What financial investments can be. Short-term financial investments in the balance sheet. Accounting for loans granted

Financial investments are investments, contributions of an organization to various assets, instruments of the securities market. Long-term financial investments imply a long payback period and are aimed at attracting income in the future. Let's consider the concept and the main features of such investments.

Financial investments

Financial investments include the following types of assets:

• securities with fixed maturities and maturity values;
• contributions to the capital of other enterprises and organizations;
• issued loans (excluding interest-free) and deposits;
• acquired receivables, etc.

Such investments must meet criteria such as:

• availability of documentary evidence;
• bearing financial risks from such investments;
• focus on making a profit.

Long-term investments and financial investments are kept on account 58 "Financial investments". These do not include:

• own shares of the company repurchased for cancellation or subsequent sale;
• promissory notes issued in the legal relationship of purchase and sale and the provision of services;
• investment in property leased out for a fee;
• jewelry, paintings, etc., if their acquisition is not related to the usual activities of the enterprise;
• fixed assets;
• material stocks;
• intangible assets.

Long-term and short-term financial investments

For accounting purposes, the company's investment investments are divided into short-term and long-term.

For accounting purposes, long-term financial investments in the balance sheet are line 1170. Short-term investments are reflected in line 1240.

Short-term investments are understood as investments for a period of up to one year inclusive. The assets in which the organization's funds are invested can be securities of other enterprises and organizations, finances in time deposit accounts of credit organizations, etc. Such assets are characterized as the most easily realizable.

On the contrary, long-term financial investments in the balance sheet are investments for a period of more than a year. This can be, for example:

• equity participation in the capital of other organizations;
• providing loans to other organizations;
• purchase of securities (shares, bonds, etc.) with a long maturity.

They are risky because require a strategic forecast for a long period. For example, the purpose of such investments may be to eventually obtain a controlling stake in a large enterprise.

Due to the fact that in the balance sheet financial investments reflect both long-term and short-term assets, analytical accounting is created to account 59 "Provisions for the depreciation of financial investments". The value of investments for which such a reserve has been created corresponds to the balance sheet value minus the corresponding reserves.

Financial investments can be divided into assets, in respect of which the current market value is to be determined, and investments, for which such a value is not determined. Long-term financial investments in the balance sheet are not divided into assets or liabilities. All of them are to be classified as an asset.

And while some assets are traded on the market, others are not. Those that are not traded on the organized securities market are accounted for at the reporting date according to historical cost. It is for them that the need is provided for:

• monitor the depreciation;
• introduce an allowance for impairment losses.

Investment investments traded on the organized securities market are subject to accounting and reporting at the end of the corresponding year at the current market value. It is determined by adjusting the value determined at the previous reporting date.

Financial investments of the enterprise- this is an investment of free cash and other resources in assets not related to the main activities of the enterprise.

The analysis of the company's financial investments is carried out in the FinEkAnaliz program in the block Analysis of financial condition in dynamics.

The investment period is distinguished:

• short-term financial investments (investment of funds for a period of up to one year)
• long-term financial investments (investment of funds for a period of more than one year).

To reduce the level of risk, financial investments are usually made in a variety of financial instruments, the aggregate of which forms an investment portfolio.

Accounting for financial investments

To accept assets as financial investments for accounting, one-time fulfillment of the following conditions is required:

• availability of duly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization's right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;
• transition to the organization of financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of insolvency of the debtor, liquidity risk, etc.);
• the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value, as a result of its exchange, use to repay the organization's obligations, increase in the current market cost, etc.).

The organization's financial investments include:

• state and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and value of redemption is determined (bonds, bills of exchange);
• contributions to the authorized (pooled) capitals of other organizations (including subsidiaries and affiliates);
• loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, accounts receivable acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.

As part of financial investments, the contributions of the partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account. Financial investments do not include:

• own shares purchased by the organization from shareholders;
• bills issued by the organization to the seller when paying for goods, works and services;
• investments in fixed assets, intangible assets, as well as in property, which is then provided for temporary use to third parties.

Financial investments are classified according to various criteria:

• in connection with the authorized capital,
• by ownership,
• the terms for which they were produced, etc.

Depending on the relations with the authorized capital distinguish between financial investments for the purpose of forming the authorized capital and debt. Investments for the purpose of forming the authorized capital include:

• shares,
• contributions to the authorized capital of other organizations,
• investment certificates confirming the share of participation in the investment fund and giving the right to receive income from the chain securities that make up the investment fund.

Debt securities include:

• bonds,
• mortgages,
• certificates of deposit and savings,
• treasury bonds,
• promissory notes.

By forms of ownership distinguish between government and non-government securities.

Depending on the the period for which financial investments were made, they are subdivided into:

• long-term (when the established maturity period exceeds one year or investments were made with the intention to receive income on them for more than one year),
• short-term (when the established maturity date does not exceed one year or investments were made without the intention to receive income on them for more than one year).

The accounting unit of financial investments can be a series, a batch, and another homogeneous set of financial investments. It is chosen by the organization independently and must ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about the availability and movement of financial investments.

Financial investments in the balance sheet

Financial investments is line 1240 "Financial investments (excluding cash equivalents)"

Impairment of financial investments

The depreciation of financial investments is understood as a sustained significant decrease in their value. The difference between the book value of financial investments and the amount of reduction in their value is called the estimated value of financial investments. This indicator is calculated for those financial investments for which the current market value is not determined.

A steady decline in the cost of financial investments is characterized by the following conditions:

• as of the reporting date and the previous reporting date, the accounting value of financial investments significantly exceeds their estimated value;
• during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments decreased significantly;
• as of the reporting date, there are no signs of a significant increase in the estimated value.

Depreciation of financial investments occurs when organizations - issuers of securities show signs of bankruptcy, transactions with securities on the securities market are made at a price that is significantly lower than their value, there is no or a significant decrease in receipts from financial investments, etc. the organization is obliged to verify the existence of conditions for a sustainable reduction in the cost of financial investments

If the audit confirms a sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments, then for the difference between their accounting and estimated value, the organization creates a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments.

The formation of the reserve is reflected in the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses" and the credit of account 59 "Provisions for the depreciation of financial investments". The amount of the reserve is used to form the book value of financial investments, which acts as the difference between the book value and the created reserve. At the same time, the created reserve provides coverage of possible losses on operations with financial investments.

Devaluation of financial investments is checked at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment; it can be made on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements.

If, according to the results of the audit, a further decrease in the estimated value of financial investments is revealed, then the amount of the created reserve increases accordingly. When the estimated value of financial investments increases by the amount of the increase, the created reserve is reduced.

At the same time, account 59 "Provisions for depreciation of financial investments" is debited and account 91 "Other income and expenses" is credited. A similar entry is made when writing off financial investments from the balance sheet, for which the corresponding reserves were previously created. Analytical accounting for account 59 "Provisions for impairment of financial investments" is maintained for each reserve.

If, by the end of the year following the year of creation of the reserve for the depreciation of financial investments, this reserve will not be used in any part, then the unspent amounts are added when compiling the balance sheet at the end of the year to the financial results of the organization of the corresponding year (account 59 is debited and account 91).

Was this page helpful?

More found about the financial investments of the enterprise

1. Investigation of non-current assets of an enterprise for the purpose of financial analysis For a business valuation specialist, it is necessary to reflect this fact not only when conducting a financial analysis, but also take it into account when calculating the value of the company's net assets Article Financial investments in the Non-current assets section is filled in if there are 55 deposits on accounts
2. Accounting and evaluation of financial investments Organizations can invest their free cash or securities in various assets of other enterprises, thus making financial investments. Such transactions are active and provide for the accounting of their own repurchased
3. Credit policy of the enterprise: transition to systemic management Moreover, such elements of short-term financial investments as investments in dependent companies investments in securities of other organizations government securities granted loans as well as financial investments of the enterprise in joint activities are more expedient to include in the composition of slow-moving
4. Methodological provisions for assessing the financial condition of enterprises and establishing an unsatisfactory balance sheet structure Research of the structure of short-term accounts payable of an enterprise The structure of short-term accounts payable short-term bank loans and various loans of lines 600, 620 ... side indicates an increase in the financial instability of the enterprise and an increase in the degree of its financial risks, and on the other - about active ... The presence of long-term financial investments indicates the investment orientation of the enterprise's investments, however, since the enterprise, in accordance with sections 1-3
5. Methods of regression analysis in planning and forecasting the need for working capital In this case, as indicators of economic activity, the total cost of goods sold can be used for working capital in inventories; b for working capital in receivables, cash and financial investments, sales proceeds. working capital will be Σy y
6. Management of financial relations in the real sector of the economy In addition to investments in non-financial assets, enterprises and organizations invested in financial instruments, shares of shares of other organizations, provided loans which
7. Assessment of the capital structure of a large petrochemical enterprise For the entire analyzed period, the enterprise did not have profitable investments in material assets, which indicates the absence of long-term investments in material assets at the enterprise Long-term financial investments for the period from 31.12.2012 to 31.12.2014 increased in absolute terms
8. Financial analysis of the enterprise - part 2 The absolute liquidity ratio shows the share of current liabilities that can be covered immediately by assets with absolute liquidity and accordingly estimates the company's solvency in an instantaneous period Calculated as the ratio of the amount of cash and short-term financial investments to
9. Goodwill in consolidated accounting and reporting Consequently, goodwill in the parent company's statements and consolidated financial statements will be reflected in the amount of 205,000 rubles 45,000 160,000 and long-term financial investments in the amount of 2,900,000 rubles, which will remain unchanged throughout the entire period
10. Methodology for analyzing the financial results of a production enterprise according to financial statements Cheboksary Aggregate Plant refuse to issue loans and financial investments since the enterprise needs borrowed funds.
11. Financial stability of an enterprise and its assessment to prevent its bankruptcy KFV short-term financial investments According to the second method, the approach to the classification of enterprise assets considers the concept of economic assets of EA
12. Methodology for analyzing the property status of a commercial organization according to the balance sheet data Its high value usually indicates the innovative nature of the company's strategy The share of long-term financial investments in non-current assets reflects the share of long-term financial investments in
13. The second section provides information on current assets, which include stocks of raw materials and materials of work in progress, finished goods, goods, all types of receivables, cash, short-term financial investments and other current assets.
14. Financial investments One of the main types of financial investments - investments in securities The main securities are stocks, bonds, bills of exchange, investment certificates and savings certificates ...
15. Working capital management of an economic entity as an important direction of its short-term financial policy Here it is necessary to understand that in the context of the turnover of receivables and payables, it is not the corresponding assets that are actually liabilities that are turned over, but investments in those.
16. Balancing the solvency of the enterprise and the liquidity of its financial resources The most liquid assets include the company's funds themselves and short-term financial investments in securities. They are followed by quickly realizable assets.
17. Capital structure Financial assets long-term financial investments are investments of an enterprise in the construction of securities, for example, shares of other companies and the state
18. Analysis of the arbitration manager Arsenal EXAMPLE both at the beginning and at the end of the period there are short-term financial investments During the analyzed period, their level decreased by 125,746 thousand rubles Amount
19. Ways to optimize the financing of working capital at the enterprise So the financial condition of the enterprise is directly dependent on the turnover of funds invested in current assets What
20. Monitoring and analysis of the state and cash flow of the enterprise on the basis of financial statements The excess of cash outflow from investment activities in comparison with the inflow leads to a decrease in cash and can lead to a decrease in the level of liquidity and solvency, as well as a deterioration in the financial condition of the enterprise In this case, the management of the enterprise should make a decision on the expediency of investing funds

Financial investments- This is the placement of free funds of the organization in other enterprises by purchasing securities, issuing long-term loans, making contributions to authorized capital. Distinguish between long-term and short-term financial investments. Short-term assets are those assets whose circulation or maturity does not exceed 12 months, long-term assets are financial investments with a maturity of more than one year. When accounting for financial investments, one should be guided by the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Financial Investments" PBU 19/02 (approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 10, 2002 N 126n; hereinafter - PBU 19/02).
According to clause 3 of PBU 19/02, financial investments include:
- securities (government, municipal, other organizations), including debt securities, in which the date and value of redemption are determined (bonds, promissory notes);
- contributions to the authorized (pooled) capital of other organizations (including subsidiaries and affiliates);
- loans granted to other organizations;
- deposits in credit institutions;
- contributions of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement.
Account 58 "Financial investments" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of the organization's investments in government securities, shares, bonds and other securities of other organizations, authorized (joint-stock) capitals of other organizations, as well as loans granted to other organizations.
TO account 58 sub-accounts can be opened:
- "Shares and Shares";
- "Debt securities";
- "Loans granted";
- "Contributions under a simple partnership agreement".
Are not considered financial investments of the organization:
- own shares redeemed by the joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;
- promissory notes issued by the issuing organization to the selling organization when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;
- investments of the organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) in order to generate income;
- precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar values, acquired not for carrying out ordinary activities.
It is important to emphasize that assets, tangible, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets are not financial investments, but when they are made as a contribution to authorized capital or under a simple partnership agreement they will be counted as financial investments.
Requirements for assets to be recognized as financial investments:
- the organization must have documents confirming its right to a financial investment (for loans provided - an agreement; for bills issued by third-party organizations - a bill of exchange; for shares or bonds - the shares themselves, bonds or a certificate for them, an extract from the register; for deposits in banks - an agreement; on contributions to authorized capital - the charter of the company that received this contribution);
- transition to the organization of financial risks associated with these investments;
- the ability to generate income in the future (interest, dividends, the difference between purchase and sale prices).
at the initial cost, which consists of the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, with the exception of value added tax and other reimbursable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees).
According to clause 9 of PBU 19/02, such expenses include:
- amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;
- amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets (if such information or consulting services are provided, but the organization does not make a decision on such an acquisition, the cost of services is included in the financial results of the commercial organization as part of other expenses or to increase the expenses of a non-profit organization of the reporting period when it was decided not to purchase financial investments);
- remuneration paid to intermediaries through which investments were purchased;
- other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.
If additional costs for the purchase of securities are insignificant in comparison with the amount paid to the seller, then they can be accounted for as other expenses in the reporting period when the securities were capitalized.
Since PBU 19/02 does not contain a definition of the materiality of the costs of purchasing securities, the general rule can be taken as a basis, according to which an indicator of less than 5% of a given amount is not considered significant, but this must be reflected in the accounting policy of the enterprise.
Shares, as one of the types of financial investments, can be purchased by an organization in the following ways:
- for a fee;
- received as a contribution to the authorized capital;
- free of charge;
- on a barter transaction.
A share is an equity security securing the rights of its owner (shareholder) to receive part of the profit of the joint-stock company in the form of dividends, to participate in the management of the joint-stock company and to a part of the property remaining after its liquidation. Usually a share is a registered security.
Upon receipt of securities for a fee, their value is the sum of all purchase costs. The contractual value of securities can be expressed not only in rubles, but also in foreign currency, which is converted into rubles on the day the costs of their purchase are reflected. Positive exchange rate differences arising after payment are reflected in other income, negative - in other expenses. They do not affect the initial value of the shares.
Recalculation of the value of banknotes at the cash desk of the organization, funds on bank accounts (bank deposits), monetary and payment documents, securities (excluding shares), funds in settlements, including for loan obligations with legal entities and individuals (excluding funds received and issued advances and advance payments, deposits), denominated in foreign currency, in rubles must be made on the date of the transaction in foreign currency, as well as on the reporting date.
The initial value of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of an organization is recognized as their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In some cases, an independent appraiser should be involved in assessing the value of financial investments. In limited liability companies, this is necessary if the value of the shares contributed to the authorized capital exceeds 20,000 rubles. (Article 15 of the Federal Law of 08.02.1998 N 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies").
Accounting loans as one of the types of financial investments has its own characteristics. Let's dwell on some of them.
The organization has the right to issue a loan to another enterprise or individual. Such transactions are formalized in writing - a loan agreement. The interest that the recipient must pay for the right to use the loan is usually specified in the contract. If there is no such condition in it, then they are calculated based on the refinancing rate in effect at the time the loan is repaid.
If the organization issues interest-free loan, then it is not taken into account in the composition of financial investments, since one of the criteria for recognizing financial investments is the receipt of income (in the form of interest on a loan). For such loans, lines 230 (long-term receivables) or 240 (short-term receivables) are intended.
The loan can be issued both in non-cash and in cash. When carrying out an operation to issue or return cash loans, cash registers do not need to be used, since in this case the sale of goods, works or services does not occur. When issuing cash loans, one should be guided by the Letter of the Bank of Russia dated December 4, 2007 N 190-T, which explains that legal entities and individual entrepreneurs are not entitled to spend cash received at their cash desks for goods sold by them, work performed by them, services rendered by them, and also as insurance premiums for loans. Cash arriving at the cash desks of enterprises are subject to delivery to the institutions of banks for subsequent crediting to the accounts of these enterprises.

Example 1 ... The organization issued a loan to its employee in the amount of 500,000 rubles. In order to ensure the return of the loan issued, a car pledge agreement was concluded (the value of the pledged property by agreement of the parties is 1,000,000 rubles) and a surety agreement, under which the guarantor undertakes to bear joint and several liability with the borrower to the lender. The question arises, how much should be reflected on the off-balance sheet account 008 "Security for obligations and payments received" for each of the contracts.
This account is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of guarantees received in order to ensure the fulfillment of obligations and payments, as well as guarantees received for goods transferred to other organizations (persons).
According to Art. 329 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation), the fulfillment of obligations may be secured by a forfeit, pledge, retention of the debtor's property, surety, a bank guarantee, a deposit and in other ways provided by law or contract.
Analytical accounting for account 008 maintained for each security received.
Since the car is pledged by the organization until the loan agreement is repaid, the contractual value of this car must be reflected on account 008 in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles.
As for the contract of order, the following should be noted. The essence of the legal mechanism for ensuring the fulfillment of obligations is to endow the creditor, in addition to the basic rights under the secured obligation, with additional rights that he can use in the event of a breach of the obligation by the debtor. An agreement on the establishment of a certain method of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations according to the general rule gives rise to an additional obligation designed to ensure the fulfillment of the main obligation. In the example under consideration, the surety agreement was concluded in order to ensure the return of the issued loan in the amount of 500,000 rubles. This means that account 008 should reflect the amount corresponding to the amount of obligations under the loan agreement. As a result, on this off-balance sheet account under the pledge agreement, it is necessary to reflect the contractual value of the pledged car in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles, and under the contract of order - in the amount of 500,000 rubles.

In other words, all calculations are carried out on balance sheet accounts, and the entries on account 008 are purely of a control nature and are written off as the debt is repaid.
In addition to accounting, the company maintains tax accounting. In accordance with paragraphs. 10 p. 1 art. 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Tax Code of the Russian Federation) when determining tax base incomes in the form of funds or other property that are received under credit or loan agreements (other similar funds or other property regardless of the method of borrowing, including debt securities), as well as funds or other property received as repayment are not taken into account these borrowings. That is, income in the form of funds received in repayment of loans issued earlier should not be taken into account by the lender organization in income for the purposes of taxation of the profits of organizations.
However, it should be borne in mind that according to paragraph 6 of Art. 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, income in the form of interest received under loan, credit, bank account, bank deposit agreements, as well as on securities and other debt obligations, are recognized as non-operating income of the taxpayer (the specifics of determining bank income in the form of interest are established by Article 290 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) ... Thus, income in the form of interest received on loans issued earlier to the borrowing organization is recognized as income of the lender organization for the purposes of taxation of the organizations' profits.
As mentioned above, the loan can be issued in non-cash or cash form, as well as in kind (for example, goods or materials). First of all, it is necessary to reflect the disposal of this type of loan, since Art. 39 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, it is established that the sale of goods is the transfer on a reimbursable basis of ownership rights to them by one person to another, i.e. ownership is transferred from the lender to the borrower. In this regard, it is logical to assume that the transfer of things to the borrower in the ownership of the lender should be subject to income tax and VAT as a sale operation. After the loan is repaid, operations are carried out to capitalize the property received. The organization can deduct the amount of "input" VAT in the usual manner.
Under a commodity loan agreement, the lender transfers to the borrower the ownership of things defined by generic characteristics, and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender an equal amount of other things of the same kind and quality and pay interest. In this case, interest can be expressed both in cash and in kind. In order to avoid claims from regulatory authorities regarding payment for services rendered, we recommend that you prescribe in the contract the procedure for calculating and paying interest, since this follows from Art. Art. 819 and 822 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In the absence of such information, the interest on the loan is calculated based on the refinancing rate of the Bank of Russia in effect on the day the debtor returned the commodity loan or its corresponding part.

Example 2 ... The organization issued a long-term loan to another organization with goods worth 4,720,000 rubles in accordance with the contract. (including VAT - 720,000 rubles). The cost of goods is 4,000,000 rubles. The loan was issued at 20% per annum. Interest is calculated for each day of using the loan. They are paid no later than the end of each quarter.
Loan issuance transactions are recorded by:
Debit 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors" Credit 90 "Sales", subaccount 1 "Revenue" - reflected the proceeds from the sale of goods - 4,720,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 2 "Cost of sales", Credit 68 "Calculations of taxes and fees" - VAT charged - 720,000 rubles;
Debit 90, subaccount 3 "Value added tax", Credit 41 "Goods" - the cost of goods transferred on a loan is written off - 4,000,000 rubles;
Debit 58 Credit 76 - the loan amount is reflected - 4,720,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount 1 "Other income", - accrued interest for January - 80,175 rubles. (4,720,000 x 20%: 365 days x 31 days);
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - accrued interest for February - 72,416 rubles. (4,720,000 x 20%: 365 days x 281 days);
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - accrued interest for March - 80 175 rubles. (4,720,000 x 20%: 365 days x 31 days);
Debit 51 "Settlement accounts" Credit 76, - interest for the I quarter is listed - 232,766 rubles. (80 175 + 72 416 + 80 175).
Further interest is accrued in a similar manner. When repaying a loan, you need to make the following entries:
Debit 19 "Value added tax on purchased valuables" Credit 76 - VAT on returned goods included - 720,000 rubles;
Debit 41 Credit 76, - the returned goods are capitalized - 4,000,000 rubles. (4,720,000 - 720,000);
Debit 68 Credit 19, - accepted for deduction of VAT on returned goods - 720,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 58, - the amount of the repaid loan was written off - 4,720,000 rubles.

The company's funds credited to banks' deposits are reflected in financial investments.
Bank deposit means cash or securities deposited in a bank for a specific period on behalf of an individual or legal entity, who is charged a certain percentage for this.
Under the agreement of bank deposit (deposit), one party (bank), which has accepted the money received from the other party (depositor) or received for it, the amount (deposit), undertakes to return the amount of the deposit and pay interest on it on the terms and in the manner prescribed by the agreement (p. . 1 article 834 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).
The company accrues interest on the deposit on the day when it has the right to receive them, based on the terms of the agreement, i.e. in accounting, interest is charged regardless of whether the bank has transferred the interest to the organization's account or not.
In practice, a situation is possible when an organization deposited funds on a bank deposit in November 2010. According to the agreement, the accrual and payment of income (interest) will be made at the end of the term of the deposit in 2011.
According to paragraph 6 of Art. 271 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, under loan agreements and other similar agreements, the validity of which falls on more than one reporting period, income is recognized as received and is included in income at the end of the corresponding reporting period. Thus, if a bank deposit agreement is concluded for a period of more than one reporting period, the depositor organization is obliged to accrue interest at the end of each reporting period, regardless of the actual receipt of money and the terms of the deposit agreement (if the organization keeps records of income and expenses for tax purposes on an accrual basis) ... Therefore, taxable income (interest on the bank deposit) will also arise in 2010 based on the amounts to be received, calculated by the actual number of days the deposit was placed in a given period.
Recall that incomes are recognized in the reporting (tax) period in which they occurred, regardless of the actual receipt of funds, other property (works, services) and (or) property rights (accrual method). For income related to several reporting (tax) periods, and in the event that the relationship between income and expenses cannot be determined clearly or is established indirectly, income is distributed by the taxpayer independently, taking into account the principle of uniformity of recognition of income and expenses.
As part of financial investments, the value of bills received by the organization from other persons is reflected. Promissory note is a security and can be used as a financial instrument for the purpose of earning interest or discount income.
In accounting, a promissory note purchased for a fee is accounted for as part of financial investments at initial cost in the amount of actual acquisition costs (clauses 8, 9 of PBU 19/02). Income on bills can be interest or discount. Discount income is the difference between the purchase price of the bill and the amount received upon redemption (par).
The bill of exchange must contain the following mandatory details:
- the name "bill" included in the text of the document and expressed in the language in which this document is drawn up;
- a simple and unconditional offer (promise) to pay a certain amount;
- the name of the payer (only in a bill of exchange);
- payment term;
- the place where the payment is to be made;
- the name of the person to whom or by order of whom the payment should be made;
- the date and place of drawing up the bill;
- the signature of the drawer.
In the absence of the listed details in the text of a bill of exchange, it loses its bill of exchange and can be recognized as a document of a different legal form - a bill of exchange.
The exercise of property rights under a bill, like any other security, is possible only by presenting it.
As a rule, income on a bill of exchange is recognized at the time of its maturity.
But at the same time, clause 22 of PBU 19/02 explains that for debt securities for which the current market value is not calculated, the organization is allowed the difference between the initial value and the par value during the period of their circulation evenly as due to them in accordance with with the terms of the release of income, refer to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or a decrease or increase in expenses of a non-commercial organization. A similar procedure for reflecting income is consolidated as an element of the accounting reporting policy.

Example 3 ... The enterprise acquired a promissory note for 1,000,000 rubles. Its face value is 1,300,000 rubles, the circulation period of the bill is 24 months. If the accounting policy of the organization provides for the reflection of income on bills at the time of their redemption, the following records are drawn up in the accounting:

Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - promissory note presented for repayment - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - reflected the debt on the redemption of the promissory note - 1,300,000 rubles;
Debit 91, subaccount 9 "Profit / loss from sales", Credit 99 "Profits and losses", - reflected income (discount) on the promissory note - 300,000 rubles. (1,300,000 - 1,000,000);
Debit 51 Credit 76 - funds were received to repay the promissory note - 1,300,000 rubles.
If the accounting policy provides for the reflection of income on bills evenly during the period of their circulation, then the following entries are made:
Debit 58 Credit 51 - a financial bill purchased - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income", - accrued income for the 1st month of circulation of the bill - 12,500 rubles. [(1,300,000 - 1,000,000): 24 months];
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - accrued income for the 2nd month of circulation of the bill - 12,500 rubles. [(1,300,000 - 1,000,000): 24 months];
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - accrued income for the 3rd month of circulation of the bill - 12,500 rubles. [(1,300,000 - 1,000,000): 24 months] etc.
The redemption of a bill is made out with the following entries:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - the initial value of the promissory note was written off - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 76 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - reflects the value of the bill presented for redemption - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 51 Credit 76 - reflected income received (discount) on the promissory note - 300,000 rubles.

The transfer of ownership of the bill of exchange is confirmed by an act of acceptance and transfer, which must contain the mandatory details listed in paragraph 2 of Art. 9 of the Federal Law of 21.11.1996 N 129-FZ "On Accounting". In addition, it must indicate: details of the bill (series, number, date of issue, type (simple or transferable), face value, due date, etc.); details of the contract under which the bill of exchange was transferred. It makes sense to attach a copy of the bill to the act.
To account for financial investments, they are divided into two categories:
- for which the current market value is not determined (in this case, financial investments are indicated in the balance sheet at their original cost);
- by which the current market value is determined, i.e. listed on the organized securities market.
In the second category, they are reflected in the balance sheet at the market price, which was formed at the end of the reporting period. The difference between the original and current estimate is included in other income or expense. The organization has the right to adjust the value of securities on a monthly or quarterly basis (clause 20 PBU 19/02). It is advisable to reflect the selected period in the accounting policy of the organization for accounting.
According to paragraph 3 of Art. 280 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, securities are recognized as circulating on the organized securities market only if the following conditions are met:
- if they are admitted to circulation by at least one trade organizer who has the right to do so in accordance with national legislation;
- if information about their prices (quotes) is published in the mass media (including electronic) or can be provided by the trade organizer or other authorized person to any interested person within three years after the date of transactions with securities;
- if a market quotation was calculated for them during the last three months preceding the date of the taxpayer's transaction with these securities, when it is provided for by law.

Example 4 ... In May, the investor company acquired securities, for which, in accordance with the established procedure, their market value can be determined, in the amount of 1,000,000 rubles. In the accounting policy of the organization it is written that the adjustment of such financial investments should be carried out on a quarterly basis.
According to the officially published data (stock exchange quotes), the value of these securities was: as of May 31 - 990,000 rubles; as of December 31 - 1,008,000 rubles.
In accounting, the above operations must be reflected in the records:
Debit 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" Credit 51 - payment for the securities to the seller - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 58 Credit 60 - capitalized (in May) securities - 1,000,000 rubles;
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - the adjustment (revaluation) of securities as of May 31 - 10,000 rubles is reflected. (1,000,000 - 990,000);
Debit 58 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - reflects the adjustment (revaluation) of securities as of December 31 - 18,000 rubles. (1,008,000 - 990,000).
Thus, in the financial statements at the end of the year, the value of the securities will be fixed at 1,008,000 rubles. (1,000,000 - 10,000 + 18,000).

In the event that the current value of an object of financial investments previously estimated at the current market value is not determined at the reporting date (for example, these shares are no longer quoted on the stock exchange), this object of financial investments is reflected in the financial statements at the cost of its last valuation. (Clause 24 PBU 19/02). In the future, its value is not adjusted either, since it automatically falls into the first category of financial investments.
Simple partnership agreement(joint venture agreement) is increasingly being used in the field of entrepreneurial activity. It allows you to combine the activities of several business entities, as well as individuals to engage in one general type of activity without forming a legal entity.
The concept, content of a simple partnership agreement, the rights, obligations and responsibilities of the parties under this agreement are determined by Ch. 55 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Under this agreement, the comrades combine their contributions in order to work together to make a profit or achieve another goal that does not contradict the law.
In the agreement, the partners must indicate what activities they will jointly engage in, since the hallmark of a joint activity agreement is that all participants have a common goal, for the sake of which the partnership is created. If the goal is commercial, then only organizations and individual entrepreneurs can participate in the partnership. But individuals who are not registered as an individual entrepreneur cannot become comrades.
A friend's contribution is recognized as everything that he brings to the common cause, including money, other property, professional and other knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as business reputation and business ties (Article 1042 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, the parties have the right to independently assess the professional skills and business ties of a comrade, allowing him, for example, to receive a large loan for joint purposes. Professional and other skills, abilities, etc. it is difficult to document it. In this, a simple partnership agreement differs significantly from all other contributions.
The contributions of the partners are assumed to be equal in value, unless otherwise follows from the simple partnership agreement or actual circumstances. The monetary assessment of the partner's contribution is made by agreement between the partners.
The initial value of financial investments contributed to the contribution of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is their monetary value agreed by the partners in the agreement (clause 15 PBU 19/02).
Financial investments are taken into account by a partner who is entrusted with the responsibility of conducting common affairs.
For example, by a simple partnership agreement, the management of common affairs is entrusted to the organization. As a contribution to the charter capital of the partnership, it accepts shares circulating on the organized securities market, the value of which under the agreement is 1,000,000 rubles.
In the separate accounting of a simple partnership, this operation is reflected by the entry:
Debit 58 Credit 80 "Authorized capital" - shares received in the assessment under a simple partnership agreement - 1,000,000 rubles.
PBU 19/02 introduced the concept " depreciation of financial investments". It applies only to financial investments for which the market value is not determined. Impairment is understood as a sustainable decrease in value below the value of the economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in the normal conditions of its activities (clause 37 PBU 19/02).
In order to recognize that investments are depreciating, the following conditions must be simultaneously present:
- at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the book value is significantly higher than their estimated value;
- during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;
- as of the reporting date, there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.
Depreciation of financial investments can occur in the following situations:
- the appearance of the organization-issuer of securities owned by the organization, or its debtor under the loan agreement signs of bankruptcy, or declaring it bankrupt;
- execution on the securities market of a significant number of transactions with similar securities at a price significantly lower than their book value;
- the absence or a significant decrease in income from financial investments in the form of interest or dividends with a high probability of a further decrease in these receipts in the future, etc.
In the event of such tendencies, the organization should conduct an audit to establish the existence of conditions for a sustainable decline in the cost of financial investments. If the check confirms a decrease in value, the organization creates a reserve for impairment of financial investments (account 59). A commercial organization forms a reserve at the expense of financial results (as part of operating expenses), and a non-commercial organization - at the expense of increased costs.
Financial investments are tested for impairment at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment. The organization has the right to carry out the specified check on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements.
By to account 59 the creation of reserves is reflected, in debit - its use. The balance shows the balance of reserves at the end of the reporting period. This account acts as a regulator for account 58 and serves as a financial source for covering losses due to the possible sale of unquoted financial investments at a price less than their book value.
The reserve is created on December 31 of each reporting year (or by the decision of the organization on a quarterly basis at the reporting dates of the interim financial statements), which is reflected by the entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 59 - provisions have been created for the depreciation of investments in unquoted financial investments.
A change in the amount of the provision (adjustment) for the depreciation of investments in unquoted financial investments occurs in the event of a further change in their estimated value at the end of the reporting period:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 59 - the amount of the reserve for impairment of investments in unquoted financial investments has been increased;
Debit 59 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - the amount of the provision for impairment of investments in unquoted financial investments has been reduced.

Example 5. The organization purchased 3000 shares at a price of 500 rubles. a piece. The accounting policy stipulates that the decline in the value of financial investments is recognized as significant if the difference between the book value and the estimated value of the securities exceeds 5%.
An entry is made in accounting:
Debit 58 Credit 60 - capitalized securities - 1,500,000 rubles. (500 rubles x 3000 pcs.).
According to an independent appraiser, the estimated value of the securities is 430 rubles. a piece. The reduction is 14%.
The impairment is significant and the entity creates a provision for impairment of shares. The amount of the reserve will be 210,000 rubles. [(500 rubles - 430 rubles) x 3000 pcs.].
This operation is reflected by the entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 59 - a reserve for impairment of shares was created - 210,000 rubles.
At the end of the reporting period, shares in the balance sheet are accounted for at historical cost less reserves. Their cost will be 1,290,000 rubles. (1,500,000 - 210,000).
The provision is written off to financial results (to operating income) in two cases:
- upon sale or other disposal of financial investments for which the reserve was created;
- if there is no further sustainable significant reduction in the value of these investments.
The reserve is written off at the end of the year or the reporting period in which the disposal of these financial investments took place:
Debit 59 Credit 91, subaccount 1 "Other income" - a provision has been written off for the depreciation of financial investments in connection with their disposal.

For non-professional participants in the securities market, the amounts of deductions to the reserve for the depreciation of investments in securities are not included in expenses when determining the tax base for income tax (clause 10 of article 270 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, the amounts of restored reserves are also not taken into account (subparagraph 25 of paragraph 1 of article 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
Data on reserves for impairment of financial investments, indicating the type of financial investments, the amount of the reserve created in the reporting year, the amount of the reserve recognized as operating income for the reporting period; the amounts of the reserve used in the reporting year must be stated in the explanatory note to the balance sheet of the organization, based on the materiality requirement.
Over time, financial investments may be retired. Disposal of securities takes place in cases of redemption, sale, gratuitous transfer, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of other organizations, transfer to the account of a deposit under a simple partnership agreement, etc. (clause 25 of PBU 19/02). The date of disposal of investments is determined at the moment when ownership, financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of insolvency of the debtor, liquidity risk, etc.) pass to the new owner of financial investments.
In such situations, they are written off in one of the ways regulated by PBU 19/02:
1) at the initial cost of each unit;
2) at the average initial cost;
3) at the initial cost of the first at the time of acquisition (FIFO).
The first method, as a rule, is applied to contributions to authorized capital, loans, deposits in banks, receivables acquired on the basis of assignment of claims. For securities (stocks, bonds, bills), the second or third method can be used.
The procedure for determining the value of retired financial investments differs for "quoted" financial investments and "unquoted" ones. If financial investments are retired, for which the current market value is calculated, then their value is calculated by the organization based on the latest assessment (clause 30 of PBU 19/02).
The choice of one of these methods is allowed for each group (type) of financial investments and must be enshrined in the accounting policy as its element (clause 26 of PBU 19/02).
When using the second method (provided that it is impossible to determine the current market value of securities), the average value of a security is calculated by the formula:

Average cost of a security = (Cost of securities at the beginning of the month + Cost of securities received during the month) / (Number of securities at the beginning of the month + Number of securities received at the end of the month).

The value of the retired securities subject to write-off:

Value of securities disposed of = Average value of a security x Number of securities disposed of during the month.

The value of the balance of securities at the end of the month:

Cost of Securities Remaining = Average Price of a Security x Number of Securities Remaining at the End of the Month

The cost of the remaining securities = The cost of the securities at the beginning of the month + The cost of the securities received in the month - The cost of the retired securities.

Similar calculations are made at the end of each month. It is allowed to conduct them within a month on each date of disposal of financial investments (method of moving average initial cost).
Rolling valuation makes it possible to use it for each date of transactions, which is very convenient for computer processing of information in accounting programs.
It should be borne in mind that the average initial cost of securities is determined in relation to the same type (shares, bonds, promissory notes).

Example 6 ... One of the non-core activities of the organization is the purchase and sale of securities. According to the accounting policy, shares are written off at their average original cost.
At the beginning of the month, there were 100 shares of one issuer on the balance sheet. The share price was 900 rubles. a piece. Within a month, the company acquired shares of the same issuer. They were purchased in three lots:
1st lot - 150 pcs. at the price of 1000 rubles / piece;
2nd batch - 130 pcs. at the price of 1100 rubles / piece;
3rd batch - 250 pcs. at the price of 1200 rubles / piece.
Transactions on their acquisition are reflected
in this way:
Debit 58 Credit 60 - purchased the 1st batch of shares - 150,000 rubles. (1000 rubles x 150 pcs.);
Debit 58 Credit 60 - purchased the 2nd batch of shares - 143,000 rubles. (1100 rubles x 130 pcs.);
Debit 58 Credit 60 - purchased the 3rd batch of shares - 300,000 rubles. (1200 rubles x 250 pcs.).
In the same month, 500 shares were sold. The average initial cost of a share, calculated at the end of the month, will be:
(900 rubles x 100 pieces + 1000 rubles x 150 pieces + 1100 rubles x 130 pieces + 1200 rubles x 250 pieces) / (100 + 150 + 130 + 250) = 1084.13 rubles.
The value of shares retired within a month is equal to:
RUB 1084.13 x 500 = 542,065 rubles.
The write-off of securities is made out with the following entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - the cost of the sold shares was written off - 542,065 rubles.
At the end of the month, the company has the number of shares:
100 + 150 + 130 + 250 - 500 = 130 pcs.;
share price:
(900 rubles x 100 pcs. + 1000 rubles x 150 pcs. + 1100 rubles x 130 pcs. + 1200 rubles x 250 pcs.) - 542,065 rubles. = RUB 140,935

Valuation of securities with the method FIFO is based on the assumption that securities are sold within a month in the sequence of their receipt (acquisition), i.e. the securities that were the first to go on sale should be valued at the initial cost of the first in the time of acquisition, taking into account the value of the securities registered at the beginning of the month. When using this method, the securities held in balance at the end of the month are valued at the actual value of the most recent ones at the time of acquisition, and the cost of sale (disposal) of securities takes into account the cost of the earliest ones at the time of acquisition. This means that when using the third method, those securities that are listed in the balance are first written off, then those that entered the organization first. If there are not enough of them - those who entered the second, if they are not enough - the third, etc.
According to the conditions of the above example, if the company uses the FIFO method, then in this case the following are written off:
- all shares that are listed at the beginning of the month (100 pcs.);
- all shares received in the 1st batch (150 pcs.);
- all shares received in the 2nd batch (130 pcs.);
- part of the shares received in the 3rd lot (120 pcs.).
A total of 500 shares (100 +150 +130 + 120).
At the end of the month, the company will retain 130 shares from the 3rd batch. (250 - 120) at the price of 1200 rubles. a piece.
The shares to be written off will be worth RUB 527,000. (900 rubles x 100 pcs. + 1000 rubles x 150 pcs. + 1100 rubles x 130 pcs. + 1200 rubles x 120 pcs.).
Their write-off is reflected by the entry:
Debit 91, subaccount 2 "Other expenses", Credit 58 - the cost of the sold shares was written off - 527,000 rubles.
The cost of the shares remaining at the end of the month will be equal to 156,000 rubles. (1200 rubles x 130 pcs.).
In clause 9 of Art. 280 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation explains that when selling or otherwise disposing of securities, the taxpayer independently, in accordance with the accounting policy adopted for tax purposes, chooses one of the following methods of writing off the cost of the retired securities to expenses:
- at the cost of the first acquisitions (FIFO);
- at unit cost.
These methods apply to securities, both traded and not traded on an organized securities market.
The FIFO method is applied to securities comparable in type, terms of circulation and type of income, i.e. they are subject to one market quote (weighted average price of securities).
The method of writing off to tax expenses the cost of securities disposed of at unit value is used if the organization can accurately identify the securities being sold, or they have individually defined characteristics, or the accounting system and the terms of the transaction allow the organization to determine which of its existing securities are being sold. , and she can determine the value of these particular securities.
The chosen method is fixed in tax accounting policy.

Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of December 10, 2002 N 126n
"On approval of the Accounting Regulations" Accounting for financial investments "PBU 19/02"

In pursuance of the Program for reforming accounting in accordance with international financial reporting standards, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 1998 N 283 (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 1998, N 11, Article 1290), I order:

2. To recognize as invalid the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1997 No. 2 "On the procedure for reflecting securities transactions in the accounting" (the order was registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on June 10, 1997, registration No. 1324).

3. To put this order into effect starting with the financial statements for 2003.

Registration N 4085

application
to the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated December 10, 2002 N 126n

Position
on accounting "Accounting for financial investments" PBU 19/02

With changes and additions from:

September 18, November 27, 2006, October 25, November 8, 2010, April 27, 2012, April 6, 2015

I. General Provisions

1. This Regulation establishes the rules for the formation in accounting and financial statements of information on the financial investments of the organization. An organization hereinafter means a legal entity under the laws of the Russian Federation (with the exception of credit institutions and state (municipal) institutions).

This Regulation is applied when establishing the specifics of accounting for financial investments for professional participants in the securities market, insurance organizations, and non-state pension funds.

2. For the purposes of these Regulations, for the acceptance of assets as financial investments for accounting, it is necessary to fulfill the following conditions at a time:

availability of duly executed documents confirming the existence of the organization's right to financial investments and to receive funds or other assets arising from this right;

transition to the organization of financial risks associated with financial investments (risk of price changes, risk of insolvency of the debtor, liquidity risk, etc.);

the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future in the form of interest, dividends or an increase in their value (in the form of the difference between the sale (redemption) price of a financial investment and its purchase value as a result of its exchange, use to repay the organization's obligations, increase in the current market value etc.).

3. The financial investments of the organization include: government and municipal securities, securities of other organizations, including debt securities, in which the date and value of redemption is determined (bonds, bills of exchange); contributions to the authorized (pooled) capitals of other organizations (including subsidiaries and affiliates); loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, accounts receivable acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim, etc.

For the purposes of these Regulations, deposits of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement are also taken into account as part of financial investments.

The financial investments of the organization do not include:

own shares redeemed by a joint-stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation;

promissory notes issued by the issuing organization to the selling organization when paying for goods sold, products, work performed, services rendered;

investments of the organization in real estate and other property that has a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) in order to generate income;

precious metals, jewelry, works of art and other similar values, acquired not for the purpose of carrying out ordinary activities.

4. Assets that have a tangible form, such as fixed assets, inventories, as well as intangible assets are not financial investments.

5. The unit of accounting for financial investments is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these investments, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of financial investments, the order of their acquisition and use, the unit of financial investments can be a series, a batch, etc. a homogeneous set of financial investments.

6. The organization maintains analytical records of financial investments in such a way as to provide information on accounting units of financial investments and organizations in which these investments were made (issuers of securities, other organizations in which the organization is a member, borrowing organizations, etc.) ...

For government securities and securities of other organizations accepted for accounting, the analytical accounting should contain at least the following information: the name of the issuer and the name of the security, number, series, etc., nominal price, purchase price, costs associated with purchase of securities, total quantity, date of purchase, date of sale or other disposal, place of storage.

The organization can form in the analytical accounting additional information about the financial investments of the organization, including in the context of their groups (types).

7. Features of the assessment and additional rules for disclosing information on financial investments in dependent business entities in the financial statements are established by a separate regulatory act on accounting.

II. Initial assessment of financial investments

8. Financial investments are accepted for accounting at their original cost.

9. The initial cost of financial investments purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for their acquisition, excluding value added tax and other reimbursable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees).

The actual costs of acquiring assets as financial investments are:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the seller;

amounts paid to organizations and other persons for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of these assets. If the organization has been provided with information and consulting services related to making a decision on the acquisition of financial investments, and the organization does not make a decision on such an acquisition, the cost of these services is referred to the financial results of the commercial organization (as part of other expenses) or an increase in the costs of the non-profit organization. the reporting period when it was decided not to purchase financial investments;

remuneration paid to the intermediary organization or another person through whom the assets were acquired as financial investments;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of assets as financial investments.

When acquiring financial investments at the expense of borrowed funds, the costs of loans and borrowings received are accounted for in accordance with the Accounting Regulations "Organization Expenses" PBU 10/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of May 6, 1999 N 33n (registered with the Ministry of Justice Of the Russian Federation on May 31, 1999, registration N 1790), and the Regulations on accounting "Accounting for loans and credits and their maintenance costs" PBU 15/01, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of August 2, 2001 N 60n (according to the letter of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of September 7, 2001 N 07/8985-YUD, the order does not need state registration).

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring financial investments, unless they are directly related to the acquisition of financial investments.

11. If the amount of costs (other than amounts paid in accordance with the agreement to the seller) for the purchase of such financial investments as securities is insignificant in comparison with the amount paid to the seller in accordance with the agreement, the organization has the right to recognize such costs as other expenses of the organization, including the reporting period in which the specified securities were accepted for accounting.

12. The initial value of financial investments made as a contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of an organization is their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

13. The initial cost of financial investments received by the organization free of charge, such as securities, is:

their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting. For the purposes of these Regulations, the current market value of securities is understood as their market price calculated in accordance with the established procedure by the organizer of trade on the securities market;

the amount of money that can be obtained as a result of the sale of the received securities as of the date of their acceptance for accounting - for securities for which the market price is not calculated by the organizer of trading on the securities market.

14. The initial cost of financial investments acquired under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) by non-monetary funds is the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The value of assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity is determined by reference to the price at which, under comparable circumstances, the entity would normally determine the value of similar assets.

If it is impossible to establish the value of assets transferred or subject to transfer by the organization, the value of financial investments received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) with non-monetary funds is determined based on the cost at which similar financial investments are acquired in comparable circumstances.

15. The initial value of financial investments contributed to the contribution of a partner organization under a simple partnership agreement is their monetary value, agreed by the partners in a simple partnership agreement.

17. Securities that do not belong to the organization on the basis of ownership, economic management or operational management, but which are in its use or disposal in accordance with the terms of the agreement, are accepted for accounting in the assessment provided for in the agreement.

III. Subsequent assessment of financial investments

18. The initial cost of financial investments, at which they are accepted for accounting, may change in cases established by legislation and this Regulation.

19. For the purposes of subsequent assessment, financial investments are divided into two groups: financial investments, which can be used to determine the current market value in accordance with the procedure established by this Regulation, and financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined.

Organizations that are entitled to use simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, can carry out a subsequent assessment of all financial investments in the manner prescribed by this Regulation for financial investments for which their current market value is not determined. At the same time, these organizations may decide not to reflect the impairment of financial investments in accounting in cases where the calculation of the amount of such impairment is difficult.

20. Financial investments for which the current market value can be determined in accordance with the established procedure are reflected in the financial statements at the end of the reporting year at the current market value by adjusting their assessment as of the previous reporting date. The organization can make the specified adjustment on a monthly or quarterly basis.

The difference between the assessment of financial investments at the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments is referred to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income or expenses) or an increase in income or expenses from a non-commercial organization in correspondence with the financial investment account.

21. Financial investments for which the current market value is not determined shall be reflected in the accounting records and in the accounting statements as of the reporting date at their original cost.

22. For debt securities for which the current market value is not determined, the organization is allowed the difference between the initial value and the nominal value during the period of their circulation evenly, in proportion to the income due on them in accordance with the terms of issue, to be attributed to the financial results of the commercial organization ( as part of other income or expenses) or a decrease or increase in the expenses of a non-profit organization.

23. For debt securities and loans granted, the organization can make a calculation of their assessment at the discounted value. At the same time, no entries are made in accounting.

The organization shall provide evidence of the reasonableness of such a calculation.

24. Financial investments are reflected in the balance sheet as of the reporting date at the cost determined based on the requirements of these Regulations.

If the current market value is not determined for an object of financial investments previously estimated at the current market value as of the reporting date, such an object of financial investments is reflected in the financial statements at the cost of its last valuation.

IV. Disposal of financial investments

25. Disposal of financial investments is recognized in the accounting of the organization as of the date of termination of the conditions for accepting them for accounting, given in paragraph 2 of these Regulations.

Disposal of financial investments takes place in cases of repayment, sale, donation, transfer in the form of a contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of other organizations, transfer to the account of a contribution under a simple partnership agreement, etc.

26. Upon retirement of an asset accepted for accounting as a financial investment, for which the current market value is not determined, its value is determined based on an assessment determined in one of the following ways:

at the initial cost of each unit of accounting for financial investments;

at the average initial cost;

at the initial cost of the first in the time of acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method).

The application of one of these methods for a group (type) of financial investments is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of accounting policies.

27. Contributions to the authorized (pooled) capitals of other organizations (with the exception of shares in joint-stock companies), loans granted to other organizations, deposits in credit institutions, accounts receivable acquired on the basis of assignment of the right of claim are estimated at the initial cost of each accounting unit retired from the listed accounting for financial investments.

28. Securities can be assessed by the organization upon disposal at the average initial cost, which is determined for each type of securities as a quotient of dividing the initial value of the type of securities by their number, which are summed up, respectively, from the initial value and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and the securities received in during the given month.

29. The valuation at the initial cost of the first financial investments at the time of acquisition (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that securities are written off within a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), ie. the first to be written off securities should be valued at the historical cost of the securities of the first acquisitions taking into account the initial cost of the securities registered at the beginning of the month. When using this method, the securities in balance at the end of the month are valued at the original cost of the most recent acquisitions, and the cost of the securities sold takes into account the cost of the earliest acquisitions.

30. Upon disposal of assets accepted for accounting as financial investments, for which the current market value is determined, their value is determined by the organization based on the latest assessment.

31. For each group (type) of financial investments during the reporting year, one assessment method is applied.

32. Assessment of financial investments at the end of the reporting period is carried out depending on the accepted method of assessing financial investments at their disposal, ie. at the current market value, at the initial cost of each accounting unit of financial investments, at the average initial cost, at the initial cost of the first financial investments at the time of acquisition (FIFO method).

33. Examples of the use of valuation methods when disposing of financial investments are given in the appendix to these Regulations.

V. Income and expenses on financial investments

34. Income from financial investments is recognized as income from ordinary activities or other income in accordance with the Accounting Regulations "Income of the organization" PBU 9/99, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation of May 6, 1999 N 32n (registered with the Ministry of Justice Russian Federation May 31, 1999, registration N 1791).

35. Expenses related to the provision of loans by the organization to other organizations are recognized as other expenses of the organization.

36. Expenses associated with servicing the organization's financial investments, such as payment for the services of a bank and / or a depository for keeping financial investments, providing an extract from a securities account, etc., are recognized as other expenses of the organization.

Vi. Impairment of financial investments

37. A sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments, for which their current market value is not determined, below the value of the economic benefits that the organization expects to receive from these financial investments in the normal conditions of its activities, is recognized as an impairment of financial investments. In this case, based on the calculation of the organization, the estimated value of financial investments is determined, equal to the difference between their value at which they are reflected in accounting (book value), and the amount of such a decrease.

A steady decline in the cost of financial investments is characterized by the simultaneous presence of the following conditions:

at the reporting date and at the previous reporting date, the book value is significantly higher than their estimated value;

during the reporting year, the estimated value of financial investments changed significantly only in the direction of its decrease;

as of the reporting date, there is no evidence that a significant increase in the estimated value of these financial investments is possible in the future.

Examples of situations in which impairment of financial investments can occur are:

the emergence of the organization-issuer of securities owned by the organization, or its debtor under the loan agreement signs of bankruptcy or declaring it bankrupt;

the conclusion on the securities market of a significant number of transactions with similar securities at a price significantly lower than their book value;

absence or significant decrease in income from financial investments in the form of interest or dividends with a high probability of a further decrease in these receipts in the future, etc.

38. In the event of a situation in which the depreciation of financial investments may occur, the organization must check the existence of conditions for a sustainable decrease in the value of financial investments.

This check is carried out for all financial investments of the organization specified in paragraph 37 of these Regulations, for which there are signs of their impairment.

If the impairment test confirms a sustained significant decrease in the value of financial investments, the organization creates a reserve for the depreciation of financial investments for the amount of the difference between the book value and the estimated value of such financial investments.

A commercial organization forms the specified reserve at the expense of the financial results of the organization (as part of other expenses), and a non-commercial organization - by increasing costs.

In the financial statements, the value of such financial investments is shown at the book value less the amount of the formed reserve for their impairment.

Financial investments are tested for impairment at least once a year as of December 31 of the reporting year if there are signs of impairment. The organization has the right to carry out the specified check on the reporting dates of the interim financial statements.

The organization should ensure that the results of the said audit are confirmed.

39. If, according to the results of the audit for the depreciation of financial investments, a further decrease in their estimated value is revealed, then the amount of the previously created reserve for the depreciation of financial investments is adjusted towards its increase and decrease in the financial result for a commercial organization (as part of other expenses) or an increase in costs for a non-profit organization ...

If, based on the results of an audit for the depreciation of financial investments, an increase in their estimated value is revealed, then the amount of the previously created reserve for the depreciation of financial investments is adjusted towards its decrease and an increase in the financial result for a commercial organization (as part of other income) or a decrease in expenses for a non-profit organization.

40. If, on the basis of the available information, the organization concludes that a financial investment no longer meets the criteria for a sustainable significant reduction in value, as well as upon disposal of financial investments, the estimated value of which was included in the calculation of the allowance for impairment of financial investments, the amount of the previously created allowance for impairment for these financial investments, it is referred to the financial results of a commercial organization (as part of other income) or a decrease in expenses for a non-profit organization at the end of the year or the reporting period when the said financial investments were disposed of.

Vii. Disclosure of information in financial statements

41. In the financial statements, financial investments should be presented with a subdivision, depending on the maturity (maturity), into short-term and long-term.

42. In the financial statements, at least the following information is subject to disclosure, taking into account the materiality requirement:

methods of assessing financial investments when they are disposed of by groups (types);

the consequences of changes in the methods of assessing financial investments upon their disposal;

the cost of financial investments, which can be used to determine the current market value, and financial investments, for which the current market value is not determined;

the difference between the current market value as of the reporting date and the previous assessment of financial investments, by which the current market value was determined;

for debt securities for which the current market value has not been determined - the difference between the initial value and the par value during the period of their circulation, calculated in accordance with the procedure established by paragraph 22 of these Regulations;

the cost and types of securities and other financial investments encumbered with a pledge;

the cost and types of retired securities and other financial investments transferred to other organizations or persons (except for sale);

data on the provision for impairment of financial investments, indicating: the type of financial investments, the amount of the provision created in the reporting year, the amount of the provision recognized as other income of the reporting period; the amounts of the reserve used in the reporting year;

for debt securities and loans granted - data on their valuation at discounted value, on their discounted value, on applied methods of discounting (disclosed in the notes to the balance sheet and the statement of financial results).

application
to the Regulation
on accounting "Accounting for financial investments" PBU 19/02,
approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
dated December 10, 2002 N 126n

Examples of using valuation methods upon disposal of financial investments

1. The method of assessing the initial cost of each unit of accounting for financial investments

The value of the retired financial investments is equal in this case to their initial value.

2. Method of valuation at the average initial cost

The value of the securities being written off is determined by multiplying the number of retired securities (for example, shares of JSC "S") by the average initial cost of one security of this type (shares of JSC "S"). The average initial cost of one security of this type is calculated as the quotient of dividing the value of securities of this type by their number, respectively, consisting of the cost and quantity by the balance at the beginning of the month and by the securities received in that month.

Example 1

(data are given for one type of securities)

1) Average initial cost of one security:

(10.0 million rubles + 5.0 million rubles + 6.6 million rubles + 9.6 million rubles) / 290 =

107.6 thousand rubles

2) The cost of the balance of securities at the end of the month:

130 x 107.6 thousand rubles. = 14.0 million rubles.

3) Cost of retired securities:

31.2 million rubles - 14.0 million rubles. = 17.2 million rubles.

160 x 107.6 thousand rubles. = 17.2 million rubles.

This method can also be applied within a month on each retirement date within a month of securities using the valuation of the balance of securities, determined by the method of the average acquisition cost, at the date of the previous transaction (the so-called method of moving average acquisition cost).

3. The method of assessing at the initial cost of the first in the time of acquisition of financial investments (FIFO method)

Valuation of securities under the FIFO method is based on the assumption that securities are sold within a month in the sequence of their receipt (acquisition), i.e. the securities that were the first to go on sale should be valued at the initial cost of the first in the time of acquisition, taking into account the value of the securities registered at the beginning of the month. When using this method, the securities held in balance at the end of the month are valued at the actual value of the most recent ones at the time of acquisition, and the cost of sale (disposal) of securities takes into account the cost of the earliest ones at the time of acquisition.

The value of retired securities is determined by subtracting from the sum of the value of the balance of securities at the beginning of the month and the value of the securities received during the month, the value of the balance of securities at the end of the month.

Example 2

1) The cost of the balance of securities at the end of the month based on the cost of the latest receipts:

(80 x 120 thousand rubles) + (50 x 110 thousand rubles) = 15.1 million rubles.

2) Cost of retired securities:

31.2 million rubles - 15.1 million rubles. = 16.1 million rubles.

3) Unit value of retired securities:

16.1 million rubles / 160 = 100.6 thousand rubles.

This method can also be applied within a month at each retirement date within a month of securities using the FIFO estimate of the balance of securities at the date of the previous transaction (the so-called sliding FIFO method).

Money is the lifeblood of the economy. And if your organization has decided to start investing, it's time to study in detail such a direction as financial investments.

In simple terms, this is the placement of the company's free funds in securities, deposits, etc. for an additional source of profit. And they resort to it if the profitability is expected to be higher than that of the firm's own activities.

Long-term financial investments are allocated according to the term. This is an investment for a period of more than 12 months.

For more information about their characteristics, classification and assessment, financial analysis and accounting - read the article.

Long-term financial investments are investments for a period of more than a year

Long-term financial investments are investments of funds or other property in other enterprises in order to generate income or control their activities. These include investments in authorized capital, shares, bonds. Financial investments for a period of more than 1 year are considered long-term, and for a period of up to 1 year - short-term.

Current assets (working capital) consist of:

1. Material working capital. They include raw materials and supplies, fuel, semi-finished products, work in progress, animals for growing and fattening, deferred expenses, finished products intended for sale, i.e. in stock, and shipped to customers.
2. Money. Funds are made up of cash balances at the organization's cash desk, current account and other bank accounts.
3. Short-term financial investments.
4. Funds in current settlements. They include various types of receivables, which are understood as the debts of other organizations or persons of this organization.

Debtors are called debtors. Accounts receivable consists of buyers' debts for the products purchased by this organization, accountable persons for the monetary amounts issued to them under the report, etc. Current assets are reflected in the second section of the balance sheet asset. Long-term financial investments - investments of an enterprise in various financial instruments for a period of more than one year.

The main forms of long-term financial investments are:

• investments in long-term stock instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.);
• investments in long-term monetary instruments (deposits in banks, etc.);
• investments in the authorized funds of joint ventures. Long-term financial investments are part of the non-current (long-term) assets of the enterprise.

Source: "pravo.studio"

Financial investments - types, accounting and analysis

Long-term and short-term financial investments are investments of monetary funds or other assets in securities of various entities engaged in business activities.

The main goals of all financial investments:

1. Receiving a profit,
2. converting your savings into securities with high liquidity,
3. establishment of official relations with the issuing enterprise or taking control over it,
4. gaining access to certain market segments,
5. creation of corporate integrated structures.

Views and objects

Depending on the goals pursued, liquidity and term, financial investments are usually divided into long-term and short-term, although there are no criteria clearly defined by law for this division. But under any circumstances, such a distinction today is very significant, since accounting and reporting, both for long-term and short-term investments, are displayed in different ways.

Today, the objects of financial investment can be:

• bonds of municipal and state loans,
• shares of third-party enterprises and organizations,
• bank deposits,
• debt securities,
• accounts receivable, which were received in the form of assignments on the right of claim of various contributions to the authorized capital, among other things, both subsidiaries and fully dependent organizations, and many others. dr.

Long term

Long-term investments include direct investments in any financial instruments for a period of more than 1 year, as well as other types of investments that cannot be realized at any time.

It follows that long-term investments can also be those that were originally planned to be made and earlier than 1 year in those cases when, based on the market situation, the organization recognizes the impossibility of their implementation over a short period. Here we are talking about poorly liquid or generally illiquid assets.

It should be noted that through the toolkit of long-term financial investments, short-term investments can also be indirectly realized.