The specifics of the real sector of the economy in Russia. The real sector of the economy - what is it? The real sector of the economy needs the foundation of the state

Real sector of the economy

The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products.

It is in the sphere of production that the producer interacts with nature, new material goods are created. The quantitative and qualitative development of the production sphere ensures the welfare of society, the growth of incomes of the population, creates a material basis for the development of education, health care, and culture.

Sectoral structure of the national economy. Real and financial sector

Structure of the national economy is a set of historically established stable, capable of reproducing functional relationships between various units of the national economy.

The sectoral structure of the national economy consists in the grouping of economic entities into groups that are homogeneous in composition, connected by homogeneous functional characteristics - branches of the national economy.
The sectoral structure of the national economy goes through the following stages of its development:
1) the first is associated with the active development and the predominance of primary sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, mining;
2) the second is associated with the development and dominance of secondary industries - production, construction;
3) the third is associated with the development and predominance of tertiary industries - the service sector.
These stages of development of the sectoral structure of the national economy succeeded each other, but for each individual country they had their own specific features.
Dynamic changes in the sectoral structure occur cyclically over a period of 10 to 20 years. They are characterized by the following features:
1) increasing the value and volume of the service industry - the intellectual, information sphere;
2) a decrease in the volume of the extractive industry compared to others;
3) the growth of industrial production against the background of the agricultural sector of the economy.
Scientific and technological progress has a great influence on the nature of the sectoral structure of the national economy. It leads to the fact that some industries disappear or stagnate, while others, such as nuclear energy, are actively developing. A distinctive feature is the emergence of related sectors of the economy - petrochemical, rocket and space, etc.
The change in the sectoral structure is taking place in the following main areas:
1) a fundamental change in production technologies;
2) the dominance of the manufacturing industry in comparison with the extractive industry;
3) development of knowledge-intensive sectors of the national economy;
4) a shift in the center of gravity towards non-productive industries.
The modern sectoral structure of the national economy of Russia is characterized by the predominance of the fuel and energy complex (FEC).

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It is one of the most capital-intensive industries, in connection with which there is an outflow of capital from other industries. The orientation of the fuel and energy complex to the international market makes Russia dependent on global price fluctuations. As a result, more than half of the country's GDP is formed from the sale of resources. The predominance of the extractive industries of the economy has a negative impact on the overall pace of development of the national economy. The dominance of the fuel and energy complex hinders the development of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy.

There are also real and financial (monetary) sectors. IN real sector creates goods and services, and financial- designed to serve the sector in which products are actually produced.

Real sector of the economy(RSE) - a set of sectors of the economy that produce tangible and intangible goods and services, with the exception of financial, credit and exchange operations, which are related to the financial sector of the economy.

The division of the national economy into the real and financial sectors is, to a certain extent, conditional. These sectors differ in goals, nature of operations, technical features. The financial sector does not have clear boundaries, it covers the movement of funds, the provision of financial services, financial management.

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Real sector of the economy a set of sectors of the economy that produce tangible and intangible goods and services, with the exception of financial, credit and exchange operations, which are related to the financial sector of the economy.

The term does not have a clear legal definition. Often used in political vocabulary and journalism without specifying the meaning. Many authors under the real sector mean only the sphere of material production and do not include services, trade, science.

The real sector of the economy (real production sector) is the sector in which the gross domestic product is created. Includes industrial production, consisting of enterprises in the extractive and processing industries, agriculture, the provision of industrial, domestic and other services.

The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products. It is in the sphere of production that the producer interacts with nature, new material goods are created.

Real sector of the economy

The quantitative and qualitative development of the production sphere ensures the welfare of society, the growth of incomes of the population, creates a material basis for the development of education, health care, and culture.

The state of the real sector of the economy is influenced by:

The real sector of the economy in the former USSR after World War II went through several stages in its development. 1945-1950 - reorientation of industry from military production to peaceful rails (conversion); the period 1950-1970 was characterized by rapid and efficient economic development; 1971-1991 - relatively high, but fading rates of development. Since 1991, the process of transition to a market economy began, due to a slowdown in economic growth, the emergence of intersectoral disproportions, a drop in capital productivity, the efficiency of capital investments, and a high level of militarization of the economy of the former USSR. At the same time, the transition to a market system was accompanied by a number of structural, financial and systemic crises.

The state of the real sector of the economy is significantly affected by:

• the state of the financial market and, first of all, the level of interest rates, which determines the ability of enterprises to resort to short-term and long-term bank loans to replenish working capital and make capital investments;
• country's foreign trade balance;
• the investment climate in the country, the availability of favorable conditions for investment, primarily direct;
• state policy guaranteeing the rights of investors, providing opportunities for the repatriation of profits, creating conditions under which it is impossible to review the results of privatization;
• the presence or absence of restrictions in foreign economic activity.

An adequate tax system is also necessary for the normal functioning of enterprises in the real sector of the economy.

Features of the development of the real sector of the Russian economy

The proportions presented in the previous sections take place in any national economy. At the same time, the real sectors of national economies are characterized by specific features that depend on the general state of the structure of the economy (agricultural country, industrial country), on the level of economic development (developed country, developing country). An important role in the formation and development of proportions of the real sector is played by the type of economic system. Until 1991 Russia had a planned economy. In a planned economy, the following proportions of the real sector operate: a planned economy implies the ability to concentrate large amounts of resources for the development of certain industries (for example, the space and defense industries), and to finance other industries according to the "residual principle", respectively, the structure of a planned economy is distinguished by disproportions, consisting in uneven development of individual industries; in the conditions of a planned economy, the main reference point for the economic activity of enterprises is the centralized plan task. Economic practice has shown that such tasks are easier to set for large monopoly enterprises, respectively, a planned economy is characterized by a higher level of monopolization of production compared to a market economy, the economic proportions of the real sector in a planned economy are monopolistic in nature; a planned economy implies the possibility of a centralized redistribution of funds from one enterprise to another.

I. The real sector of the economy and its legal regulation

Accordingly, a planned economy is characterized by a large number of unprofitable enterprises that contribute to the process of forming the proportions of the real sector, the latter is impossible in a market economy, because unprofitable enterprises are declared bankrupt and cease to exist.

Thus, the proportions of the real sector of the planned and market economies differed significantly. This is evidenced by the data in Table. 3.2. The orientation of the Soviet economy mainly towards the development of heavy industries led to the fact that by 1975. in the relevant sectors (fuel industry, metallurgy, engineering, except for transport), output volumes exceeded the corresponding figures for the United States. At the same time, light industry has traditionally been financed according to the "leftover principle". This led to a significant backlog of the USSR from the USA in terms of output in such industries as the textile and clothing industry, the chemical industry, and the pulp and paper industry. Due to the fact that in the conditions of a planned economy prices were set centrally, there were numerous "price distortions", i.e. inconsistencies of relative prices in the USSR for certain goods with their foreign counterparts.

Table 3.2.

The ratio of production volumes in individual industries of the USSR

The liquidation of the state order and the release of prices led to an initial decline in production in almost all industries. At the same time, the dynamics of development of individual industries is significantly different. In the early 1990s, the most significant decline in production was observed in the light industry, building materials industry, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as the fuel industry, turned out to be in the best position: in these sectors, economic growth began in 1995. Along with the above-mentioned industries, the chemical and petrochemical industries also showed the greatest dynamics during the period of economic growth.

Attention is drawn to the fact that the sectoral structure of the Russian economy for the period from 1992 to the present has changed significantly. Thus, the share of the fuel industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as the chemical and petrochemical industries increased. In turn, the share of machine building and metalworking, light industry and building materials industry decreased. Such changes testify to the fact that during the period of market reforms, the Russian economy acquired a pronounced focus on raw materials. The steady increase in oil prices gave a great impetus to the development of the commodity sector.

Structural transformations are also reflected in the sphere of employment. During the period of market reforms, the total number of employees decreased and unemployment appeared. The unemployment rate in Russia reached its peak in 1995-1998, and since 1999 there has been some decline in the unemployment rate due to economic growth. The number of people employed decreased significantly in industry, agriculture and construction. In turn, there was an increase in employment in wholesale and retail trade, as well as in the financial sector. These trends are due to a general decline in production, on the one hand, and the formation of a market infrastructure, on the other. In some cases (education, healthcare, culture, art), the number of employees has not changed significantly, which is explained by the specifics of activities in these industries.

The ratio of output dynamics and employment dynamics in Russia fundamentally confirms Okun's hypothesis that the amplitude of fluctuations in the level of output is significantly higher than the amplitude of fluctuations in employment. The degree of economic recession in the first half of the 1990s was higher than the growth rate of unemployment in the same period. In turn, economic growth since 1999 has led to a reduction in the number of unemployed. However, this reduction was less significant compared to the Russian GDP growth rates.

Thus, the features of the real sector of the Russian economy are due to transformational processes, on the one hand, and market fluctuations in the commodity markets, on the other. The latter is due to the fact that Russia has rich reserves of raw materials that are in demand on world markets. In the course of market reforms in Russia, structural transformations are taking place, to some extent characteristic of the real sectors of many countries (for example, an increase in the share of the service sector). At the same time, structural changes in Russia have a national identity (the excess of the share of savings over the share of investment in GDP, due to distrust in the national banking system).

conclusions

1. The real sector of the economy is a sector of the economy associated with the production and consumption of goods and services, as well as the formation of employment.

2. In the sphere of production, the following types of macroeconomic proportions are distinguished: general economic proportions; proportions reflecting the structure of the social division of labor; proportions characterizing the change in GNP in the short term (multipliers); proportions reflecting the change in GNP in the long run (Solow decomposition). To characterize the dynamics of macroeconomic proportions, such indicators as the index of structural changes and the index of similarity of structures are used. The manufactured product is subject to

lives distribution, while distinguishing between functional and individual distribution.

3. Macroeconomic proportions in the sphere of employment are expressed in two forms: classification of various groups of the population according to their relation to employment; the relationship between the dynamics of employment and the dynamics of GNP. In relation to employment, the country's population is divided into able-bodied and disabled. The able-bodied population is divided into institutional and non-institutional. In turn, the economically active population is divided into employed and unemployed. There are frictional, structural, seasonal and cyclical unemployment. There is also natural level unemployment. The relationship between the dynamics of employment and the dynamics of GNP expresses the Okun parameter

The totality of resources at the direct disposal of the state forms the public sector of the economy. Public sector of the economy is a field of activity focused on the elimination of market failures, the creation of common and socially significant benefits. The public sector is a rather complex entity and to a large extent overlaps with the state. It includes budgetary institutions, state non-budgetary funds and state enterprises, and other objects of state property. However, not all enterprises owned by the state are focused on the production of public goods. It is not entirely correct to attribute to the public sector state-owned commercial enterprises whose products are market goods, have the properties of competition and exclusion.

In addition to these institutions, the public sector in the broad sense of the word includes non-governmental non-profit organizations. The sector of non-profit organizations, which has received great development in leading foreign countries, is an important element of civil society. These structures operate in the field of market failures and are not focused on making a profit. The goals and objectives of their activities are fixed in the charter. Non-profit organizations can make a profit, but it is directed solely to achieve statutory goals. An important difference between non-profit organizations and state organizations is that they are created on a voluntary basis and function independently. They are more open and responsible to the consumers of their services. In some cases, some of the regulatory functions traditionally performed by the state may be transferred to non-profit organizations.

public sector- this is not only a set of state-owned enterprises and organizations owned by the state, but also money. In this regard, public finance plays a key role among the components of the public sector: the state budget, its revenues and expenditures.

The public sector is such an area of ​​the economy or part of the economic space, where in the aggregate the following specific terms:

The market does not operate or partially operates, therefore, the non-market way of coordinating economic activity, the non-market type of organization of the exchange of activities prevails;

Produced, distributed and consumed not private, but public goods;

· the economic balance between supply and demand of the public good is carried out by the state, local governments and voluntary public organizations with the help of relevant social institutions and fiscal policy.

Unlike the market sector, the public sector deals with public goods, which for the most part are not subject to sale and purchase. In cases where there is a commercial transaction for a public good, it is not considered as the main motive for the activities of public organizations. In this regard, public sector organizations are called non-profit. Since the activity of the state occupies a dominant place in the public sector, it is often called the public sector of the economy.

What is the "real sector of the economy"?

The structure of the public sector is heterogeneous and includes three sub-sectors: state, voluntary-public, mixed. On the one hand, the mixed sector occupies an intermediate position between the public and market sectors, on the other hand, there is an adjacent zone within the public sector between the state and voluntary public sub-sectors.

The scale of the public sector is characterized both by the size of state ownership (stock of resources) and by the volume of state revenues and expenditures (flows of collected and spent funds). The public sector traditionally occupies a strong position in such areas as defense, basic scientific research, education, health care, culture, and public utilities. The scale of the public sector largely depends not only on the objective economic possibilities of the country, but also on the traditions and features of the policy pursued. According to Wagner's law (formulated at the end of the 19th century), the share of the public sector in the economy is constantly increasing in the historical perspective. The German economist associated this pattern with the process of conquest of the private market by public goods.

In the new economic conditions, when the state acts as one of the subjects of the market, and in the public sector they begin to interact along with state and public, non-profit, private, mixed organizations, it becomes necessary to change the organizational and functional structure of public finance, which will allow, while maintaining the regulatory role of the state, to ensure a balance between the volume of social needs and the possibilities of their satisfaction.

In the first case, we are talking about the demand for public goods, in the second case, about their supply. The real existence of these market phenomena by nature in the non-market public sector necessitates the establishment of a balance between them. In other words, a non-market balancing mechanism is needed, which is included in the market economic turnover of the public sector. In the market sector, a similar mechanism is the process of free pricing, as a result of which an equilibrium is established between supply and demand for private goods. But even in this case, the market equilibrium is based on indirect institutional restrictions designated by the state (taxes, subsidies, limiting the price level).

In the public sector, the regulatory mechanism has a fundamentally different design and specifics, due to the peculiarities of the demand and supply of public goods. The nature of public goods necessitates a uniform satisfaction of demand for them. The offer of public goods differs in that it is implemented by state and public organizations, although most of the costs of obtaining these benefits are borne by consumers, that is, members of society in the form of taxes, voluntary payments. In the first case, we are talking about forcing economic agents to participate in the production of public goods, in the second case, about their voluntary participation in this process. To ensure the balance between supply and demand for public goods is influenced to a large extent by that part of this process that is implemented in the public sector, since a significant amount of public goods is produced here. This kind of balancing mechanism in the domestic literature is called financial and budgetary, which is established between supply and demand for public goods and is defined as “budgetary equilibrium”. The concept of budget equilibrium reveals the nature and essence of the mechanism for creating and distributing public goods, and taking into account the collective nature of their consumption, reflects the need to use coercive and mandatory instruments of influence on business entities to ensure the possibility of forming public goods.

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What is the economic structure of the city?

Sectors of the urban economy. The development of the city's economy depends on its geographical location, functions in the settlement system, the intensity of industrial relations with the surrounding territory, the number of economically active population, and the power of basic industries.

The economy of each city consists of three main sectors - the basic, service and household sectors.

Basic sector has a city-forming role. Its enterprises produce goods and services that are taken out (exported) outside the city. The proceeds from their export are used to purchase products from other regions of the country and the world. The dynamics of the population of the city is connected with the development of the basic sector; it is the enterprises of the basic sector that determine the “face” of the city in the region, country, and world. The basic sector of the urban economy includes industries such as industry, construction, higher education, management, and external transport.

Part service sector includes enterprises that provide both the basic sector (repair shops, research organizations) and people's lives: dry cleaners, laundries, restaurants, repair shops, etc. Household sector These are non-working pensioners, housewives, children.

Basic employment are employees of enterprises in the basic sector, serving— employees of other branches of the city economy.

The index is used to assess the economic efficiency and development prospects of the city basic employment, calculated as the ratio of the number of people employed in the export industry to the number of all citizens.

In the cities of less developed countries, the so-called informal sector. It employs newly arrived migrants from rural areas who do not have permanent jobs. They earn their living by carrying and selling water, newspapers, souvenirs, shoe-shine and other unskilled labor, i.e. work not connected with either the basic or service sector.

The level of specialization of the urban economy is determined using localization index, calculated as the ratio of the share of the industry in the urban economy to the share of the same industry in the economy of the country (world). For calculations, data on the number of employees or on the value of manufactured products are used.

Urban cartoonist: the Lowry model. The Lowry model reflects the interconnection of the sectors of the urban economy and their mutual influence on the growth of the city's population. The development of basic industries leads to the expansion of service industries and the growth of employment both in them and in the household sector.

Lowry Model

Consider the interdependence of the sectors of the urban economy on the example of a small city, the basic sector and basic employment in which are associated with the development of an iron ore deposit located in the vicinity. The export of ore allows the city to purchase food and consumer goods for residents and equipment for the functioning of the base sector. Ore mining leads to the development of technologically related industries: processing plants, repair shops, equipment manufacturing enterprises. In turn, the number of people employed in management, education, and the household sector is growing. At the first stages, the growth of employment in the basic sector occurs mainly due to the attraction of labor from other areas or from rural areas.

Suppose that 100 miners come to town to work in a mine; this means that basic employment in the city will increase by 100 jobs. How will other sectors of the city's economy "behave"? If the family of each miner consists of four people (the head of the family is a worker in the basic sector, a non-working wife and two children), then the population of the city as a whole will increase by 400 people. (including the basic sector for 100, and the household sector for 300 people). Thus, the base multiplier is 4. For the normal life of these people, it is necessary to build new hospitals, dry cleaners, bakeries. This will inevitably lead to an increase in employment in the service sector.

As a rule, the growth of the household sector by 10 people. leads to an increase in employment in the service sector by one place. Thus, the Serving Sector Multiplier is 1/10.

Investments in the real sector of the economy: how not to miscalculate

Obviously, everyone employed in the service sector has a family, whose members, in turn, must have access to the service sector, i.e., the expansion of the service sector leads to the expansion of the household sector and the service sector itself. So the circles of expanding the population of the city are increasing. When the children of miners grow up and learn, they are likely to go to work in enterprises of the basic and service sectors, that is, a new circle of growth will begin in all sectors of the urban economy.

In actual calculations, the Lowry model uses concepts such as "zonal limiter" (it is assumed that residential construction cannot expand indefinitely and occupy land intended for industrial enterprises) and "threshold limiter" (there are thresholds for the number of people at which the creation of enterprises the service sector can be considered economically justified - for example, with a population growth of 1000 people, there is a need to build a polyclinic, and for 5,000 people - a hospital).

where h is the multiplier of the household sector;

s is the service sector multiplier.

Thus, with the growth of the basic sector by 100 people. in the first round of expansion, the city's total population will rise to 667:

Over time, as ore reserves are depleted, mines and processing plants begin to close, employment in the base and service sectors will decline. If the authorities do not take action - to pursue a regional policy, then the city and the surrounding area will turn into a classic depressive area with falling living standards, environmental and social problems and constant opposition to the government.

In the event that the authorities decide to support the urban economy, a policy is pursued to attract new basic industries, develop the appropriate infrastructure, and retrain personnel. If, due to the geographical location of the city (harsh natural conditions, remoteness from the economic centers of the country), specific economic skills and the level of education of the population, new industries “refuse” to migrate, the townspeople may be offered to move to more promising areas.

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ECONOMIC THEORY

UDC 330.341.42

S. P. Balagansky

THE REAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY AS AN OBJECT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The article deals with theoretical approaches to the concept of "real sector of the economy". It is concluded that this is the sector in which the gross domestic product is created. It includes enterprises and organizations of the non-financial corporations sector, where all goods and services (except for financial intermediation services) sold on the free market are reproduced. The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products, and trading activity is an integral part of it. And although it is in the sphere of production that new material goods (the core of the real sector) are created, yet material production is not an end in itself, but a means to meet the needs of people, which, in turn, characterizes the modern market economy.

Key words: production, enterprises, organizations, households.

REAL SECTOR OF ECONOMY AS AN OBJECT OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The author considers various theoretical approaches to the concept of "real economy". It is concluded that this sector generates gross domestic product. It includes companies and organizations of non-financial corporations sector which reproduce all goods and services (excluding financial intermediation services) sold on the open market. The basis of the real sector is constituted by industrial and agricultural production, and trade is an integral part thereof. Though new wealth is created in the sphere of production (the core of the real sector), material production is not an end in itself but a means to meet the needs of people, which, in turn, characterizes the modern market economy.

Key words: manufacturing, enterprises, organizations, households.

Today, the concept of "real sector of the economy" is used very actively both in economic science and in business practice. However, it appeared relatively recently. It was first used in official documents by Professor V.N. Cherkovets in the joint report of the Ministry of Economy and the State Statistics Committee of Russia “On the results of the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation in 1996 and the prospects for its

Development in 1997 - 2000” dated February 5, 1997 Meanwhile, in such generalizing official materials as the annual reference books of the Goskomstat of Russia, the concept in question does not appear. It is not included in the System of National Accounts (SNA). In addition, the definition of the concept of "real sector of the economy" is practically absent in most educational, reference and encyclopedic publications. And in those relatively few

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In the sources where such a definition is given, there is no unity of criteria for its interpretation. This circumstance makes it difficult to determine the boundaries of interaction between the real and financial sectors, to identify factors of stability and balance in the economic system as a whole.

Etymologically, the word "real" goes back to the Latin "res", meaning "thing", "subject", "case". Reality, authenticity, the truth of a thing, object or event is also reflected by the English adjective "real". It is natural to assume that the Russian analogue of this adjective should also express the genuineness, the materiality of the object being defined in order to distinguish it from the virtual, imaginary, fictitious object. And, indeed, S.I. Ozhegov reveals three main meanings of the adjective "real": 1) really existing, not imaginary; 2) feasible, true; 3) practical, based on understanding and taking into account the true conditions of reality.

Thus, on the basis of a purely lexical meaning, it is necessary to recognize the existence of an unreal, invisible, imperceptible sector of the economy, in which (as opposed to the real sector) only imaginary, virtual processes are reproduced.

In economic theory and practice in recent years, theoretical approaches to defining the essence of the concept of "real sector of the economy" are widely used, in which real, real elements and categories are considered in dialectical unity with their imaginary, "unreal" antipodes (table).

In addition to these approaches, the educational and reference literature on economics describes the following point of view on the essence of the concept under study. For a long time in our country, the balance of the national economy (BNH) was used as a macroeconomic model, which did not take into account the entire economy, but only its production sector: sectors of material production (industry, agriculture, etc.) and industrial services (freight transport, trade, etc.). It was believed that value is created only in the production sector, and in non-productive (science, culture, health care, finance, passenger transport, defense, and much more) it is only consumed.

And although today a different macroeconomic model (SNA) is used instead of BNH, the authors of some popular textbooks on economics include “primarily industry, agriculture, construction and transport” in the real sector, and they deliberately take trading activities outside the real sector, contradicting these very itself, because trade is one of the varieties of industrial services and, therefore, is included in the production sphere, where value is created.

Another definition is given in the "Financial and Credit Encyclopedic Dictionary", according to which "the real sector includes industrial production, consisting of enterprises in the extractive and processing industries, agriculture, the provision of industrial, domestic and other services" . In this definition, as in the approach of V.N. Cherkovets, the criterion for attributing sectors of the economy to its real sector is

the principle of participation in the production of GDP. Ridiculous, however, are the following points:

1) Is trade included in the provision of industrial services?

2) what is meant by “other services”, do they include services provided by institutions of the money, stock and insurance markets?

The answers to these questions are provided by the approach to the definition of the concept of “real sector of the economy”, based on the grouping of economic entities according to the type of economic behavior used in the SNA (figure).

The type of economic behavior is determined by the motives and incentives that guide the subjects of the economy in the implementation of their economic activities. Grouping according to the type of economic behavior gives the sectoral structure of the country's economy. The sector of the national economy means a set of institutional units of residents (the center of their economic interests is located in the economic territory of the country) that have similar economic goals, functions and behavior.

In accordance with the types of economic behavior, institutional units are grouped into five sectors:

1) sector of public institutions;

2) the sector of non-profit organizations serving households;

3) the household sector;

4) sector of financial corporations;

5) sector of non-financial corporations.

Yu.B. Zelensky concludes: "The real sector of the economy includes enterprises and organizations of the sector of non-financial corporations (according to the SNA methodology), in which all goods and services (except for financial intermediation services) sold on the free market are reproduced" . The researcher is convinced: "Trading activities that ensure the market circulation of goods, their purchase and sale, as well as customer service in the transaction process, the delivery of goods, their storage is an integral part of the real economy."

The originality of Yu.B. Zelensky in comparison with the approaches described earlier, is that participation in the creation of GDP does not ultimately determine belonging to the real sector of the economy. The criterion for referring a particular sector to the real economy is the production and consumption of socially demanded goods and services. Therefore, the sector of non-financial corporations can be safely called real. There remains a debatable issue related to the development of the information economy and new types of organizations that are formed and developed in its depths.

At the same time, it is not entirely clear why the services of the financial corporations sector are not included in the sphere of the real economy? Of course, the needs that financial intermediation services can help to meet are very diverse. These can be both production needs (for example, expansion of production on the basis of a bank loan), and personal ones. However, these needs cannot be met directly by financial sector services.

Theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "real sector of the economy"

Name of the approach and its main representatives Characteristics of the approach Main disadvantages of the approach

Marginalist-monetary approach (K. Geddy, B. Ayskes, A. Illarionov) In this approach, the “real” economy is opposed to “virtual” or “fictitious” products, which are sold not through money exchange, but through barter . This component is taken into account in the "official" gross domestic product (GDP), but is not a market, and therefore generally real. Consequently, even material production from this point of view is unresolved, virtual, not creating value if its products are not sold for money. In other words, the criterion for attributing the production of material products to the sphere of either the real or virtual sectors of the economy is the form of exchange value (monetary or non-monetary), and the presence of value is derived from the paid price 1. This approach loses the substantive idea of ​​the value of the goods. Even A. Marshall specifically considered two forms of trade: barter and one in which money is used. He saw the difference between them in the fact that in barter trade there is more "uncertainty in the market trade", since with it, in order to achieve equilibrium, it is necessary to change the marginal utility of the exchanged goods. But if the barter transaction took place, then there was also a real market exchange, although without money. 2. Material production cannot be unreal, virtual, not creating value just because its products are not sold for money. Of course, in a barter transaction there is no universal equivalent, but there is a special equivalent, and that is the price of the commodity. Another thing is that the official accounting of such prices in the aggregate measurement is difficult. 3. Since the representatives of this trend associate the interpretation of the real sector of the economy with money, it is natural that they remove the emphasis on the difference between the real and financial sectors and, in fact, move away from the analysis of the sharpest contradiction that has arisen today in the Russian economy

Marxist approach (K. Marx, VN Cherkovets) Capital is not a thing, but a production relation, which is represented in a thing. The reproduction of capital (on a simple and extended scale) occurs in the form of its continuous circuit and turnover. In making this movement, capital passes through three stages and exists in three functional forms: monetary, productive, and commodity. Only in the second stage does a real increase in capital take place - on the basis of the creation of surplus value. However, real capital is all industrial capital in the composition of money, productive and commodity capital, because only within the framework of the unity of these parts can the preservation and growth of original capital take place. The concept of real capital is expanded to include commercial and loan capital as separate forms of industrial capital. Real capital is opposed to capital that operates on the stock market and is called fictitious. Fictitious capital refers to capital that is embodied in securities (shares, bonds, bills, etc.). Moreover, money capital is not always real. Not being included in the own movement of industrial capital or in its service, it is only potential, i.e. capital in possibility, not reality. Thus, the real sector of the economy should include, first of all, material production. But not only. The real sector also includes trade and part of the financial sector, represented by the intermediary activities of banks and insurance institutions (banking and insurance profits), which contributes to GDP. But operations related to the acquisition of financial liabilities and financial assets, as redistributive ones, do not participate in the creation of GDP and form the unreal financial sector of the economy (it is sometimes called the “financial sector in the narrow sense”) 1. Contrasting the real sector with only the speculative sector of the stock market leads to that the concept of "real sector of the economy" absorbs all economic activity. 2. The processes of concentration and centralization of (real) capital can be mediated with the help of stock market instruments. Unfortunately, in Russia the role of the stock market in attracting investments is still not high enough, since free capital is “hidden” in the clothes of “portfolio” investments and does not want to be exposed to the risk of direct (especially long-term) investments in the real sector, especially in its core - material production

Grouping of subjects of economic activity by type of economic behavior

corporations. They do not satisfy primary production and personal needs, but financial needs derived from them. As a result, financial intermediation services lose out in attractiveness to material goods and services that directly meet the needs of consumers.

So, the most general and complete definition of the concept of "real sector of the economy" may look like this: the real sector is the sector in which the gross domestic product is created. It includes enterprises and organizations of the non-financial corporations sector, where all goods and services (except for financial intermediation services) sold on the free market are reproduced. The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products, and trading activity is an integral part of it. And although it is in the sphere of production that new material goods are created (the core of the real sector), nevertheless, material production does not

an end in itself, but a means to meet the needs of people, which, in turn, characterizes the modern market economy.

1. Banking: textbook / ed. Dr. Econ. sciences, prof. G.G. Korobova. M., 2002.

2. Zelensky Yu.B. The banking system of Russia and the real sector of the economy. Saratov, 2002.

3. Ivanov G.M. Fundamentals of national accounting: textbook. allowance. Saratov, 2003.

4. Katkova M.A. Sustainability of the institutional system // Vestnik SSEU 2010. 1 (30).

5. Muller V.K. English-Russian dictionary. 20th ed. M., 1985.

6. Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. 18th ed. M., 1986.

7. Ustinova N.G. New types of organizations in the information economy // Bulletin of the SGSEU. 2006. No. 3.

8. Financial and credit encyclopedic dictionary / ed. A.G. Gryaznova. M., 2002.

9. Economy. 2nd ed. / ed. A.S. Bulatova. M., 1999.

10. Economic encyclopedia / ch. ed. L.I. Abalkin... M., 1999.

The real sector is characterized by the production of goods, the performance of work and the provision of services. In addition, it includes scientific organizations and trade organizations. The real sector of any country is characterized by features that depend on the current level of economic development (developed and developing) and the structure of the economy with industry leaders. As in other countries of the world, in Russia the real sector is the basis of the national economy, which determines its level and specialization. The real sector of the economy is represented by a wide range of industries. The specifics of the real sector of the Russian economy is its priority in the field of industries associated with the extraction of raw materials and fuel, as well as the production of energy and materials. On the one hand, this is a consequence of the use of natural resources in the national economy, and primarily mineral ones. This situation enables Russia to remain a competitive country and use this competitive advantage. On the other hand, this is the result of the deindustrialization of Russia: it is known that in recent years there has been a decline in production in the primary sectors, but this decline was insignificant against the backdrop of a huge decline in production in other sectors of the national economy.

Thus, at present, the real sector of the Russian economy can be divided into two parts: industries oriented to the external market - export-oriented (fuel and energy complex and metallurgy, a significant part of the chemistry, timber industry and defense industry) and industries serving them (pipeline and maritime transport) . This part of the real sector is not large in terms of the number of employees (about 5%), but it brings more than half of all profits in the country, thus providing the main part of the state budget revenues and a very significant part of solvent demand in the domestic market; industries oriented to the domestic market (all others). This part of the real sector is unprofitable due to its low competitiveness (except for trade and construction, which actively meet the internal demand of workers in the first sector), the incomes of its workers are therefore small, which determines the generally low domestic effective demand of the bulk of the population and enterprises in Russia.

The index of industrial production in 2015 compared to 2014 was 96.6%, with the largest decrease observed in the manufacturing industry (94.6%). In 2015, according to the calculations of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, the production of the main types of primary fuel and energy resources increased by 0.8% compared to 2014, due to a significant increase in coal mining (104.5% compared to 2014), as well as electricity generation at NPPs (108.1% compared to 2014) with the continued trend of reducing gas production and electricity generation by hydroelectric power plants. The index of extraction of fuel and energy minerals in 2015 amounted to 100.0% compared to 2014. The volume of oil production, including gas condensate (hereinafter referred to as oil), in 2015 increased to 533 million tons (101.3% compared to the corresponding period of 2014), while half of the vertically integrated oil companies, other producers and enterprises operating in 10 production sharing agreement, maintain a positive trend in oil production.

It should be noted that in order to maintain the country's competitiveness, government agencies need to direct all efforts to organize measures to stimulate demand for the products of enterprises in the real sector of the economy. To do this, you can use tools such as:

Strengthening the involvement of individuals in the purchase of consumer goods, as well as movable and immovable property through the development of a consumer lending system;

Improving the system for the implementation of large infrastructure projects with the help of the state order system;

Increasing the export of goods in the real sector of the economy.

These sectors, in particular, include fishing, agriculture, manufacturing and extractive industries, distribution and production of energy, construction, communications and transport.

regulation in the country. It represents industries that produce material goods. This state is also associated with the production of intangible goods for industrial or strategic purposes. These sectors, in particular, include fishing, agriculture, manufacturing and extractive industries, distribution and production of energy, construction, communications and transport.

The real sector of the economy is referred to the macroeconomic block. Stimulating, stabilizing and anti-crisis regulation can be applied to it.

It is a set of methods, forms and management tools aimed at forecasting and analyzing crisis processes. The purpose of this is also to reduce the negative consequences of a crisis situation, as well as to use the accumulated information for subsequent development.

Anti-crisis regulation (according to the structural approach) is a system containing some characteristic components. In particular, the following elements should be singled out: goals and objectives, priorities, subjects and objects, risk identification and control over the results of anti-crisis regulation. It should be noted that the content and nature of the elements of this management system determine its (system) effectiveness.

Priorities are strategic guidelines for regulation. With the help of priorities, the impact on the real sector of the economy is carried out. All actions taken by the authorities should be correlated with these strategic guidelines.

Tasks and goals are determined based on the set priorities.

The objects of anti-crisis regulation include both entire complexes or economic processes, as well as individual economic agents, which are affected by management tools.

The subjects are the executive authorities, credit institutions, banks of the country, central and commercial banks, funds and development institutions.

The directions of development and support are strategic areas of regulation. They proceed from the intended goals and tasks, as well as from the declared priorities. The enlarged areas of development and support include the formation of financial incentives for enterprises, the development of entrepreneurship (medium and small), measures to stimulate domestic demand, including government and consumer demand. The strategic areas also include stimulating the labor market, improving competitive conditions, developing science and human resources, and increasing innovative capital.

In accordance with the degree of influence on the real sector of the economy, all directions can be divided into indirect and direct.

Methods of anti-crisis regulation are certain methods for implementing the intended directions and goals. So, for example, reducing the burden on entrepreneurship can be achieved by reducing the administrative, tariff, and tax impact.

Anti-crisis regulation tools include practical methods of influencing the real sector of the economy. To implement anti-crisis regulation, the government has various tools that relate to different types of policy. In particular, this includes administrative, exchange rate and macroeconomic, customs and tariff and industrial, investment and monetary, tax and budgetary policies. In accordance with the degree of influence on economic agents, all instruments are classified into indirect and direct.

Real sector of the economy- a set of sectors of the economy that produce tangible and intangible goods and services, with the exception of financial, credit and exchange operations, which are related to the financial sector of the economy.

The term does not have a clear legal definition. Often used in political vocabulary and journalism without specifying the meaning. Many authors under the real sector mean only the sphere of material production and do not include services, trade, science.

The real sector of the economy (real production sector) is the sector in which . Includes industrial production consisting of and , .

The basis of the real sector of the economy is the production of industrial and agricultural products. It is in the sphere of production that the producer interacts with nature, new material goods are created. The quantitative and qualitative development of the production sphere ensures the welfare of society, the growth of incomes of the population, creates a material basis for the development of education, health care, and culture.

The state of the real sector of the economy is influenced by:

• level of development of productive forces;
• scientific and technical progress;
• states;
• budget policy;
• measures taken by the state to ensure the growth of investment;
• the level of world prices;
• state of the country.

The real sector of the economy in the former USSR after World War II went through several stages in its development. 1945-1950 - reorientation of industry from military production to peaceful rails (conversion); the period 1950-1970 was characterized by rapid and efficient economic development; 1971-1991 - relatively high, but fading rates of development. Since 1991, the process of transition to a market economy began, due to a slowdown in economic growth, the emergence of intersectoral disproportions, a drop in capital productivity, the efficiency of capital investments, and a high level of militarization of the economy of the former USSR. At the same time, the transition to a market system was accompanied by a number of structural, financial and systemic crises.

The state of the real sector of the economy is significantly affected by:

• the state and, first of all, the level of interest rates, on which the ability of enterprises to resort to short-term and long-term loans to replenish working capital and make capital investments depends;
• country's foreign trade balance;
• in the country, the presence of favorable conditions for investment, primarily direct;
• state policy guaranteeing the rights of investors, providing opportunities for, creating conditions under which it is impossible to review the results of privatization;
• the presence or absence of restrictions in foreign economic activity.