The Asia-Pacific region unites the countries of East, Southeast Asia, Oceania and Australia. This is the largest tourist region in the world. Its individual parts (sub-regions) are significantly distant from each other, which complicates the development of intra-regional tourist trips. In addition, the Asia-Pacific region is also remote from the main tourist markets of the world - Europe and America. However, the vastness of the region contributed to the formation of a complex of diverse natural and cultural-historical recreational resources here. Currently, there is a weak level of their use.

The Asia-Pacific Region is characterized by uneven economic development. Along with highly developed (Japan, Australia, New Zealand) and rapidly developing (Republic of Korea, Singapore, China, Malaysia) states, there are many countries in the region that are burdened by many problems. Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the countries of Oceania have very low rates of economic development, despite the fact that the population is growing very quickly. Hence - the poverty of the overwhelming number of residents, which does not allow them to make tourist trips. Illiteracy of the population, huge public debts and lack of investment in the economy, underdeveloped transport and tourism infrastructure - all this reduces the potential of the Asia-Pacific region as a tourist region.

The development of tourism here began relatively recently. However, the pace of its development is the highest in the world: in 1970, the share of arrivals in the Asia-Pacific region was 3.2%, in 2000 - 16.0%, 2020 (estimate) - 27.3%. Currently, the region ranks third in the world tourist flow, but according to forecasts, it will overtake America in less than 10 years. Income from tourism is also growing rapidly: in 1970 - 6.1%, in 2001 - 17.7%. The blow to the development of tourism was dealt by the economic crisis of 1997-1998, the pace of development decreased in the whole world to 2%, but in the Asia-Pacific region the decline reached 10%. China (in 2001, the country ranked fifth in the world in terms of tourist income), Australia, Xianggang stand out as the largest income from tourism.

The tourist development of the region was also expressed in the growth of travel undertaken by residents of the Asia-Pacific countries. Currently, the region ranks 3rd in tourism spending, but in some years it overtakes America. Japan, China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia are leaders in tourism spending. Tourist expenditure in highly developed Australia and New Zealand is small due to the small population and outbound tourists.

The following types of tourism are common: medical and health tourism, business tourism, religious tourism, leisure tourism, educational tourism.

Thus, in the Asia-Pacific region, the tourism industry is mainly represented by large volumes of business and organized tourism, and is clustered around more formal organized channels. Both business-oriented urban hotels and holiday-oriented coastal hotels are large enterprises that are part of local or international chains. With the exception of Japan, there is no tradition of small family hotels in this region, and accordingly, the hotel industry has mainly gained international recognition through advanced marketing technologies.

It is expected that the tourist flow to the countries of the Pacific region will increase at the same scale as in recent years. In this regard, it is planned to develop resort hotels in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and Mexico. In Asia, the rapid development of Hong Kong was stimulated by the rapid growth of the economies of neighboring countries and a taxation system that suppliers could not even dream of. Hong Kong has a 16.5% corporate tax, 15% income tax and no tax on capital gains or dividends. Some hotel corporations are headquartered in Hong Kong, among them Mandarin Oriental, Peninsula, Shangri-La - all these are world-famous five-star hotels. They are based in Hong Kong due to low corporate taxation and the ability to use expatriates as administrators without too much red tape.

The region is dominated by Japanese hotel chains New Otani, Nikko and Regent International, as well as Thailand's Dusit Thani.

The Asia-Pacific region is inferior to the growth and stability of the American and European markets, it has a low share of the presence of global hotel corporations, about 75% of hotels are positioned on the market as independent enterprises The largest corporations whose presence is noticeable in the region are "Six Continente", "Marriot "," Accord "," Starwood ", which have only 8 - 12% of the total number of rooms. An insignificant share of the corporate market is due to a certain risk for large investors: high taxes; underdeveloped banking system; political and eco-economic instability of individual powers.

The economic crisis in the late XX - early XXI centuries. reflected in the low investment in the region. Only Australia, which has a stable economic development, has attracted the attention of several foreign operators, first of all the corporations "Accor" and "Six Continents". In the process of this business activity, Ascor became the first in terms of the number of rooms, Six Continents - the second in this region.

China has significant potential in the Asia-Pacific region. The rapid economic growth and improvement in the quality of hotel services in this country will lead to investments in the hospitality sector by large multinational hotel corporations.

Attractive, of course, the hospitality industry in China, it is characterized by high economic growth, the largest population, joining the World Trade Organization in 2001, the venue for the Olympic Games in 2008. The development of the Chinese hotel services market is associated with the Six Continents Corporation, which bought for a record amount - 346 million dollars - in Hong Kong the Regent Hotel. Accor opened nine hotels, Sofitel and Novotel, and entered into a partnership agreement with Zenith Hotels International, which owns a chain of eight hotels in China. They are actively involved in the purchase of hotels or the conclusion of partnership agreements between Starwood and Marriot corporations.

Noticing the low average solvency of tourists in these countries, large companies, including Accor, Carlson, Six Continents and Hyat, are now mastering the market from middle-class brands and plan to develop a network of high-class hotels in the future. An attractive direction for significant transnational corporations in mastering the mention of this region is the conclusion of partnerships with large local operators, in particular with Asia Pacific, Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, Shangri-La, etc. This is how the Asian market is being mastered today. American corporation "Cendant".

In Southeast Asia, low economic potential and political instability cause difficulties in the development of the tourism and hotel sector. However, the island of Phuket (Thailand) and Simping (Cambodia) have a high potential in the development of the hospitality sector. However, the realization of the tourism potential associated with natural exoticism, the creation of new financial mechanisms for economic recovery in the next decade will lead to the activation of the hotel industry. Six Corporation.

Middle East

Includes all Arab countries located in Southwest Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, as well as two states of North Africa inhabited by Arabs - Egypt and Libya. The region covers a vast and very diverse geographical, historical and socio-economic territory.

The region is located at the junction between three parts of the world - Europe, Africa and Asia, and is the crossroads of the most important communications. It has wide access to the seas and large bays of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as to the Caspian Sea. However, the advantageous geographical coastal position of some regions (Egypt, the United Arab Emirates) is combined with the remoteness and isolation of others (Yemen, Afghanistan). In addition, the ports in the region are few and for the most part do not have objects of interest to visitors.

The relief is varied, dominated by highlands, plateaus and high plains. The main lowlands - the Nile and Mesopotamian - became in ancient times the cradle of the first civilizations.

The location of the region in the subtropical and tropical climatic zones determines the abundance of the sun, high temperatures, dry air, and water shortage. The landscape appearance of the region is formed by deserts.

The Middle East is rich in numerous historical, cultural and religious monuments. The best preserved monuments of ancient Egyptian culture (pyramids, temples, sphinxes).

There are monuments of ancient Roman (Baalbek in Lebanon) and medieval Arab cultures, numerous monuments associated with the birth of Islam. In general, the Middle East is one of the most promising areas of the world in terms of tourism. The combination of natural and cultural-historical recreational resources helps to attract tourists from other regions, as well as tourist exchange between the countries of the region. Wide intra-regional ties are facilitated by the fact that the majority of the population professes Islam, and for the Arab countries - also a common language, history, way of life and culture.

There are also factors that negatively affect the development of tourism. The natural conditions of vast waterless desert spaces are not conducive to mass recreation. The region as a whole is characterized by a weak development of the transport network; uneven economic development, which affects the level of development of the hospitality industry. Lack of political stability.

The Middle East plays a secondary role in the leisure and recreational tourism market. Its development is uneven within the region. The most advanced countries in the international tourism market are Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.

Conditions for a comfortable bathing and beach recreation in combination with educational tourism are created here. In general, the main purpose of visiting tourists from other parts of the world is to get acquainted with historical sights, culture, pilgrimage. Egypt has formed a network of seaside climatic resorts known all over the world: Hurghada, Sharm el-Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba. The well-warmed waters of the Red Sea, the rich wildlife, the spread of coral reefs create ideal conditions for diving. Travel for business purposes is limited and directed mainly to the oil-producing countries of the region (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait), as well as Egypt.

Saudi Arabia stands out for the scale of the pilgrimage. On its territory are the main centers of religious attraction for Muslims - Mecca and Medina, where, according to religious teachings, the Prophet Muhammad was born (Mecca), lived and buried (Medina). The shrines of Mecca and Medina are of general Islamic significance.

The active development of the tourism sector, its diversification in a number of countries in the Middle East, low prices for the tourism product cause high rates of development of the hotel industry. In 1988, an increase in the number of hotel rooms was recorded here - 15.3 thousand (6.9%) of a total number of 221 thousand, which soon oversaturated the market and created fierce competition in the hotel industry. The current direction is the diversification of the industry with the formation of flexible competitive positions of individual enterprises. According to this strategy, hotels in the United Arab Emirates are positioned, where projects for the construction of artificial resort islands, sports complexes for winter sports, and modernization of the hotel industry have been developed and are being implemented.

In the Middle East, hospitality investment comes from major US, European and Asian hotel chains, including Six Continents, Accor9*, Starwood and Marriot. Among the local regional leaders with which to compete, Rotana Hotels (Dubai) stands out in the hotel industry.

South Asia

The region includes: India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Republic of Maldives. The geographical position of the region can be characterized as relatively favorable for the development of tourism. The region is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean, but Bhutan and Nepal have an inland location. The region is dominated by land borders that run along the highlands, isolating neighboring states from each other. In addition, the adjacent regions of Asia are not among the significant sources of tourists. The South Asian countries themselves have a low level of economic development, the population is dominated by poor people with very modest incomes. Therefore, despite the huge number of inhabitants, the countries of South Asia are not suppliers of tourists. The low level of socio-economic development determines the appropriate quality of tourism infrastructure and services.

The region has great prospects for the development of tourism. It is characterized by an extraordinary variety of landscapes: deserts, rainforests with the wettest place on the planet, mountain forests, mountain tundra and glaciers. Here are the highest mountains of the planet - the Himalayas, where there are excellent conditions for mountaineering, trekking, eco-tourism. For Nepal, mountain tourism has become one of the main sources of foreign exchange income. The world's most prestigious climbing peak is Chomolungma, located on the border of Nepal and China.

For the Maldives, the main type of tourism and source of income is bathing and beach tourism.

International tourism to India is mainly educational as well as religious and business. The place occupied by India in the tourist market clearly does not correspond to its recreational potential. One of the most distinctive cultures of the world, Indian, originated and developed here, and Buddhism began to spread from here. It is in India that most of the cultural monuments of the region are located (mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra).

Despite the fact that India has not historically been a developed country in terms of tourism, the leading hotel chains Taj Group and Oberoi have a high reputation for exceptional quality of services and high standards. These companies are quite strong in India and have been able to transcend national borders.

Africa

Africa belongs to the young tourist regions and is currently distinguished by a higher growth rate of tourist flows than in traditional tourist regions. However, the African region is less stable economically and politically than others, and this negatively affects the development of tourism. Periods of its accelerated growth are replaced by stagnation and recessions. The early 1980s and mid 1990s saw a period of stagnation in tourism in Africa due to reduced travel to the region due to fear of AIDS. African operators were forced to reduce prices to attract tourists. Therefore, the rate of return on tourism lagged behind the rate of arrivals. In general, Africa, being extremely attractive and promising as a tourism region, is still little developed.

The modern political map of the region was formed under the influence of the processes of European colonization and decolonization.

Africa is distinguished from other continents by a special geographical position: the equator crosses it almost in the middle. Due to its position in two hemispheres, it has broad prospects for the development of tourism throughout the year and thus can solve the problems of the seasonality of world tourism, especially for tourists from Europe. Africa receives a huge amount of solar heat. Air temperatures are high all year round, and winter and summer differ mainly in terms of moisture: summer is the rainy season almost everywhere, winter is a dry period.

The area of Africa is about 30 million square kilometers (1/5 of the land mass of the globe). The northern shores of Africa face the Mediterranean Sea, which from ancient times played an important role in the development of trade in the Mediterranean countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. It should be noted that such an important moment of the recreational and geographical position of Africa is its proximity to Asia (Middle East) and the leading tourist region - Europe. In the Strait of Gibraltar, the shortest distance between Europe and Africa is only 14 km. The Sinai Peninsula is the border between Africa and Asia. Through the Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas, sea routes of international importance from Europe to Asia pass.

The shores of Africa are washed by the waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. The coasts are predominantly poorly dissected, with almost no well-protected sea bays. Steep cliffs alternate with sandy beaches, convenient for the development of seaside resorts, the mouths of the rivers are blocked by spits and hidden by green barriers of mangroves. Strong surf and great depths make it difficult for ships to approach the shore. There are many coral reefs along the coast of the Indian Ocean.

There are no high and extended mountain ranges in Africa (the highest point is Mount Kilimanjaro 5895 m).

In Africa, the supply of hotel rooms is concentrated in countries in the north of the mainland, mainly in Tunisia and Morocco (about 47%). This region of the continent is also developing rapidly, about 2 times faster than the average of all African countries. In Africa, the largest hotel chain is Southern Sun Holdings Ltd, a subsidiary of South African Breweries Ltd. In addition to hotels, this hotel chain has timeshares, casinos and resorts.

Especially for the portal "Perspectives"

Petr Yakovlev

Yakovlev Petr Pavlovich - Head of the Center for Iberian Studies of the Institute of Latin America (ILA) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Russian University of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov, Doctor of Economics.

The development of the world economy and trade is increasingly dependent on the state of affairs in the Asia-Pacific region, where in recent years there have been economic shifts on a planetary scale. Major changes await this part of the world in connection with the coming to power in the United States of the administration of Donald Trump, whose policies will significantly transform Washington's foreign economic course.

The process of globalization, which for decades determined the main vector of development of the world economy and trade, began to stall. The first signs of slowdown made themselves felt during the crisis of 2008-2009, when dozens of states resorted to protectionist measures to protect their producers from external competition. The practice of protectionism has entered into a clinch with the policy of multilateral liberalization of trade relations, carried out since the middle of the 20th century.

The fact that further liberalization of international trade (primarily in the interests of the main players in the global economy - transnational corporations) has stalled was perceived in Washington as a failure of the policy of "global multilateralism". As an alternative to it, the United States decided to make "regional multilateralism" - the formation of integration associations capable of implementing in practice the liberal norms and rules of cross-border trade in individual regions. Thus, it was planned to give an additional impetus to the fading globalization, to give life to the "new globalism".

During the presidency of Barack Obama, the focus of the US foreign economic policy was the formation of a new generation of trade and economic mega-blocs in the regions of the Atlantic and Pacific. In the first case, it was about the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) with the states of the European Union, in the second - about the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) with a group of countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). According to Washington's plan, these gigantic associations were supposed to become a kind of "gravity center" of the global economy and strengthen the position of American corporations in the system of future world economic relations. However, the arrival of the Donald Trump administration to the White House has made significant adjustments to Washington's international trade and economic policy. In particular, the US strategy in the Asia-Pacific space, which is key to the fate of the global economy, was marked by a sharp turn. It was with regard to the states of the Asia-Pacific region that D. Trump made the first radical decisions that had far-reaching consequences for the whole world.

Asia-Pacific countries in the world economy and trade

Global financial, economic and reproductive crisis of 2008-2009 gave additional dynamics to the economic processes developing in the Asia-Pacific economic space, accelerated its transformation into the largest center of the world economy and trade. This is not surprising, since over 50 states and territories adjoin this region of the planet, including the largest economic powers: India, China, USA, Japan, Canada, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Indonesia, Mexico, Australia, Vietnam, Thailand etc. It is the Asia-Pacific region that is confidently leading in terms of GDP growth and foreign trade turnover, intensively increasing industrial production, demonstrating outstanding achievements in the effective commercial use of the results of scientific and technological progress, and actively introducing innovations. The generally recognized economic successes of many Asia-Pacific countries are based on their competitive advantages, provided by a high level of savings, relatively low (in most cases) labor costs, a course towards accelerated industrialization, and a clearly expressed export orientation of national economies.

According to the World Bank data for 2015, among the 30 largest world economies (top 30) there were 11 leading Asia-Pacific countries (APR-11), which accounted for about 59% of world GDP (Table 1).

Table 1

Top 30 countries by GDP in 2015 (current prices, billion dollars)



		Switzerland
Japan		Saudi Arabia
Germany		Argentina
Great Britain

India

Brazil
Canada		Thailand
South Korea		Norway
Australia
Russia
	World GDP
Mexico	GDP of top 30 countries
Indonesia	Share of ATP-11 in world GDP
Netherlands	The share of APR-11 in the GDP of the top 30

A source: (APR countries are in italics).

Of course, among the very different Asia-Pacific states, there are leaders and outsiders. To a decisive extent, the Asia-Pacific region owes its geo-economic rise to China, which has become the world's second largest economy and the world's largest exporter of goods, primarily industrial goods.

In 1980-2015, over three and a half decades, China's GDP at current prices grew from $191 billion to $11 trillion (almost 58 times!) connections (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Dynamics of China's GDP (billion dollars)

A source:

But if in terms of GDP, calculated at the official exchange rate of national currencies, China is still inferior to the United States (although it “steps on their heels”), then in terms of the size of merchandise exports, the Celestial Empire has been unmatched for a number of years and confidently ranks first in the global rankings, far ahead of all other exporting countries, including the traditional "champions" of international trade: the United States, Germany and Japan. The share of China in world merchandise exports increased from 1.2% in 1983 to 14% in 2015 (Fig. 2). There has never been such an export spurt.

Figure 2. PRC share in global merchandise exports (%)

A source: .

As for other Asia-Pacific countries, they represent a significant diversity of national economic systems and natural resources. Including: high technologies of Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and the US West Coast, industrial hubs of Mexico, Vietnam and Malaysia, energy raw materials of Russia, Canada and Indonesia, minerals of Australia, Peru, Chile and the Philippines, food of New Zealand, Colombia , Thailand, Ecuador and Central American countries, the inexhaustible human resources of India, etc. This kind of "unity in diversity" is a significant factor in further strengthening the competitive position of the Asia-Pacific region in the world economy and international trade.

In 2015, more than half of the top 30 exporting countries (ITC) were Asia-Pacific countries (APR-16), and they accounted for over 60% of the total exports of these countries and almost 51% of the global indicator ( Table 2).

table 2

Top 30 exporting countries in 2015 (goods, billion USD)


China
		India
Germany
Japan		Thailand
Netherlands		Saudi Arabia
South Korea		Malaysia
Hong Kong
		Brazil
Great Britain		Australia
		Vietnam
Canada		Czech Republic

Mexico		Indonesia
Singapore	World export
Russia	Export of top 30 countries
Switzerland	Share of ATP-16 in world exports
Taiwan	Share of ATP-16 in top 30 exports

A source: . (Asia-Pacific countries are in italics).

Despite the impressive progress in economic development and the increase in foreign trade turnover, the “blank slate phenomenon” remains an important geo-economic and geopolitical characteristic of this vast region. In other words, in the Asia-Pacific region (largely due to its gigantic scale), a network of sustainable strategic interests and strong mutual obligations of the leading world powers has not yet been created, there are no trade and economic associations of an integration type with the participation, if not all, then at least , the main regional players. In fact, multilateral mechanisms of interaction are only being formed here, without which it is impossible to effectively use the entire aggregate potential of the region. The experience of other parts of the world (especially Europe) and life itself suggest that trade and economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region should be carried out along two tracks: interethnic (bilateral contacts between countries) and supranational (multilateral), which plays a special role in the development and promotion of regional projects, development of unifying processes.

The urgent need to create integration blocs has long been recognized by the political establishment and business communities of the Asia-Pacific states. It cannot be said that nothing has been done in this direction so far. On the contrary, the countries of the Pacific basin have made a considerable number of attempts at economic unification, the formation of integration groupings and the creation of regional development banks. Here are the most famous of them:

APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (established in 1989 in Canberra, Australia, headquartered in Singapore, has 21 members);

ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (established in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, the secretariat is located in Jakarta, Indonesia, unites 10 member countries);

Pacific Alliance - formed in 2012 by four Latin American countries: Mexico, Colombia, Peru and Chile. It has 49 observer states;

ADB - Asian Development Bank (founded in 1966, headquartered in Manila, Philippines. Includes 48 regional and 19 non-regional members);

AIIB - Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (established in 2014 in Beijing, where representatives of 21 countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding. Subsequently, the number of member states increased to 57, the headquarters is in Beijing).

However, the level of integration in the Asia-Pacific region is clearly insufficient. The task of forming mega-regional associations of a new generation (“in-depth type”) is topical. The Obama administration, which lobbied for the creation of the TPP, set out to solve it, since it considered the consolidation and expansion of its positions in the Pacific region vital for the trade, economic and strategic interests of the United States.

The importance of business ties with the Asia-Pacific countries for the American business community is convincingly illustrated by data on Washington's trade with APEC members. In recent years, they accounted for 64–66% of the total trade turnover of the United States (Table 3). In other words, we are talking about a region where the colossal interests of American TNCs are concentrated.

Table 3

US trade with APEC members (goods, $ billion)

Indicator
Overall US trade
Export in general
Import in general
Trade with APEC
Export to APEC markets
Import from APEC countries
Trade balance with APEC
APEC share in US trade turnover (%)
APEC share in exports (%)
APEC share in imports (%)

A source:.

It was the Asia-Pacific region that was considered by Washington as the main geographical direction of trade and economic expansion. As the most effective tool of strategy in this area of the world, the Obama administration chose the formation of the TPP - an integration mega-block, the proposal for the creation of which was put forward by New Zealand, Singapore and Chile back in 2003. After lengthy negotiations, 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, led by the United States, but without the participation of China, managed to overcome countless differences and come to an agreement signed on February 4, 2016 in Auckland, New Zealand. The practical implementation of the agreement reached was supposed to open the way to the formation of a new type of interregional trade and economic association. The main feature of the TPP is the unprecedented expansion of business opportunities for transnational capital and the adoption of rules that protect the interests of TNCs in relations with sovereign states.

In trade with the vast majority of the Asia-Pacific states, the United States consistently experienced a significant deficit (in trade with APEC in 2013-2016, it totaled over $2,382 billion). The trade with China was especially unfavorable for Washington: in 2010-2016. with a total trade turnover of $3,175 billion, the negative balance for the United States exceeded $2,390 billion, or more than 60% (Table 4). It was the colossal imbalance in US-China trade that served D. Trump as one of the strongest arguments in favor of defending the policy of protectionism.

Table 4

US trade with China (goods, billion dollars)

A source: .

According to the current American president, the implementation of the TPP project could, on the one hand, lead to an outpacing growth in the export of industrial products of Asian and Latin American companies to the US market, and on the other hand, further stimulate American TNCs to export capital to those developing countries that provide foreign companies the most favorable conditions for doing business (cheap raw materials, low labor costs, poor social protection of employees, flexible tax laws, etc.). All this gave D. Trump a reason to categorically oppose the participation of the United States in the trans-Pacific partnership.

Results of the APEC summit in Lima

In the context of growing concern about the fate of the TPP in the capital of Peru, Lima, in the second half of November 2016, the next, XXIV APEC summit gathered, which was attended by the first persons of the key states that are members of this largest interregional association: Australia, Canada, China, Mexico , USA, Russia, Japan, etc. The summit in Lima was held under the motto "Qualitative Growth and Development of Human Capital", but in practice, the discussions focused on issues related to the crisis of the globalization process and the increased instability of the existing system of world economic relations. Considerable attention was paid to the search for new sources of economic growth, ensuring its inclusive nature, as well as the prospects for integration in the Asia-Pacific space.

The final declaration of the Lima forum noted that the world economy is facing serious problems and challenges, and the situation in many states is characterized by uneven economic growth, increasing social inequality, and environmental degradation. In this regard, it was concluded that globalization and the socio-economic processes associated with it are increasingly “put into question”, and “increasing uncertainty deprives confidence in the near future” . At the same time, the document warned against being carried away by criticism of globalization instead of correcting and improving it, against total protectionism and economic isolationism.

In Lima, APEC members agreed to maintain the openness of national markets and "combat all forms of protectionism." It was specifically emphasized that resorting to protectionist practices "weakens international trade" and "slows down progress in economic recovery." Moreover, since the fate of the TPP in connection with the victory of D. Trump became vague, the Lima Declaration included a clause on the support by APEC members of Beijing's proposal to create a Comprehensive Regional Economic Partnership or, as it appears in APEC documents, a Free Trade Area in the Asia-Pacific Region (FTA). Recall that the decision to start work on the formation of the FTATA was lobbied by the Chinese leadership at the XXII APEC summit in November 2014 in Beijing, where the development of a "road map" for a new regional integration association started.

From the very beginning, the FTA project was perceived in political and expert circles as a "Chinese answer" to Washington's plans to create a TPP. It is no accident that the US was not supposed to be included in the FTA, and there was no place for China (as well as for Russia) within the TPP. Beijing was closer to the formation of a free trade area through the gradual expansion of the already existing since 2010 free trade zone between the PRC and the ASEAN countries.

Thus, in the mid-2010s, in the vast expanse of the Asia-Pacific region, competition between two geo-economic and geopolitical concepts of the further evolution of integration processes in this region of the world arose. The signing of the TPP agreement meant the transition of the strategic initiative to the United States, but D. Trump's victory mixed all the cards and provided the Chinese leadership with an opportunity to pedal with redoubled energy the idea of expanding the ASEAN-PRC zone towards its transformation into a free trade zone. It is no coincidence that Chinese President Xi Jinping, speaking in Lima, stressed that in the face of the protectionist plans of the new owner of the White House, China will pursue a policy of greater trade and economic openness and "participate in globalization" even more actively.

According to international observers, the Chinese leader has become the main character at the APEC summit. On the sidelines and on the sidelines of the forum, politicians and experts widely discussed options for moving forward in the development of integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region without the participation of the United States. A number of state leaders officially confirmed their commitment to the principles of regional economic cooperation and demonstrated their interest in expanding free trade zones and forming mega-blocs. “If the United States does not want to participate in the TPP, we will seek to sign an agreement without them, but with China and Russia,” the host of the forum, President of Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, said bluntly.

The problem of integration megablocks and new free trade zones is closely related to the task of creating a transparent system for the international movement of goods and services based on the rules and regulations of the WTO and special multilateral agreements. Russia, together with China, is in favor of such a system, which was confirmed during the discussions in Lima. But Moscow and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are not yet ready for negotiations on participation in a future FTA. To do this, it is necessary first to solve a number of internal problems of the EAEU and give it greater international weight in order to more effectively defend its interests during the negotiation process.

The results of the Lima APEC summit recorded the beginning of a cooling in the international economic relations of the United States after the victory of D. Trump in the presidential elections. Almost immediately after the inauguration, the new owner of the White House moved from words to deeds and withdrew the US signature on the founding document of the TPP.

China in the Year of the Fire Rooster

Washington's withdrawal from the project of the trans-Pacific megablock caused disappointment in most of the Asia-Pacific countries, which oppose the policy of protectionism and consider it necessary to achieve breakthrough agreements in the integration field, to create a solid institutional framework for Asia-Pacific economic cooperation. Under the new conditions, the prerequisites for significant geopolitical changes have emerged: China has a good chance to oust the United States and take the lead in the Asia-Pacific region, and Russia to find its rightful place in future regional structures.

Of course, Washington (whoever the American president is) is not going to cede to Beijing the role of the locomotive of Asia-Pacific integration and, therefore, the main player in the global economy and world trade without a fight. But if before the main tool in the US arsenal was playing ahead of the curve - the priority alignment of interregional mega-blocs in the interests of American TNCs - now Washington's strategic course in the bicontinental space of the Asia-Pacific region appears in a modified geopolitical incarnation. The United States will not so much initiate the creation of new mega-blocs as slow down the development of integration processes, shrink the zones of multilateral trade and financial cooperation in this region of the world, build relations with partners on a bilateral basis, seeking the most favorable conditions for itself.

The tip of this course is directed against China. Repeatedly accusing Beijing of "currency manipulation" and other sins, D. Trump made it clear during the election campaign that he intends to create problems for the development of the Celestial Empire by his international financial and economic policy, limit its global foreign trade expansion and stop the skating rink of Chinese economic growth. In particular, Washington may continue its attack on the Chinese currency - the yuan, so that its weakening will encourage foreign investors to massively export capital from China. Actually, this is already happening. In August 2015, the People's Bank of China (the country's central bank) was forced to depreciate the yuan against the dollar by 3%, which shocked global stock markets. In 2016, the yuan depreciated by another 7%. As a result, according to available estimates, in 2015-2016. about 1.6 trillion dollars “ran away” from China. The Chinese authorities tried to stop this process by tightening foreign exchange controls, but, as the facts showed, the more restrictions there were, the more actively investors sought to withdraw their assets. At the same time, China's foreign exchange reserves were shrinking (by almost $70 billion in November 2016), and Beijing's attempts to limit capital outflows caused criticism from many Western companies that had problems transferring dividends from China to their head offices abroad. As noted by the EU Chamber of Commerce in the PRC, such restrictive actions of the Chinese authorities "interfere with business operations" [China "s ...].

Beijing's response to Trump's accusations was not long in coming and was quite predictable. At the World Economic Forum in Davos in mid-January 2017, Xi Jinping (he became the first top Chinese leader to attend this landmark annual event) not only reaffirmed the Chinese position voiced at the APEC summit in Lima, but also issued a warning about possible devastating consequences policy of unleashing trade and currency wars. At the same time, the Chinese leader rejected D. Trump's allegations of "manipulation" of the yuan exchange rate. Heightened interest in the world media was attracted by Xi Jinping's assessment of the process of globalization and its effects. “Many of the problems faced by the global economy are not caused by globalization,” the PRC President emphasized and explained that the main reason for the crisis is the lack of adequate international financial and economic regulation, as well as the desire of banks and industrial companies to make a profit “at any cost.” » .

At the end of January 2017, the authoritative business magazine Bloomberg Businessweek published an article by Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang, the leitmotif of which was that “economic globalization has made possible the creation and distribution of unprecedented wealth”, and existing problems can and must be solved joint efforts of all countries. "In a world full of uncertainties," the premier said, "China is a symbol of stability and growth through its continued commitment to reform, economic openness, and free trade." Thus, the idea of a new international mission of the PRC - to become the "anchor of stabilization" of the global economy - was thrown by the Chinese leaders into the world information space.

Washington's break with the TPP project and Beijing's firm position in favor of preserving the globalization process and continuing integration efforts in the Asia-Pacific region caused a flurry of comments around the world, the common denominator of which was the thesis that because of the position of the White House in the trans-Pacific trade and economic space, cardinal transformations. It seemed that in 2017 - the year of the Fire Rooster according to the Eastern calendar - China made a claim for a leading role in a key region of the world.

The TTP is dead, long live the post-TTP!

The new geo-economic situation forced the Asia-Pacific countries to pay close attention to China's leadership capabilities. In particular, Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull admitted the possibility that China will take the place of the United States in the TPP. On the other hand, the leadership of Japan (the country that was the first to ratify the trans-Pacific partnership agreement) believes that the withdrawal of the United States from the project "makes senseless" its implementation, and the invitation of the PRC to join the TPP is fraught with "strategic risks" .

For the government of Shinzo Abe, D. Trump's decision to withdraw from the TPP project, designed to become one of the pillars of the new liberal international economic order, was a particularly painful blow. The fact is that for industrial corporations in Japan, it is the American market that is a priority due to its volume and a significant surplus in trade. Suffice it to say that in 2010-2016 the total negative balance of the US in trade with Japan exceeded $500 billion (Table 5). Relatively free access to the American market was the top prize that export-oriented Japanese companies expected to receive after the entry into force of the TPP agreement.

Table 5

US trade with Japan (goods, billion dollars)

A source: .

The US withdrawal from the process of forming the TPP most likely means that in the foreseeable future the Washington administration is not going to reconsider its negative position regarding multilateral efforts to coordinate national trade and investment regimes. In other words, the final closure of the trans-Pacific project will give rise to new negotiations, but on a bilateral basis. Under these conditions, the countries that have signed the TPP agreement will have to make additional efforts to maintain the balance achieved in the multilateral format between the benefits received and forced concessions at the intercountry level. Apparently, Japan has already embarked on this path, as evidenced by S. Abe's visit to Washington in the first half of February 2017. Following the results of US-Japanese negotiations, it was emphasized that in the field of trade and economic relations, both countries will strive for "mutual benefit ”(a common euphemism that hides the firm intention of the owner of the White House to achieve a more balanced exchange of goods both with the Land of the Rising Sun and with other states of the Asia-Pacific Region).

It seems obvious that for a number of large industrialized Pacific countries interested in promoting their goods to the American market, the stakes in bilateral negotiations are extremely high, and the difficulties are exceptionally great. There is no doubt that the United States will take a tough stance, putting pressure on partners and bargaining for the most favorable conditions for itself.

And one more circumstance of a strategic nature, in the light of the US efforts to contain China and reduce the potential for its geo-economic rise. A possible relative economic weakening of China (regardless of whether it happens under the influence of the policy of the Trump administration or as a result of a critical accumulation of internal imbalances) will not mean a frontal retreat of the Asia-Pacific region. This region already has such a significant potential for economic, demographic and civilizational development that it is able to put forward new growth leaders. They can be India, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Latin American members of the Pacific Alliance, and other countries with significant demographic, natural and industrial resources. The states that have already reached a high level of socio-economic and technical and technological development (Canada, Australia, South Korea, etc.) are not going to give up their positions either. If the United States wants to remain the leading global power, it will need an effective strategy for its presence in the Asia-Pacific region, which will inevitably aggravate geo-economic and geopolitical rivalry in the Asia-Pacific region.

In March 2017, an important and timely diplomatic initiative was taken by the government of Chile, a country pursuing an open liberal trade and economic policy and consistently advocating the creation of the most extensive free trade zone in the Asia-Pacific region. The Chilean authorities invited the foreign and trade ministers of the TPP signatories (excluding the United States), as well as China, South Korea and Colombia, which are currently showing interest in participating in Pacific integration. Thus, on the ruins of the trans-Pacific partnership project, buried by the administration of D. Trump, negotiations on the creation of a new mega-regional association, the post-TPP, can be launched.

Two leaders face to face

On April 6 ‒ 7, US President D. Trump held talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping at the Mar-a-Lago private club in Florida. This summit was viewed by many American and Chinese experts as a chance to establish personal contact between the two world political heavyweights and reduce the risks of economic and geopolitical conflicts.

Behind the negotiators, along with the tasks of a strategic nature, were the specific interests of Chinese and American enterprises. If Chinese entrepreneurs were primarily concerned about the intention voiced by D. Trump to introduce prohibitive customs duties on goods from China, then the wishes of American businessmen were more diverse. In particular, the US business community is not satisfied with the legal conditions for the access of foreign companies to the Chinese market (especially in the most promising industries), as well as the practice of "unfair" state support in China for national exporters who "flooded the world market with subsidized products." During consultations with presidential aides who were preparing a meeting with Xi Jinping, representatives of the US business community, on the one hand, showed interest in participating in the implementation of large-scale infrastructure projects in China, and on the other hand, they cited various examples of imbalances in US-China relations. So, if in the United States imported Chinese cars are subject to a customs duty of 2.5%, then in China a similar tax on American cars is 10 times higher - 25%. U.S. high-tech companies have pointed to the risk that China's new cybersecurity law (adopted November 7, 2016 and due to come into effect June 2017) could discriminate against U.S. firms.

Giving a general assessment of the real trade and economic results of the first US-China summit, we can apply the formula "the first pancake is lumpy." The results of the Florida meeting were characterized in a similar way by many international media outlets, which recorded the continuing "chasm between the positions of the two world leaders" . D. Trump himself spoke in the same vein, who, before the gala dinner in honor of the Chinese guests, remarked as if jokingly: “We (with Xi Jinping. – P. I.) there was a long conversation, which so far has not yielded any result, absolutely nothing.

One way or another, the US abandonment of plans to create a Pacific integration mega-union will inevitably lead to increased US-Chinese rivalry and will have an impact on the future of the global economy.

Literature: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. 2016 Leaders' Declaration. Lima, Peru 20 Nov 2016. – Mode of access: apec.org (date of access: 10.12.2016).

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Free Trade Agreements / Regional Agreements. – Mode of access: apec.org/Groups/Other-Groups/FTA_RTA.aspx (date of access: 01/12/2017).

Asia-Pacifico se moviliza ante el proteccionismo de Trump // Cinco Dias. Madrid. 11/20/2016.

China GDP (current US$). – Mode of access: data.worldbank.org/country/china (date of access: 03/11/2017).

China Premier Li Keqiang: ‘Economic Openness Serves Everyone Better’. – Mode of access: bloomberg.com/news/articles/27-01-26/ (date of access: 02/12/2017).

China's forex reserves drop $70bn as outflow accelerates // Financial Times. London. 12/07/2016.

FROMue C.E. Las grandes potencias economicas amenazan con unirse para aislar a Trump // El País. Madrid. 11/19/2016.

Financial policy 2017 outlook. December 1, 2016. – Mode of access: bloomberg.com/ (date of access: 5.11.2016).

Gonzalez A. Xi advierte en Davos de que no hay vencedores en una guerra comercial // El País. 01/17/2017.

ITC. TradeMap. Trade Statistics for International Business Development. – Mode of access: trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx (date of access: 02/24/2017).

Larrouy D., Bayon A. El proteccionismo de Trump abre la puerta a un nuevo orden comercial // Cinco Dias. 01/25/2017.

Mars A., Vidal Liy M. Un abismo separa a Trump y Xi en su primera reunión // El País. Madrid. 04/07/2017.

Office of the United States Trade Representative. TPP Full Text. – Mode of access: ustr.gov/trade-agreements/ (date of access: 09/05/2016).

Países del Pacífico propondrán caminos para nuevo acuerdo post TPP en próxima cumbre. March 9, 2017. – Mode of access: infolatam.com/ (date of access: 03/11/2017).

Presidente chino insta a la cooperación comercial en su primera reunión con Trump. 04/07/2017. – Mode of access: americaeconomia.com/ (accessed: 04/15/2017).

¿ Qué le piden los empresarios a Donald Trump para su reunión con el presidente chino? 4 de abril de 2017. – Mode of access: americaeconomia.com/ (date of access: 03/23/2017).

Introduction.

In this paper, the main features of the APR are considered.

Based on the information of educational literature, I examined the main countries of this region, the New Industrial Countries and the most important groupings of the Asia-Pacific Region, and identified their problems.

The Asia-Pacific theme seemed interesting to me in its content, but the countries of Southeast Asia were of particular interest in this region, since it was in this region that 4 Asian wonders of the “dragon” countries (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea) appeared to the world, and then the miracle of the "tiger" countries. These states managed in a relatively short time to achieve tremendous progress in the social, and especially economic spheres.

In the 1950s, only backward agriculture was available in the Asia-Pacific countries. To date, the Asia-Pacific countries have become one of the fastest growing countries in the world.

General characteristics of the Asia-Pacific region.

APR is an economic and political region, which includes about 50 states: united and trade relations. These countries have access to the Pacific Ocean and use its waters for transportation. Important industrial and commercial centers in the Asia-Pacific region are developed industrial and agro-industrial countries. These are Russia, China, Japan, Canada, and the USA. The total population of the Asia-Pacific region reaches 3.5 billion. human.

The high level of development of the leading Pacific countries is the main reason for the growing role of this economic union in the world economy. The Asia-Pacific region occupies a leading position in international trade relations. It accounts for 40% of world trade and foreign economic transactions. Such a significant share of participation in international trade operations maintains the intensity of industrial production in the Asia-Pacific countries, which accounts for 60% of the world industry.

General characteristics of the developed industrial and agro-industrial countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Since such countries as Russia, the USA, Japan, China and Canada are important industrial centers in the Asia-Pacific region, I present brief information about some countries.

Japan is an island state with a total area of 372 thousand km 2, located off the eastern coast of Eurasia. The EGP is characterized by its position at the crossroads of the sea routes of the Asia-Pacific region, its proximity to the largest countries of the world. This opens up great opportunities for participation in the international geographical division of labor.

With a population of more than 125 million people, it is among the top ten largest countries in terms of population. In recent decades, the first type of population reproduction has been established in the country and the natural increase is 3 people per 1000 per year. The national composition of the population is homogeneous - 99% of the population are Japanese. The average population density is one of the highest in the world - 330 people / 1 km 2.

The level of urbanization is 77%, one of the highest in the world. The largest cities are Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya. The agglomerations formed around them together form the largest megalopolis of Tokaido with an average population density of 800-1000 people/km2.

Japan is the second country in the world in terms of economic development. mineral Natural resources for the development of industry are practically absent. The country generally has favorable natural conditions and resources for the development of agriculture, is well provided with water resources, and has favorable conditions for the development of maritime transport and fisheries.

The main industries are modern engineering, energy, metallurgy, and the chemical industry. The leading branch of international specialization is mechanical engineering, especially electronics, robotics, and automotive industry. It accounts for more than 50% of the country's total exports.

Agriculture provides the bulk of the country's food needs. Its main industry is crop production, and the main crop is rice. Recently, the main branches of animal husbandry have also received great development. An important branch of the economy is fishing. Japan ranks 1st in the world in terms of fish catch.

The country is in 2nd place in the world in terms of foreign trade, is one of the largest exporters of capital.

The USA is the largest state located in North America. Territory - 9.4 million km 2 (4th place in the world). Territory Composition: Core Territory, Alaska, Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. EGP advantageous due to the presence of a wide front of maritime borders, the position between two oceans. The natural and economic "transparency" of land borders with Canada and Mexico contributes to the development of trade and economic ties.

The USA is a federal republic, the capital is Washington.

Economy. The USA excels in many old, new, especially the newest branches (aviation engineering, rocket and space, electronic and computer technology). All industries and sub-sectors are represented in the industry. In MGRT, the automotive industry, electronics, aerospace industry, and the oil industry are of great importance. Agriculture is diversified. The transition to agribusiness has been completed. The main type of agricultural enterprises is highly specialized farms. The United States provides 50% of world grain exports; the United States ranks first in the world in the development of all modes of transport. The sphere of non-material production and services (2/3 of all employed) has received a great development, which indicates that the country has entered the stage of post-industrial development.

The territorial structure of the economy is characterized by the concentration of economic life in the oceanic and lakeside regions. Regional policy is aimed at mitigating territorial disproportions.

The dependence of the US economy on foreign trade is less than the dependence of foreign Europe, but it is increasing. Most of the trade falls on Canada and Japan, the countries of Western Europe, 1 3 - on developing countries.

China is a great ancient state that arose long before the new era. It has made a huge contribution to the material and spiritual culture of mankind.

EGP. The People's Republic of China is the third largest state in the world, stretching in the central and eastern parts of Asia from east to west for 5.7 thousand km, and from north to south - for 3.7 thousand km. The coastal position of the country is extremely advantageous. The practically non-freezing seas open up a wide outlet to the Pacific Ocean and huge opportunities for the development of foreign economic relations.

China's natural resources are large and varied. In the north of the country there are huge tracts of Far Eastern forests, in the south the spaces are occupied by tropical forests. The country occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of coal, iron and manganese ores, bauxite and zinc, tin, tungsten, molybdenum and other types of mineral raw materials. Huge water resources store large reserves of hydropower.

China is the most populous country in the world. According to the 1990 census, the population of China was 1 billion 134 million people. Although China is pursuing an active demographic policy to reduce the rate of population growth, by the year 2000 it will amount to 1.3 billion people. On the one hand, such a large population predetermines huge labor resources (about 700 million people), on the other hand, it exacerbates housing and food problems. China is a multinational country, although more than 90% of its inhabitants are Chinese. Most of the national minorities live in the interior regions of the country. China is characterized by great contrasts in settlement: almost 90% of the inhabitants are concentrated in 1/3 of the country's territory in the east. China is a poorly urbanized country, only every third inhabitant of the country is a city dweller. At the same time, no other country in the world has such a large number of “millionaire” cities (about 40).

Over the past decades, China, whose economy is based on public property, has become a large industrial state with the highest rates of development. The coal industry forms the basis of China's fuel and energy complex. Oil and gas production is growing. Electricity generation is based on thermal power plants (3/4 of electricity). In China, a hydropower development program is being implemented: the main cascades of hydropower plants are being built in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and the Yellow River.

The machine-building complex is dominated not by specialized, but by universal enterprises. The main centers of mechanical engineering are Shanghai, Harbin, Beijing, Luoyang, etc.

The chemical complex is based on coke and petrochemical products, mining chemical and vegetable raw materials. There are two groups of industries: 1) mineral fertilizers; 2) household chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Shanghai is the capital of the textile industry.

China's agriculture employs 400 million people. In crop production, cereals predominate - 80% of all crops. Rice remains the main cultivated crop.

Cotton prevails among industrial crops. The northwest of China is dominated by intensive nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralism. Working cattle are bred: horses, bulls, oxen.

Approximately half of the freight and passenger turnover is accounted for by rail transport. However, the share of road, sea and pipeline transport is growing.

New industrial countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

The most striking and interesting representatives of the NIS are the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, it is to them that the attention of the world has been drawn over the past 10 years. The region of the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean is today the most dynamic part of the world economy, because it was in this region that the miracle of the “Asian dragons” (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong), as well as the “Asian tigers” (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines). Even 15-20 years ago, these countries were among the poorest countries in the world. However, in recent years, their socio-economic progress has been so rapid that reference books have not had time to record the changes taking place there. Over the last decade of the 20th century, the share of manufacturing in the GDP of these states increased from 15 to 27%, and the share of exports of finished products in all their exports increased from 14% in 1975 to 66% in 1997. These representatives of the NIS are developing according to the “ladder” principle , which means that we can assume that the next step in these countries will be the development of capital- and partly science-intensive goods for export.

They occupy a prominent place not only due to the high stable growth of the gross national product (on average 8% per year over the past 20 years), but also due to the increased competitiveness of their products in the world market.

Nevertheless, it is worth noting that, in general, the growth of NIS, as well as the growth of other third world countries, is characterized by extensiveness, high material intensity and labor intensity of production. These features of reproduction are explained by the fact that the transition to the industrial type of productive forces is not carried out in stages, as happened at one time in Western Europe, the USA and Japan, but in leaps and bounds, it is of a “catching up” nature, which causes serious economic costs.

Over the past decade, developing countries have indeed achieved great success in their economic development, overcoming the socio-economic, scientific, technological and cultural backwardness inherited from colonial times.

The accelerated development of the economies of developing countries (especially the NIS) contributed to an intensive process of increasing the share of the service sector (up to 51% in the structure of GDP) and industry (up to 28.4%) and reducing the share of agriculture (up to 14.5%) in the overall structure of the national economy . But, despite the fact that such a structure is typical for all developed countries, all this is a purely external similarity, which, with deep analysis, shows huge deformations: the presence of traditional industries of production spheres, a weak scientific and technical base, the absence of a modern industrial and social infrastructure, etc. .d.

NIS "first wave".

Hong Kong And Singapore are city-states with a high level of economic development and GDP per capita of over $20,000. Both of these countries play an important role as world financial centers and as transport hubs in the Asia-Pacific region.

The structure of Hong Kong's GDP is such that almost 81% of GDP is created in the service sector, about 19% in industry and only 2% in agriculture. Most of the economy of this country is related to finance. Banking, insurance, operations with securities are developed here. In the manufacturing sector, Hong Kong specializes in light industry products. And if back in the 1980s, Hong Kong goods were direct fakes of Western counterparts and were of low quality, now modern technologies and product quality control allow Hong Kong to produce quite competitive products.

Singapore has a rigid economic management model called "managed democracy". The course of the government's economic policy here continues to be import substitution based on the processing of products from the region's basic industries. The structure of Singapore's economy is as follows: 0.2% of GDP is generated in agriculture, about 35% in industry, just over 27% in finance and business services, and transport and communications account for almost 13% of GDP. Electronics, informatics and biotechnologies are now widely developed in this country.

Development model South Korea can only function successfully under certain economic conditions, which are a combination of state planning with a market mechanism, as well as the development of agriculture and the provision of food to the population and a policy of equitable distribution of income. Further success in the economic development of South Korea is associated with the transition to science-intensive, high-tech products, the production of which will be based on a long-term state policy in the field of science, technology and the training of skilled workers. Since 1979, Korea has pursued a policy of opening the economy to foreign investors, which has led to large-scale American, Japanese and European investment in the country through TNCs. The country, starting as Japan with the borrowing of foreign technologies and the first freshness, gradually turned into a rather strong power in terms of science and technology. Despite some progress in development, the Korean economy is currently experiencing serious problems. Conglomerate enterprises have overly diversified their activities, which has led to the dispersion of financial resources, lack of competitiveness in a wide range of selected business segments. Enterprises, losing their former profits, began to become bankrupt. Wages in the knowledge-intensive industry exceeded the European level, making it impossible to compete on the basis of savings on labor costs, which negatively affected the further increase in exports. The reasons for the difficulties of the Korean economy lies in the fact that the export-oriented model did not set itself the task of finding internal reserves for growth, using only external factors. It is obvious that such a strategy should be subject to revision.

For the economy Taiwan characterized by a large public sector, which controls one-sixth of industrial production and half of trade. Industrialization in Taiwan at one time was carried out with the direct participation of the United States. As a result of American assistance and the policy of state regulation of economic development, already in the 1980s, industrial products (about 90%) dominated in the export of this state. The structure of Taiwan's GDP has a pronounced industrial character: 3.5% is the share of agriculture, almost 40% is industry, and about 57% is in the service sector.

NIS "second wave".

The dynamism of such an “Asian dragon” as Malaysia is also based on a long-term state policy: support for the stable development of the agricultural sector, the growth of an export-oriented industry. The government is actively attracting foreign investment: the share of foreign direct investment in fixed capital reaches 26% (the highest figure among the countries of Southeast Asia).

The agricultural sector of the Malaysian economy receives support through subsidizing the purchase of agricultural products, centralized price regulation, providing subsidies for the purchase of machinery and fertilizers.

The modern industrial policy of Malaysia is also largely determined by the regulatory role of the state, although the scale of state regulation tends to decrease. Thus, the ratio of budget expenditures to GDP decreased from 58% in 1981 to 15% in 1998. However, the government still supports priority sectors of the economy (primarily electronics) by providing soft loans and direct budget financing.

The difference between Malaysia and many developing countries is that the development of the public sector fulfills the target task - the redistribution of economic potential between various ethnic groups in favor of the indigenous population. As state-owned enterprises began to function successfully, they were transferred to the use of Malay businessmen. That is, support for domestic business and the public sector does not imply the creation of “greenhouse” conditions, which maintains a healthy competitive environment.

In economics Indonesia Until the early 1960s, priority was given to strengthening non-market relations. However, with the coming to power in 1965 of General Suharto, a significant adjustment of the economic model began, implying state support for the strengthening of market institutions. With the direct participation of the state, an active modernization of agriculture began. Thus, the volume of subsidies reached 8-9% of the cost of the crop, which is higher than in other countries of Southeast Asia. Encouragement of private business, return to owners (including foreign ones) of previously nationalized enterprises, attraction of foreign loans and direct investment. At the same time, the formation of large state-owned companies operating in industry, agriculture, transport and the financial sector was going on.

In the 1980s and 1990s, another modification of the economic development strategy took place. Priority began to be given to an export-oriented economic model with an emphasis on the rise of labor-intensive industries using cheap, low-skilled labor. At the same time, the task was to gradually limit the scope and scope of the public sector.

Let us now briefly consider the distinctive features of the economy Thailand . A notable feature of this country is that a fairly frequent change of governments, including as a result of military coups, did not affect the dynamics of the country's economy: the average annual GDP growth rate in the 50-90s was 7%, that is, it was one of the most high among the considered countries. The fact is that fluctuations in the political course did not negatively affect the predictability of economic policy. Distinctive features of the economic course during the 60-90s were the conservatism of the budgetary and financial policy, expressed in maintaining a balanced budget; limited state intervention in economic processes; a flexible combination of import substitution and the development of export industries as a means of integrating the country into the world economy.

Philippines are the poorest country among the NIEs. GDP per capita here is changing $3,000. A feature of the country's economy is the fact that it has not yet exhausted the reserves of extensive development. The industrial sector of this state is represented primarily by the mining industry and textile production, as well as agriculture and the food industry. Nevertheless, the first progressive sectors of the economy have already appeared in the Philippines: the production of consumer electronics and telecommunications equipment.

table 2

The share of various sectors of the economy in the creation of GDP

The most important groupings of the Asia-Pacific region.

Organization ASEAN (from the English abbreviation - ASEAN - The Association of Southeast Asian Nations) a regional association of the countries of Southeast Asia, which today, in general, have a population of 500 million people, a total GDP of 737 billion US dollars, a trade turnover of 720 billion US dollars. It was established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok (Thailand) by the leadership of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore. On January 8, 1984, Brunei Darussalam was accepted as a member of the organization. After the end of the so-called "cold war", countries of socialist orientation were admitted to the organization - Vietnam (July 28, 1995), Laos and Myanmar (July 23, 1997), Cambodia (April 30, 1999). Cooperation with the countries of the region is actively expanding within the framework of the ASEAN Plus 3 formula and the Dialogue with Partners. Within the framework of the latter, such countries as Japan, India, China, the Republic of Korea, Australia, Canada, the EU, New Zealand, Russia, the USA, and Pakistan actively participate.

AGREEMENT ON DEEPENING TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

(actually this is an agreement on a free trade zone)

1983 - an agreement was signed on the establishment of a free trade zone (FTA) by 1995. 1988 - duties were removed. 1990 - quantitative restrictions, anti-dumping procedures, harmonization of national standards and customs rules were removed, the practice of preferences for the system of public procurement and orders was eliminated. This agreement had a greater effect on New Zealand, as evidenced by the following figures: in 1992, New Zealand's share in Australia's exports was 5.7%, Australia's share in New Zealand's exports was 18.9%. The agreement has a greater regional effect, t .to. The main partners of these two countries are the states of Southeast Asia (up to 60% of the trade turnover). In addition, it is an open agreement to which any state can join. An idea was put forward (which is difficult to implement in practice due to the difference in the economic development of the countries of Oceania) to include the states of the South Pacific Ocean in ANZCERTA, or to create a common zone of cooperation, etc.

Bibliography.

1.”World Economy” Khalevinskaya, Crozet.

2.”World Economy” Khasbulatov.

3.”Economics of foreign countries” Pogorletsky.

4.”World economy” Kudrov.

Asian-Pacific area … Russian spelling dictionary

Asian-Pacific area- the emerging world pole of economic power (along with the United States and Western Europe). Most of the world's states that developed most dynamically before the global financial crisis of the late 90s are located here. Among the leading industrial ... ... Geoeconomic dictionary-reference book

region- a, m. region, eng. regionlat. rego (regionis) region, district, district. A vast area corresponding to several regions of the country or several countries, united by economic, geographical and other features. Siberian region of Russia.… … Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

BUT; m. [from lat. regio (regionis) region] A vast area, a group of neighboring countries or territories, united according to several common features (geographical, economic, political). Siberian river Russia. Asia Pacific r. Southern ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

region- but; m. (from lat. regio (regionis) area) see also. regional Vast region, a group of neighboring countries or territories united according to several common features (geographical, economic, political) Siberian region / n of Russia. Asian… … Dictionary of many expressions

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Bazhanov. Evgeny Petrovich Bazhanov ... Wikipedia

Mikhail Alekseevich Konarovsky ... Wikipedia

History of Australia ... Wikipedia

Type Public ... Wikipedia

Books

Asia-Pacific Region Problems of Global and Regional Dimensions of Security, Kashin V. (ed.). The collection includes analytical articles written as a result of the round table held at the Institute of the Far East of the Russian Academy of Sciences and dedicated to the situation in the field of regional security ...
Asia-Pacific Region Countries and Flags, M. Amosov, S. Safina. The book provides an overview of the development of the Asia-Pacific region from the earliest stages of its development by man to the present, and also provides up-to-date reference material on 43 countries ...
Asia-Pacific region: problems and prospects for their resolution, or East-2018, V.D. Samoilov. The monograph presents the articles of the participants of the "round table" organized and held at the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on February 1, 2018. on the topic: "The state of ...

Asia-Pacific Region (APR)

According to Art. XXIV GATT exceptions from the most favored nation principle in favor of integration associations are considered legitimate if they meet a number of conditions: customs duty rates are frozen for goods from third countries at the time of the creation of an integration association; duties are reduced and other restrictions in mutual trade are eliminated. The maximum term for forming an association is 10 years. Each association must be notified to the GATT and after that an exception to the most favored nation principle can be granted. Officially, such exceptions were granted only twice: in relation to the ECSC in 1952 and the US-Canadian Automobile Pact in 1965.

For integration associations consisting of developing countries, there are special rules for notification and legal regime of associations. One of the conditions for this is to hold consultations with partners from third countries. As of 2010, 12 integration associations were notified within the framework of the WTO, which were created by developing countries, including Latin American, Arab, Asian, and others.

Asia-Pacific Region (APR)- the third largest center of economic integration in the world (after the EU in Europe and NAFTA in North America). Here, intercivilizational contradictions and differences in interests between developed and developing countries are the strongest and most noticeable. Accordingly, doctrinal approaches to integration, foreign policy and legal positions of the states concerned differ. So, in the first half of the XX century. Japan tried to implement the concept of the Great East Asian Common Prosperity Zone in the Asia-Pacific region. The goal was to cover up Japanese expansion and provide the Japanese economy with Asian natural resources. In 1965, Japan came up with the idea of creating a Pacific Free Trade Area (PAFTA) and an economic cooperation organization similar to the OECD. The United States is actively operating in the region, trying to maintain its influence. Malaysia since the early 1990s came out and continues to come out with the concept of creating an East Asian integration association, which would consist only of Asian states.

There are three main centers of integration in the Asia-Pacific region: 1) ASEAN - the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; 2) Australia - New Zealand and the Pacific Islands Forum; 3) APEC - Organization of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

ASEAN

In the 1960s in the region, several large interstate integration associations have been formed and are developing, consisting of states - former colonies of Great Britain, France, the USA, and the Netherlands. The largest of them – Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)– notified, legalized within the framework of GATT/WTO.

ASEAN was established in 1967 on the basis of the Bangkok Declaration. The headquarters is located in Jakarta (Indonesia). Today ASEAN includes: Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia. Within the framework of ASEAN, a free trade zone has already been created for the six most developed of the developing member countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei), and a zone of free movement of investments is being formed. The Bangkok Declaration set the task of creating a customs union.

The supreme body of ASEAN is the Conference of Heads of State and Government. In the period between conferences, the governing bodies are the annual sessions (meetings) of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and other sectoral ministers. Current work is carried out by the ASEAN Standing Committee; it includes: the Secretary General of ASEAN, the secretaries general of the national secretariats, headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the country, who is the chairman of ASEAN at the moment (it meets several times a year). To coordinate the activities of ASEAN, a Secretariat with relevant services (bureaus, committees) was created. Each state has its own secretariat to coordinate the ongoing work and preparation of ASEAN decisions.

At regular conferences (meetings) of the ministers of economy, issues of mutual trade and preferences, the creation of stabilization stocks of goods, the construction of regional industrial facilities, etc. are considered.

In 1976, at the summit meeting of the leaders of the ASEAN countries, the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation in Southeast Asia and the ASEAN Declaration (framework agreement on a program of action) were adopted. In 1977, the Agreement on Mutual Trade Preferences (ASEAN Preferential Trade Agreement) was signed, on the basis of which a zone of preferential trade was formed. The preferential tariff under the 1977 Agreement on Mutual Trade Preferences applies to foodstuffs, liquid fuels, certain types of raw materials and industrial goods - goods in which the share of foreign components does not exceed 50%.

In 1992, at the ASEAN summit, it was decided to create a free trade zone and signed an agreement (ASEAN Free Trade Agreement) - AFTA; in 1994, the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS); in 1998 - Agreement on the formation of the ASEAN Investment Area (ASEAN Investment Area).

Movement towards a free trade area and a customs union is based on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff. In order to unify commodity nomenclatures, the states switched to the Harmonized System for the Description and Coding of Goods. In 1998, a framework agreement was signed on the mutual recognition of standards for the production of goods. The harmonization of domestic legislation on a wide front of relations has begun.

As part of the creation of a common investment zone, the regime for mutual investment is being liberalized, primarily in industry, agriculture, fishing and mining. Provided national treatment in combination with MFN for direct investment and investors; by 2020, it is planned to extend the national treatment to investors from third countries (with certain exceptions). The institutional structure of the Investment Space has been created: the Council of Ministers of the participating countries, the Coordinating Committee for Investments.

By liberalizing the investment regime for foreign investment and investors, the ASEAN states are "cleansing" their domestic legislation and removing the restrictions on the foreign element. Thus, Indonesia allowed the creation of enterprises with 100% foreign capital in the wholesale and retail trade and in the banking system; Malaysia - in industry; Brunei - in the field of high technologies and export-oriented industries. Vietnam has amended the legislation, according to which not only large foreign investors (with a project cost of $5 million or more) can obtain the necessary licenses, but also smaller investors. Malaysia has lifted the ban on the purchase of land by foreign enterprises (legal entities) by law.

At the same time, in the domestic law of many ASEAN countries there are rules that restrict the freedom of admission of foreign investments and investors and the legal regime for them, namely:

- direct prohibitions on the admission of foreign direct investment in certain industries and sectors of the economy (in Thailand - more than 60 industries);
– establishing the percentage share of a foreign investor in the authorized capital of a national enterprise (up to 30–50%);
– a ban on the purchase of land by a foreign investor;
– various kinds of restrictions (often of a procedural nature) on receiving investment incentives.

ASEAN states conclude bilateral and multilateral agreements on tariff preferences, which do not cover all members of the Association. Between ASEAN and the EU, since 1980, Cooperation Agreements have been signed, providing for the mutual provision of MFN in the trade and economic sphere. In November 2002, the Minister of Economy of Taiwan addressed the governments of the ASEAN states with a request to create a free trade zone. South Korea made a proposal to Singapore to sign a bilateral agreement on the creation of a free trade zone. The idea of creating a free trade zone between ASEAN and China, ASEAN and Japan has been put forward and is being discussed.

It can be seen that the APR states are either trying to "switch" from the method of multilateral regulation of integration to bilateral, or more effectively combine these two methods.

Atr. countries Asia-Pacific region and the future of the global economy. United Nations Capital Development Fund

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Asia-Pacific Region (APR)

ASEAN