federation from 1769 to 1849 and Appeared in connection with the development of commodity production and the economic feasibility of withdrawing from circulation as money gold and other metals. To a certain extent, the name "A." has been preserved up to the present.

Banknote - this is the name of the order that one person - the assignee, gives to another - the assignee, to receive a certain value from the third - the assignee, and at the same time the assignee receives an order to make this issue. It may happen that the assignee is the debtor of the assignee and the trustee of the assignee, and in this case, by means of the assignee, he simultaneously fulfills his claim and cancels the obligation that lies on him. However, it also happens that the assignee does not have the right to demand anything, but only uses a loan from the assignee with the help of a banknote, he may not even be a debtor of the assignee, but simply wants to lend to him through the banknote loan or just authorize him to collect money for his, the assignee, account. Normalizing more closely an ordinary banknote (it makes no difference whether it is expressed in writing or simply verbally), most of the current legislation follows in the footsteps of Roman law, which brought to the fore not the property nature of the obligation and the right of claim associated with it, but personal, and looked at them only as an individual relationship between strictly defined persons. The issuance of a banknote by an assignee includes only the acceptance of an order to collect, therefore, it does not oblige the assignee to anything. But only the last accepts it sentence, he is already obliged to fulfill the assignment given to him, must induce the assignee to execute by announcing to him about the banknote, and is responsible for the malfunction, for example. for non-recovery. In the same way, it is not obligatory for an assignee to accept an order to make a payment, only from the moment of the announcement of its acceptance, the latter becomes obligatory for him. If he deviates from the promised payment, he must unconditionally answer to the assignee for the damage and losses that have occurred from this.

The question of whether the assignee can independently require the court from the assignee to fulfill the promise, which consists in accepting the assignee, or whether he alone is granted the right of recourse to the assignee, seems debatable. After the satisfaction of the assignee, the assignee may demand from the assignee, on the basis of the authority received from him, to repatriate what he paid, if he did not owe the same amount to the assignee or received from him the corresponding amount of money for this payment. In case of failed acceptance or payment of a banknote, it is necessary to determine the legal relationship arising on this occasion between the banknoteee and the banknoteee. If the demand of the assignee was to be satisfied by means of an assignation, then his right of recourse against the assignee, arising from the original obligation, is returned to him, for example. he has the right to demand payment of the purchase price if he has been granted the right to collect by means of assignation the amount due from the assignee in the indicated payment. In this case, the objection that he has already received satisfaction by giving him a banknote cannot matter, since " banknote- non-payment" and the obligor-assignee remains obligated until the moment of actual satisfaction of the assignee. successful fulfillment (bonitas nominis) of the demand, but if the banknote is expressed in the form of a delegation, then he is relieved of all responsibility.There is no reason to think that the banknoteee could not be granted the right to further transfer the ordinary banknote, unless he is obliged to pay the amount recovered by the banknote to the banknote A banknote that has not yet been executed can be unilaterally destroyed at the will of the assignee, and also, like all other powers of attorney, terminate with his death.

There are many deviations from these basic provisions in banknotes made by merchants, which are called trade banknotes. These deviations are caused by the need to put into circulation future values ​​as components of property and use them for payment. In view of this, certain deviations from the provisions that determine the relations of the persons participating in the original transaction are allowed by law, and an independent system of rights and obligations arising from an abstract banknote transaction is created for all participants. According to German law, a commercial banknote (kaufm änische Anweisung) consists of a written act, also called "Anweisung" and containing an indication of the amount, an order for payment, the names of the banknote, the banknote and the banknote, the time of payment, the place and date of issue. Such banknotes are like bills of exchange and therefore are compared with them by the legislation of the Saxon, Bavarian, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Altenburg and Reich principalities. A., mainly used by small manufacturers and merchants in order to create for themselves loan. When a banknote is issued by a trusted trading house, it is tacitly assumed that the banknote wishes to induce the banknote to payment for the delivered goods after the proceeds within a certain period. The Assignee cannot induce the Assignee to make a preliminary announcement of taking over payment on banknotes, and all the less, if he is denied one, use the established for bills the right of recourse against the previous signer or issuer of the banknote. But once the banknote is accepted by the banknote, then the force of bill of exchange law applies to it. In the same way, in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Portugal, Britain and the United States of North America, banknotes, and even non-commercial ones, are given promissory notes. Other German states, in addition to those mentioned above, guided by the German commercial charter, distinguish trade banknotes from ordinary ones in the sense that the banknoteee can force the banknote as soon as the latter has accepted the banknote for payment according to trade custom, without being embarrassed, moreover, by any excuses arising from special relations of the assignee to the assignee. In addition, such a banknote, if it is only issued not only for payment to the original recipient, but also "to whom he orders," can be further transferred by inscription and, finally, in case of loss, can be depreciated in the same way as.

In our legislation, we do not meet a special instruction on banknotes. An instruction given to a debtor to make a payment to a third party can be carried out as a transfer by signature of a debt obligation, which, if the subject of it consists in a monetary payment not secured by a pledge, can be transferred regardless of the will of the debtor, but without turnover (recourse) to lender(Art. 2058, X vol., 1 part of St. Law civil.), and by way of a power of attorney or assignment given to a third party, that is, without providing him with an independent claim, much less a recourse. Assignation, in the exact sense of the word, merges in our legislation with the concept of a draft.

Assignation ruble

Assignation ruble- first settlement, auxiliary, and then - the main monetary unit united Russia from 1769 to January 1, 1849, which circulated on a par with the silver ruble with a market exchange rate for both currencies. In total there were 4 money issues of Russian banknotes: in 1769-1785, 1786-1818, 1802 and 1818-1843. On Russian banknotes, the inscriptions "Acts for the benefit of the onago" and "Love for the Fatherland" were used.

Banknotes of 1769-1785

The appearance of assignation rubles was caused by the government's large expenditures for military needs, which led to a shortage of silver in the treasury (since all settlements, especially with foreign suppliers, were carried out exclusively in silver and gold coins). a lack of silver and the huge masses of copper money in the intra-Russian trade turnover led to the fact that large payments were extremely difficult to carry out. So the county treasuries were forced to equip entire expeditions when collecting poll taxes, since a separate cart was required to transport an average of every 500 rubles of tax. All this necessitated the introduction of certain state obligations, a kind of bills for large bills.

The first attempt to introduce banknotes was made by Peter III, who signed a decree on May 25, 1762 on the establishment of a state bank, which was to issue banknotes in denominations of 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 rubles for a total amount of 5 million rubles.

The decree was not executed due to the coup d'état carried out by Catherine II, who, in turn, after 7 years returned to the idea issue of securities banknotes. On December 29, 1768, a manifesto was signed and promulgated on February 2, 1769 on the establishment in St. Petersburg and Moscow of branches of the Assignation jar who received the exclusive right release banknotes. The manifesto stated that banknotes are in circulation on a par with coins and are subject to immediate exchange for coins on demand in any quantities. It was established that the issue of paper money should not exceed the cash amount of the coin in bank. The original Assignation Bank was 1 million rubles in copper coins - 500 thousand rubles each in the St. Petersburg and Moscow offices. the issue of banknotes was also set at 1 million rubles. The Bank issued the following denominations: 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles. This issue of securities had a primitive appearance, which simplified falsification. Banknotes with a denomination of 25 rubles were converted into 75. Therefore, in a decree of June 21, 1771, banknotes with a face value of 75 rubles were discontinued and withdrawn from circulation. The size of banknotes 1769-1773 190 x 250 mm. These banknotes are rare and are of collectible interest.

Initially, the issue of banknotes was a great success, but since there was only a copper coin in the bank, the banknotes were exchanged only for it. This provision was enshrined in law by a decree of January 22, 1770. Thus, the banknote was firmly tied to a copper coin, which from now on became in fact only a bargaining chip for the latter. At the beginning of the existence of the new monetary system, this disparity could not yet strongly influence the purchasing power of the new ruble, which was not backed by precious metal. Since 1780, the import and export of banknotes abroad was prohibited: the banknote ruble ceased to be convertible. At the same time, bank notes increased, and from the second half of the 1780s. a sharp depreciation of paper money began, pulling with it its change equivalent - copper coins. Price scissors appeared, from now on there were two independent monetary units in the country: a silver ruble, backed by precious metal reserves in the treasury and equal to 100 silver kopecks, and a banknote ruble, unsecured by nothing but the population's confidence in the authorities and equal to 100 exclusively copper kopecks.

Banknotes 1786-1818

By the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, the rate of banknotes fell sharply. Military costs Russian Federation were so great that in 1814-1815 the exchange rate was 20 kopecks for the ruble

The government promised to reduce the number of paper notes, but it was never kept. The manifesto of June 1787 provided for the amount of banknotes of 100 million rubles, but it increased to 57.7 million rubles.

In order to undermine the Russian economy, Napoleon began issuing counterfeit banknotes. It was difficult to distinguish fake banknotes from real ones - fakes often looked even more convincing, because they were printed on better paper. Unless the signatures were made in a typographical way (on the original banknotes, these were genuine signatures made in ink). Some fakes had spelling errors: for example, the word "walker" on the fakes was displayed as "holyache".

Banknotes of 1802

Banknotes of this type are known only in samples. Number 515001 is the same on all issue notes. The sizes of banknotes of each denomination are not the same.

INTRODUCTION OF PAPER BILLS IN 1769

Although the topic I have chosen concerns mainly paper banknotes, I would like to note the importance of coins for me personally and for society as a whole. In addition to the fact that the coin is a banknote, it is also a part of history: economic, political, or carries information of a personal nature. Every collector has the very coin that keeps his story. And it does not matter if it was found by chance or you have come a long way to get it.

But, in my opinion, numismatics would not deliver such pleasure and delight if it were not for the introduction of paper banknotes in due time. Indeed, if it were not for the introduction of paper notes, then an unlimited number of coins would freely enter circulation and, as a result, the numismatic value of the coins was significantly reduced, despite their historical significance.

In Russia, the first paper money, which were called banknotes, appeared during the reign of Catherine II, in 1769. Their release was due to the following reasons. Coin circulation during the reign of Elizabeth () and a few years later was based on copper money, as there was not enough silver and gold, while the expansion of trade relations required a large amount of money more convenient than copper coins. So, a payment in the amount of 100 rubles in five-kopeck copper coins weighed more than 6 pounds (about 1 centner). Agree, in our time it would not be very convenient to go to the supermarket with a bucket of money.

However, the issue of paper money is closely related to paper production and printing technology; a special enterprise and specialists in the manufacture of money were also needed. In Russia, until the beginning of the 19th century, there were no optimal conditions for this, which hindered the introduction of paper money. Despite this, according to the manifesto of Catherine II, banknotes began to be issued in Russia. They were not like modern paper money: they were bank obligations - receipts for coins, a kind of modern checks.

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25 rubles sample 1769

Banknotes were convenient for trading operations, they also paid salaries to civil servants.
At first, all banknotes issued were backed by coins, and when they were brought to the bank, they were freely exchanged for copper, silver and gold coins. But soon the number of banknotes began to exceed the supply of coins. Especially during the war with Turkey, when a lot of banknotes were issued, their rate began to fall in relation to the coin. In the last year of the reign of Catherine II, their rate of one ruble in banknotes was 68.5 kopecks.

The quality of the first banknotes was low due to paper and poor printing performance. The printed image consisted only of text and numbering. Paper for banknotes was made at the Krasnoselskaya manufactory (later at the manufactory in Tsarskoye Selo), it had watermarks. Printing was done in the Senate Printing House. The ease of making banknotes led to the emergence of a large number of fakes. The government was forced to issue new money. However, those banknotes that were issued in 1786 turned out to be primitive. They were also easily forged by the favorites of Catherine II, and by ordinary people. When Napoleon invaded Russia, he also issued a mass of counterfeit banknotes on the printing press he brought (Napoleon generally carried with his army masses of counterfeit money from those countries with which he fought). From 1813 to 1817, 5.6 million rubles of counterfeit banknotes were revealed.

probably a fake banknote with a face value of 100 rubles in 1769.

Because in the years the ruble exchange rate fell to 20 kopecks, Alexander I was presented with a report on the need to replace existing banknotes and set up a special institution for the manufacture of paper banknotes.

The creation of such an enterprise was entrusted to Augustine Augustinovich Betancourt (). To create paper money, Betancourt recommended the creation of a special enterprise. He developed a project for the construction of a new paper-making and printing production, which was later called the Expedition for the Procurement of State Papers. On March 4, 1816, the plan for the organization of the Expedition presented by Betancourt received the highest approval of Alexander I.

The construction of the new enterprise was completed mainly at the beginning of 1818. A whole town was built, which included the building of a paper mill, a printing house, a mechanical, engraving, numbering and form workshops, a board, apartments for officials and employees, barracks for workers, a shop, a guard.

In the Expedition, along with English, German printing presses, Russians also worked - the Izhora plant. Even before the official opening of the enterprise, on March 30, 1818, they began to manufacture new banknotes, and by the autumn of that year the first batch of banknotes in denominations of 25 rubles was printed. On August 21 (old style), 1818, the Expedition was officially opened, with its creation, the production of full-fledged paper money began.

From 1769 to 1914, a characteristic feature of paper money of all periods (with rare exceptions) was their inflationary nature. This led to the depreciation of paper money. In Russia, there are only two periods of relatively stable paper money circulation, backed by silver and gold coins. The first period, "silver monometallism" falls on years, the second - the period of "gold monometallism" was from 1897 to 1914, when Nicholas II reigned. In 1897, at the initiative of the Minister of Finance, a monetary reform was carried out with the introduction of www. *****

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Banknote- This is a banknote that appeared as a result of the necessary savings on gold and other metals. The concept of "banknote" can be found in speech in modern Russia. It appeared as a result of a sharply increased trade turnover.

Description of banknotes in simple words

Assignation is, in other words, a payment order that is given by one person to another person and entrusts the execution of this payment order to a third party.

In modern legislation, the concept of banknotes closely echoes the concept of a draft.

The appearance of banknotes in Russia

Before the advent of banknotes, for a long time, coins from various alloys were accepted as a unit of account. The circulation of money in Russia spread thanks to the reform of Glinskaya Elena.

In general, the development of the monetary system in Russia gave its positive aspects. Relations between countries of an economic nature appeared, and trade began to occur within the country. In the end, it became clear that, along with an increase in trade, it was necessary to change coins from alloys to paper banknotes.

The fact that the production of coins from alloys required a huge amount of metal, and its constant mining was necessary, spoke about the transition to paper banknotes. Therefore, it was difficult to increase the production of coins from various metals.

Every year the turnover increased, and there was an urgent need to replace coins from alloys with paper banknotes.

Reasons for replacing coins with paper banknotes

• The production of coins from alloys led to the fact that weapons and various products from these metals were made less and less each time.
• Another reason for the transition to paper money was the fact that coins made of various metals quickly wore out and erased, and some deliberately cut off parts of gold and silver from coins. As a result, the weight of metals in circulation decreased rapidly. It was necessary to withdraw such coins from circulation and mint them again. These expenses were unforeseen and had a very strong impact on the budget and economy of the country.
• And in general, the process of making coins from alloys is quite laborious and costly, and the production of paper money was greatly simplified.

Before the reign of Peter I

Before the accession to the throne of Peter I, the general condition of Russia was deteriorating, there was no reporting in the state, so fraudulent actions were often committed. The frequent change of empresses led to the fact that they were irrational in spending the state treasury. There was also a fairly large number of hostilities, which further increased the country's costs. Therefore, the budget was in a deplorable state for decades.

The banknote ruble at the beginning of its formation was only an auxiliary currency, and since 1796 it has been the main unit of all payments. Such banknotes have been issued 4 times over the entire period of their existence.

The first issue during the time of Peter III

The first issue occurred between 1769 and 1785. Banknotes appeared at a difficult time for Russia, during the period of hostilities. Then there was a need to save metals of various values ​​and redirect them to military weapons. Also, when collecting taxes, it was necessary to equip horses to transport copper and silver coins. All this caused inconvenience.

It was for large settlements that banknotes were introduced. Peter III was the first to propose such an appeal, but due to coups of national importance, banknotes were never introduced.

Second issue under Catherine II

The next such attempt was made by Catherine II almost seven years after Peter III. In Moscow and St. Petersburg, they began to create banks specializing in settlements through appropriations. From that moment on, banknotes were in no way inferior to silver coins and could easily be exchanged.

Initially, banknotes were issued for one million rubles. Banks had no right to spend this amount for other purposes except for the exchange of coins. Banks were obliged, first of all, to send banknotes to institutions involved in the payment of various types of salaries, dealing with settlements when buying or selling goods, and so on.

And what served as the raw material for the first banknotes? The very first banknotes were made from tablecloths, thanks to which they looked quite attractive and did not wear out for a long time.

Initially banknotes were very successful in the state. An order was immediately introduced that when taxes were paid, a fifth of the amount should be paid in banknotes.

In connection with the expansion of production and exchange for banknotes, it was decided to create change offices throughout the country. True, by the end of the 18th century, only three such institutions remained.

The appearance of fake banknotes

Banknotes had a very simple appearance, so they were easily subjected to fraudulent activities, although counterfeiting money was punishable by death, but this did not stop anyone. An increasing number of fakes began to be found in banks.

Banknotes of 25 rubles were rewritten on banknotes with a face value of 75 rubles. Because of this, banknotes of 75 rubles went out of use in 1771.

Withdrawal from circulation

Banknotes kept the money circulation at a stable level for a long time. However, due to the martial law in the eighties, the issue of banknotes went up sharply. Actions were taken to borrow money from outside, but this only worsened the situation in the country.

Finding no other scenario for the development of events, it was decided to issue even more banknotes in the form of banknotes. All this, in the end, led to the fact that Catherine II returned to the production of copper coins. However, she did not have time to complete her plans due to her death.

During the period when Paul I was on the throne, more than once attempts were made to maintain the stability of banknotes, but all of them were unsuccessful.

Already in 1837, under Nicholas I, it was decided to completely withdraw banknotes from circulation.

In general, we can say that banknotes played a huge role in the development of the country's monetary system, they completely eradicated coins from various alloys from circulation, which allowed the state to economically approach the costs of manufacturing new banknotes.

Often the word "asssign" was used to denote an order to a second person (assignee) to receive value from a third person (assignat).

First banknotes

According to historians, the first money appeared in China, in the seventh century BC. But banknotes were widely used only in the eighth century AD. Receipts issued for valuable items acted as prototypes of such papers. In addition, such papers were proof of payment of taxes.

In the 13th century, Genghis Khan exchanged paper notes for gold. Banknotes were also issued in China, but in 1500 their printing had to be stopped due to high inflation and a number of technical difficulties.

History of banknotes closely intertwined with the general history of money:

three or two thousand years BC, the first "ancestors" of banks appeared in Mesopotamia;

- 2250 BC for the first time made calculations in gold and silver. Metal began to be actively used as money;

- 1200 BC - the first Chinese character was created, which began to be used as money;

- 1000-600 BC- in China, small pieces of metal (hoes, knives) began to circulate, used as a means of exchange;

- 640-620 BC- money was invented in the form of coins, which included silver and gold;

- 500 BC- a ban on the circulation of gold and silver coins. Other coins were issued, which began to have a greater weight and were not subject to conversion;

- 910– active issue of paper currency in China;

- 12th century- the emergence of several banking houses on the territory of modern Italy;

- 1380- actively issued paper banknotes in China;

- 1440- a printing press was created, which began to be used to print currency;

- 1661 The Bank of Sweden was opened. This is the first official banking structure in the world.

Banknotes in the world

Europe learned about the existence of paper money only three centuries after the beginning of their circulation in China.

In 1286 Beijing was visited by Marco Polo, a famous Venetian traveler. According to his stories, money in China was made from mulberry leaves. The exchange of such a “currency” for metal was carried out with a special permit on hand.

In the rest of the world, paper money appeared at the end of the 17th century:

1690- issue of the first paper banknotes. Place of printing - Massachusetts. were very popular.

1702 and 1709- the issue of a new batch of money had a similar success.

1712- the rate of the first paper money fell by 30%.

1750- paper money in the state was abolished and coins returned to circulation.

1775-1783 - during the American Revolutionary War, paper money was returned to circulation.

1781– again transferred to metal coins.

Early 18th century- the emergence of paper money (banknotes) in Europe. But this was considered unsuitable for use. The only one who came to her defense was John Law. He stated that paper currency has several advantages - ease of making payments, the ability to store capital without loss, the ability to divide without loss of value, ease of production.

1796- 40 billion francs issued in the form of banknotes in France. At that time it was as follows: 1 French franc was equal to 312.5 banknotes.

Banknotes in Russia

In the lower part - "Acts in favor of onago",

At the very top - "Love for the Fatherland."

1770 Catherine II plans to issue a new issue of money, in connection with which a new coin was developed, having different sizes and denominations. It was planned that one coin would weigh almost 900 grams, and its size would be 76 mm in diameter. The name of the coin is "New Sestroretsk". Her weight ranged from 888 to 1024 grams.

1771- stop printing 75 ruble bills. Due to the large number of currency counterfeits, the death penalty has been introduced for this crime. But that didn't scare anyone. After a few years of production, the volume of fakes reached 11-13%. In order to undermine the Russian economy, Napoleon himself did not disdain the printing of counterfeit banknotes and their "infusion" into the financial system of his inveterate enemies.

1786-1818- The second issue of banknotes. New banknotes have changed their appearance. Their size was 170 * 33 mm, special paper was used. All banknotes had the signature of the proper persons (made by hand). On the front side - one of the leaders of the bank. On the reverse side of the banknote, one of the advisers put his signature. The watermark remained almost the same as in the first issue.

1787- the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, in which large volumes of banknotes were issued in the amount of almost 160 million rubles. Despite the fact that the manifesto was planned to release only 58 million.

1796- death of Catherine II.

1800 - A commission was created that instructed to change the appearance of banknotes. It was decided to use more durable paper, to make inscriptions in different fonts, to print the signature of the bank on each bill, to apply banknote numbers to protect against forgery.

1801- After the assassination of Paul I, Alexander I took the throne.

1801 April 10- a decision was made to issue a new batch of banknotes for a total amount of 85 million rubles. The appearance of banknotes has been significantly changed. Banknotes were printed on high-quality white paper using black ink. On the back of the banknote, a figured monogram "GDAB" was placed.

The watermark had the following inscriptions:

On the right side - "State Treasury",

On the left side - the denomination of the banknote;

At the very top - "Love for the Fatherland";

Below - "Acts for the benefit of onago."

The denominations of banknotes were indicated by the letters: "P" - 100 ruble bill, "KE" - 25 ruble bill, "T" - "chervonets" and "E" - five rubles.

1803 banknote printing has been stopped. All existing papers were collected and burned. Only a few copies have survived to this day. At the same time, the printing of banknotes of the old series continued.

1818-1843– issuance of a new series of state banknotes. At the same time, the volume of old banknotes of 1786 reached almost 800 million rubles. Against this background, the exchange rate of the monetary unit fell to the level of 25.25 kopecks. The low quality of old banknotes and the large volume of fakes forced the creation of new banknotes.

In 1818 A.A. Betancourt (lieutenant general) proposed the creation of an Expedition for the Procurement of Securities. It was planned that it will present all the stages of improving the currency. Construction began the same year.

Banknotes for 25 and 50 rubles were printed.

1818-1822 almost 230 million rubles worth of banknotes were confiscated and destroyed to increase rates. But it gave almost no results. The rate increased from 25 to 26.4 kopecks.

1819- issued banknotes in denominations of five, ten, one hundred and two hundred rubles.

1823- Banknotes are no longer withdrawn from circulation.

Assignats

Assignats- paper currency of the era of the French Revolution.

1790- Started issuing new bills. From the beginning of putting into circulation, the paper was used as a state paper. The income of each of them was 5% per year. The issue of banknotes was a forced measure against the backdrop of the sale of national property. By the end of 1970, the issue of assignats was tripled.

1792– three issues of securities were made during January, October and December.

1793- three more issues of assignats, which were used to pay salaries to the military.

1793 September- for refusing to accept banknotes could be sentenced to death. In the same year, due to the depreciation of banknotes, all prominent merchants, bankers and business people of the country were arrested.

1793 November- The issue of bonds printed in the likeness of the old banknotes of 1790 was launched. The only difference is the depiction of Louis XVII instead of his father Louis XVI.

1794- all persons who refused to accept assignats, lowered their rate or asked a question about the currency of payment before paying, were subject to arrest and appeared before the court. The main punishments are all property or the death penalty.

For 1794 banknotes lost 80% of their value. The level of poverty has exceeded all admissible limits. The working day was extended to 14 hours. Hunger and physical exhaustion of workers led to a strike.

1795- issue of banknotes in denominations from 100 to 10 thousand francs.

1795 December 23- accepted r
The decision that the amount of the assignee should not exceed 40 billion lire. An order was given that matrices, machines and other printing equipment should be destroyed.

1796 February 19- all the equipment for the production of money was burned on the Place Vendôme.

1796- began issuing territorial mandates with a face value of 25 to 500 francs. But over time, this money also depreciated.

1797- appeared in circulation, which replaced paper currency.

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