76. COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AS A SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS IN THE SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT
Even at the first stages of the development of human society, people sought to study the phenomena of the surrounding nature, to improve the tools and methods of labor in order to satisfy their needs. At individual stages of social development, this task was solved in different ways, based on the level of development of the productive forces and production relations.
The study of the processes and phenomena of nature and society (including economic ones) is impossible without a thorough and interconnected consideration of their constituent parts and properties, that is, without analysis. Analysis in general means the decomposition of a complex process, phenomenon or object into their individual parts (parts, properties). The conscious activity of people is practically impossible without analysis.
Decomposition of an object into separate components can be done mechanically, chemically and in other ways. But when it comes to social phenomena or processes, such paths are unacceptable, since these phenomena can only be considered in the abstract.
However, the analysis itself does not give a complete and reliable idea of the phenomenon or process under study without establishing cause-and-effect relationships and the interdependence of their individual components (sides, properties), that is, without synthesis. Analysis and synthesis are a single, integral dialectical process of cognition.
Currently, economic analysis occupies an important place among the economic sciences. It is considered as one of the functions of production management. As you know, enterprise management can be interpreted from the standpoint of its main functions: planning, accounting and control, analysis and management decision-making.
Figure 1.1 - Place of economic analysis in the management system
On the other hand, management is a series of consistently made management decisions. The whole decision-making process is divided into three stages:
Collection and preparation of information;
Processing and analysis of information;
Development of alternative management solutions and selection of the optimal one.
In this way, economic
analysis- this is a management function that occupies an intermediate position between collecting information about an object and making a decision and comes down to optimizing this management decision.
An economic analysis makes it possible to identify sufficiently fully all the available internal and external reserves for increasing the efficiency of production and determine the priority directions for their mobilization.
Currently, economic analysis is developing at the micro and macro levels.
Macroanalysis is carried out at a higher level of management (sectoral, regional, national economic analysis). The information base for this analysis is statistical accounting and reporting.
Economic analysis at the micro level is associated with the daily financial and economic activities of the enterprise:
analysis and justification of current plans and programs for the development of the enterprise;
analysis of the possibilities of production and marketing of products;
analysis of various marketing situations,
cost formation analysis,
analysis of the cost of individual items, etc.
The information basis is accounting and reporting.
A deep and detailed analysis makes it possible to identify all the shortcomings in the process of production and marketing of products, and therefore rationalize this process. In addition, the analysis of various economic situations and the results of managerial decisions makes it possible for the enterprise to gain experience in behavior in various situations and more clearly respond to external factors.
Thus, economic analysis determines the validity of managerial decisions, which increases the efficiency of their implementation, and hence the efficiency of the production cycle - this significantly increases the role of economic analysis in the market environment.
The formation of economic analysis is due to the objective requirements and conditions that are characteristic of the emergence of any new branch of knowledge.
First, the practical need for a comprehensive and systematic analysis in connection with the development of productive forces, the improvement of production relations, and the expansion of the scale of production.
Secondly, it is connected with the development of economic science in general. Previously, the functions of economic analysis (when they were not so significant) were performed by balance science, accounting, and statistics. Within the framework of these sciences, the simplest methods of analytical research appeared. However, the above named sciences at a certain stage of development could not meet all the demands of practice, and therefore it became necessary to single out economic analysis as an independent branch of knowledge.
Economic analysis as a science has its own subject of study, unfortunately among economists there is still no unity in its definition.
As a basis for determining the subject of economic analysis, economic processes are proposed (Bakanov M.I., Sheremet A.D.), economic activity (Barngolts S.B.), a set of production relations (Paliy V.F.), information flow (Chumachenko N .G.), indicators of economic activity and their deviations (Ants A.I.)
The subject of economic analysis are economic processes and final financial results, which are formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors and are reflected in the system of economic information.
It is clear from the definition that
- Scientific. Analysis must comply with the requirements of economic laws, use the achievements of science and technology.
- Systems approach. Economic analysis must be carried out taking into account all the laws of the developing system, that is, to study the phenomena in their interconnection and interdependence.
- Complexity. In the study, it is necessary to take into account the impact on the economic activity of the enterprise of many factors.
- Research in dynamics. In the process of analysis, all phenomena should be considered in their development, which allows not only to understand them, but also to find out the causes of changes.
- Highlighting the main goal. An important point in the analysis is the formulation of the research problem and the identification of the most important reasons that hinder production or hinder the achievement of the goal.
- Concreteness and practical usefulness. The results of the analysis must necessarily have a numerical expression, and the reasons for the change in indicators must be specific, indicating the places of their occurrence and ways to eliminate them.
- verification of the validity of the tasks of business plans and various standards;
- determination of the degree of fulfillment of tasks of business plans and compliance with established standards;
- calculation of the influence of individual on the magnitude of the deviation of the actual values of economic indicators from the base
- finding on-farm reserves to further improve the efficiency of the organization and ways of mobilization, that is, the use of these reserves;
- financial and economic analysis;
- technical and economic analysis.
- Directly interested in the activities of the organization. This group may include the owners of the organization's funds, tax authorities, banks, suppliers, buyers, management of the organization, individual functional services of the organization being analyzed.
- Subjects of analysis indirectly interested in the activities of the organization. This includes legal organizations, audit firms, consulting firms, trade union bodies, etc.
economic analysis studies the economy both in statics and in dynamics;
the results of the enterprise's activities are not considered in isolation, but under the influence of objective and subjective factors:
Objective factors– not dependent on the activities of the enterprise (pricing policy, taxation)
Subjective factors- completely dependent on the activities of the enterprise (organization of production, labor, incentive methods)
A rationally organized system of economic information is of great importance for conducting a qualitative, reliable analysis.
The object of economic analysis are the economic results of the economic activity of the enterprise. They can be expressed in profit, production volumes, cost.
Subject of economic analysis- the executor of the analysis in any direction or in all directions as a whole.
The content of economic analysis is a deep, complete, systematic study of the activities of the enterprise and its divisions in the production process. During the economic analysis are carried out:
Study of economic situations that develop under the influence of various factors;
Establishing the relationship and interdependence of these situations;
Scientific substantiation of the production program of the enterprise and an objective assessment of its implementation;
Quantitative measurement of the influence of various factors;
Identification and measurement of unused intra-production reserves;
Generalization of the results of the analysis and justification of management decisions.
The subject and content of economic analysis substantiate the following tasks:
Assessment of the validity of production programs;
Evaluation of the implementation of production programs and compliance with standards;
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of all enterprise resources;
Identification and quantitative measurement of intra-production reserves at all stages of production;
Optimization of management decisions.
However, depending on the goals of the analysis, this list of tasks can be expanded.
Economic analysis is very closely related to a number of economic and non-economic disciplines.
Economic theory ,
which, by studying economic laws, the mechanism of their action, creates a theoretical basis for the development of all economic disciplines. When conducting analytical studies, it is necessary to take into account the effect of these laws at the level of each enterprise. In turn, economic analysis contributes to the development of economic theory. Numerous analytical studies accumulate information about the manifestation of certain economic laws. The study of this information allows us to formulate new, previously unknown laws, to make global forecasts for the development of the country's economy or the world economy.
Branch economies .
A deep analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise cannot be carried out without knowing the industry specifics of the enterprise and the specifics of the organization of production in this industry. Economic analysis is used to improve the organization of production, the introduction of a scientific organization of labor, best practices, etc. The analysis contributes to the recovery of the economy of specific enterprises and the industry as a whole.
Accounting
is the information base for economic analysis. The reliability of the analysis depends entirely on the reliability and quality of accounting information. The analyst must know where to look and how to check its quality. On the other hand, the requirements that are put before the analysis are somehow redirected to accounting. In order to provide the analysis with the necessary information, accounting must be organized rationally, i.e. information must be prompt, truthful, accurate, detailed, accessible and understandable to the necessary extent.
A similar relationship appears between analysis and audit. The main purpose of the audit is to assess the reliability of accounting information used to analyze and control the activities of the enterprise. At the same time, in the audit process, analytical procedures are widely used to prove the reliability of accounting and reporting and to diagnose the financial condition.
Economic analysis is closely related to the theory of finance, corporate finance, financial management, banking management.. Without knowledge of the theory of finance, the current procedure for financing and lending to the relevant sectors of the national economy, relations with financial and credit authorities and institutions, it is impossible to competently perform an economic analysis. On the other hand, the rates of payments to the budget, conditions for obtaining loans, interest payments for the use of loans and other financial and credit tools are constantly being improved, taking into account the results of the analysis, which shows the effectiveness of the impact of these methods on production.
Statistics .
The connection with statistics is expressed mainly in the fact that, firstly, the statistical data themselves serve as an information source for analysis, and secondly, a number of statistical methods and research techniques are widely used in the analysis. It is worth noting that if in statistics that studies the diversity of social phenomena, the main methods are associated with mass observation and qualitative decomposition of such phenomena in order to identify what is typical in their development, then economic analysis studies the features and specific working conditions of a particular enterprise and methods are put forward in the first place. and methods for determining the relationship of phenomena and factors, measuring the degree of their influence on the results of economic processes in dynamics.
Among the sciences of non-economic direction, first of all, it is necessary to single out technological and mathematical ones. It is impossible to analyze this or that production process. Not knowing the features of the technology. Only an economist who is knowledgeable in this industry can objectively evaluate the results of production and make useful recommendations for their improvement. At the same time, it should be noted that the production technology itself tends to be more efficient and its improvement is impossible without analytical research.
The need to solve complex analytical problems was a powerful stimulus for the development of mathematics and new computer technologies. The use of mathematical methods and modern computer technologies in analytical studies has significantly increased their level. Economic analysis has become deeper and more complex, it can be carried out more quickly, cover a larger number of objects, and study much more information.
Thus, AHD is a synthesized science, which was formed by integrating a number of sciences and combining their individual elements. In turn, the results of the analysis are used by other sciences in the study of certain aspects of economic activity.
Name: Economic Analysis - Cribs.
Cheat sheets are intended for students taking an exam or credit for the course "Economic Analysis". They contain informative answers to all questions of the course in accordance with the State Educational Standard.
Economic analysis as a science is a system of special knowledge related to:
the study of economic processes in their interconnection, emerging under the influence of objective economic laws and subjective factors;
scientific substantiation of business plans, an objective assessment of their implementation;
identification of positive and negative factors and quantitative measurement of their action;
disclosure of trends and proportions of economic development, determination of unused on-farm reserves;
making optimal management decisions.
The most important points of the analysis are the establishment of the relationship, interdependence and interdependence of causes and factors.
The content of economic analysis as a scientific discipline follows from its functions:
1. Content, subject and principles of economic analysis
2. Tasks of analysis and its role in business management
3. Information support of economic analysis. Systematization and processing of economic information
4. Typology of types of economic analysis
5. Method and methodology of economic analysis
6. Traditional methods of economic analysis
7. Deterministic modeling of factor systems
8. Ways to measure the influence of factors in deterministic models
9. Method of chain substitutions
10. Index method in factor analysis
11. Integral method of factor analysis
12. Method for identifying the isolated influence of factors
13. Methods for a deterministic comprehensive assessment of performance results
14. Heuristic methods for solving economic problems
15. Methods for determining the current value of money and the accumulated amount of investments
16. Methods for measuring multi-temporal costs, results and effects. Investment risk assessment
17. Methods for studying correlations
18. Basic methods and models of forecasting business activity
19. Essence, content, principles of financial analysis. The main groups of users of financial statements
20. The system of indicators for the analysis of financial statements
21. Information and organizational support for the analysis and evaluation of the performance of business entities
22. Analysis of the property status of the organization and evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of its assets
23. Horizontal and vertical analysis of balance sheet items. Coefficient and factor methods of analysis
24. Multi-factor comprehensive analysis of return on assets
25. Analysis of fixed capital and evaluation of the effectiveness of its use
26. The system of private and general indicators of the analysis of the state of working capital and its use
27. Essence and content, composition, structure and movement of capital of the organization
28. The system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of equity and borrowed capital
29. Analysis of the price of the main sources of financing the activities of the organization
30. Leverage (financial leverage). The effect of financial leverage
31. Factor analysis of return on equity and borrowed capital
32. System of indicators and methodology for assessing the liquidity of assets, solvency and financial stability
33. Organizational and legal mechanism for assessing the state of bankruptcy of economic entities
34. Identification and justification of the causes of bankruptcy
35. The concept of financial results and the current procedure for their formation
36. Factor analysis of the formation of profit from sales and assessment of the margin of financial strength
37. Economic essence, content and composition of income and expenses of the organization
38. Analysis and evaluation of the composition, structure and dynamics of income and expenses
39. Analysis and assessment of the financial position of the organization as tools for making informed management decisions
40. Analysis and assessment of the creditworthiness of the borrower
41. Composition, structure and cash flow by type of activity of the organization
42. Direct and indirect methods of cash flow analysis
43. Coefficient method as a factor analysis tool in cash flow assessment
44. Methodology for adjusting the financial statements of an organization in an inflationary economy
45. Adjustment of financial statements of the organization using the GPP method
46. General methodological approaches to the organization of control using methods and procedures of economic analysis
47. Analysis of the volume of output
48. Analysis of production costs
49. Methods and procedures for analyzing the formation of profits based on the results of production activities
50. Comprehensive assessment of the intensification of the production and financial activities of the organization
51. Legal support and conceptual apparatus for the analysis of investment activity
52. The purpose and objectives of the analysis of investment activity
53. Information base and system of indicators for the analysis of long-term investments
54. Analysis and evaluation of cash flows from investment activities
55. Methods and indicators for evaluating long-term investments
56. A systematic approach to the analysis of economic activity
57. The system of indicators of the efficiency of the use of material resources
58. The system of indicators of the cost of production
59. The system of indicators of profit of commercial organizations
60. Indicators of the use of labor resources
61. Indicators of the use of fixed production assets. Methodology for their analysis
62. Indicators of production and sales volumes. Their formation and relationship
63. Statistical and economic-mathematical, quantitative and qualitative methods of economic analysis
64. Economic and mathematical modeling as a way of studying and evaluating economic activity
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Economic analysis - Cribs - Litvinyuk A.S. - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
The term " analysis”has its origin from the Greek language, where the word “analysis” means dismemberment, fragmentation of an object or phenomenon into separate elements in order to study this object or phenomenon in detail. The opposite is the concept synthesis" (it comes from the Greek word "synthesis"). Synthesis is a combination of individual components of an object or phenomenon into a single whole. Analysis and synthesis are two interrelated aspects of the process of studying any objects and phenomena.
Economic Sciences, including economic analysis, belong to the totality of the humanities, and the object of their research is economic processes and phenomena.
Economic analysis is included in a group of interrelated specific economic disciplines, which, in addition to it, includes control, audit, micro-and, and other sciences. They study the economic activity of organizations, but each from a certain point of view, characteristic only for it. Therefore, each of these sciences has its own, independent subject.
Economic analysis and its role in the management of the organization
Economic analysis(otherwise -) plays an important role in increasing the economic efficiency of organizations, in strengthening their financial condition. It is an economic science that studies economics of organizations, their activities in terms of assessing their work on the implementation of business plans, assessing their property and financial condition and in order to identify untapped reserves to improve the efficiency of organizations.
The subject of economic analysis is the property and financial condition and the current economic activity of organizations, studied from the point of view of its compliance with the tasks of business plans and in order to identify unused reserves to improve the efficiency of the organization.
Economic analysis is subdivided on the interior and external depending on the subjects of the analysis, that is, on the bodies that carry it out. The most complete and comprehensive is the internal analysis carried out by the functional departments and services of the organization. The external analysis carried out by debtors and creditors and others, as a rule, is limited to establishing the degree of stability of the financial condition of the analyzed organization, its liquidity, both at reporting dates and in the future.
Objects of economic analysis are the property and financial position of the organization, its production, supply and marketing, financial activities, the work of individual structural divisions of the organization (shops, production sites, teams).
Economic analysis as a science, as a branch of economic knowledge, and finally, as an academic discipline is closely interconnected with other specific economic sciences.
Laughter number 1. The relationship of economic analysis with various economic sciencesEconomic analysis is a complex science that uses, along with its own, also the apparatus inherent in a number of other economic sciences. Economic analysis, like other economic sciences, studies the economics of individual objects, but from an angle peculiar only to it. It gives an assessment of the state of the economy of a given object, as well as its current economic activity.
Principles of economic analysis:
Method of economic analysis
The word "method" came into our language from the Greek language. In translation, it means "the path to something." Therefore, the method is, as it were, a way to achieve the goal. In relation to any science, a method is a way of studying the subject of this science. The methods of any sciences basically have a dialectical approach to the study of the objects and phenomena they consider. Economic analysis is no exception here.
The dialectical approach means that all processes and phenomena taking place in nature and society should be considered in their constant development, interconnection and interdependence. So economic analysis studies the indicators characterizing the activities of any organizations, comparing them over several reporting periods (in dynamics), as well as in their change. Further. Economic analysis considers various aspects of the organization's activities in unity and interconnection, as elements of a single process. So, for example, the volume of sales of products depends on its output, and the fulfillment of the planned target for profit depends mainly on
The method of economic analysis is determined by its subject and the challenges ahead.
Methods and techniques, used in , are subdivided into traditional, statistical and . They are discussed in detail in the relevant sections of the site.
In order to practically implement the use of the method of economic analysis, certain techniques have been developed. They are a set of methods and techniques used to optimally solve analytical problems.
The techniques used in economic analysis at individual stages of analytical work involve the use of various techniques and methods.
The key moment of the method of economic analysis is the calculation of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators. The relationship of economic phenomena is a joint change of two or more of these phenomena. There are various forms of interconnections between economic phenomena. The most significant among them is the causal relationship. Its essence lies in the fact that a change in one economic phenomenon is caused by a change in another economic phenomenon. Such a relationship is called deterministic, otherwise - a causal relationship. If two economic phenomena are connected by such a relationship, then the economic phenomenon, the change of which causes a change in the other, is called the cause, and the phenomenon that changes under the influence of the first is called the effect.
In economic analysis, those signs that characterize the cause are called factorial, independent. The same signs that characterize the consequence are usually called resultant, dependent.
See further:So, in this paragraph, we examined the concept of the method of economic analysis, as well as the most important methods (methods, techniques) used in the analysis of the organization's activities. We will consider these methods and the procedure for their use in more detail in special sections of the site.
Tasks, sequence of carrying out and procedure for processing the results of economic analysis
The most complete and deep is the internal (intraeconomic) analysis, carried out, as a rule, by the functional departments and services of this organization. Therefore, internal analysis faces much more numerous tasks than external analysis.
The main tasks of the internal analysis of the organization's activities should be considered:
Of the listed tasks of internal economic analysis, the main task is to identify reserves in a given organization.
Before external analysis, in essence, there is only one task - to assess the degree both at a certain reporting date and in the future.
The results of the analysis carried out are the basis for the development and implementation of optimal ones that improve the efficiency of organizations.
In the process of conducting economic analysis, methods of induction and deduction.
Induction method(from particular to general) suggests that the study of economic phenomena begins with individual facts, situations and proceeds to the study of the economic process as a whole. Method same deduction(from general to particular) is characterized, on the contrary, by the transition from general indicators to particular ones, in particular, to the analysis of the influence of individual ones on generalizing ones.
The most important when conducting economic analysis is, of course, the deduction method, since the sequence of analysis usually involves the transition from the whole to its constituent elements, from synthetic, generalizing indicators of the organization's activities to analytical, factor indicators.
When an economic analysis is carried out, all aspects of the organization's activities, all the processes that make up the production and commercial cycle of the organization, are examined in their interconnection, interdependence and interdependence. Such a study is the key moment of the analysis. It bears the name.
After the end of the analysis, its results should be formalized in a certain way. For these purposes, explanatory notes to annual reports, as well as certificates or conclusions based on the results of the analysis are used.
Explanatory notes intended for external users of analytical information. Consider what should be the content of these notes.
They should reflect the level of development of the organization, the conditions in which its activities take place, it should be characterized, on it, data on product sales markets, etc. Information should also be provided on the stage at which each type of product is on the market. (These include stages of introduction, growth and development, maturity, saturation and decline). In addition, it is necessary to provide information about the competitors of this organization.
Then, data on the main economic indicators should be presented for several periods.
Those factors that influenced the organization's activities and its results should be indicated. one should also cite those measures that are planned to eliminate shortcomings in the organization's activities, as well as to increase the efficiency of this activity.
References, as well as conclusions based on the results of the economic analysis carried out, may have more detailed content compared to explanatory notes. As a rule, references and conclusions do not contain generalized characteristics of the organization and the conditions for its functioning. The main emphasis here is on describing reserves and how to use them.
The results of the study can also be presented in non-textual form. In this case, the analytical documents contain only a set of analytical tables and there is no text characterizing the economic activity of the organization. This form of registration of the results of the conducted economic analysis is now being used more and more widely.
In addition to the considered forms of processing the results of the analysis, the introduction of the most important of them into certain sections will also be applied. economic passport of the organization.
These are the main forms of generalization and presentation of the results of the economic analysis. It should be borne in mind that the presentation of the material in explanatory notes, as well as in other analytical documents, should be clear, simple and concise, and should also be linked to analytical tables.
Types of economic analysis and their role in the management of the organization
Financial and managerial economic analysis
Economic analysis can be subdivided into different types according to certain criteria.
First of all, economic analysis is usually divided into two main types - the financial analysis and managerial analysis- depending on the content of the analysis, the functions it performs and the tasks facing it.
The financial analysis, in turn can be subdivided into external and internal. The first is carried out by statistical authorities, higher organizations, suppliers, buyers, shareholders, audit firms, etc. The main the task of external financial analysis is , its and. It is carried out at the organization itself by the forces of its accounting department, financial department, planning department, and other functional services. Internal financial analysis solves a much wider range of tasks compared to the external one. Internal analysis studies the effectiveness of the use of equity and borrowed capital, explores, identifies reserves for the growth of the latter and strengthening the financial condition of the organization. Internal financial analysis, therefore, is aimed at developing and implementing optimal ones that contribute to improving the financial performance of a given organization.
Management analysis, as opposed to financial is internal. It is carried out by the services and departments of this organization. He studies issues related to the organizational and technical level and other conditions of production, using certain types of production resources (,), analyzes, her.
Types of economic analysis depending on the functions and tasks of the analysis
Depending on the content, functions and tasks of the analysis, the following types of analysis are also distinguished: socio-economic, economic-statistical, economic-environmental, marketing, investment, functional-cost (FSA), etc.
Socio-economic analysis examines the relationship and interdependence between social and economic phenomena.
Economic and statistical analysis used to study mass socio-economic phenomena. Economic-ecological analysis studies the relationship and interaction between the state of ecology and economic phenomena.
Marketing Analysis aims to study the markets for raw materials and materials, as well as the markets for finished products, the ratio of these products, the products of this organization, the level of prices for products, etc.
Investment analysis is aimed at choosing the most effective options for the investment activities of organizations.
Functional cost analysis(FSA) is a method of systematic study of the functions of a product, or any production and economic process, or a certain level of management. This method aims to minimize the cost of designing, mastering production, selling products, as well as industrial and domestic consumption of these products, given their high quality, maximum utility (including durability).
Depending on the aspects of the study, there are two main types (directions) of analysis of economic activity:The first type of analysis studies the influence of economic factors on the implementation of business plans in terms of financial indicators.
A feasibility study examines the impact of engineering, technology and production organization factors on economic performance.
Depending on the completeness of coverage of the organization's activities, two types of analysis of economic activity can be distinguished: full (complex) and thematic (partial) analysis. The first type of analysis covers all aspects of the financial and economic activities of the organization. Thematic analysis studies the effectiveness of certain aspects of the organization's activities. Economic analysis can also be divided according to the objects of study. Microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis. Microeconomic analysis studies the activities of individual economic units. It can be divided into three main types: intrashop, shop and factory analysis.
Macroeconomic it can be sectoral, that is, to study the functioning of a particular sector of the economy or industry, territorial, which analyzes the economy of individual regions, and, finally, intersectoral, which studies the functioning of the economy as a whole.
a separate sign classification of types of economic analysis is a division of the latter by subjects of analysis. They are understood as those bodies and persons who carry out the analysis.
The subjects of economic analysis can be divided into two groups.Economic analysis depending on the timing
Depending on the time of the analysis (in other words, on the frequency of its implementation), there are: preliminary, operational, final and prospective analysis.
preliminary analysis allows you to assess the state of this object when developing a business plan. For example, the production capacity of the organization is assessed, whether it is able to provide the planned volume of production.
Operational(otherwise current) analysis is carried out on a daily basis, directly in the course of the current activities of the organization.
final(subsequent, or retrospective) analysis examines the effectiveness of the economic activities of organizations for the past period.
Perspective analysis is used to determine expected results in the coming period.
Forward-looking analysis is critical to ensure the success of the organization in the future. This type of analysis examines possible options for the development of the organization and outlines ways to achieve optimal results.
Types of economic analysis depending on the research methodology
Depending on the methodology used to study objects in the economic literature, it is customary to subdivide the analysis of economic activity into the following types: quantitative, qualitative, express analysis, fundamental, marginal, economic and mathematical.
Quantitative(otherwise) analysis is based on quantitative comparisons, measurement, comparison of indicators and the study of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators.
Qualitative Analysis uses qualitative comparative assessments, characteristics, as well as expert assessments of the analyzed economic phenomena.
Express analysis- this is a way to assess the economic and financial condition of the organization on the basis of certain signs that express certain economic phenomena. Fundamental analysis is based on a comprehensive, detailed study of economic phenomena, usually based on the use of economic-statistical and economic-mathematical research methods.
Margin analysis explores ways to optimize the amount of profit received as a result of sales of products, works, services. Economic and mathematical analysis is based on the use of a complex mathematical apparatus, with the help of which the optimal solution for any economic and mathematical model is established.
Dynamic and static economic analysis
According to its nature, economic analysis can be divided into two following: dynamic and static. The first type of analysis is based on the study of economic indicators taken in their dynamics, that is, in the process of their change, development over time, for several reporting periods. In the process of dynamic analysis, indicators of absolute growth, growth rate, growth rate, absolute value of one percent growth are determined and analyzed, and dynamic series are constructed and analyzed. Static analysis assumes that the studied economic indicators are static, that is, unchanged.
According to the spatial basis, economic analysis can be divided into the following two types: internal (on-farm) and inter-farm (comparative). The first one studies the activities of this organization and its structural divisions. In the second type, the economic indicators of two or more organizations are compared (the analyzed organization with others).
According to the methods of studying the object of analysis, it is divided into the following types: complex, system analysis, continuous analysis, selective analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, etc. The most important is a comprehensive final analysis of the activities of organizations, comprehensively studying their work for the reporting period; the results of this analysis are used for both short-term and long-term forecasting.
Operational economic analysis
Operational economic analysis applied at all levels of government. The share of operational analysis in making optimal management decisions increases with approach to individual organizations and their structural divisions.
The most important feature of operational analysis is that it is as close as possible in time to the implementation of individual phases of the production and commercial cycle of a given organization. operational analysis promptly establishes the causes of existing shortcomings and their perpetrators, reveals reserves and promotes their timely use.
Final economic analysis
plays a very important role in the development of optimal final, subsequent analysis. The most important source of information for such an analysis is the reporting of the organization.
Final Analysis gives a refined assessment of the organization's activities and its results for a certain period, ensures the identification of reasonable values of reserves to increase the efficiency of the organization's activities, seeks ways to mobilize, that is, use these reserves. The results of the final analysis carried out by the organization itself are reflected in the explanatory note to the annual report.
The final analysis is the most complete type of analysis of the economic activities of the organization.
In modern economic conditions, the importance of financial information is significantly increasing, the reliability, efficiency and objectivity of which allows all participants in economic turnover to present and understand the financial condition and financial results of a particular company. On this basis, entrepreneurs and other interested parties can draw the necessary and useful conclusions, assess economic prospects and financial risks, and make optimal management decisions.
Commercial activity can be conditionally represented as the interaction and mutual interest of its three most important subjects:
a state that allows the company to carry out activities and withdraws for this part of its income in the form of taxes, mandatory payments, etc.;
owners and investors who supply the company with capital and receive a part of its income in the form of dividends, interest, etc.;
managers who run the company to generate income, part of which they receive in the form of wages, bonus payments, social benefits, etc.
Each of the listed entities primarily pursues its financial interests, as a result of which there is a certain antagonism in the relationship between these business entities of the company. At the same time, there is a common interest that unites them - the effectiveness of the company as a whole, which can be assessed using economic analysis.
Company management should be focused on the main goal - maximizing the welfare of its owners.
The latter is achieved through the payment of income (dividends) and the increase in the property of the owners, which is within the framework of the company's activities, by reinvesting (capitalizing) part of the net profit. Achieving the goal should be based on compliance with the basic principles of business management, which will be effective if the management of resource potential, its financing and use is optimal.
The general mechanism for managing a commercial organization is carried out through the influence of the control system on the controlled system. The subjects of the management system are managers, managers of different levels, authorized to make management decisions.
The objects of management include various resources that the organization has (labor, fixed assets, material and raw materials, scientific and technical, information). The results of management actions on the part of management, which are implemented in the form of various functions performed by the managed system, are recorded, accumulated, converted, aggregated and, ultimately, at the end of the financial year, are presented in the form of indicators of accounting (financial) statements.
Being one of the functions of managing an organization, economic analysis solves the problem of substantiating options for management decisions of subjects of various levels through the formation of a system of analytical indicators, using special methods and techniques for this, as well as the entire set of data on the organization's activities.
Through economic analysis, various indicators of the company's internal and external reporting are processed, evaluated and interpreted to obtain a holistic, adequate picture of the achieved results of the organization's economic activity in order to satisfy information requests.
A wide range of users of economic information is conditionally divided into two main groups: internal and external. Internal users are the heads of the organization, employees of its financial and economic services, managers, that is, entities that have a direct financial interest in relation to business results. Using the data of internal (management) and external (financial) analysis, they make operational and strategic management decisions, performing the functions of planning, control, coordination of technological processes of supply, production, marketing, etc.
External users are divided into entities that have various direct financial interests, but do not work in this organization (minority and preferred shareholders, investors, creditors, sellers, buyers, etc.), and entities that have an indirect financial interest (employees of tax authorities, state and local government and control bodies, various financial companies, representatives of public organizations, etc.). External entities are limited in the use of information only by official financial statements, that is, they can form their conclusions about the company's activities based on indicators of standardized public reporting regulated by law.
Indicators of the economic analysis of the company's activities, available to external users, can be represented as three interrelated blocks:
financial results;
financial condition, solvency;
business activity and efficiency.
Economic analysis is one of the branches of the system of economic knowledge, an independent science with its own methodology, principles, subject, method, system of techniques and methods for implementing various methods.
The subject of economic analysis is the economic processes of organizations (economic entities), financial results and performance, which are formed under the influence of various external and internal factors and form a system of analytical financial, economic and other information.
In the generally accepted understanding, methodology is the principles for constructing scientific research methods to achieve its goals. The methodology of economic analysis is based on the method of economic analysis as a way of studying the object under study. The method of economic analysis involves consideration of processes and phenomena in the dialectical sense: in motion, development, interconnection. Therefore, the economic processes of organizations and their results, as objects considered in economic analysis, are studied in dynamics, in interconnection and interdependence, which corresponds to the dialectical general scientific approach.
Consequently, the method of economic analysis is a systematic, comprehensive study, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of an organization's activities by processing a system of indicators (planned, accounting, reporting, etc.) using special techniques (methods). The purpose of economic analysis is considered in its applied aspect and lies in the analytical substantiation of management decisions taken by users (subjects) of various levels.
Purpose of analysis specified by its tasks, such as:
improving the validity of business plans and standards;
objective, comprehensive research, evaluation of the implementation of business plans and compliance with regulations;
determination and evaluation of the economic efficiency of the use of all available resources of the organization (labor, material, financial);
identification and quantitative measurement of internal reserves to improve the efficiency of the organization;
development of options for making the most optimal management decisions by the management and managers of the company.
An important methodological feature of economic analysis is to establish cause-and-effect relationships that arise as a result of the organization's activities, as well as their quantitative assessment, i.e., measuring the influence of factors on performance indicators. Another feature of economic analysis is the consideration of each economic phenomenon systematically, as a set of many interrelated elements with the required degree of detail.
Economic analysis studies the reasons for the formation and changes in the results of economic activities of organizations, which makes it possible to consider the essence of economic processes and evaluate their effectiveness, quantitatively measure the influence of objective and subjective factors, identify reserves for increasing resource efficiency, and justify strategic and current business decisions.
To the principles of economic analysis relate:
continuity, regularity monitoring the state and development of economic processes;
continuity in compliance with the methodology and methods of its implementation;
objectivity in obtaining reasonable results of analysis, conclusions and recommendations based on reliable and transparent information available in accounting, statistical and operational reporting;
science, causing the use of the latest achievements in theory, methodology, methodology, methods and tools of analysis;
complexity, comprehensiveness research of economic processes and identification of dependencies between them;
consistency studying economic processes from the standpoint of identifying external relationships with other objects of analysis and their elements;
concreteness and practical significance in terms of improving the performance of the organization, increasing the efficiency of its work;
reliability and accuracy analytical conclusions for making informed management decisions by users of analytical information.
Economic analysis as a science according to the organizational level of the studied processes is divided into macro- and microanalysis.
Macroanalysis is devoted to the study of large-scale economic phenomena and processes at the level of the country's economy, its regions, and branches of economic activity.
The objects of study of macroanalysis are consolidated, aggregated indicators such as national wealth, gross domestic product, national income, total public and private investment, the amount of money in circulation. Also, the objects of macroanalysis are average and generalizing dynamic indicators, such as average wages, average incomes, inflation rate, growth rates of basic economic indicators.
The focus of microanalysis is on various indicators that reflect the results and dynamics of the activities of individual enterprises, companies, i.e., independent business entities.
The objects of microeconomic analysis are organizations isolated within the framework of commercial independence (existing in the form of various organizational and legal forms), which are at the same time part of a single market mechanism of management. At certain stages of the analysis of the economic activity of an organization, the objects of study can be the production and sale of products, cost, financial results, financial condition, as well as individual structural divisions of organizations, certain types of statutory activities of economic entities, etc.
Economic analysis of financial and economic activity is one of the main elements of the management of any company; serves as a tool for identifying reserves, substantiating business plans, as well as monitoring their implementation. The results of economic analysis are necessary for various users (owners, management, managers, etc.) to develop the most rational system for managing the economic activities of an organization focused on the ultimate goal of the business - making a profit.
The economic activity of an organization is an object of study of many sciences, such as economic theory, economics, statistics, management, accounting, economic analysis, etc. the influence of cause-and-effect relationships that arise in the process of carrying out various business operations, which are reflected in the company's information system.
Economic analysis has connections and is based on the achievements of other fundamental and applied branches of knowledge, in particular, philosophy, economic theory, sociology, mathematics, statistics, economics, finance, accounting, etc.
Foreword
The textbook offered to readers will help to master the theoretical foundations of the economic analysis of economic activity in combination with production (management) and financial analysis.
Economic analysis is seen as a scientific discipline designed to:
Understanding the essence of economic phenomena and processes, their relationship and interdependence;
Systematization and modeling of factor models;
Determining the influence of factors on the results of the organization's activities;
Identification and calculation of economic reserves for business development;
Mastering the skills of organizing analytical work at the enterprise and improving the scientific and economic validity of business plans.
The study of economic analysis contributes to the formation of the competence-qualification characteristics of the graduate.
This textbook complies with the State Educational Standard of the specialty 060400 "Finance and Credit" and 060500 - "Accounting, Analysis and Audit".
Question 1
Subject, object and content of economic analysis
Term "analysis" comes from the Greek word analysis "decomposition, dismemberment".
Economic analysis is a way of cognition of objects and phenomena of the environment, based on the division of the whole into its constituent parts and the study of them in all the variety of connections and dependencies. For example, in order to understand the essence of the cost of production, it is necessary to know not only what cost items are included in it, but also on what factors the value of each type of expenditure depends.
Economic analysis is revealed through concepts such as theory of knowledge, judgment, conclusion, scientific abstraction, thinking.
The theory of knowledge determines the essence, necessity and sequence of economic analysis. The object of knowledge is practice and human thinking. Thinking as a creative process involves judgment and inference. Through judgment, something is denied or affirmed. Judgment can be from the particular to the general (induction) and vice versa from the general to the particular (deduction).
Induction and deduction are inextricably linked with each other and together represent an inference. The inductive-deductive way of thinking, which has undergone logical processing of objective data, reveals the essence of the studied economic phenomena, allows you to identify certain patterns and make competent management decisions.
Under subject economic analysis understand:
Economic processes of enterprises, socio-economic efficiency and final financial results of their activities, formed under the influence of objective and subjective factors, reflected through the system of economic information;
Causal relationships of economic phenomena and processes, i.e., the causes of changes, the knowledge of which allows us to determine the essence of economic phenomena and, on this basis, give a correct assessment and justification for any managerial decision.
Recently, most scientific researchers consider the economic processes of organizations, including organizational and production, commercial, financial, social, technical and technological spheres of activity, to be the subject of economic analysis.
Objects of analysis are the results of economic processes. These are indicators of sources and means of fixed and working capital, investment and innovation activities, efficiency in the use of enterprise resources, production volume, sales, profit and profitability. For example, in any field of activity, the objects of analysis include the production and sale of products, the provision of works and services, their cost, financial results, the degree of use of various types of resources (capital productivity, material intensity, labor productivity, etc.).
Question 2
Principles of economic analysis
Economic analysis, like any science, has principles or requirements that it must comply with.
Question 3
The purpose and objectives of economic analysis
Target economic analysis of the financial and economic activities of organizations is to find and measure reserves to increase production efficiency, increase competitiveness and financial stability. Tasks economic analysis:
Establishment of patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise. For example, the law of outstripping growth of labor productivity in relation to the level of its payment must be fulfilled not only on the scale of the entire national economy, but also at each specific enterprise and in its divisions;
Scientific substantiation of long-term plans and forecasts. Without a deep economic analysis of the results of the enterprise's activities over the past 5-10 years, without identifying the shortcomings and advantages that have taken place, it is impossible to develop a reasonable plan, choose the best option for a management decision;
Differentiation of subjective and objective reasons for the deviation of actual indicators from the base ones and their quantitative measurement;
Evaluation of the results of the company's activities in terms of the implementation of plans, the achieved level of economic development, the use of available resources and the potential of the organization, the choice of the optimal management decision;
Forecasting indicators for the future and developing measures for the use of identified reserves;
Control over the implementation of the developed measures, the implementation of the level of planned indicators and the economical use of resources.
Question 4
Classification of types of economic analysis
Types of economic analysis are classified:
according to the content and completeness of the studied objects(comprehensive analysis of all economic activities, local analysis of individual units, thematic analysis of individual issues). At comprehensive analysis of the activity of the enterprise is studied comprehensively, and when thematic - only its individual aspects, which at a certain moment are of the greatest interest;
by methods, study of objects(comparative, factorial, marginal, economic and mathematical, stochastic, functional cost, diagnostic analysis (express analysis)).
♦ Comparative the analysis is limited to a comparison of reporting indicators - the results of economic activity with the indicators of the plan for the current year, past years and competitor data.
♦ Factorial the analysis is aimed at identifying the quantitative value of the influence of factors on growth and the level of performance indicators.
♦ Margin analysis is a method of evaluating and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions in business based on the cause-and-effect relationship of sales volume, cost and profit and dividing costs into fixed and variable.
♦ Diagnostic analysis is a way to establish trends in changes in economic processes on the basis of their typical features. For example, if the growth rate of gross output outstrips the growth rate of marketable output, then this indicates an increase in the balance of work in progress. If the growth rate of gross output is higher than the growth rate of labor productivity, then this is a sign of non-fulfillment of the plan of measures for the mechanization and automation of production, improvement of the organization of labor and, on this basis, a reduction in the number of employees;
by frequency(annual, quarterly, ten-day, one-time, daily);
according to time(retrospective and prospective).
♦ Promising(preliminary) analysis is carried out before the implementation of business transactions. It is necessary to justify management decisions and predicted indicators, as well as to monitor the implementation of the plan and prevent undesirable results. Perspective analysis is widely used in the development of business plans and justification of investment projects.
♦ Retrospective(subsequent, historical) analysis is carried out after the commission of economic acts. It is used to monitor the implementation of development programs for firms over the years, identify unused reserves, and objectively evaluate the performance of organizations. The disadvantage of the analysis is that the identified reserves mean forever lost opportunities for increasing production efficiency, since they refer to the past period. Retrospective analysis is the basis of prospective analysis. In turn, the results of subsequent analysis depend on the depth and quality of the preliminary analysis for the future. Retrospective analysis is divided into operational and current. Operational(situational) analysis is carried out immediately after the performance of business transactions or changes in the situation for short periods of time (shift, decade, day, etc.). Its goal is to quickly identify shortcomings and influence business processes. It is widely used, for example, when analyzing the level of implementation of the retail and wholesale turnover plan for the day, the rhythm of production, the range and quality of products, cash flows, the availability of materials, and the use of working time.
A distinctive feature of operational analysis is the study of predominantly natural indicators, its inaccuracy associated with the approximation in the calculations. Current the analysis is carried out for important reporting periods of management, mainly on the basis of periodic, annual financial statements. The main task of the current analysis is an objective assessment of the results of commercial activities, a comprehensive identification of shortcomings in work, unused reserves and their mobilization to increase the economic efficiency of production, improve the financial situation in the long term. The current analysis is the most complete, accumulating the results of operational analysis and serving as the basis for prospective analysis. It is recommended for conducting a comprehensive identification and measurement of causal relationships in the use of enterprise resources;
by objects of management(technical and economic analysis, financial and economic, audit, socio-economic, economic and environmental and marketing analysis).
♦ Technique-economic the technical services of the enterprise are engaged in the analysis. Its content is the study of the interaction of technical, technological and economic processes and the establishment of their influence on the economic results of the company. An example of the use of energy-saving production technologies.
♦ V financial and economic The analysis focuses on the financial results of the enterprise, the efficiency of the use of borrowed and equity capital, identifying reserves for increasing the amount of profit, increasing profitability, and solvency.
♦ Socio-economic analysis studies the relationship of social and economic processes, their influence on each other.
♦ Economic-statistical analysis is used to study mass social phenomena at different levels of management: enterprises, industries, regions.
♦ Economic and environmental The analysis examines the interaction of economic and ecological processes associated with the preservation and improvement of the environment and environmental costs.
♦ Marketing analysis is used to study the external environment of the enterprise, the market for raw materials and the sale of finished products, its competitiveness, supply and demand, commercial risk, etc.
♦ Managerial the analysis is more detailed and affects all areas of the enterprise, the data of primary and operational accounting. At the same time, the information subjected to management analysis is a commercial secret and the results of the analysis are used only for on-farm management.
♦ Financial the analysis is less reliable in the accuracy of assessing the financial condition, since many indicators of the official accounting statements are distorted in order to hide profits and the mechanism for obtaining them.
Each of the listed types of economic analysis is different in content, organization and methodology. In practice, several types of analysis are used simultaneously, representing a single system for making effective management decisions.
Question 5
Method of economic analysis, its characteristic features and classification
Method economic analysis is a systematic comprehensive study, identification, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of the organization's activities by processing the system of indicators with special techniques. It consists of a series of sequential actions:
Observation of the object, calculation of absolute and relative indicators, bringing them into a comparable form;
Systematization, grouping and detailing of factors, study of their influence on performance indicators;
Generalization, construction of final and forecast tables, preparation of conclusions and recommendations for making managerial decisions.
Characteristic features of the method following.
The need for constant comparisons.
The need to study internal contradictions, positive and negative aspects of each phenomenon, each process. For example, scientific and technological progress (STP) has a positive effect on productivity growth, profit growth and profitability, but it can also lead to environmental pollution.
Consistency and complexity of economic analysis; the study of the economic activity of enterprises is carried out taking into account all the relationships and interdependencies. So, with the introduction of new technology, production costs increase, but at the same time labor productivity increases, which, in turn, contributes to saving wages. And if the growth rate of labor productivity exceeds the growth rate of the costs of maintaining and operating new equipment, then the managerial decision is economically justified and lawful.
Establishing cause-and-effect relationships, i.e., identifying the causes of changes in economic indicators and forecasting possible trends.
Determination of the quantitative influence of factors on the performance of the company, the calculation of economic losses and reserves of the enterprise.
Classification of methods of economic analysis next: Unformalized methods are based on the reflection of analytical procedures at the logical level, and not on strict analytical dependencies. These include: the development of a system of indicators, the method of comparisons, the construction of analytical tables, the method of detailing, the method of expert assessments, methods of situational analysis and forecasting.
TO formalized include methods that allow you to present indicators in strict dependence (mainly mathematical). Among them are:
Classical methods of economic analysis (balance method, methods of deterministic factor analysis (chain substitutions, absolute and relative differences), integral and logarithmic methods);
Traditional methods of economic statistics (average method, grouping method, index method);
Mathematical and statistical methods for studying relationships (correlation, regression, dispersion, cluster analysis);
Methods of financial calculations;
Decision theory methods (decision tree construction method, linear programming and sensitivity analysis).
